Do-it-yourself metal staircase from a profile pipe. Do-it-yourself ladder from a profile pipe: we disassemble the device of marching and screw structures, we carry out installation

Made of a profile steel pipe, this is a fairly popular design, as it has many advantages. As a rule, its construction is carried out experienced craftsmen, since it should turn out to be absolutely safe from all points of view. That is, to be able to calmly withstand any possible load from the movement of people and goods, and convenient for lifting and lowering all those living in the house, including children and family members who have reached a respectable age.

And can a ladder be mounted from profile pipe with your own hands? The question is ambiguous, since its construction still requires very high specific skills. Of course, it would be more correct to entrust the installation to specialists. But if the owner of the house has basic engineering knowledge, has successful experience with all the tools necessary in this case and is used to always relying on his own strength, then additional information about this type of stairs and installation work will not be superfluous for him.

Advantages of stair designs from a profile pipe

A ladder, independently made from profile pipes, has a number of significant advantages over both wooden and finished metal structures that can be found on sale. These advantages include the following:

The opportunity to significantly save funds allocated from the family budget for construction or repair.
Properly made and assembled structure stairs will last a very long time, without the need for repairs and restoration.
This material allows with equal success to produce almost any type of stairs, even those with the most intricate design.
Profile steel pipe mixes well with other materials technical and operational characteristics, and in their ability to "fit" into any interior style.
It can be attributed to the advantages of the speed of manufacturing parts and their installation. But this advantage of metal structures will be valid only if the master is fluent in tools, and his work will be carried out according to pre-designed drawings with exact dimensions.
The erection of a ladder from a profile pipe can be carried out at any stage construction process, including - and in the already built house.
The metal structure, with appropriate processing and finishing, is suitable for installation both outside the building and inside it. Its strength qualities, neat and aesthetic appearance give it versatility.

The high strength of profiled steel makes it possible to manufacture a simplified version of the frame, in which one profile pipe, installed along the central line of the structure, acts as a support for the steps.

Varieties of stairs from a profile pipe

As mentioned above, almost any staircase design can be made from a profile pipe. To verify the correctness of this statement, it makes sense to consider some of them in more detail.

Profile pipe prices

profile pipe

marching stairs

A marching staircase may consist of one or more spans, which, in turn, are connected to each other either by a horizontally installed transition platform, or by a section with winder steps. Both options are approximately equally popular, and the design is selected depending on the area of \u200b\u200bthe room in which it is planned to install the staircase.

A staircase, consisting of one march, is most often installed in a spacious room. If it has to be used in a smaller room, then in this case it is necessary to set a large slope angle for it. So sometimes you have to do it when equipping stairways to the attic or basement.

Single flight structure installed inside two-story house, allows you to rationally use all the space under the stairs. For example, under it you can place a closet or a small pantry, and sometimes even a small bathroom is placed.

Another area where single-flight stairs are used is the entrance to the house from the side of the street, if the building is erected on a high plinth. As a rule, in this case, the march has a small height and a slight angle of inclination.

A double-flight staircase is often mounted in a room designed specifically for this design - the so-called stairwell. However, this option is quite possible in residential premises - it all depends on the area that can be allocated for the installation of an interfloor transition.

To save space as much as possible, such stairs are often installed along walls converging in the corner, that is, marches are made perpendicular each other. This option also allows you to equip a small storage room under the stairs.

In the design of stairs with two or more marches that have great length, on turns, platforms are most often mounted, which, among other things, give the frame a higher strength than winder steps.

Many homeowners prefer to design transition platforms for stairs with small spans. It should be noted that this option is really more convenient than winders, which have different width along its length. So, the side of the step, fixed to the wall, is much wider than the opposite, located at the center of the turn. In this regard, there is a very high risk of stumbling and getting injured.

Prices for wooden stairs

wooden staircase

We can agree that a staircase with winder steps often looks more original, and even more compact. But, as mentioned above, this design option is less safe in operation, compared with stairs with similar basic parameters, but the spans of which are connected by platforms. This is especially important to consider in cases where elderly people or small children live in the house.

Of course, it also happens that the area allotted for the design of the stairs, by no means, does not allow to equip the platform between the spans. It is in this case that instead of it, a section with winder steps is installed.

If for a number of reasons it is necessary to build a staircase with winder steps, then you will have to carefully calculate its parameters, since the design must fully comply with existing rules safety of movement on it. detailed information how to create a project and produce necessary calculations for subsequent installation, it is proposed in the article of our portal.

Spiral staircase

A spiral staircase can be called the most compact design, as it occupies a minimum of usable space. Such an interfloor transition “fit on a patch” with dimensions of only 1500 × 1500 mm.

The spiral staircase looks, of course, original and aesthetically pleasing, but such a compact design has quite a few drawbacks.

The first of them can be called something that raises a massive piece of furniture along it to the second floor or household appliances it will be almost impossible, since this design is not very convenient to climb even empty-handed. mounted in case of emergency, that is, if it is impossible to build another structure due to the small area of \u200b\u200bthe house. True, this is also practiced - a similar design is created as an additional, carrying more decorative functions, and for lifting bulky goods in the house there is also a marching staircase.

