Masonry technology for porous ceramic blocks of different sizes. Insulation of walls made of porous (ceramic) blocks Advantages of single-layer walls of a house made of warm ceramics

Let us consider in detail why to fill the technological gap between the cladding and the Porotherm block with a perlite-based solution. And so, according to the masonry technology of the Porotherm block, after the block is installed, the outer vertical seam must be carefully covered with a solution. In short, why it is necessary to do this, since the masonry with a ceramic porous block is a groove - a comb, and the block may not have the correct one geometric shape or the worker will not put the block tightly to each other, then in the place where the groove-comb will be, a gap is obtained, in other words, a gap. If you do not close up the vertical seam from the outside, but only plaster from the inside, then closed convection will not work and the block will lose its heat efficiency. In order to comply with the rules for laying a block, it was necessary to first raise the wall with a block, and then, when the seams are sealed, start lifting the cladding. I do it in reverse, raise the cladding by 2 - 3 rows of porotherm, then put the block. This is convenient because you do not have to install additional scaffolding for laying with facing bricks, because scaffolding and the work on their construction cost money.

If you choose the most The right way from the beginning, lay the block then the cladding, then here are some tips for you:

1. Put ties in advance in the mortar joint of the block, so that you do not drill anything later.
2. Place the house under a roof and then finish with cladding.
3. Do not buy facing brick in advance (it may start to grow moldy, ants may start dragging the earth there and the brick will be dirty, it will get wet in the rain and efflorescence will begin to appear on it).
4. Leave vent. the gap between the cladding and the block 1 - 1.5 cm.

You may wonder why I fill the gap with a perlite-based solution, and not a regular solution, or do I not leave it empty at all? I decided to do this because the manufacturer recommends putting the porous ceramic block POROTHERM in a warm solution, and it is on perlite. I put POROTHERM 44 in a regular solution, but pouring in those. I close the gap with a solution on perlite and close the vertical seams, additionally insulate the wall and remove the cold bridges.

The composition of the mixture on perlite.

I made a fill mix like this:

I took 2 buckets of M75 perlite for one batch, I have a 12l bucket, 130l concrete mixer, 1 bucket of sand, half a bucket of M500 grade cement, half a bucket of water can do less and soap.

Now about the mixing process itself:

Pour water then, the concrete mixer is turned off, set the hole to the top, carefully (perlite is very volatile) pour out two buckets of perlite, turn on the mixer and put it in the working position, twist for 7-9 minutes (perlite has this property, it first takes water and begins to crumple, then turns into gruel) if anything add water. After the gruel has turned out, fill in a bucket of sand (do not mix with the sand for a long time), the perlite is mixed with the sand, add cement and mix for no more than 2 minutes, it is no longer recommended that the perlite granules break with sand and the heat efficiency will disappear.

Everyone involved housing construction, study the links between the level of housing, the technical and operational properties of building materials and their economic feasibility... POROTHERM blocks made of clay, water and sawdust that burn out during firing, to create a porous structure - they are environmentally friendly, have a high heat capacity and are capable of passing vapors. It is an economical large-format wall material that can be used for the construction of even multi-storey buildings.

Masonry is a system of masonry elements that are laid in a certain sequence and fastened with mortar. Complex system masonry POROTHERM allows you to erect buildings of any layout, using a variety of architectural forms... In addition to the porous blocks themselves, which have a vertical groove-ridge connection, it includes ceramic bridges, beam floor, floor slabs, facing bricks and dry mixes for mortar and plaster.

Masonry mortars

Cement-sand or lime-cement mortar, usually used for masonry, is not recommended for laying large-format POROTHERM blocks, due to the large difference in thermal properties. Otherwise, mortar seams, which are "cold bridges", will nullify the wonderful thermal insulation characteristics porous blocks. It is advisable to use "light" (heat-insulating) masonry mortars - more expensive, but with a higher bonding ability. From 20 kg of dry mixture, with strict observance of the instructions, 30-32 liters of ready-made solution are obtained. The consistency should be such that the mortar does not run into the vertical holes of the bricks.

Bed seam

The thickness of the bed joint for POROTHERM blocks should be, on average, 12 mm - this is enough to compensate for the tolerances in block sizes. If the bed seam is thicker, the strength of the masonry will decrease. The mortar must be applied so that the entire block lies on a uniform layer of mortar. When laying all load-bearing walls, external and internal, under static stress, the mortar is applied to the entire surface of the bed joint. When laying walls and partitions that are not subject to static loads, it is possible to use an intermittent bed seam.

