Plan of the gable roof truss system. The device and step-by-step installation of the truss system

To install a gable roof yourself, average carpentry skills and an understanding of its manufacturing technology are enough. All this is easy to understand. It is also necessary to involve an intelligent assistant in the process, because many operations cannot be performed by one person alone. Therefore, many without a doubt take up this work and successfully cope with it.

Do-it-yourself gable roof device

The construction of a country house is associated with considerable costs. Therefore, many people are looking for options to reduce the cost of this process through the use of modern materials and technologies. Currently, frame buildings with gable roofs have become very popular. This happens largely for the reason that even a person with minimal knowledge of the construction business, with appropriate preliminary preparation, can carry out such a design.

A gable roof is formed by triangular trusses connected to each other by a longitudinal upper beam (ridge run) and a crate

However, the construction of the roof is a crucial moment that requires a serious attitude. Need to calculate:

correct angle of inclination;
rafter length;
the distance between them;
ways to connect different parts to each other.

Without experience in the production of such work, you should not take on complex structures, but it is quite possible to build a small house with a simple gable roof with your own hands.

Design features of gable roofs

Such a roof consists of two inclined planes located at a certain angle. Gables are arranged along the end walls, which are a vertical continuation of the walls. In shape, they are isosceles or arbitrary triangles, if the slopes are arranged at different angles to the horizontal. In the case of a gable sloping roof, the gables are trapezoid-shaped.

When building a roof, a rafter system is created, which is the supporting element of the roofing pie. The rafter system can be made in the form of hanging rafters if there are no capital partitions inside the building box. If available, a floor frame is arranged when the span is supported by three or more points.

Depending on the configuration of the building, a gable roof can be built according to different schemes.

How to make a gable roof yourself

Depending on the design of the truss system, its main elements may be different, but the main details are present in all options:

Rafters are the main load-bearing element of the structure, on which roofing material is mounted through the crate.
The ridge run - also called the spinal beam, combines all the rafter legs into a single whole, evenly distributes the load on the Mauerlat.
Rack - used in floor structures as an additional support on a major internal partition.
Lying - a horizontal bar on which the racks rest, serves to evenly distribute the loads on the Mauerlat.
Mauerlat - a support beam between the walls and the upper structure of the building, intended for attaching rafters.
Sheathing - flooring from a board 25 millimeters thick for fixing the roof finish.

Regardless of the type of truss system, there are always several basic elements in it.

Roof design

In the process of designing the truss system, it is necessary to optimally place all the elements of the frame in order to ensure a uniform load on the roof over its entire area. The main types of load are:

Snowy - occurs under the action of a layer of snow lingering on the roof. At high rates for the construction region, the angle of inclination of the roof is increased so that the snow comes off it as it accumulates.
Wind - associated with the force of the impact of the wind. In open, blown places, it is higher. The means of counteracting wind loads is to reduce the angle of inclination of the roof.

Thus, it is necessary to find the optimal combination of these indicators with simultaneous exposure to wind and snow. Data on specific loads for the construction region can be found on the Internet.

Gable roofs with a simple design give the house an elegant and festive look.

Photo gallery: projects of houses with gable roofs

The gable roof allows you to arrange a small attic room on the second floor. The slope of the gable roof is selected based on the intensity of the winds and the average snow load in the construction area.

Calculation of the parameters of a gable roof

Determination of the main characteristics of the roof is necessary already at the stage of designing the foundation to calculate the effect of the total weight of the building on the support base.

Area calculation

With a symmetrical gable roof, it is enough to determine the area of one slope and double the result.

The height of the roof depends on the chosen angle of inclination of the slope. Usually it is in the range of 30-45 degrees. In the first case, the height will be half the distance from the projection of the ridge to the Mauerlat axis. Using the Pythagorean theorem and after doing the calculations, we get that the length of the slope for a building of 10x9 m will be 5.05 meters. The slope area is defined as 5.05 x 10 = 50.5 square meters. And the total roof area will be 50.5 x 2 \u003d 101 m 2.

In cases where a gable roof has a non-equilibrium roof, i.e., the axis of the ridge is offset from the axis of the building, the area of \u200b\u200beach slope separately is calculated using the same method and the results are summarized.

However, this calculation does not take into account the area of the roof overhangs. Usually they are 0.5–0.6 meters. For one slope, the overhang area will be 0.5 x 5.05 x 2 + 0.5 x 10 \u003d 4.1 + 5 \u003d 9.1 m 2.

The total roof area will be 101 + 9.1 x 2 = 119.2 m 2.

Most rafter calculations are done according to the Pythagorean theorem, reducing the design to a set of rigid figures - triangles

Calculation of the section of the rafters

The size of the cross section of the rafters depends on several factors:

the magnitude of the load on them;
the type of materials used for rafters: log, timber - homogeneous or glued;
rafter leg length;
types of wood;
the distance between the axes of the rafter legs.

All these parameters have long been calculated, and to determine the cross section of the rafter legs, you can use the data below.

Table: rafter section size

With an increase in the installation step of the rafters, the load on each of them increases, which leads to the need to increase the cross section.

Common sizes of the main parts of the truss system:

Determining the angle of inclination

The angle of inclination of the roof slope is determined by the requirements of its finishing coating:

One of the reasons for reducing the angle of inclination is the desire to make the attic or attic space as large as possible. This intention is also the reason for the installation of a sloping roof.

Calculation of the distance between the rafters

This parameter depends on the type of finish coating, or rather, its weight. For the heaviest material, the distance should be minimal, from 80 centimeters. In the case of using a soft roof that is light in weight, the distance can be increased to 150 centimeters. The calculation of the number of rafters and translations is carried out as follows:

The length of the building (10 meters) must be divided by the distance between the rafters, presumably 120 centimeters: 1000 / 120 = 8.3 (pieces). We add 1 to the result, we get 9.3.
Since the number of rafters cannot be fractional, the result is rounded up to an integer - 9.
The distance between the rafters is finally set: 1000/9 = 111 centimeters.