If the area of the room allows and there is a desire to install an aesthetic version of the staircase in the likeness of a spiral staircase, then it is better to choose a rotary structure similar to it. Having erected it, you do not have to mount an additional straight staircase, since according to such a design, with a pronounced turning radius and a large march width, it is quite possible to raise any furniture to the second floor.

Prices for metal stairs

metal staircase

In a revolving staircase, all steps have the same size, so there will be no inconvenience both during descent andrise to the second floor. However, this design is rather complicated both in calculations and in installation. Therefore, its construction or at least the development of the project is best entrusted to experienced professionals.

stepladder

A profile pipe can also be perfect for making a step-ladder, which is often necessary in Everyday life private house. In order to mount such a mobile ladder, you will need a profile pipe with a section size of 40 × 40 or 50 × 50 mm for support posts, and 20 × 20 mm for rung-steps.

In addition to the profile pipe, you will need a special hinge mechanism. It is clear that a specific type is selected based on the cross-sectional dimensions of the profile pipe, since the hinge is put on the racks, and then attached to them with self-tapping screws or bolts.

Hinges on installation areas have special holes through which they will be fixed on metal racks. In addition, a stopper is provided in the design of the hinge, which is designed to fix the ladder racks in the required position.

If it is planned to make such a structure on your own, it is necessary to fix tips or horizontal jumpers-stops on the underside of the racks, which will make the operation of the stairs safe.

Naturally, for the manufacture of any metal structure, you will need special tools and ability to work with them. A pre-drawn drawing of a ladder is also needed, according to which it will be much easier to produce installation work. As an example, or starting point” – one of the options is shown in the illustration above.

Varieties of frames from a profile pipe

It is impossible to ignore the question of what kind of frames for flights of stairs made of a profile pipe can be. The material, it seems, is the same everywhere, but the principles of the structure of the structure have significant differences.

Prices for stairs

The most economical option for using a profile pipe in the manufacture of stairs is a frame on a central stringer. This option can be made in two versions - it is a broken stringer, repeating the shape of the steps, or a straight line, made of a profile pipe that is integral along the entire length of the march.

A broken stringer is more difficult to manufacture, as it is assembled from separate pipe sections cut to fit right angle, which are interconnected in general detail by welding. Then, on each of horizontal surfaces the stringer is welded the so-called "sole"(mounting platform), made of sheet metal with a thickness of 3÷4 mm. On this "sole" the tread boards will be fixed. To fix them, four to six holes are pre-drilled in metal plates. Through them, self-tapping screws will be screwed into the wood. For this design, a profile pipe with a section size of 80 × 60 mm may well be suitable.

The second version of the central stringer is made from a single pipe, usually with a cross section of 100 × 50 mm, which is cut only at the ends, at a certain angle. Then, plates or peculiar legs are welded to the end parts of the pipe forming the span, with the help of which the stringer will be fixed to the ceiling and to the floor.

Marking is made on the stringer pipe, along which the stands for the installation of steps will be welded. Stands consist of a leg, also from a section of a profile pipe, with cut at the right angle(depending on the steepness of the flight of stairs) ends, on which “soles” are welded with holes for fixing tread boards on them.

For massive stairs, a more reliable version of metal structures is usually chosen, consisting of straight stringers, on which frames for steps are welded. For their basis, a pipe 80 × 60 or 100 × 50 mm is used, and for the manufacture of a frame under steps - profile 25×25 mm or even a corner with shelves of the same size, which gives some savings in metal costs. In the lower and upper parts of the frame, stands cut from a metal sheet are fixed by welding.

A more complex version of a ladder from a profile pipe is broken structure, consisting of two stringers, in some cases fastened together with jumpers.

How are they made and assembled frame structures of this type will be discussed in detail in the instruction table below.

Calculations the main parameters of the stairs from the profile pipe

Starting to talk about calculations, it is necessary to immediately say how to correctly determine the choice of a profile pipe according to its dimensions. The first thing to remember is that for a standard small home staircase on two stringers, you should not choose a pipe with too thick or thin walls. Too thick metal will make the structure excessively heavy, and a thin profile unreliable.

To correctly determine this parameter, you can refer to the data presented in this table. In this case, the length of the march is calculated between the points of support. That is, it is possible to provide reinforcement elements - racks that abut against the floor surface and stringers, in order to make the free span shorter, if necessary.

Table of maximum loads on flights of stairs, depending on their length and parameters of the profile pipe:

Ladder run length in mm	1000	2000	3000	4000	5000	6000
Pipe section size and metal thickness mm
50×25×2	684	167	69	34	16	6
60×40×2	1255	308	130	66	35	17
80×40×2	1911	471	202	105	58	31
80×40×3	2672	658	281	146	81	43
80×60×3	3583	884	380	199	112	62
100×50×4	5489	1357	585	309	176	101

However, the dimensions of the pipe should already be selected after the staircase design is selected and its basic parameters are determined, calculations are made and a drawing is drawn up.

