How to properly dilute cement with sand proportions. Cement slurry proportions: ratio and consumption

In construction, a cement mixture is used for different types works. It possesses plasticity, good adhesion, versatility in application. Preparation of the mixture does not take much time and does not cause difficulties. However, you should understand how to dilute the cement in correct proportions to get a really high-quality building material.

How to correctly determine the brand of solution

In the construction of any building and overhaul you can't do without cement. It should be borne in mind that the composition cement mortar completely depends on the scope of its application and purpose, and the brand of cement used determines the brand of the resulting mixture.

Before starting work, preliminary calculations should be made. The proportions must be strictly observed. Otherwise, poorly done work will have to be redone very soon. Basic principles of calculations for self-preparation building mixture is very easy to understand. Brand ready solution calculated by dividing the numerical value of the cement grade by the weight of the sand used.

For example, to dilute M100 mortar from M200 cement, you need to take cement and sand in a ratio of 1 to 2. Therefore, add 2 buckets of sand to 1 bucket of cement. The mathematical action is as follows: 200/2 = 100, where the number 200 means the brand of cement, the number 2 is the number of buckets of sand, and 100 is the brand of the received mortar... Calculations with other brands of cement are made in a similar way.

Tables of proportions of basic types of solutions

Cement is a cementitious mortar of a certain brand, where M400 or M100 indicates the load that it can withstand. Instructions for the preparation and use of building mortars CH 290-74 have tables with strictly regulated proportions. Mortars are divided into the following types: plaster (M10, M25, M50), masonry (M50, M75, M100, M125, M150, M200), mortar used for screeds (M150, M200).

Cement consumption in kg per 1 sq.m of sand:

Cement grade	Solution grade
Cement grade	M200	M150	M100	M75	M50	M25	M10
M500	360	280	205	160	–	–	–
M400	450	350	255	200	140	–	–
M300	–	470	340	270	185	105	–
M200	–	–	–	405	280	155	–
M150	–	–	–	–	–	206	93

In order to increase the plasticity of the solution, clay or lime is added to the building mixture. following proportions for foundations in dry soils:

Cement grade	Bulk composition (cement / lime / sand)
Cement grade	M200	M150	M100	M75	M50	M25	M10
M500	1/ 0,2/ 3	1/ 0,3/ 4	1/ 0,5/ 5,5	1/ 0,8/ 7
M400	1/ 0,1/ 2,5	1/ 0,2/ 3	1/ 0,4/ 4,5	1/ 0,5/ 5,5	1/ 0,9/ 8	–	–
M300	–	1/ 0,1/ 2,5	1/ 0,2/ 3,5	1/ 0,3/ 4	1/ 0,6/ 6	1/ 1,4/ 10,5	–
M200	–	–	–	1/ 0,1/ 2,5	1/ 0,3/ 4	1/ 0,8/ 7	–
M150	–	–	–	–	–	1/ 0,3/ 4	1/ 1,2/ 9,5

When erecting building structures for foundations and screeds, a mixture of cement with sand and gravel is used in the following proportions:

Cement grade	Bulk composition (cement / sand / crushed stone)
Cement grade	M450	M400	M300	M250	M200	M150	M100
M500	1/ 1,2/ 2,5	1/ 1,4/ 2,8	1/ 2,2/ 3,7	1/ 2,4/ 3,9	1/ 3,2/ 4,9	1/ 4/ 5,8	1/ 5,3/ 7,1
M400	1/ 1/ 2,2	1/ 1,1/ 2,4	1/ 1,7/ 3,2	1/ 1,9/ 3,4	1/ 2,5/ 4,2	1/ 3,2/ 5	1/ 4,1/ 6,1

Why brands of material and building mixture should match

For solid masonry brick wall or foundation you need to match the brand finished product brand of building mixture. If brick M100 is used during construction, then the building mixture should be of the same brand. As a result finished building will come out homogeneous and durable.