Vertical seam

Traditional masonry, with mortar-filled vertical joints, is used for load-bearing (external and internal) walls. Consumption of solution and working time in this option is very significant. Ligation of vertical seams in a "groove-comb" is more technological, does not require mortar, it is used for the construction of external thermal insulation walls in one row. Blocks in the horizontal direction are stacked end-to-end. The moisture content of the entire masonry is less than with traditional ones, so the walls dry out quickly, acquiring relevant characteristics strength and level thermal resistance. Optimum thickness external walls are achieved by laying 510 mm thick POROTHERM blocks in one row. A more economical solution is possible if blocks with a thickness of 380 mm are used.

First row masonry

POROTHERM units require reliable waterproofing between the wall and the plinth. To do this, a waterproof solution is applied to the basement and a waterproofing membrane is laid on top (2-3 cm wider than the intended wall). A layer is applied to the waterproofing masonry mortar, thicker than the bed, and is carefully leveled from the highest point. And on top - a thin layer of cement, in order to avoid immersion of the blocks in the solution. First, lay the blocks in the corners of the walls and connect them with a mooring cord, with outside masonry. Then lay the blocks one after another, end-to-end along the cord, inserting them from above, along the "groove-comb" direction. No horizontal displacement allowed! Sawing blocks up to the right size produce tabletop circular or chain hand saw... Ceramic blocks should not protrude more than 25 mm beyond the foundation. After laying the full perimeter, allow the first row to dry, at least 12 hours.

Bandaging the masonry

The dressing is the most important static characteristic masonry. The wall, when properly bandaged, will work as one structural element... Vertical joints between individual blocks in two adjacent rows - must be shifted by at least 0.4 h (h is the brick height). Thus, for POROTHERM brick blocks with a height of 219 mm, the minimum bandaging step is 87 mm. The recommended horizontal module 250x250mm for POROTHERM blocks provides a banding pitch of 125 mm. For dressing masonry blunt and sharp corners, POROTHERM blocks must be sawed.

Wall masonry

Moisten the top surface of the stacked row of blocks with water before applying the mortar. Apply the bed joint solution over the entire surface of the wall, up to its outer edges, but if it protrudes outward, collect with a spatula. Start each row by installing corner bricks and then, as described above. Make sure that the distance between the vertical seams of adjacent rows along the wall is 125 mm. Using a level and a plumb line, check the horizontality and verticality of the laid blocks, knocking them out, if necessary, with a rubber mallet.

Bandaging the walls

The ligation of the outer walls with the inner ones, as well as with partitions, is carried out using perforated steel anchors, which are laid in the bed seams of every second row. It is also important to observe the following rule: load-bearing walls must be at least 1 cm higher than walls that are not experiencing loads.

Bandaging facing masonry with masonry walls

Since porous blocks and front Russian bricks have a single multiplicity factor, the masonry of the bearing outer wall can be tied up with the masonry of the facing brick wall. If the bed joint of the wall masonry is 12 mm, the height of the façade masonry of 3 single facing bricks will be equal to the height of the large-format POROTHERM block.

Working conditions

The porous POROTHERM blocks must be protected from moisture in building conditions. The temperature during the production of masonry must not fall below + 5 ° C. Do not use bricks covered with ice or snow. Protect from getting wet finished wall, otherwise water will accumulate in the vertical holes of the blocks, which dries for a long time. It is especially important to reliably cover the upper surface of walls and window sills. plastic wrap or a tarp to prevent, in case of rain, the washout of the mortar quickly dissolving from the seams.

Technologies for building walls of a private house are developing in three main areas:

1. Relatively thin and strong walls are insulated with highly effective insulation. The wall consists of two layers- a bearing layer that takes up mechanical loads, and a layer of insulation.
2. For the construction of single-layer walls, materials are used that combine a sufficiently high resistance to both mechanical stress and heat transfer. The construction of single-layer walls from cellular concrete(autoclaved aerated concrete, gas silicate) or porous ceramics.
3. A combination of these two technologies is also used when walls made of cellular and porous materials are additionally insulated layer high effective insulation... This combination allows make both wall masonry and a layer of insulation of small thickness... This can be beneficial for design reasons, especially when building a home in cold climates.

Advantages of single-layer warm ceramic home walls

Especially in areas with mild winter more profitable and easier to build private house with single layer stone exterior walls. Modern building materials make it possible to build a single-layer wall of reasonable thickness and required strength that is sufficiently heat-saving for the specified climate.