So, for the manufacture of stairs, you need to decide on the following parameters:

The number of marches in the design.
The height of the stairs or each of the marches, and slope angle, which must be the same throughout the stairs, regardless of the number of flights.
The design of the connection of two marches - a platform or winder steps.
Number, width and height of steps.
The perimeter of the stairwell in the ceiling.
Based on the calculated dimensions and the drawn up drawing - the amount of material required for the installation of the structure.

In each specific case, all these parameters may be different, since both the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises allocated for the stairs and the height of the ceilings differ, so measurements are always made individually.

The dimensions of the ceiling opening will depend on the angle of inclination of the upper flight of the structure. And such an opening should begin in the place where the distance from the ceiling to the stairs will be 2000 mm, that is, a little more growth tall person.

The slope angle of the flight of stairs depends on the height of the rise (and this is the height of the flow plus the thickness of the ceiling) and the area that can be allotted for construction, that is, on the length of the horizontal projection of the march on the floor plane. If the dimensions of the room do not allow one march to be accommodated (and this happens quite often), it is divided into two or even more. In this case, the calculation will already be carried out for each march separately, but subject to the obligatory conditions - the angle of steepness and the dimensions of the steps are maintained throughout the entire staircase.

Well, knowing these values, it is easy to determine the length of the span itself.

Below are two calculators that should help you determine these values.

Unlike ancient times, when any hardware were made only by forging, now welding is actively used to connect individual components, such as angles, channels and profiled pipes. About how to weld a ladder from a profile pipe, as well as what varieties of these products can be, will tell in this material.

Of course, you should not discount professional blacksmiths, whose work is different high quality and aesthetic beauty. However, these products are rather piece, and they are quite expensive. But almost everyone can create a staircase from a professional pipe, if only he knows how to handle welding machine and prepared all the necessary materials.

Appearance of the stairs

Since profile products are becoming more and more popular, you can find any modifications of stairs from a profile pipe on the net. Didn't even get enough attention bold decisions in the form of glass structures without railings or "duck step", that is, an almost vertical flight of stairs with a step width for one foot. However, the easiest way for novice builders is to make a marching staircase from a professional pipe with their own hands, which is most popular among homeowners.

In order to choose the right parameters for this design, you can make drawings of stairs from a profile pipe with your own hands, taking one of the most suitable projects as a basis and adapting it to specific dimensions.

A march is a structure that is located between the turntables. There are direct, two- and multi-march structures. If we are talking about a spiral staircase, then all the steps in it are located around the same axis. They are used for lifting inside the building - between floors or up to front door, as well as for crossing uneven terrain.

The most durable and reliable are stationary stairs made of square pipe. However, if necessary, you can use folding portable products.

For the assembly of a flight of stairs, the following materials are used:

metal elements- corners, welded parts, profile pipes;
wood;
reinforced concrete;
composite materials.

There may be several ways to install parts for a flight of stairs, however, welding of metal structures is considered the most reliable.

Fastening the steps of the stairs can be:

on the pains;
on stringers;
on a string.

The set of materials that will be needed to build a staircase from a profile pipe with your own hands will depend on the method of fastening the steps. To make it easier to choose the type of construction for a particular room or area, you can view a number of photographs.

Some experienced craftsmen recommend making only stringers or the base of the structure from a profile pipe, and using materials with a lower mass for steps. The best choice for the base of the stairs will be a profile with dimensions of 60 × 40 mm.

It should be noted that profile structures have a number of undoubted advantages:

Good resistance to mold and corrosion, making them suitable for areas with constant temperature fluctuations and no heating.
A ladder made of a profile pipe can last for quite a long time, and if it is disassembled, the metal can be sold or sold as scrap if it is not needed.
The assembly and installation of a metal modular or welded frame is done quickly and easily.
Since the appearance of the stairs from the profile is rather concise, it will not be difficult to combine it with the existing interior in the room.
Profile pipes will be quite affordable for most buyers, so the cost of the project will be low. Yes, it is easier for many to work with metal than with wood.
The metal frame made of profiles is superior in strength to any other similar structures.
The term for installing a staircase to the second floor from a profile pipe is much less than when working with wood, unless, of course, you have a welding machine and the skills to work with it.
It is also important that due to the presence of a metal base, in such a ladder you can combine the most various materials- glass, marble, tiles and even plastic.

Please note that if it is intended to assemble a lightweight structure, then it is better to choose a profile with thin walls. It is optimal to use a pipe with a diameter of 5-7.4 mm, which will be strong enough and withstand vibration from the load.

Structural elements

While using the stairs, a person stands on the steps, the width of which can reach the full width of the foot, or reach the heel of the shoe.

In order for the structure to hold, stringers are used - side planks with cut sections, on which steps are placed. In addition, bolts can be used to connect the treads and fix the entire structure. Bowstrings are called end and lower beams that support steps. The vertical sections of the stairs that support the steps are called risers. They are needed to strengthen the entire structure.

Usually one flight of stairs in a structure made of a profile pipe, it has 18-20 steps laid on stringers. It is installed along the walls and the corner, or suspended between two floors, and it consists of two mid-flight spans. Often the number of steps is made odd in order to start and end the ascent to each next march with the same foot. This rule is used both in small cottages and in large office buildings.