With this distance, all rafters will be equidistant, and the load from the roof will be distributed evenly.

The length of the rafters is calculated according to the Pythagorean theorem, as already shown above.

Do-it-yourself installation of a gable roof

Work on the installation of the truss system begins with the installation of the Mauerlat.

Mounting the carrier on the wall

Mauerlat is made from high strength wood - oak, larch, etc. In the absence of such materials, pine can be used.

The bar is of standard length - 4 or 6 meters. Therefore, the connection of several parts along the length is inevitable. It is made with a gash of the connected ends “half a tree”, for example, for a bar with a section of 150x150 millimeters, a sample of 75x150 with a length of 300 mm is made. The ends are overlapped. Fastening is carried out with two or four screws M12 or M14 with the installation of washers of large diameter. By the same principle, the bars are connected at the corners. The finished structure is a regular rectangle, which is installed on the upper plane of the wall around the perimeter.

Two beams are spliced by sampling wood on each of them. Then they are bolted together.

The Mauerlat installation technology provides for its placement strictly along the axis of the wall or with an offset in any direction. In this case, you can not place the support beam closer than 5 centimeters from the edge. To increase the service life, the Mauerlat should be installed with waterproofing on the wall surface. Most often, ruberoid is used for this.

Methods for attaching the Mauerlat to the wall

Anchor bolt installation. Ideal for monolithic walls. Threaded studs are immured into the wall when it is cast.
Wood dowels. They are hammered into the drilled hole. With such fixation, additional metal fasteners are used.
Forged staples. They are used with pre-installed embedded parts made of wood.
Stud or armature. The pins are immured during the laying of the wall and are removed through the support beam through the drilled holes. The diameter of the fasteners should be 12–14 millimeters, the protrusion above the surface of the timber should be 10–14 centimeters.
Steel wire. A bundle of two or four wire strands is installed when laying the wall 2–3 rows before its completion. The Mauerlat is tightened using a crowbar. Often used as an additional fastening of the support beam.
When constructing a reinforcing belt, fastening to studs or anchor bolts is also used.

The mounting points should be located approximately in the middle between the rafter legs.

Video: installing a Mauerlat on an armored belt

Photo gallery: ways to mount the Mauerlat on the wall

The studs are immured into the wall during its pouring, then a Mauerlat is put on them and fixed with bolts. The wire is also installed at the stage of laying the wall. staples

Types of roof systems and their installation

The choice of roof truss design is determined by the configuration of the building. If there are no internal capital partitions, a hanging truss system is constructed.

In the presence of capital partitions, it is necessary to use a floor mounting scheme.

Manufacturing of truss pairs

This is the name of a pair of rafter legs connected in an arch with the installation of a spacer element in the form of a puff for a hinged system or a crossbar for a flooring system.

Installation of truss pairs is carried out in three ways:

Assembly is done at the top after the translations are installed. They are covered with a flooring made of wood, nailed.
The formation of truss pairs is performed on the ground in the immediate vicinity of the house. Only blanks are assembled, which are a rigid triangular structure. The lifting of products is carried out when the rafter pairs for the entire system are ready. For this, it is possible to use lifting devices in the form of a manual or powered winch, which presents certain inconveniences and additional costs. On the other hand, assembly on the ground is much easier and more accurate.
The assembly of the roof directly at the installation site is carried out in detail.

With any option, the rafter legs are mounted according to the template, which is the first truss. For higher assembly accuracy of the parts of the next pair, it is desirable to fix them to the previous one with clamps.

When assembling roof systems on the ground, all structures are made according to the template, which is the first manufactured truss. This makes installation more accurate.

The procedure for installing the truss system

Prefabricated roof elements are installed in the following sequence:

First of all, you need to install the front rafter pairs and fix them with temporary fasteners. The most important point is the verticality, which is checked by a plumb line. This installation order is possible when all rafter pairs are at the top.
Front truss structures are installed first
Between opposite frontal structures, a construction cord must be pulled to control the coincidence of the supporting surfaces of subsequent rafter pairs.
Next, the trusses are installed one by one on each side. Each arch is carefully installed in its place, its location in space is verified in all planes, and then regular connections are mounted with the previous rafter pair.
Intermediate trusses are mounted one on each side and are connected by standard jumpers to previously installed structures
After installing the last arch in the middle of the roof, you need to establish all the connections for the project and attach the ridge beam.
It is recommended to connect parts using metal plates - flat and in the form of corners. The most loaded nodes are best connected with bolts, the rest - with self-tapping screws. Nails are used only for initial fixation during installation.
Rafter legs are attached to each other and to the Mauerlat using metal corners

Fastening parts of the truss system

For reliable connection of the elements of the roof frame, various auxiliary elements are used, made of galvanized steel up to 1.5 mm thick.

The use of additional fasteners ensures a solid assembly of the truss system

When assembling with the use of additional connectors, labor productivity increases and the strength characteristics of the structure increase.

To connect the elements of the roof of wooden buildings, special fasteners are used. So, the upper joint of the rafters is often connected using a hinge. This is due to the frequent movements of the building, including seasonal ones.

The swivel joint avoids high stresses at the junction of the rafters during seasonal movements of the log house

For the same purpose, sliding fasteners are used on houses made of this material.

Reliable sliding connection of rafters with Mauerlat relieves this node from stress during structural deformations

Video: quick rafters

Before installing the crate, the roof is insulated. For this:

The inner crate is stuffed from the side of the attic or attic.
The vapor barrier film is stretched.
The heater is installed.
A moisture-proof film or membrane with one-sided permeability is laid.

Thus, in addition to insulation, a ventilation system of the under-roof space is created. It starts to work after the installation of the coating.