Compared to two- or three-layer walls, single-layer outer construction stone wall has the following advantages:

• The total cost of building a house with single-layer external stone walls up to 51cm thick at least does not exceed the cost of building a two-layer, and less than a three-layer wall. Such walls make it possible to provide high consumer properties dwellings and at the same time reduce construction costs in areas with less severe winters.
• The homogeneous construction of a single-layer stone wall provides greater durability, environmental friendliness, better resistance to mechanical, fire and climatic influences. In the thickness of a single-layer wall, there are no less durable and resistant insulation materials and polymer films, there are no ventilated gaps, there is no risk of moisture accumulation at the boundary of layers, and protection from rodents is not required.
• For a house with external single-layer walls made of stone materials, the predicted durability is 100 years, the duration of operation is up to the first overhaul- 55 years. For comparison, the duration of the effective operation of buildings insulated with mineral wool or polystyrene plates, before the first major overhaul is 25-35 years. During this period, a complete replacement of the insulation is required.
• Single layer wall least at risk of accidental or deliberate damage.
• Single layer wall is a guarantee of absence hidden defects: it is impossible to badly place insulation in it, since the insulation is the masonry material itself; it is impossible to perform a vapor barrier poorly in it, since it does not need a vapor barrier; the entire wall is in front of your eyes and you do not need to worry about the state of the foam or mineral wool hidden in its depths - nothing is hidden in the wall.
• Single-layer wall masonry is faster, since it is carried out from large-format blocks and does not require additional work on wall insulation.
• For laying single-layer walls, as a rule, blocks with a groove-ridge side surface are used, which makes it possible not to fill the vertical joints of the masonry with mortar. As a result the consumption of masonry mortar is reduced by 30-40%.

For example, in Germany, about 50% of private houses are built with single-layer walls made of autoclaved aerated concrete (gas silicate) or porous ceramics. According to this site, 10% of readers chose single-layer walls for their home.

Porous ceramics is made from raw materials and in a manner similar to the production of conventional ceramic bricks. The difference is that components are added to the clay-based mass, which form pores during firing.

Hollow large-format blocks and bricks are made from porous ceramics. The voidness further enhances the heat-saving properties of porous ceramic products.

House wall masonry from large-format porous ceramic blocks with brick cladding

The compressive strength of porous bricks is higher than that of blocks. But a brick wall turns out to be more heat-conducting, compared to masonry from large-format blocks. In addition, brickwork is more labor intensive. For low-rise buildings up to 3 floors it is more profitable to use large-format blocks, rather than porous bricks.

On the construction market there are blocks of several typical standard sizes, from which one-layer masonry with a thickness of 25, 38, 44 and 51 cm can be made.

When laying, large-format walls hollow blocks porous ceramic placed with the long side across the wall. The wall thickness is equal to the block length.

For single-layer walls, blocks with a masonry thickness of 38, 44, or 51 cm are used.For double-layer walls with facade insulation, the masonry thickness is most often chosen to be 38, 44 or 25 cm.

A single-layer wall made of large-format porous ceramic blocks 44 cm thick with masonry on a heat-saving mortar will have a heat transfer resistance of 3.33 m 2 * K / W... Such a wall complies with Russian energy saving standards for private houses located south of the St. Petersburg - Kazan - Orenburg line. To the north of this border, blocks with a masonry thickness of 51 cm are used, or two-layer walls are chosen from blocks of porous ceramics, with a masonry thickness of 25 - 44 cm and the facade is insulated with mineral wool or heat-insulating plates made of low-density aerated concrete.

Except blocks standard size, produce small-format additional blocks - halves and blocks in a size convenient for bandaging the masonry in the corners.

Porous large-format blocks, as a rule, have a compressive strength of 75 or 100 kg / m 2 (M75, M100). The strength of porous bricks and small-format blocks can be M150, M175.

It is profitable to choose for construction finished project a house, which initially provides for the laying of walls from porous large-format blocks. The horizontal dimensions and heights of walls, openings, piers in such a project will be chosen so that the need for cutting blocks is minimized. It is better to adapt the project of a house with walls made of other materials to walls made of large-format ceramics.

Mortar for masonry walls made of porous ceramics

The side surface of ceramic blocks usually has a groove-ridge profiled surface, which allows them to be connected without mortar in a vertical seam. Such a connection facilitates and speeds up the laying, but requires accuracy from the bricklayer - the joints of the blocks must be even, without a gap or distortion. When laying cut blocks, the vertical seam must be filled with mortar.