Before starting to weld the stairs from the profile pipe, all identical metal elements are laid in pairs, and treads and risers are attached on top. The steps themselves can be made of lightweight materials placed in a metal frame, for example, they can be made of laminate or wood.

The standard calculation of a ladder from a profile pipe looks like this:

the gap between adjacent steps (riser height) should be about 14-22 cm;
the angle of inclination of the flight of stairs is made at 30-40º, which is equal to the ratio of 1:2 or 1:2.5 length to height;
the width of the steps is 20-30 cm, and if a small slope angle is chosen, then it is slightly wider than the stop.

The order of work and procurement of materials

The design of internal and attached stairs is completely different, and the simplest one is considered to be single-flight on the stringers for the porch. The most difficult is the metal spiral staircase.

The sequence of work on assembling a frame from a profile for a single-flight staircase is as follows:

design and drawing up a drawing;
carrying out markup;
dividing the profile into segments of the desired length;
assembly of the main frame for the installation of steps;
welding of risers and steps;
installation of the structure in place and pouring concrete on the site;
railing installation;
laying wood in frames for steps;
final decoration.

There are several ways to assemble a frame for a ladder from a profile. It can be made from paired shaped pipes or steel stringers, or you can use a channel in which the steps will be welded on top of the base or inside the frame.

If we are talking about the design of an internal staircase with wooden steps, then the march is fixed first at the top point, and only then it is fixed at the bottom. In this case, the ladder is fixed to the anchors in the walls and the platform, which serves as the first step.

Note that do not forget about the control of the horizontal position of the steps. When all the main work is completed, you can start welding the railing.

The process of assembling a spiral staircase from pipes and profiles

A spiral staircase is preferred to be installed in order to save space. To create it, you need the main support pipe and blanks from the profile for the steps. For work, two pipes will be required, one of them with a smaller diameter will become a reference, and the other with a slightly larger cross section will be cut into blanks of 20-22 cm. The same sections of the profile for the steps will be welded to these sleeves. The resulting blanks will be stacked on top of each other and fanned out until they fill the entire height of the stairs.

The railing for a spiral staircase must be spiral. The base and console are made of steel profile, they are welded together. Please note that the sleeves sit tight and do not hang out - backlashes can be compensated O-rings. The assembled frame will need to be welded and coated with a primer layer.

For railings, it is better to use elegant airy metal structures, and handrails can be made of plastic or wood.

fasten spiral staircase can be in two places between floors or against the wall using brackets. However, there are other methods of fixation. To decorate a metal staircase, it is better to use a special paint - the most relevant colors are black, brown, metallic.

Any installed ladder should be not only beautiful in appearance, but also safe for users. Therefore, if you are not confident in your abilities, then it is better to entrust the assembly and design of such products to specialists.

When designing any metal structures, the question arises - what kind of rolled metal and what section should be used to ensure the reliability of the structure under the influence of expected loads. You can find accurate calculation methods or use software resources that allow you to calculate almost any structure. software, knowing the technology of production of metal structures and having an idea about rolled metal.

Very often, when designing small and not complex objects, for example, stairs to the second floor, one has to choose rolled metal from experience, as they say “by eye”. In order to somehow justify your choice, and at the same time instill confidence in yourself and in the customer, we offer a variant of the simplest (“for beginners”) calculation.

Let's say we need to build a metal frame stairs to the second floor.

Let it be: the length of the stairs is 3m. , tilt angle 30 0 , estimated load: 200 kg. - the weight of the structure and 500 kg. - additional load. It is necessary to choose a profile pipe for the carrier beam (string)

The calculation is carried out with a certain degree of approximation. Figure 1 shows a diagram of a ladder beam,

Fig. 1 where:

L - beam length,

q - the angle of inclination of the stairs

In our case: F = 500kg.

L = 300cm.

q = 300

P = 200kg.

For ease of calculation and, given that, as a result, the stairs to the second floor will be quite rigid, allowing the distribution of loads, we will reduce the existing scheme (Fig. 1) to a scheme with a uniformly distributed load,

Fig. 2 where: b is the horizontal component of the beam,

For our case: b = L * cos q = 300 * cos 30 0 = 260cm.

Q = F + P = 500kg.+200kg. = 700kg.

G= Q / b = 700kg./260cm. = 2.7kg/cm.

Under the influence of loads, the pipe will begin to sag. In case of slight deflections, after the load is removed, the pipe will return to its original state. If the load exceeds the allowable one, deformation (irreparable deflection) of the pipe may occur. In order to avoid deformation, it is necessary to compensate for the bending moment (arising from the action of the load) with the moment of resistance of the pipe. In our case, the bending moment formula:

M= q* b 2 /8 substituting the data we get: M = 22815kg.cm.

The moment of resistance of the pipe depends on the material of the pipe (ladder beam) and is calculated by the formula:

W= M / R, where: R is the design resistance of the metal

pipes, for steel St.3 - R = 2100.