It is more convenient to lay a layer of insulation from the outside on the inner crate with a vapor barrier coating

Under certain conditions, roof insulation can be done from the inside, it is not so convenient, but you can safely work in all weather conditions. The formation of the roofing cake is carried out in the reverse order. Each layer of insulation as the flooring needs to be strengthened in the openings between the rafters.

Creating a frame gable

Before proceeding with the design of the pediment, you need to arrange the crate and lay the finish coating of the roof.

When forming the crate, the type of future roofing is taken into account. It is made from edged boards with a thickness of 25 millimeters. The crate happens:

Solid - boards are stuffed at a distance of 2-4 centimeters from one another. It is applied when using a tile or a soft roof.
Sparse - the distance between the boards is 15–25 centimeters. Such a crate is arranged under a metal tile, corrugated board, slate and other similar materials.
Rare - the distance between the boards is from 0.6 to 1.2 meters. It is used when the length of the coating sheets is equal to the length of the slope with an overhang. This cover is only made to order.

The crate should be taken out of the gable rafters for the overhang device.

On the front rafter trusses, a frame is mounted for fastening the material of the front finish

Roofing installation

Before laying the crate, the roof is insulated and a moisture-proof layer is laid. Further:

Roof covering is being laid. The installation sequence is from bottom to top in order. The straightness of the first row is controlled by a stretched cord.
Roofing sheets are fastened with self-tapping screws using shock-absorbing pads.

When installing the finishing coating of the roof, you cannot save on fasteners; the protective layer must be durable, able to withstand wind and snow loads.

Sheets of metal tiles are laid from the bottom up, starting from the corner of the roof

Installation of gables

The crate of the frame gables is made based on the characteristics of the material intended for the front finish. For this, the following products can be used:

After installing the crate, it is necessary to lay a moisture protection from a polyethylene film 200 microns thick. It can be fixed with building brackets. This work is done outside. On the film, you can sheathe the outer surface with the selected finishing material.

Gables need to be insulated with rolled or tiled heaters. The thickness of the protective layer should be at least 10 cm, and for areas with a cold climate - at least 15 cm. An internal moisture-proof film layer is stretched over the insulation.

On top of it, a crate for the front finish is stuffed, for which bars measuring 50x50 millimeters are used. Finishing of the entire building is carried out simultaneously, after the insulation of the roof.

In the process of facing the pediment, windows are installed if they are provided for by the project, and in some cases doors.

The pediment of a wooden house with a gable roof is most often finished with clapboard

Registration of overhangs

Roof overhangs, both gable and cornice, except for a purely decorative function, are designed to protect walls and foundations from water or snow. Their sizes are usually 50-60 centimeters. Overhangs are made with various materials:

planed board, installed end-to-end or overlapped;
grooved lining;
lining block house;
sheet plastic;
sheet profiled or smooth metal;
finished products made of metal or plastic - soffits.

There are several ways to arrange overhangs:

By the rafter. In this case, the filing of the space under the roof on the overhang is carried out with fastening directly to the ledges of the beams.
Hemming along the rafters is made along the lower edge of the rafter leg
On the rafters inside. Planks are attached to the rafter leg, to which the board is hemmed. The lower part of the rafter remains open, and the opening under the roof is closed.
When filing along the rafters from the inside, the rafter beams remain open
In a box For this method, a bar is installed perpendicular to the wall from the end of the rafter. The second bar is installed on the wall and attached to the rafters. Sometimes a jib is installed between them. Hemming is done to these slats.
For filing with a box, it is necessary to make a frame from mutually perpendicular bars

Ventilation holes must be made along the lining. They can be of any size, but large ones must be covered with a fine mesh of any material. This avoids the penetration of birds and harmful insects into the under-roof space. Soffits are sold with ready-made ventilation grilles.

Ventilation is arranged only on cornice overhangs; it is not needed for gable ledges.

When finishing with soffits, the ventilation holes do not need to be drilled - they are already made at the factory

Video: do-it-yourself gable roof device

With the modern abundance of building materials and their quality, you can install a gable roof yourself. The cost savings will be quite significant. But it can also turn into losses if you do not carefully consider every step you take during construction. I wish you success!

The construction of the roof is one of the most important stages in the construction of a house. The simplest designs include gable roofs with straight slopes. If it is decided that a gable roof will be built with your own hands, then you need to carefully read the step-by-step instructions and video. The functional parameters of the roof also depend on the correct insulation, characteristics and quality of installation of the finish coating.

Preparatory stage

To determine the configuration and size of the roof, it is necessary to take into account the snow and wind load in the existing climatic conditions - the smaller the angle of inclination, the better the design resists loads. But a small angle of inclination (40 degrees or less) does not allow full use of the attic space.

The shape and design of the roof are developed in accordance with the design plan of the house: the key points of support of the roof truss system must coincide with the lines and points of location of the supporting structures of the underlying floor. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the width of the house, the presence of a longitudinal load-bearing wall in the center. If the attic is not planned to be used as an additional usable area for permanent or seasonal residence, a reliable roof with layered rafters can be made. In this case, the rafters are attached to the ridge run, which is supported by racks based on an internal load-bearing wall.

Hanging rafters are the most practical and economical option for light structures. In this case, the rafter legs are connected in pairs with crossbars - horizontal lintels, which provide the necessary rigidity of the structure. The hanging rafter system rests on the side walls of the structure.

If the width of the house exceeds 6 meters, in addition to the crossbars, which act as the basis for the ceiling, runs and racks are installed. The run is a horizontal bar that acts as an additional support for the rafters that form the roof slope. Installation of the run requires the use of racks. Racks, in turn, rely on beds - a special beam laid along the slope. Beds and racks perform the function of the frame of the walls of the attic room. Such a layered design allows you to make an attic or a spacious attic for household needs with your own hands.