To reduce the air permeability (airflow) of the wall, masonry must be plastered on both sides.

The blocks can be laid on a conventional cement-lime mortar with a seam thickness of 8-12 mm. But it is beneficial to use a heat-saving mortar for laying walls from porous blocks... Such a solution has a lower thermal conductivity than the traditional one.

A wall made of blocks of porous ceramics with a thickness of 44 cm. On a heat-saving solution will have a heat transfer resistance of 3.33 m 2 * K / W, and when laying on a regular mortar only 2.78 m 2 * K / W.

A wall erected with the use of a heat-saving solution will cost more, about 10%, than masonry on a traditional composition.

It should also be borne in mind that the heat-saving mortar reduces the compressive strength of the masonry by about 20%. Therefore, the use of a heat-saving mortar for laying walls should be provided for by the project.

Masonry from porous blocks in two-layer walls with facade insulation is usually carried out on traditional cement-lime masonry mortar. A slight increase in the thermal conductivity of the wall in this case is not so critical.

Before laying on mortar blocks must be moistened with water. This is necessary so that the water from the solution is less absorbed into the block ceramics. Otherwise, the mortar in the joint will quickly lose water and will not gain strength.

Some manufacturers produce blocks with milled (ground) horizontal edges... Such processing allows you to achieve minimal deviations in the size of blocks in height, no more than plus or minus 1 mm.

Blocks with milled edges are laid on adhesive solution with a seam thickness of 2-3 mm. Installing blocks on glue increases the resistance to heat transfer of the wall, compared to laying on mortar.

In the countries of the European Union, the masonry of milled blocks on polyurethane foam glue - foam is gaining popularity. From the usual polyurethane foam the composition is characterized by faster adhesion and less ability to increase volume. Laying on glue-foam reduces bearing capacity walls.

Features of masonry walls from large-format ceramic blocks

It should be noted that wall materials for single-layer walls have mediocre mechanical and thermal properties... We have to improve them with various constructive tricks.

The large-format ceramic block is pressed against the already installed unit and lowered vertically into the mortar so that a gap does not form in the vertical seam between the blocks.

Hollow ceramic blocks are cut with special stone-cutting saws - hand-held or on a stone-cutting machine.

To lay communications in the masonry of the wall, you have to punch holes - punches. Horizontal and vertical strips for the entire length of the wall or for the height of the floor are allowed to be made no more than 3 cm deep. Short vertical strips located in the lower third of the floor height are allowed to be made up to 8 cm deep.

Deeper punctures weaken the wall masonry. Therefore, their size and location must be indicated in the project and confirmed by calculations. Deep and long lines are especially dangerous for walls less than 30 cm thick.

After laying the communications, the lines in the outer walls are filled with a heat-saving solution.

Connection of external and internal walls made of large-format ceramic blocks

Internal walls are carriers bearing the load from overlying structures - floors, roofs, and self-supporting- partitions.

Internal load-bearing walls are erected simultaneously with the laying of the external walls. Bearing walls must be supported by the foundation. In turn, load-bearing walls serve as a support for floors and rafter system roofs.

1 - load-bearing inner wall, 38 or 25 cm; 2 - thermal insulation, 5 cm; 3 - outer wall

Internal load-bearing walls connect with outside wall method of bandaging the masonry. To do this, start the block of the inner wall, pos. 1 in the figure, in outer wall, pos. 3, to a depth of 10-15 cm. Blocks are not placed in each row, but after one row. In the second row of masonry, the inner wall block is simply adjacent to the outer wall block.

Partitions in the house serve only to separate rooms. They do not carry loads from the overlying structures of the house. The laying of partitions can be done simultaneously with the construction of the outer walls, but it is more convenient to do this after the construction of the box at home.

In any case, the height of the partition must be 2-3 cm lower than the overlap so that the overlap cannot exert pressure on the partition. The gap between the ceiling and the masonry of the partition is sealed, for example, with a strip of mineral wool.

Non-load-bearing internal walls and partitions can be connected to external walls using galvanized steel anchors, laying them in the seams of the masonry at least 3 pcs. by the height of the partition.

The basis for partitions made of masonry materials can serve as an overlap or concrete screed floor on the ground. The slab or other base must be designed to support the weight of the partition. If necessary, provide for the strengthening of the base, by means of a monolithic reinforced concrete beams under the partition.