For high strength when using M350 bricks in construction, it is not necessary to prepare a solution of the same brand, the use of PC115 will be sufficient. Dilute cement with sand in a ratio of 1 to 3.5, because. even for tertiary tiles, a solution of 1 to 7 is used.

It is necessary to warn novice bricklayers: it is not recommended to change these proportions. When they are reduced, for example, 1 part of cement to 3 parts of sand, the mixture turns out to be too fast-acting, it becomes impossible to work with it. With an increase in the proportions, for example, 1 part of cement to 4 parts of sand, the strength of the mixture decreases, so there is a high probability of its crumbling.

How to dilute mortar

The mortar can have different consistencies. Cement can be diluted with sand, lime, clay, slag fillers, sawdust and gypsum. This mixture can be used to fill cavities, pour a foundation, or as a bonding material. To prepare the solution, you will need water, since cement is used exclusively in liquid state... After complete drying, the building mixture becomes solid.

Wall plaster - cement is mixed with sand in a ratio of 1 part of cement to 2 parts of sand.
Erection of the foundation - crushed stone is also added to the finished building mixture. Proportions: 1 part cement to 2 parts sand and gravel. Note: the number of components may vary slightly depending on the application. To obtain high strength, the mixture is added large quantity crushed stone, to obtain a soft and elastic solution, a larger amount of clay is added.
Water is a very important component of the mixture. Depends on its quantity to a greater extent the quality of the solution. Add water carefully in small batches, otherwise you can get a product unusable.

To help novice bricklayers on construction market there is a mass of chemical fillers that allow you to achieve the desired consistency of the mixture, and, consequently, the ideal quality of the solution. No professional skills are required to use them, so everyone can feel like a specialist.

Classic foundation mortar

A concrete mixer is usually used to mix the mortar. Classic recipe the mixture requires first of all filling it with water. You should focus on the amount of cement. If 1 bucket of cement is taken for mixing, then the same amount of water is used. To obtain a solution of normal consistency, pour it all out at once, it is better to add in small portions. When using wet sand, less water is taken.

Advice from professional bricklayers, popular for a long time. To make the solution more plastic, liquid soap is added to the water. Water solution soap has more fluidity than plain water... The mixture prepared in this way better wets the poured surfaces and filler. It is able to penetrate into small pores, therefore, there will be fewer voids and shells in the filled space. The strength and plasticity of the mortar thereby increases significantly. When mixing, water and soap must first be combined.

After the liquid soap has dissolved and foamed, add approximately half of the prepared amount of sand. After that, cement is added in full. Some time, approximately 3-5 minutes, is given for mixing all the components of the solution, after which the rest of the sand is poured. If the consistency is not satisfactory, a small amount of water is added. How to determine the right consistency? Solution by outward appearance should resemble sour cream, and when trying to draw something on it, the drawing should retain its shape.

How to dilute cement: proportions and tables updated: June 14, 2018 by the author: zoomfund

The main component of most building mixtures is cement, its brand, quality and activity have a direct impact on the main performance characteristics: strength, setting time, crack resistance, moisture and frost resistance. This binder is recommended to be mixed with sand with strict adherence to the proportions, which in turn depend on the purpose of the composition. Correctly prepared cement slurry has a homogeneous structure without lumps, undisturbed dry areas, does not delaminate (with the exception of heavy concrete) and retains plasticity for 1 hour.

Features and nuances of breeding

To obtain a high-quality mixture or concrete, a number of requirements are met:

1. Only fresh astringent is used. Portland cement with and without additives begins to lose activity after 2-3 months, after six months its strength grade decreases even in packaged form. Mixing fresh and caked or wet cement is not recommended.

2. Sand and other types of filler are preliminarily prepared: washed from silt, dried, sorted out for large debris. When mixing small volumes of plaster or leveling compounds, it is advised to mix sand and cement according to the selected proportions and sift together.