If the construction of a simple and reliable roof is required, a gable construction with an angle of inclination of 45-50 ° is optimal. Such a truss system is suitable for installation on residential buildings and buildings for various purposes. When calculating materials, it must be taken into account that the truss system must be light enough to avoid excessive load on the foundation, but at the same time strong. The cross section of lumber should be selected based on the dimensions of the truss structure.

Mauerlat installation

Consider step by step how to build a do-it-yourself roof with layered rafters and an attic. At the first stage, the installation of the upper strapping - the Mauerlat - is carried out on the longitudinal walls of the house. The strapping takes on the pressure of the entire roofing system and evenly transfers it to building structures - walls and foundations.

Mauerlat is made of timber (section from 50 × 150 to 150 × 150 mm), treated with special protective agents to protect against decay and fire.

Mauerlat can be done in various ways:

rolled wire is embedded in the brickwork, by means of which the beam is fixed on the wall (the wire is threaded through specially made holes and twisted tightly);
long metal studs with a diameter of 12 mm or more are embedded in the masonry;
in the upper part of the wall there is a monolithic concrete beam with embedded steel studs.

Studs should be located with a step of no more than 120 mm. The height of the protruding end of the fastener should be 20-30 mm higher than the total thickness of the waterproofing and the beam, in which holes should be made in advance. The beam is put on the studs and tightly attracted by nuts with wide washers.

The construction of the truss system

The truss system, which you can do with your own hands, consists of a number of elements combined into a single whole. The A-shaped truss truss is a rigid structure that works "for expansion". If the roof is being built on a timber house, the opposite walls should be reinforced with 100 × 150 mm timber couplers at the level of the ceiling beams. This is done so that the walls do not move apart under load.

Beds are laid on the ceiling - additional elements from a beam of 150 × 150 mm or more, which serve as a support for the racks and redistribute the point load on the ceiling surface. Do-it-yourself laying of beds should be done along the lines of the walls of the future attic space. If the attic is not going to be used, the bed can be laid directly under the ridge to mount support posts. If necessary, you can splice the timber, but only in places where the joint will lie on the beam. The spiked connection is reinforced with a bracket or a metal plate.

The repeating parts of the rafter system should be made completely identical to each other in order to build an isosceles gable roof, the weight of which will be distributed evenly even under atmospheric loads. For this purpose, templates of identical parts are made with their own hands.

Boards 50 × 150 mm are laid out on the floor of the house, a triangle of the required height is made from two rafter legs and a rack board (its length corresponds to the height of the future roof), connected by a nail. Together or three of us, the structure rises - the rack is installed on the central axis of the ceiling, the rafters are installed on the Mauerlat.

In the process of preparing the template, you can lengthen the elements by varying the height of the roof and choosing the most suitable option.

Having decided on the dimensions, it is necessary to make curly cuts on the rafters at the points of their contact with the strapping. The rafter leg should firmly rest against the Mauerlat. There are a number of mounting methods, you should choose the most convenient and reliable, it is advisable to use metal lining. The intricacies of the technology can be found in the video. The resulting truss structure subsequently acts as a template, and the support board helps to control the height of the installed trusses.

Gable

The pediment is a continuation of the wall, bounded by the slopes of the roof. If a gable roof is provided, the gables of the house are in the shape of a triangle. When installing the truss structure, first of all, extreme trusses are installed, which later serve as a frame for the gables. It is necessary to strictly check the verticality of the structures and ensure that they have the same height. In the upper part of the gables, a ridge run is attached, to which the rest of the truss structures are subsequently mounted.

Usually the gables are sewn up after the completion of the roofing work, but this can be done at an earlier stage. Installation of boards 50 × 100 or 50 × 150 mm is carried out in a vertical or horizontal direction. The pediment, which you can build with your own hands, is often equipped with windows.

It is necessary to provide for the insulation of the gables.

Roof insulation and roof installation

A crate is stuffed onto the truss system, the pitch of which is calculated based on the characteristics of the roofing material - its size and rigidity, installation method. If the use of flexible materials (bituminous tiles, PVC films, rolled bituminous roofs) is envisaged, it is necessary to make a continuous, even flooring.

Roof insulation must be taken as carefully as possible, since otherwise heat losses will be very significant. Usually, a gable roof is immediately carried out taking into account the use of certain materials for insulation - when building a rafter system with your own hands, the step of the rafters is calculated relative to the width of the sheet insulation. This allows you to build a roof with minimal economic costs, since the material for insulation does not have to be cut. In addition, this approach speeds up and simplifies the installation of the insulation and vapor barrier system.

In this high-quality video, you can see in detail how to make a gable roof yourself and make sure that there is nothing complicated about it.

The gable roof truss system is considered one of the simplest in purely constructive terms. It consists of only a few elements, the number of which decreases or increases due to the size of the roof itself. But with apparent simplicity, the process of erecting a gable roof itself requires knowledge of some of the nuances that affect the quality of the final result.

Rafter system for a gable roof Source tues.ru

What is a gable roof

From the name it becomes clear that the roof structure is two slopes that have a rectangular shape in the plane. More often, the slopes have the same dimensions, but there are so-called asymmetric designs in which the slopes differ in size from each other.

In this case, the slopes are set to each other at a certain angle, which is called the slope. The line of contact is the ridge beam, which is part of the truss system. In a simple way, it is called a ridge, and it is the highest point of the roof.

The side planes formed by the slopes are called gables. They are triangular in shape. After the construction of the roof, the sidewalls are lined with sheet or panel materials: plywood, OSB, even boards, etc.

What is a gable roof truss system

The basis of the structures of the slopes are rafter legs, they are also rafters. They are made either from lumber (beams, boards), or from a steel profile (corner, channel). In private housing construction, wood is used. It is easier to work with, plus lumber is cheaper.