The thickness of the masonry is selected based on the need provide the necessary sound insulation between rooms. Blind, without doorways, partitions separating living rooms from other rooms in the house, it is recommended to be made of ceramic blocks with a masonry thickness of 25 cm.

Other partitions are made of ceramic blocks or bricks with a masonry thickness of 12 cm.

To improve sound insulation, vertical seams in the masonry of partitions and interior walls it is recommended to fill with a solution.

Foundation and basement of a house made of ceramic blocks

If the foundation of the house is made prefabricated from concrete blocks, then a monolithic reinforced concrete belt must be arranged on top of the blocks. Wall masonry made of large-format ceramic blocks should be supported by a solid reinforced concrete strip.

The thickness of single-layer walls of a large-format house is quite large: 38 - 51 cm. To reduce construction costs, the width of the walls of the foundation (basement) is made smaller than the load-bearing walls of the house. The wide wall of the house hangs on one or both sides over the narrower wall of the basement. Vertically, the basement wall sinks behind the masonry surface of the walls of the house.

Without calculations, the width of the basement wall can be made 20% narrower than the thickness of the masonry made of porous blocks. For example, with a thickness of 44 cm masonry blocks, the width of the basement wall can be reduced to 35 cm. Reducing the width of the basement wall by 30% is allowed, but must be confirmed by the designer's calculation. Horizontal surface the overhang of the wall above the plinth is plastered from below.

For protection ceramic walls at home from splashing water and moisture when snow melts, it is recommended to choose the height of the basement above the level of the blind area at least 30 cm.

Overlap in the wall made of large-format ceramic blocks

1 - compensation tape; 2 - seam reinforcement (if necessary); 3 - reinforced concrete belt; 4 - thermal insulation 10 cm; 5 - additional ceramic block; 6 - wall made of ceramic blocks; 7 - pillow from cement mortar not less than 2 cm. 8 - precast-monolithic overlap, often ribbed; 9 - 5 cm concrete screed; 10 - heat and sound insulation.

At the level of support of the ceilings on the bearing walls made of ceramic blocks, a solid reinforced concrete belt is arranged, pos. 3 in the figure. A solid belt is arranged over all the load-bearing walls of the house. The monolithic reinforced concrete belt forms a rigid frame that takes up the vertical and horizontal loads of the floors, as well as of the upper floors, and transfers them evenly to the load-bearing walls of the house.

The device of a monolithic belt is mandatory if the overlap is made of monolithic or prefabricated reinforced concrete. A reinforced concrete belt is also required in areas of seismic hazard. Minimum dimensions monolithic reinforced concrete belt with a section of 150x150 mm.

By the way, for the device of floors in the house, you can also use large-format ceramic blocks.

Support length of precast reinforced concrete, precast monolithic or monolithic floor on a wall made of large porous ceramic blocks must be at least 125 mm.

Steel and wooden beams prefabricated floors are supported on a monolithic reinforced concrete belt 150 mm wide and at least 100 mm high. The belt is arranged under the overlap.

V one-story houses beams wooden floor it is allowed to rest on the masonry from three rows of solid ceramic bricks. Monolithic belt in such houses you can not do it.

Window in the wall made of porous ceramic blocks

1 - seam reinforcement (if necessary); 2 - additional ceramic block; 3 - thermal insulation 10 cm; 4 - window; 5 - masonry from large-format ceramic blocks; 6 - reinforced concrete lintels; 7 - reinforced concrete belt; 8 - often ribbed overlap; 9 - thermal and sound insulation plates; 10 - 5 cm concrete screed; 11 - compensation tape.

As lintels over window and doorways, item 6 in the figure, it is recommended to use reinforced concrete products - crossbars, specially designed for walls made of large-format ceramic blocks. Such lintels have dimensions that are convenient for placement in the wall and do not require adjustment to adjacent wall elements.

Heat loss through windows can also be reduced by applying modern designs... In the manufacture of heat-saving windows, the number of chambers in a glass unit is increased, special glasses with a selective heat-reflecting layer are used, and the thickness of the window frame is increased.

It is recommended to install roller shutters from the outside on the windows of a private house. Closed roller shutters not only protect windows from burglary, but in severe frosts they reduce heat loss through the windows, and in summer heat reduce overheating of the house by the sun's rays. It is better to foresee the installation of roller shutters on windows in advance, at the design stage of the house.