Substituting the values M and R , we get that W = 10.86cm3

The resistance moments of profile pipes are calculated and summarized in tables that can be found in the relevant Internet topics. According to the tables, we need to take pipes from which W more than that obtained in our calculations (> 10.86). Modulus of resistance more value 10.86 for pipes 70x70, 80x80, etc. If you take a pipe 50x100, then on the side 100W = 24cm3, i.e. almost two and a half times more than in our calculation. Thus, for the beam (string) of our stairs to the second floor, a profile pipe 50x100 is quite suitable. Additionally, it is necessary to check the deflection of the beam (strings, stringers of the stairs). In the case of a uniformly distributed load, the deflection is determined by the formula:

f=5 Gb 4 /384 EI where: f - maximum deflection

G – evenly distributed load

b - horizontal projection of the beam

E - modulus of elasticity (table data)

I - moment of inertia (table data).

For our case G \u003d 2.7 kg / cm, b = 260 cm., E (for steel St.3) = 20.4 * 10 5 kg.cm 2 (reference data), I (for a pipe 50x100) = 137cm. 4 (table data). Eventually:

f = 0.6cm.

The deflection is insignificant, but at the beginning the nomes simplified the task and led it to the variant of a uniformly distributed load. In reality, the load will be concentrated and the deflection can be three times more. On the other hand, we calculated only one beam (string, stringer). If we take classic version with two, for example, stringers, then the deflection will again decrease. In the general case, if the deflection is not acceptable, then you should make supports, connect several pipes, or look for other options.

In conclusion, it must be emphasized that we did not try to make accurate calculations, but tried to prove that the pipes 40x80 or 50x100 used in the construction of stairs are quite the correct option.

The choice of a profile pipe for mounting stairs is due to the fact that such a design is easier to operate and much more variable in execution, it is suitable for use both in the house and on the street. However, to make reliable design do-it-yourself is possible only with experience welding work.

Professional pipe - versatile material, at the same time light and durable, aesthetic in itself and well combined with other building and finishing materials.

It is possible to make from a metal profile both stationary stairs located in the house and on the street, as well as mobile structures for household purposes.

Any staircase consists of steps and a support system - a kosour, on which the steps rest from above, or a bowstring, to which the steps are fixed at the end.

The support system for stairs from a professional pipe is usually bearing beam on which steps are laid on top.

Distinguish:

straight stringer - a straight beam is located along the entire length flight of stairs, legs are welded to the main beam, on which the steps will rest;
a broken kosour consists of horizontal and vertical pipe sections connected to each other, forming a stepped structure, directly on which the steps rest.

The type of staircase is determined by the configuration of its main elements: mid-flight, spiral staircases and step-ladders differ in structure. Additional details such as railings and balustrades add convenience and aesthetics to the design.

Marching

Structures of this type are the most convenient for descent and ascent and are quite simple to design and install, so they are most often erected in private houses.

The flight staircase consists of one or more flights - arranged in a row of parallel steps, based on one stringer or two or three parallel ones.

A single-march structure can be installed inside the house if there is enough space. With a shortage of free space that can be used to organize movement between floors, the stairs are erected in several flights. At the same time, on corners, the design is supplemented by a platform or winder steps.

The landing gives additional strength, but significantly eats up space. To save space between marches, winder steps are made - their edges are not parallel, the width decreases from the edge of the stairs to the turning point.

To make the structure more reliable and save space, mid-flight stairs are placed along the walls, and they try to organize turns in the corners between two walls.

Marching structures are also erected on the street - if the house has a high basement or non-residential first floor, they make one or two marching porches.

Note! winder steps due to the difference in the width of their surface, they are more traumatic. The risk of tripping and injury is especially high in children and the elderly.

screw

Stairs of this type are the most aesthetic and economical in terms of space, but also the most difficult to design and install, so they are not universally popular.

The support system consists of one spiral stringer, which is supported by the wide edge of the step in the form of a truncated sector, and the central pillar, to which the steps are attached by the narrow edge of the step.

Screw designs look really original, and they can literally fit on a patch. But climbing a narrow spiral staircase is difficult on your own, and there can be no question of climbing furniture and household appliances along it.

To solve this problem, you can build an additional flight of stairs on the street, and leave the spiral structure in the house more for beauty.

It is almost impossible to imagine a house without stairs. Even if the building has only one floor at its disposal, the stairs are mounted on the porch or rise to the attic and attic.

There are a lot of materials for creating such structures, but today the option made from metal pipe rectangular section. There are many reasons for this, but the main ones are ease of construction and excellent performance.

Today we will analyze how a ladder is made from a profile pipe with our own hands: video and detailed instructions will be applied.

Any serious work begins with the fact that you need to draw up a draft of the structure being erected, well, or at least make an outline in the form of a sketch. Payment staircase structures does not belong to the category higher mathematics, but still it is worth considering it carefully so as not to end up with inconsistencies during the assembly of the stairs.

Calculation of the flight stairs

So, let's first take a look at how calculations are performed for marching metal stairs from a profile pipe.

A stairway is a structure assembled from one or more sections with a direct rise. Depending on the number of marches, single-march and multi-march versions are distinguished. The choice depends entirely on the location of the stairs and desired height lift.