The device of the gable roof truss system is not only rafters. In addition to them, there are several other mandatory elements. The photo below shows all the elements of a gable roof. Let's designate them.

Each of the elements of the roof has its own purpose. Source lestorg32.ru

Elements of the gable roof truss system

Mauerlat. In fact, this is a beam on which the rafters rest. Its purpose is to evenly distribute the load from the rafters on the walls of the house. If the Mauerlat is not used, then the rafters will put pressure on the walls pointwise, that is, large stresses will arise at the installation sites, which will lead to cracking of the walls.

rafters installed at an angle.

Skate, he is a ridge beam or run. Its task is to form a place for joining the rafter legs. A ridge beam is an optional element of a gable roof. There are designs in which it is not installed. But more on that below.

Puffs. They are not always used, but only on hanging rafters or if the rafter system is installed on a wide house.

floor beams that form the ceiling in the room and the floor in the attic.

One of the floor beams, which is called lying down. It additionally functions as a base for the support posts that support the rafters. Not always used.

Support legs, they are grandmas supporting the rafter legs. They are installed only if the span of the house is at least 6 m.

Struts, they are also diagonal props. They are used only if the support posts cannot ensure the overall reliability of the truss system.

There is another element that is clearly visible in the photo below. These are support posts for the ridge run. They are installed if the design of the truss system is heavy. That is, the entire structure is assembled under heavy roofing material, for example, under ceramic tiles.

Sloped rafters with support posts under the ridge run Source seaside-home.ru

You might be interested! A warm roof is an important detail in the construction of an energy-efficient home. From the article at the following link you can find out.

Types of rafters

The roof truss system (gable) can be assembled from layered or hanging rafters.

Layered

They got their name because their lower ends rest on the walls of the house, the upper ends on the ridge run. In this case, the truss elements are subjected to loads that bend them. The design is reliable, durable, with a large bearing capacity.

The photo above just shows the rafter system of a layered type. It is clearly seen that the legs rest in the upper part on the skate. In this case, there are two types of fastening of the rafters themselves in the upper part:

fastening is made to the ridge:

fastening is made between each other with an emphasis on the ridge (photo above).

hanging

It is necessary to immediately indicate that this type of truss system can be used if the distance between the walls of the house does not exceed 12 m. Because the rafters abut the lower ends against the walls, and the upper ends only between themselves (there is no ridge run in the structure). Hence the low bearing capacity with a large expansion.

Hanging rafters for the roof have one purely design flaw - a large support load on the walls of the house. To reduce it, puffs are installed between the legs to form a rigid triangle. Often, the functions of the puffs are performed by the load-bearing floor beams.

If necessary, strengthen the hanging rafters, install racks and struts under them.

Hanging rafters of a gable roof Source postila.ru

Installation of a gable roof truss system

Two types of truss system determine two types of their assembly technology. Let's consider each separately.

Installation of layered rafters

There is a certain sequence for assembling layered rafters.

Two extreme support posts are installed under the ridge beam. They will not only support the beam, but also be the elements that form the gables of the building. Attach them at the bottom to the Mauerlat. At the same time, they are strictly set vertically, and the upper ends are in the same horizontal plane. To do this, a strong thread is pulled between the racks, the level is checked for horizontalness. If there are deviations, then one of the supports (low) is raised using wooden supports.

Intermediate support posts are mounted along a horizontally stretched thread in increments of 2-2.5 m. To prevent the beams of the racks from moving, they are supported with temporary fasteners: props or puffs.

A ridge beam is laid on the racks, which is attached to them.

Produced in pairs installation of gable roof rafters. Installation can be started from either side. Fastening is immediately carried out to the Mauerlat and to the ridge. The main thing is to maintain the distance between the legs, which is determined depending on the severity and bearing capacity of the roofing material. Usually this parameter is indicated in the project of the house.

If necessary, intermediate support posts and struts are mounted.

Installing rafters on a ridge along a stretched thread Source kbumb.ru

Installation of hanging rafters

The technology for installing hanging rafters is different. To do this, the entire structure, assembled from two rafters and puffs, is assembled on the ground. That is, roof trusses are prepared in the required quantity, which then rise to the roof. Sometimes craftsmen assemble trusses on the roof. Collected one - installed, collect the next.

It should be noted that such farms have a significant mass. Lifting them manually is difficult and dangerous, so they use the services of a crane. And this increases the cost of construction.

Hanging trusses assembled on the ground Source moydom-irk.ru

The most difficult thing is to set farms. All of them are installed at the installation site with a planned step, where they are temporarily fixed with jibs and props. Then a thread is pulled between the extreme farms. It must be set so that, firstly, it is stretched strictly along the horizon, and secondly, according to a design that is higher than the rest.

It remains only to raise the truss structures, which turned out to be below the stretched level. And the last - the installation of the crate, which will secure all the trusses into one truss system. Please note that at the bottom of the rafters will be fixed to the Mauerlat.

You may be interested! When the installation of the truss system is completed, the turn of roofing comes. From the article at the following link you can find out.

Rafter calculation

length of rafter legs;

the step of their installation;

section of the lumber used.

Everything is simple with the length, for this you will have to use the Pythagorean theorem, which is based on the formula: c 2 \u003d a 2 + b 2, where c is the hypotenuse of the triangle (this is the rafters), a and b are the legs. The latter are the height of the roof and half the width of the house. All parameters can be easily measured.

The length of the rafter is l 2 + H 2 Source remontik.org

It is more difficult with the installation step, because a lot will depend on the mass of the roofing material and the loads from natural precipitation. The larger both loads, the smaller the installation step. But, as practice shows, this parameter varies from 60 cm to 2 m. The latter indicator is used if corrugated board with large corrugation parameters, for example, H75, is used as a roofing material.