Adjoining the roof to the wall made of ceramic blocks

1 - Mauerlat bar; 2 - monolithic reinforced concrete belt; 3 - additional block of porous ceramics; 4 - wall masonry from large-format blocks; 5 - insulation plates

The roof of the house rests on walls made of large-format ceramic blocks through a monolithic reinforced concrete belt, pos. 2 in the figure. A solid belt is arranged over all the load-bearing walls of the house. The monolithic reinforced concrete belt forms a rigid frame that takes up the vertical and horizontal loads of the roof and transfers them evenly to the load-bearing walls of the house.

Decoration of single-layer walls made of large-format ceramic blocks

Warm ceramic walls, both outside and inside, can be plastered with traditional cement-lime plaster.

For interior decoration gypsum plaster solutions are also used.

Heat-saving plaster can be applied to the facade of the house with a layer of up to 10 cm. This will noticeably increase the heat-saving characteristics of the outer walls.

The facade of a house made of ceramic blocks is often faced with a front or clinker bricks... It is not necessary to create a ventilated gap between the ceramic block wall and the cladding.

Watch a video tutorial on how to properly lay walls from large-format ceramic blocks.

Blocks from porous ceramics in your city

Ceramic porous block for walls.

Insulation of walls made of porous ceramics

When building a house in areas with severe winters, walls made of warm ceramics need additional insulation.

Outside, the walls are covered with a layer of high-performance insulation - slabs of mineral wool or extruded polystyrene foam.

Foam glass plates are glued to the wall masonry. A plaster metal mesh is applied on top. The mesh and insulation plates are fixed with dowels to the wall.

More expensive ones are used less often. foam glass insulation boards with double-sided fiberglass coating. Fiberglass provides good adhesion with cement-sand mortar and others building materials... Compared to traditional heaters, foam glass insulation is more durable, has increased compressive strength, does not get wet, does not burn, is environmentally friendly, is not damaged by rodents, and is vapor tight.

Low-density aerated concrete (gas silicate) heat-insulating slabs- one more, comparatively new material, is gaining popularity for facade insulation. Some manufacturers have learned how to make and produce aerated concrete with a density of 200 kg / m 3 and less, with a sufficiently high strength index.

When walls are insulated, at the border of masonry and insulation, there is a risk of condensation of water vapor and accumulation of moisture in the wall.

For walls made of warm ceramics, the following options for facade insulation are most often used:

• Slabs are fixed on the wall for facade insulation made of mineral wool with a density of at least 125 kg / m 3 or low-density aerated concrete heat-insulating slabs. The facade is finished with a thin-layer vapor-permeable.
• medium density 45 - 75 kg / m 3... Insulation plates are placed between the crate of the ventilated facade.
• Walls insulated with slabs of mineral wool or low-density aerated concrete can be faced with bricks, but always between the cladding and the insulation arrange a ventilated gap.
• When insulating with extruded polystyrene foam or foam glass, a thin-layer facade plaster on insulation or.

When insulating walls with foam, extruded polystyrene foam or foam glass, it is important to choose the right layer thickness. If the thickness of the insulation is too small, on the border with the masonry of the wall, steam will condense and moisture will accumulate... The thickness of the insulation made of these materials is chosen based on the calculation of moisture accumulation in the wall. Check with local designers on this topic.

When walls are insulated with mineral wool or aerated concrete, moisture accumulation in the wall does not occur with any thickness of the insulation.

When choosing a method for finishing the facade, it should be borne in mind that the service life of mineral wool and polymer insulation is much less than brickwork cladding. Under brick cladding it is recommended to use a more durable mineral insulation- thermal insulation boards made of low density autoclaved aerated concrete or foam glass boards with double-sided fiberglass coating, for example, brand FOAMGLAS® BOARDS WALL BOARD W + F.

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Thermal Insulation Plates have a density of 100 - 200 kg / m 3 and a coefficient of thermal conductivity in a dry state of 0.045 - 0.06 W / m about K. Mineral wool and expanded polystyrene insulation have approximately the same thermal conductivity. Slabs are produced with a thickness of 60 - 200 mm. Compressive strength class B1.0 (compressive strength is not less than 10 kg / m 3.) The vapor permeability coefficient is 0.28 mg / (m * year * Pa).

Porous hollow ceramic blocks are materials that help retain and store heat in a home. But despite this, in some cases, walls made of this material also require insulation.