In multi-flight structures, marches are connected using platforms or winders.

Such stairs can turn 90 degrees - they are placed when there is enough space for a long march. The site is most often located closer to the floor level of the first floor, in the corner of the room

180 degrees - this design allows you to fit two marches of smaller sizes. The rise of such a ladder is gentle, and convenient for movement. Continuing the design, you can make an ascent to any number of floors.

At 270 degrees - in this case, the staircase has three marches, each of which turns 90 degrees relative to its neighbors. The design is very compact, which allows it to be installed in narrow places, such as a small bay window or corridor.

Knowing the types of structures, you can proceed to the calculations.

You need to act in the following sequence:

We decide on the place where we want to install the stairs.
After evaluating the scale of the room and the height of the floors of the second floor, you can determine the number of marches. Remember that at this stage all conclusions are an estimate. We can see everything in more detail when calculating.
We measure the height of the rise, taking into account the thickness of the interfloor ceilings.

Advice! Do not neglect millimeters, so as not to make mistakes in the calculations in the end. Do everything as accurately as possible.

To make it convenient for both adults and children to move up the stairs, it is necessary to optimally choose the ratio of the length and height of the step. These parameters are also called the dimensions of the tread (the place where the foot rests when lifting) and the riser (vertical decorative bar). Optimal dimensions fit in the following ranges: length 25 - 33 centimeters, height 15 - 22 centimeters.
As for the ratio, it should fit into the formulas 2x + y \u003d 60 (64) or x + y \u003d 47. All values \u200b\u200bare indicated in centimeters and adjusted to the step width of a person of average height (175 - 180 centimeters).
The number of steps is calculated very simply - it is enough to divide the height of the opening by the height of the riser. Having received this value, you can also calculate the length of the march - you need to multiply it by the length of the tread.
These values are directly related to the angle of inclination of the stairs. As you understand, we got an imaginary triangle, transferring it to a scale on paper, you can accurately measure the angle of inclination.

Advice! It is most convenient to carry out drawings and calculations on a lined sheet from a school notebook in mathematics.

But for the calculation, we lack one more quantity - the length of the march itself. Any sixth grade student who is familiar with the Pythagorean theorem can calculate it. Well, we remember: a² + b² = c² (the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs). Let's say the height of our imaginary ceiling is 260 cm, and the length of the stairs is 400 cm. We perform the calculation: (260 * 260) + (400 * 400) = 227600. We extract the root and get 477 cm with a "tail" - this is the length of the march.
We are looking at whether it will be possible to fit such a staircase in the intended place, if not, then you can try changing the parameters of the tread and riser, or, if the angle of inclination suits you, then save it by dividing the rise into several marches.
In general, the angle of inclination for a home staircase is very important, as both small children and the elderly will pass through it. The more gentle the rise, the easier it will be to overcome it. According to regulations, values given parameter should be between 23 and 45 degrees.

But it is best when the value does not exceed 33 degrees, since steeper stairs are less comfortable. Smaller values are more suitable for ramps than stairs.

Advice! When doing calculations, you are unlikely to be able to adjust the parameters to integers - there will always be a small remainder. Round the result up. All deviations from set parameters can be eliminated due to the lower frieze step.

Calculation of a spiral staircase

The spiral staircase is very beautiful and is chosen by designers for this very reason, besides, it takes a lot of space. less space than the marching version of the design. But it also has plenty of minuses: such a ladder is considered the most dangerous when climbing; it is difficult or even impossible to lift bulky goods on it; the price that the masters call for the assembly is prohibitively high.

But if you have nowhere to go, and you need to install just such an option, do not worry! We will tell you in detail how to make such a metal frame for a ladder from a profile pipe, as well as how to properly finish it.

Savings in person. The only thing that is required of you is the ability to work with a welding machine and the labor force that will move the overall workpieces.

The calculation of a screw structure may seem too complicated for some, but we assure you that following us, you cannot make a mistake, since you only need to use a few formulas. As a last resort, you can always use special calculators that can be easily found on the Internet.

So, remember the notation of the parameters of the stairs:

H- span height. As in the case of a mid-flight staircase, it takes into account the thickness of the ceiling.
H1- the distance between the turns of the stairs. That is, the distance from one step to another, located exactly above it. The minimum comfortable value that should be observed is 2 meters. Yes, even tall man won't hit your head while lifting.
h- step height. Risers on spiral staircases are rarely made, but the parameter remains the same, as for mid-flight stairs. For convenient lifting, this value is reduced to 12 - 22 centimeters here.
h1- step depth. An ambiguous value, since the steps of spiral staircases have the shape of a trapezoid. GOSTs and SNiPs set the size of the smaller side at 10 cm, and the larger side, in principle, is not limited (depending on the width of the lift), but the recommended value is about 40 centimeters.
Step working depth- it conditional line along which a person will climb. Its parameters must be calculated so that the value fits into the normalized 25 - 33 centimeters.
L- the length of the stairs along a given radius.
R is the outer radius. This value should not be less than 80 centimeters. When placing stairs in a rounded bay window, it is advisable to increase it to the inner radius of the room in order to be able to rest the free edges of the steps on the walls.
r1- working radius, the same line along which a person moves when lifting.
r is the radius of the central support. It will be required for calculations when there is no internal column in the structure, and the staircase will rest on the stringers or adjacent walls. The execution of such stairs will be an impossible task for beginners, so we will not paint them.