3. All formulations can only be diluted clean water: from the water supply system or collected atmospheric precipitation. It is not advisable to use water from external sources because of its possible silting.

4. Cement and sand are combined without delay and pre-soaking. The recommended sequence for adding components depends on the mixing method. When using mixers or mixers - from the smallest grain to crushed stone (liquid is poured first, then the size of the filled fractions grows), simultaneous introduction of binder and sand is allowed. With manual mixing, all the ingredients are first mixed in a container in a dry form, then they should be diluted with water - thoroughly, in small portions, within the selected W / C ratio.

5. It is necessary to mix the components until the air bubbles are completely discharged, but not longer than 15 minutes.

6. Plasticizers and similar additives require caution. Some of them (liquid soap, lime) must be diluted with water in advance, others are introduced on last minutes mixing. When using soluble impurities, it is important to leave some water from the total dose for them. It is not advised to exceed the selected W / C ratio in any case.

For manual mixing it is worth picking up large capacity, it will be easier to dilute the ingredients in it. But the best results are obtained when applied construction mixers or concrete mixers, the former are recommended when preparing small portions, the latter when working with concrete. Tools with a high speed are not required, due to the quick setting of the cement, this is fraught with its overrun.

Ratios of components depending on the type of mixtures

Classic proportions - 1: 3 (C and P, respectively). There is a clear rule: the strength grade of the binder cannot be lower than the class of the mortar. This requirement is key, all proportions are measured according to the proportion of Portland cement. In practice, this means that if it is necessary to prepare a composition with the M100 brand and use PC M400 as a binder, it will be necessary to dilute cement with sand in a ratio of no more than 1: 4. For М200 they are equal to 1: 2 and so on. Permissible minimum, depending on the purpose:

М50-М100 - when preparing compositions for laying bricks and cinder blocks.
М100-М200 - when mixing leveling compounds for floor screed.
M200 (preferably more) - when concreting foundation structures of any type.
M50-M100 - for plasters.

First, it is worth choosing the brand of the required mortar. Binder is purchased 1-2 weeks before the start of work, sand and crushed stone can be bought earlier (subject to a suitable storage site). It is necessary to dilute the components with water after preparing all working surfaces, the resulting mixtures are consumed within an hour.

1. Rules for concrete.

Compositions based on Portland cement and sand with a coarse-grained filler are used when pouring building foundations, floors and load-bearing walls... Maximum requirements are put forward for concrete for foundations, this structure is subjected to constant loads. The recommended proportions in this case are 1: 2: 4 or 1: 3: 5 when using M400 or M500 and the V / C ratio is in the range of 0.5-0.7. To achieve plasticity, you can add some plasticizers ( liquid soap- no more than 50-100 g per bowl of a concrete mixer, factory - according to the instructions), most of them need to be diluted with water.

In addition to the correct proportions for the foundation, the quality of the ingredients directly affects the properties of concrete. This type of structure supports the weight of the entire building and is exposed to freezing in winter and to the effects of soil and atmospheric moisture. The minimum allowable grade of crushed stone is M1200, the sand needs clean and coarse (not artificial). The components and their ratios are selected taking into account not only the expected strength class, but also the required frost and moisture resistance; if necessary, air-entraining additives are introduced.

2. Proportions for filling the floor.

To level the screed, it is recommended to dilute 1 part of M400 Portland cement with three sand, the minimum W / C ratio is 0.5, the final grade is M150. The resulting mortar should easily be pulled with a spatula or trowel, it is important to achieve maximum homogeneity (impossible with manual mixing). Good results are observed when a small proportion of plasticizers is added, they do not affect strength, but they improve plasticity and adhesion, the mixture is better distributed over the floor.