Heat loss in a home occurs through walls, windows, doors, roof and even basement. No more than 20% of the heat is lost through the walls of low-rise buildings, since the areas of the roof and walls are almost equal. Significant heat losses (up to 40%) are due to air exchange, and everything else is to the roof. In the first climatic zone, building codes(GOS) for energy saving provide for the heat transfer coefficient of the enclosing structures (walls) - 2.8 (was 2.2), and for the roof - 4.95 (was 2.8). In the transition period in which we are today, this coefficient for roofs could be 3.3.

Do I need to insulate walls made of blocks with a width of 38, 44 and 50 cm?

When building a house from hollow porous ceramic blocks, the walls can be of two types: single-layer, that is, made of only one block, or multi-layer. The latter, in turn, are subdivided into two-layer, consisting of a block and insulation, and three-layer - which include a block, insulation and facing brick. For the construction of single-layer walls, porous blocks with a width of 38, 44 and 50 cm are used. It is impractical to insulate such walls, since the wall material from which they are made has a sufficient coefficient of resistance to heat transfer. The funds that are supposed to be spent on insulating such walls are best used for exterior decoration or installation of translucent structures of higher quality in terms of energy saving - doors and windows. However, with the introduction of new energy-saving standards, even walls made of ceramic blocks 38 cm wide are subject to insulation.

Which ceramic blocks require insulation?

Sometimes the walls are erected from ceramic porous hollow blocks 25 and 30 cm wide.This happens when the wall material has not yet been selected, but construction works are already underway. For example, if a foundation is made, and its width does not correspond to the width of the porous block, which can provide the required coefficient of thermal conductivity of the walls of the house. Then, when choosing a material for the outer walls, they are tied to the thickness of the block.

Since these blocks are originally intended for the construction of internal load-bearing walls, they do not have a sufficient coefficient of resistance to heat transfer.

When insulating a wall made of porous blocks, it is necessary not to forget to put windows in the house with a heat transfer resistance coefficient of 0.5 m2 - ° C / W and, accordingly, insulate the roof - only then the house can be considered completely insulated.

Insulation laying

It is better to insulate walls made of porous ceramics with mineral wool slabs, which, unlike expanded polystyrene, have good vapor permeability. The insulation is attached to the wall with glue or with dowels so that it fits snugly to the wall surface. Further finishing the walls are made at the discretion of the owner of the house. As for the thickness of the insulation for porous ceramic blocks, for a block 25 cm wide it is 100 mm, for a block 30 cm wide - 60 mm.

One more important point, which must be taken into account when insulating a house, is the use of the so-called "light" ("warm") masonry mortar when laying blocks, and not the usual cement-sand mortar. Such a solution also contains cement, which performs the function binder... Used as a filler thermal insulation material- perlite or expanded clay sand.

The joint area with a thickness of 12 mm is only 4% on a wall made of porous ceramic blocks. If you replace cement-sand mortar to "light", then the thermal characteristics of the wall will improve by 17% due to the large difference in the coefficient of thermal conductivity of these solutions: for a cement-sand solution it is 0.9 W / (m * ° C), and for a warm solution - 0.3 W / (m * ° C). The production of such dry mixtures in Ukraine has not yet been mastered, so they are imported from abroad.

Currently, for the creation of permanent load-bearing walls instead of the traditional solid brick large-format ceramic blocks are increasingly used. This gives many advantages, first of all - the speed of wall construction increases. In terms of size, a large-format ceramic block is much larger than a brick, while having a relatively low weight. It is easy and convenient for builders to work with such blocks, the walls of them grow by leaps and bounds and, most importantly, they can be faced with any finishing materials.

Opportunities and prospects

Large-format ceramic blocks are produced by several companies, in particular, Porotherm blocks are presented on the market, which have proven themselves well in our climatic conditions and are deservedly popular among house builders. The blocks serve for a long time, the wall of them turns out to be strong and reliable, so there is, in fact, only one problem - the need for cladding. Like the vast majority of wall materials, a ceramic block requires an exterior finish. And if some wall materials, let's say, are "capricious" in relation to facing - one cannot be plastered, the other is undesirable to trim with natural stone, as a result, both builders and homeowners get a headache - then there is no such problem with ceramic blocks. Of course, there is no technology common to all facing materials, and in each case both methods and related materials will be different.