As for the section of the rafter legs, here, as in the case of the installation step, loads are taken into account, as well as the length of the legs and their installation step. Here the dependence is as follows: the greater the load, step and length, the larger the cross section.

Video description

In the video, the installation process of the truss system:

And one moment. Rafters for a gable roof are laid at a certain angle (indicated by the letter “a” in the photo). The slope is selected with the calculation of the choice of roofing material. That is, some coatings cannot be laid on roofs if the angle of inclination is less than required. Here are some ratios:

the minimum angle of inclination of the truss system for slate is 22 °;

for corrugated board - 12 °;

for metal tiles - 14 °;

soft tiles - 15 °.

The ratio of the roof slope to the type of roofing material Source arhplan.ru

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer a turnkey roof design and repair service. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".

Generalization on the topic

Gable roofs are traditional designs. But from the article it becomes clear that there are two truss systems that form the basis of the construction of roofs. The one that fits the size of the house is selected. As a selection criterion, the loads that put pressure on them are also taken into account. Therefore, it is important to correlate everything correctly, taking into account the nuances of construction processes.

The roof of the house is one of the main components of the house. It is the upper structure of the building, without which it is difficult to imagine a comfortable stay. The main functions of the roof are protection from snow, rain and other precipitation, as well as keeping warm in the cold season and protecting against overheating in the summer months. In our years, there is a wide variety of roofs for every taste and budget. However, the most common and popular at any time are gable roofs, which are versatile, inexpensive and easy to install. We will talk about how to properly make a gable roof with our own hands in today's article.

The design of a gable roof is the most common in private construction. As the name of this type of roof implies, it is made in the form of two slopes or, more simply, in the form of a triangle. Such roofs are easy and quick to mount, they are quite durable and their appearance finds many fans, as it combines the look of a Russian hut and a modern building. With the necessary knowledge, you can do it yourself using the available tools.

The device of the truss system of a gable roof

The rafter system of a modern gable roof consists of many elements, each of which evenly redistributes the weight of the structure and correctly transfers it to the walls of the house. The figure below shows the construction of a gable roof of a house with its main nodes and elements of the truss system.

Let's analyze each of the elements shown in the diagram separately:

The rafter leg is the main part in the design of the gable roof truss system, which is an inclined element laid through the entire roof. To create it, the most durable bars are selected, since the rafter leg, in addition to the weight of the roofing material and the batten, can bear the weight of precipitation in the form of snow;
Mauerlat - the so-called "foundation" of the roof, which is the main support for the entire structure, which distributes the load on the walls. It is a bar or a thick board on which the rafter legs rest and which is a “gasket” between the wall and the roof;
Puff (screed) - a spacer that lies at the base of the triangle, reinforcing strength. The puff performs a dual function, since the ceiling is mounted to its lower part;
Runs - ridge ones are attached in the upper part, side ones in the center of the rafter legs. The task of the runs is to keep the rafter legs from falling and "folding";
Rack - located in the central zone, directly under the ridge. Serves as a support, transfers the load to the tightening;
Lying - an additional element on which the rack rests;
Sheathing - boards that are mounted across the rafters. The crate is designed to lay roofing material on it (in the simplest case) and to provide additional rigidity to the entire truss system.

This roof scheme is universal for many buildings, but depending on the complexity of the structure, special elements can be added here to give stability and rigidity to the entire truss system.

The slope of the gable roof

Choosing an acceptable roof angle is a significant task, but for many builders it fades into the background, which is not true. The so-called gable structures with straight slopes are considered standard. The optimal angle of inclination of a gable roof is on average 30 ° -45 ° (the angle at the base of an isosceles triangle is taken as the basis).

The choice of the angle of inclination will determine how well the upper part of the house will withstand the following factors:

snow pressure;

the weight of an individual object on the roof, such as a person.

The first two points must be taken into account with particular care, since a miscalculation in the choice of roof slope can cost large financial and health losses in the event of a collapse.

Example: the larger the angle, the lower the load on the roof from precipitation, but the threat of wind damage increases due to the windage created (the roof can simply be blown off). The noise effect will also increase if metal is chosen as the roofing material.

Roll materials: the number of layers is pre-calculated. The more of them, the lower you can make the roof. Double flooring - from 10-15°;
Type-setting elements: these include tiles (including soft ones) and slate. The angle of inclination of the rafters is set from 20 °;
Metal tile: adhere to a slope of 14 °;
Decking: its sheets should be placed at an angle of 12 °;
Ondulin: it is allowed to adhere to an indicator of 6 °.

Thus, when designing a roof and choosing the angle of inclination, it is important to know in advance what kind of roofing material you will cover it with. As you can see, the minimum angle of inclination of a gable roof can be 6 °.

Types of truss systems for gable roofs

Most truss systems for gable roofs are divided into two main types - hanging and layered. The first type is the most common. Let's take a closer look at both types.

Hanging rafter gable roof system

This type of roof structures is used exclusively when the walls of the house are at a distance of up to 10 m from each other and there are no supporting floors between them. Rafters (legs) are joined only with the side parts of the house in the form of a Mauerlat. The downside of a gable roof with hanging rafters is the possibility of damage due to bursting load, since stretch marks are not provided between the rafters in this case.

Sloping roof truss system

The difference between layered structures is the presence of an additional support in the form of a wall or other support. The layered truss system is installed with supports that are attached to the intermediate walls. This design allows you to close large spans without compromising the rigidity of the entire truss system.

Separately, it is worth talking about several more types of gable roofs. By design, a gable roof can be made in the following versions:

symmetrical gable roof;
asymmetric gable roof;
double pitched roof.

The differences between these designs are clear from the name. Depending on the project of your house and design solutions, the roof can be asymmetric, that is, have different angles of inclination at the base. Such a roof is a little more difficult to install than a conventional symmetrical roof, which has an isosceles triangle at its base, but it will not be difficult for an experienced craftsman to build such a structure.