3. How to dilute the masonry composition?

When erecting brickwork DSP is considered optimal, mixed on the basis of M300 or M400 Portland cement in a ratio of 1: 4. The binder can be complex, it is allowed to enter slaked lime - but not more than 20-30% of the total mass. Little water is added, the recommended consistency is pasty, masonry mortar should not run off the trowel or trowel when tilted up to 40 °. When manually mixing cement and sand, it is advised to sift together and only then dilute with water or milk of lime.

4. Rules for working with plasters.

The recipes chosen depend on several factors: the type of surfaces (interior or facade), the degree of exposure to moisture and the purpose of the solution itself (different consistencies are required for spraying, base layer and coating). When mixing plaster for outdoor use, cement is used as a binder, a slight addition of lime is allowed. When preparing internal leveling compounds for surfaces used in conditions normal humidity, multicomponent are better suited, in addition to fluff, gypsum can be used in them.

Appointment	Cement: sand	Cement: lime: sand
Splashing	1: 2.5 to 1: 4	1: 0.3: 3 to 1: 0.5: 5
Priming	1: 2 to 1: 4	1: 0.7: 2.5 to 1: 1.2: 4
Nakryvka	1: 1 to 1: 5	1: 1% 1.5 to 1: 1.5: 2

The proportions of water depend on the purpose of the solution: spray is carried out with liquid plaster, the main layer (soil) - with a pasty consistency, finish alignment- creamy.

The physical properties of the cement mixture allow it to play a dominant role in a wide variety of construction and finishing works... However, depending on the degree of application, the ratio of the components in such mixtures should be different. In this material, we will analyze the ratios for the preparation of the most popular solutions.

М100-150 - concrete used for the construction of various irresponsible structures that do not perform load-bearing functions. Most often it is used to fill pedestrian paths and sidewalks, since they hardly experience a strong load;
M200-250 - often used to cover roads, while not experiencing heavy loads. In addition, floors and reinforced concrete belts are made of this concrete;
М300-350 - used in the construction of foundations, floor slabs, roads with heavy loads, staircases as well as pipes, wells and paving slabs;
М400-450 is one of the most durable types of concrete. It is used in the construction of high-strength floor slabs, floors in workshops, garages and other facilities where these parts of the building are heavily loaded. At the same time, with the help of this concrete, a foundation and supporting structures are created;
M500 - the most durable of their used on this moment concrete grades. It is used in the most demanding work, and, unlike other types of this material, it does not lose its properties even in the most difficult operating conditions.

Sand to cement ratio for masonry

Depending on the brand of cement, its ratio to sand can be different - from 1 to 3 to 1 to 6. The most popular option is the classic mixture, consisting of one part of cement to three parts of sand. The latter is usually taken from the middle faction. In this case, first, the dry components are kneaded until a homogeneous state, after which water is poured. In the process of mixing, we achieve such a consistency that the mixture does not flow out when the container is tilted by 40 degrees. In this case, the water must be cold (15 degrees) and always clean. Below we present the proportions depending on the brand of cement and other additives:

Cement-sand mortar with cement grade 500 - 1 part of cement for 3 parts of sand;
Cement-sand mortar with cement grade 400 - 1 part of cement for 2.5 parts of sand;
A solution using lime - 1 part of cement (500, 400, 300) for 3, 2.5-4 and 3.5 parts of sand, as well as 2/10, 1.3 / 10 and 2/10 parts of lime, respectively.

In this case, the amount of water is usually 8/10 parts per 1 part. cement-sand mixture... In the case of a solution of grade 100, 1 part of the latter is taken from ½ to 7/10 parts of water. The last solution is just used to create brick walls. In the case of Grade 115, Grade 350 cement is usually used with the appropriate consumption of water and sand. Such a solution ideal way suitable for laying bricks within external cladding buildings.

The brand of cement for the foundation and its ratio with sand and crushed stone

The foundation is the most important part of any structure, and the stability, durability and safety of the house will depend on its strength. In this regard, when building a foundation, it is necessary to use correctly selected cement. The brand of the latter depends on the load that will be experienced foundation part in future. The concrete grade means the compressive strength of the hardened composition. The higher the number, the higher the strength, however, the higher the price. But when building a foundation, it is contraindicated to save on quality.