One of the most common questions is how to properly ligate / attach to the ceramic block. facing material... In practice, several methods of such fastening are used. One of them involves the use of flexible connections made of basalt plastic in the amount of five to seven pieces per square meter... Basalt-plastic flexible connections combine strength, durability and lightness. These links connect the carrier and cladding layers to each other. Flexible ties can also connect the load-bearing wall with the facing layer through insulation. In addition, finishing or insulation materials can be attached to load-bearing wall from ceramic blocks with stainless steel anchors. Thus, a wall made of ceramic blocks can be faced, for example, with a facade (facing) brick, which is considered the most durable. finishing material... There are hundreds, if not thousands, of its varieties in color and texture on the modern market, especially if you count imported bricks. Intended facade brick for exterior decoration of walls and foundations and performs both protective and decorative functions. With the same success, you can use ceramic clinker tiles, the material is just as strong and durable.

An excellent option for facing large-format blocks can be natural or fake diamond... It is noteworthy that no special technologies will have to be used in this case, the process is carried out in a standard way, which means that inexpensive way... A wall made of ceramic blocks is first prepared with a plastering compound with a mesh, after which the prepared cladding elements are glued onto a special glue. If desired, the wall of ceramic blocks can be completely covered with plaster; it is applied according to the manufacturer's instructions plaster mix... Alternatively, you can use the popular today and very inexpensive siding. In this case, the wall is also pre-plastered, after which the frame is mounted and the siding is hung.

Finally, ceramic blocks work great with technology such as a ventilated (or curtain) façade. V last years it is used more and more often, allowing, on the one hand, to protect the wall from external influences, on the other hand, to provide ventilation and normal moisture balance in the wall array. The curtain wall is a system consisting of a cladding and a so-called substructure, the arrangement of which leaves a gap between the outer cladding and the wall. This gap allows free movement of air flows and, among other things, significantly improves sound and thermal insulation. wall structure... Modern construction market differs in a variety of panels for facades. Facade panels can be single-layer and composite (multilayer). Today there are clinker panels, porcelain stoneware, metal (from iron, aluminum or copper), panels from natural stone as well as fiber cement panels. Such panels are mass-colored, have a natural range of colors, do not fade under the influence of sunlight and successfully resist any external influences... In general, it should be noted that the decoration of walls made of ceramic blocks, in principle, is no different from the decoration of walls made of other materials. The main thing here is to choose the right necessary materials(dry mixes, etc.) and use them according to the manufacturer's instructions attached.

Nuances of technology

To ensure the quality of the coating in the process of facing walls from ceramic blocks, it is important to observe certain nuances of technology. Questions arising in practice require unambiguous answers, for example, the question of the need ventilation gap between facing bricks and ceramic blocks. Do you need it at all? Experts say that in the absence of insulation, a gap is not required. If between load-bearing wall and face layer there is a heater, a gap is needed to dry it.

Or take such a nuance as the need to insulate the wall during the cladding process. This insulation can or may not be done if the wall, for example, is insulated from the inside. The decision in each case is determined by heat engineering calculation and depends on the construction of the wall and the type of used wall material... At one time, large-format porous ceramic blocks were created specifically to exclude insulation from the so-called wall cake. Therefore, when using them, neither internal nor external additional insulation is usually required.

If the decision to insulate the walls from the outside is nevertheless made, there may also be some subtleties here. You can take, for example, a standard mineral wool insulation. However, in some cases, it is preferable to arrange an outer heat-insulating layer using facade thermal panels. Such thermal panels are a complex multilayer system consisting of a moisture-insulating layer, insulation (polyurethane foam or polystyrene foam) and a decorative and protective layer, which can be clinker tiles ( ceramic brick). Attached to the crate of buildings, these robust panels provide excellent protection against all adverse weather conditions.

Comparatively new technology wall cladding made of ceramic blocks - the so-called ventilated (hinged) facades - it should be noted that since their development and implementation in construction, the methods of thermal insulation have changed fundamentally. In the recent past, heat-insulating materials were often mounted to the inner surface of the wall, which not only reduced the usable area of ​​the premises, but also did not provide a sufficient level of heat saving. The main difference of this technology is the transfer of heat-insulating materials from the inner space of buildings to the outside. In conclusion, it is worth mentioning such seemingly trifles as calculating the amount facing brick... It is also produced in a special way. The basis for the calculation is the area of ​​the front of the brick, as well as the width of the vertical (10 mm) and horizontal (12 mm) joints. In this case, you should always have a five percent stock, since during the lining process, part of the material for one reason or another may become unusable.

Text: Vladimir Mikhailov