A gable sloping roof is also very common. The rafters of such a roof seem to be slightly broken off at the base. Such roofs practically do not retain precipitation and allow you to win in the attic space for.

Often, novice builders, before designing and calculating the purchase of material, have questions about how to find out the length of the gable roof rafters. To do this, it is important at the design stage to know what the width of the building will be in order to select standard-sized rafters so that they do not have to be spliced, sacrificing their bearing capacity. Along with this, you must not forget about the angle of the roof. All of these factors will eventually affect the length calculation.

So, to calculate the length of the rafters of such a roof, you need to divide the triangle formed by the rafter system into two right-angled triangles. Further, knowing the width of the building and the angle of the roof, you can determine the height of the gable roof ridge. Knowing the two legs of a right triangle and using the Pythagorean theorem, we can calculate the hypotenuse of each right triangle, which is the required length of our roof rafters.

As a result, to determine the final length, another 30-50 cm must be added to the obtained value to ensure roof overhangs.

All calculations made to determine the height of the ridge (it is also the height of the pediment) and the length of the rafters are clearly shown in the image:

From the foregoing, we can conclude that a gable roof is the cheapest and most versatile type of roof for a private house. There are examples when, with the help of improvised means, people erected a gable roof on their own alone. But still, we advise you to use the help of specialists in such matters, because a well-made roof over your head is comfort and coziness in the house.

Designing the construction of a gable roof of a house

The first and fundamental stage in the construction of a gable roof is its design. We have already said that the load perceived by the roof will depend on the choice of the angle of inclination of the roof, and, as a result, the choice of roofing material that can withstand precipitation and loads from these precipitations and winds.

At this stage, drawings of the design of the future roof are created and all necessary calculations are carried out. This is necessary, first of all, in order to have an idea about the general appearance of the roof and its dimensions, as well as to take into account all the expected maximum loads.

After designing, you will have the entire package of documents in your hands, which will indicate all the dimensions of the future roof, its area for the purchase of roofing materials, and the full range of lumber used in the construction. The presence of a list with the nomenclature of lumber will allow you not to spend extra money on its purchase, since lumber is the main expense item during the construction of the roof.

After all the design work is completed, they proceed directly to the construction work. Do-it-yourself work saves half the budget that could go to pay the builders. At the same time, it is important to remember that all norms and rules are observed so that the end result meets expectations.

Construction of a gable roof step by step

Mounting the Mauerlat of a gable roof

Mauerlat takes over the entire load from the roof and transfers it to the walls, therefore, a fairly thick and strong beam is chosen as a Mauerlat. The thickness is chosen based on the thickness of the wall on which it rests. As a rule, the thickness of the Mauerlat beam tends to be chosen equal to or close to the thickness of the wall.

It is necessary to lay the Mauerlat flush with the outer part of the wall, firmly connecting them together. To connect the Mauerlat with the wall, anchor bolts or wire are laid (poured into the armored belt) even at the stage of wall construction. If wire is used as a fastener, then after laying the timber, it is tightly tied around with this wire and remains firmly fixed in this form. In the event that anchor bolts were immured into the wall, through holes are pre-drilled in the Mauerlat, with which the beam is mounted on the bolts and tightened from above with nuts with wide washers.

It is also important not to forget to lay a layer of waterproofing material in the form of a gasket between the wall and the Mauerlat. As a waterproofing, as a rule, roofing felt or similar materials are used. More information about fixing the Mauerat is described in this video

After the base has been prepared, they begin to assemble the gable roof truss system. Installation of rafters can be done in several ways: install rafters immediately on the roof or perform some structural elements on the ground, and then lift them to the installation site using special equipment. Correctly setting the rafters on a gable roof with your own hands without the help of a partner is quite problematic, so it’s better to use help so as not to make a mistake and nullify all efforts.

To make it easier to fasten the bars, it is worth marking the attachment points on each wall and connecting the opposite walls with beams (beds), on which racks will be installed to support the rafters. A ridge beam is installed on the racks, which is a guide for installing the rafter system. In order to connect the rafters as accurately as possible, so that the entire skeleton of the rafters is the same, use templates. So you can avoid failures and distortions in the roof.

After installing the ridge beam, they proceed to the most critical part - the installation of rafters (already fastened together or separately). It is important to constantly monitor the level and evenness of the installation. The rafters are fastened together, as a rule, on nails or with the help of iron staples. Common schemes for placing rafters on a gable roof and attaching them to each other are shown in the figure below.

After completing the roof frame, it is required to install auxiliary fasteners to improve the rigidity of the roof. To do this, install struts and medium skates.

We invite you to watch a video that clearly shows the installation of rafters with your own hands for a gable roof.

The lathing of a gable roof in the simplest case is the installation of transverse boards on rafters for laying roofing material on it. But, as a rule, modern roofing is a more complex cake of various layers.

After installing the crate, the roof is covered with a layer of waterproofing, the layers of which are mounted overlapping each other, and the joints are fastened with adhesive tape.

The next step is to fix the counter-lattice - strips fixed at an angle of 90 degrees to the main crate. This is necessary to provide a ventilated gap in the roof pie to get rid of moisture.

At the final stage of the installation of a gable roof, the roofing is laid, the choice of which, as mentioned at the beginning of the article, depends on several factors, including the financial component

External work on the installation of the roof ends with the arrangement of gables, if they are not part of the walls. After that, they move on to interior finishing work and, if necessary. We will talk in detail about roof insulation in the following articles.

It is worth noting that building a gable roof with your own hands is not so difficult, the main thing is to make the calculations correctly and follow the instructions step by step so as not to miss important points during installation.

A brief video instruction on the installation of a gable roof is presented in the video:

The truss system is the basis of the roof, the reliability and strength of the roof, its ability to withstand precipitation and wind depends on it. The design of the truss system is determined by the shape of the roof and the features of the layout of the house, as well as the materials used. A do-it-yourself truss system is usually made of wood, but other materials, such as a metal profile, can also be used.