As in the previous case, we start by measuring the height of the span. Let's assume that we have it equal to 3 meters. Then we determine the outer radius of the structure, focusing on the dimensions of the room in which the installation will be performed. For convenience of calculations, we take 1 meter.

Next, we define entry and exit points. Let's say that we have them on top of each other, that is, the angle of rotation during lifting will be exactly 360 degrees. This data will be enough to calculate the external lift length.

As we remember from the school geometry course, the circumference is calculated using the following formula: L = 2πR - where L is the length, R is the radius, and π is a constant, which is approximately equal to 3.14.
We consider: 2 * 3.14 * 100 (cm) \u003d 628, that is, 6m 28 centimeters.
Now you need to find out the number of steps, but for this you first need to determine the working length of the march. It is generally accepted that a person makes an ascent along a radius that is 2/3 of the outer one. Based on this, the answer can be obtained in three ways.

The first, 628*2/3 = 419, rounded up;
The second, according to the formula Lwork = 4/3πR = 4/3 * 3.14 * 100 = 419, also with rounding;
Third, first calculate the working radius and perform the calculation using the formula for finding the circumference: 2/3 * 100 * 3.14 * 2 \u003d 419 - 4m 19 centimeters.

Now, knowing the working length, we can choose the optimal tread width. Let's say we want 30 centimeters. Divide the working length by this number: 419/30 = 14 rounded. This is the number of steps in the span
It remains to check the height of the tread. To do this, divide the span height by the number of steps: 300/14 = 21.42. The value is a bit steep, so let's try reducing the tread width to 25 centimeters: 419/20 = 17; 300/17 = 17.6 cm. Now the rise will be smooth and comfortable.
Oh yes! Almost forgot! We completely determine the geometry of the step by calculating its external length: 628/17 = 36.9. Not enough! Then again we return to the selection of parameters until we find the optimal value.

But this is not the end, it remains to determine the size of the output area, with an eye to the value of h1. As it rises, each step will subtract from the total span height the value of the riser height. Due to the fact that h1 is limited to a limit of two meters, the width of the site should not be more than 4-5 treads - do not forget about the thickness of the floor.

The process of assembling the frame of the stairs from the profiled pipe

After all the drawings are ready, you can start making stairs. Accurate compliance with all the dimensions obtained in the calculations will not allow you to make mistakes when marking the workpieces, so be careful.

Tools and materials

To perform all the work, we need the following tools:

	It is also possible to fasten the elements with the help of bolted connections, but such a design will become loose over time from loads, and you will be required to conduct a constant revision of the bearing units. Welding will create monolithic structure, which will also look neater.
	Used in conjunction with a welding machine, and are consumables.
	A grinder (angle grinder) and a cutting disc for metal will allow you to cut the pipe.
	Abrasive and flap discs are used in the processing of welds. The first option is intended for rough grinding, and the second option will allow you to bring the surface to a perfectly smooth state.
	A perforator will be required for drilling holes for fasteners in concrete and brick surfaces, which can be steel anchors or pieces of reinforcement.
	It is used in tandem with a perforator, for the purposes already described.
	A sledgehammer or a large hammer will be needed when driving pins and anchors into the concrete surface.
	To drill holes in pipes for fasteners, you will need metal drills for steps. You can install them in a rotary hammer through an adapter cartridge, or in a high-speed electric drill.
	With the help of wrenches, we will tighten the anchors, although it is better to replace them with an appropriate drill attachment.
	To clearly set the horizontal and vertical, you need a small building level. It is better to purchase the option with magnetic tape, so as not to be distracted by holding the tool during installation.
	An indispensable tool for such work. Easily allows you to mark workpieces for a cut of 90 or 45 degrees.
	Needed for detailing. It is better to buy several pieces of markers, as their pile tips quickly deteriorate on rough metal surfaces.

Let's also list the main materials with which we will work:

	Actually, the profile pipe for the stairs itself. For work, options with different sections may come in handy. Which profile pipe to use for the stairs, we will tell you in the course of explaining the procedure for mounting the frame. For a screw design, you will also need round pipe from which the support column will be made.
	Having cut it into segments of 12-15 centimeters, we will make welded fasteners. To do this, a hole is drilled in the base, which is one step smaller than the diameter of the rod, and then a workpiece is hammered into it with a sledgehammer. To the protruding end of the rod, we can weld the racks and beams of the structure.
	Anchors replace the above method of fastening the elements of the ladder frame. For the convenience of ligaments on the lower ends uprights support pads with drilled holes are welded through which fixation occurs. The beams are drilled through and fastened horizontally. In fairness, it should be noted that the first method of fastening for beams is the most reliable.
	From pieces of plywood or similar materials, you can assemble a stencil under the steps so that they are the same size and shape.

Bolts or self-tapping screws with washers are used to fasten the steps to the frame. The bolted connection is through, and fastening to self-tapping screws can be made invisible by driving them into a step from below.

Assembly of the marching structure

Two main types of construction are common, although they are far from the only ones. The first - with an inclined beam and welded holders under the steps, and the second - with a broken kosour from the pipe. Let's look at both options.

The first option is much easier and faster, but in the end it will be a little more expensive, and the appearance of the structure will look very simple and unassuming. It is better to use this method when the ladder frame is completely hidden after sheathing, or to build a structure on the same support with platforms, as shown in the photo above.

The rise in the cost of the structure is due to the fact that a profile pipe for stairs with a section of 100x100 or even 150x150 is used as a beam. In addition, it will be necessary to weld platforms made of sheet metal 3 mm thick, which will also come out more expensive than profiled pipes.
When assembling, the first step is to install inclined supports. If the design provides for 2 marches, then the frame of the intermediate platform is first mounted, which will become the support for the beams.
There are two ways to weld pads. The first is that after determining the angle of inclination, a metal sheet is welded horizontally to the beam. In order for it to withstand the weight of a moving person, a vertical support from reinforcement or a piece of pipe is welded under it in front.
In the second method, triangles of pipes are first welded onto the beam, which are connected under a straight line or acute angle, in case you want the risers to go inside to increase the tread area.
On top of these supporting elements the site is already being welded, although you can do without it. The edges of the tread between the parallel corners can be connected with pipe crossbars or, at all, immediately screwed onto them wooden steps, not less than 4 cm thick.

Advice! In addition, it is worth noting that the weight of this type of structure is large enough and it is possible to sideways overturn the stairs. To avoid this, we weld support pads made of metal 5 mm thick onto the racks - this way we will more evenly distribute the weight of the entire structure.

How to weld a ladder from a profile pipe, the video in this article will show clearly.

The second design option looks more beautiful, but it will take longer to assemble it. The optimal section of the pipe for it is considered to be 40x60 mm, and more is possible, but keep in mind that the mass of the stairs will increase, which is not always justified.

There are also two ways to connect parts to make a finished kosour:

With the first method the pipe is cut into separate parts corresponding in length to the treads and risers. Their edges are cut at an angle of 45 degrees (for a more accurate cut, it is better to get a miter saw) and welded together, forming a ladder. In theory, everything is simple, but in reality you will have to do a lot of welding work, and constantly monitor the accuracy of the location of the parts. To simplify the task, cut out a stencil from plywood, inside which you place the workpieces.
The second way is much easier- we take a solid pipe and mark it in such a way that the point of the corner cut is the top of an equilateral triangle. The second triangle will be rotated 180 degrees relative to the first one, that is, its vertex will be on the opposite side. We draw triangles from two sides, and then cut them out of the pipe so that the edge to which the vertices fit remains in place. Next, we will need to bend the pipe in this place and weld the joint.

Instead of a platform on the stringers, we also weld the crossbars.

Making a spiral staircase

Installation of a spiral staircase begins with the installation of a central support pillar. Its diameter should not be less than 10 centimeters, so that we can keep the size of the adjacent edge of the step. Savings when buying this element is inappropriate, since the axis of the spiral staircase experiences serious loads.

The bottom edge of the post should rest against a solid, reliable base - best of all concrete floor. You will also need a support platform to distribute the weight of the stairs.

Advice! If you are installing a staircase at the same time as building a house, then in order not to buy an expensive sheet metal, the support can be built in the form of a crosshair from segments of the same pipe, which is then walled up in a concrete screed.

Supports for steps can be of two types, which depend on the section of the pipe used. In terms of strength and external aesthetic component, they differ little.

If pipes with a section of 20x20 or 30x30 centimeters are purchased, then it is better to weld full frame tread around the entire perimeter. For convenience, we again use a stencil. Calculating the angle of divergence of the faces is very simple. As you remember, in our theoretical calculations we got 17 steps. We take the angle of rotation and divide it by this value: 360/17 = 22 degrees. That's the whole calculation.
The second option is much faster. For it, pipes with a section of 40x60 will be needed. No patterns are required here - we take a piece of pipe, 8 cm less than the length of the tread, apply a second segment from the end, which will correspond to the width of the step, and weld them with the letter "T". In the middle, you can also add a transverse element, as shown in the photo.

Finishing

So you actually assembled the spiral staircase with your own hands. It remains only to ennoble it. Due to the fact that the number of materials for this is very large, and there are even more ways to finish, we list only the main stages.

First, we grind the surface of the stairs, Special attention by giving welds. Ideally, they should not be palpable and be smooth and even.
We cover the metal with a rust converter and wash it off according to the instructions on the package.

Prime the metal surface.
We paint the entire structure.
We sheathe the steps and do decorative trim around if it is scheduled.

Most often, in private houses, wood is used as steps for such frames. It is enough to install only treads, and the staircase will take on an attractive appearance. “Stairs from a profile pipe” - the video that we picked up will show how this procedure is performed. Well, that's all we have! See you soon!