Types of rafters and their application

The choice of a truss system is a crucial step that requires knowledge of the design of each type of roof. Rafters can be:

Laminated rafters based on a ridge run and Mauerlat. They are used in the construction of a single-pitched, simple gable roof, as well as one of the elements of a hip and sloping mansard roof.
Sliding rafters - a type of layered rafters used for wooden buildings that give a lot of shrinkage. Their difference is the sliding fastening of the rafters to the Mauerlat, which allows you to compensate for the shrinkage of the walls without deformation of the roof.
Hanging rafters - a system of rafters tied with crossbars or puffs, usually used in the construction of a simple gable roof, as well as the upper rafters of a mansard roof. In the hanging rafter system, there is no ridge run, and in the upper part the symmetrical rafter legs rest directly on each other.
Sloping rafters, otherwise called angular or diagonal. They are used to make a three-pitched or four-pitched roof, as well as for roofs with complex geometry.

Elements of the truss system

Any rafters are designed to distribute and transfer the load of the roof to the walls of the house. The main elements on which the rafters rely are:

Mauerlat - a beam fixed on the upper plane of the walls around the perimeter of the whole house;
Beds - support bars laid on internal load-bearing partitions or columns;
Beams of the ceiling of the upper floor;
Racks and supports;
Runs - horizontal support elements laid along the roof axis on racks.

The truss truss consists of the following elements:

Rafter legs - boards or beams that form the contour of the roof and are laid with a certain step;
Puffs or crossbars - horizontal elements that pull paired rafter legs together;
Struts - supports set at an angle and supporting the rafter legs;
Filly - boards fixed at the lower end of the rafters and forming roof overhangs;

Narozhniki - short rafters resting on diagonal rafters in a hip roof.

All these elements in private construction are usually made of wood - timber or coniferous boards, naturally dried. The tree is impregnated with an antiseptic, which allows you to extend its service life. The thickness and section of the elements is determined by calculation.

Laminated rafter technology

Before construction begins, it is necessary to sketch the roof and calculate its dimensions. The cross section and pitch of the rafters, as well as the need to install additional supports and struts, are also determined by calculation.
Support elements are laid and exposed: mauerlat, beds and floor beams, racks, ridge and intermediate runs. These operations are described in detail in articles on various types of roofs:
Make a rafter template. To do this, take a board with a width corresponding to the estimated length of the rafters, with the same width, but with a smaller thickness - it is lighter and easier to fit exactly in place. The board is applied to the installation site of the extreme rafter with one end to the ridge run, the other to the Mauerlat.
At the top of the template mark the top gash. The shape of the cut should be such that the board lies on the ridge run and at the same time fits snugly against the opposite rafter. The depth of the cut should be no more than 1/3 of the width of the board.
After sawing out the upper cut, the template is once again applied in place and the lower cut is marked out - it should rest on the Mauerlat, without leaving large gaps. The end of the template is filed at an angle so that the cut is in a vertical plane.
The resulting template is applied at the installation site of all rafter legs, checking whether it will be necessary to fit in place. If the template fits perfectly (which rarely happens), you can immediately make the required number of rafter legs. If adjustment of the lower notch is needed, then only the upper part of each rafter is cut out according to the templates, and the lower notch is done in place each time.
The rafters are placed with the established step calculation. Usually it is from 50 to 120 cm and depends on the type of roofing, namely on its severity, and on the expected snow load. The heaviest coatings are slate and ceramic tiles, but they are rarely used today. More often, the choice is made in favor of more modern, light and reliable materials: metal tiles, ondulin, soft roofing. For them, the pitch of the rafters can be chosen about 100 cm without performing complex calculations.
First, rafters are installed from the side of the gables. The rafter leg is supported on the ridge run and the Mauerlat and fixed on two nails 100-150 mm in each attachment point. Having installed the rafter pair, they additionally fasten it: in the upper part with the help of metal plates and self-tapping screws on one side and corners with a stiffener on the other, in the lower part - with brackets or also on the corners.
After installing the rafters from both gables of the roof, a twine is pulled between them and the rest of the rafters are aligned along it. Rafters are fastened in the same way.
Install struts, if required by the results of the calculation. The struts are made from the same material as the rafters. A board of suitable length is applied at the desired angle to the rafter and the bottom cut is marked. It is important to consider what the brace will rely on: on the floor beam or on the bed, the shape of the lower gash depends on this. After completing the lower cut, the brace is put in place and the cut line along the rafters is marked. The prepared brace is placed at a distance between the beams and rafters and secured with metal plates or corners.

Roof strut installation

Technology for the implementation of hip diagonal rafters

Since the rafters for the hip roof are installed diagonally, the usual methods of attaching them are not suitable. In addition, the load on diagonal rafters is much higher than on layered or hanging ones, so the material for their implementation must have a larger cross section. You can use a beam with a thickness of 100 mm or more, but practice shows that it is more convenient to make these rafters from two folded and fastened boards of standard thickness.
The diagonal rafters are supported by the upper end on the racks, the lower end - on the Mauerlat bars converging at right angles. They are marked in place, and their main feature is that the cuts are not made perpendicular to the plane of the board, but at an angle of 45 degrees. When making rafters from spliced boards, first one side is performed with oblique cuts, then the second, in a mirror image.
The boards are pulled together with screws, nails or studs. The hip rafters are fixed with overlays and self-tapping screws.

A video will help you better understand the basic techniques for building a truss system with your own hands.

When doing any rafter system with your own hands, it is important to carefully secure all knots and connections and remember that the roof is the main protection of your house from bad weather. Therefore, it is important not only to make a high-quality frame, but also to choose the right one, for example, corrugated board, and lay it correctly.