In case of concrete preparation you can use cement grade 100. However, for the construction of the foundation, we will use options from M300 and higher. If you want to achieve maximum strength designs, then take the M500, since its price does not differ much from the M400. As for the ratio, it is usually 1-3-5 based on cement, sand and crushed stone.

The ratio of sand and cement for the preparation of concrete

When erecting reinforced concrete structures, we must accurately calculate the proportions of the components and the grade of cement. With regard to the latter, you can focus on the description given at the beginning of the article, choosing a brand depending on where exactly the mixture will be used.

As for the composition of concrete, here, in addition to cement, sand and water, crushed stone, gravel and other solid fractions are often used. At the same time, all this can be mixed in very different proportions, depending on the task and the master who is carrying out the work. As practice shows, the most common is the following combination: 1 part of cement, 4 parts of crushed stone, 2 parts of sand and ½ part of water. But here it is necessary to take into account various additives that give concrete certain properties. If they are used, we will have to act according to the instructions.

Ratio for plaster installation and screed pouring

The amount of water in this case can be very different, depending on the task. In this case, the mixture usually consists of cement and sand, diluted in proportions of 1 to 5.

As for the floor screed, here important factor is the strength that must have a minimum threshold knowledge of 10 MPa. In this case, it is best to select concrete of the M150 brand, since this parameter in his case it is 12.8 MPa. In general, the proportions of the mixture can depend on the following factors:

The need to hide various communications;
The degree of leveling and elevation of the surface.

It is worth immediately deciding that when screed the floor in houses and apartments, it is best to use a solution of 100 or 150. In general, depending on the required brand of solution and cement, the dilution parameters with sand may be as follows:

Mortar 100, cement 200 - 1 part of cement for 3 parts of sand;
Mortar 150, cement 300 - 1 part of cement for 2 parts of sand;
Mortar 200, cement 300 - equal parts;
Mortar 150, cement 400 - 1 part of cement for 3 parts of sand;
Mortar 200, cement 400 - 1 part of cement for 2 parts of sand;
Mortar 300, cement 300 - equal parts.

Important! Pay maximum attention to the mixing of the slurry for your needs. Incorrect proportions of components can compromise the strength of the cast structure. Especially if it comes about foundations, load-bearing structures or floor slabs.

Cement slurry is a mixture of mineral fillers, binder and water. Applied in construction works in the construction of various buildings for domestic and industrial purposes.

One of the most important building blocks of any building is the foundation. It can be arranged under a small house in the country and under a huge skyscraper, under an outbuilding in a village and under an assembly shop for household appliances.

For most structures, the foundation is located below ground level, which gives rise to certain requirements for the materials used for its construction:

the same compressive strength;
resistance to ground and rainwater;
frost resistance, wide operating temperature range;
durability.

The types and materials for such structures are used differently - one of the types of foundation is a foundation made of brick or masonry. This type is due to the impossibility of using concrete, for example, for the construction of a cellar in a rebuilt garage or a country house.

Since such a foundation is equipped with a cement mortar, then General requirements to the foundation will apply to this mixture.

Foundation mortar properties

In the solution used for the arrangement brick foundation, includes:

cement grade M-400(PC-400 D 20, - Portland cement with mineral additives);
quartz sand;
gravel component with a particle fraction not exceeding 3mm;
lime, clay, plasticizers;
water(rain, snow or water supply).

The most durable mixture is obtained from cement, sand with the addition of gravel. When constructing small buildings, gruss instead of gravel is allowed into the mixture for the foundation.

The addition of lime gives the cement-sand mortar greater plasticity, increases the coefficient of thermal conductivity.

"Clay" solution has a higher strength than "lime", increases the degree of frost resistance of the liquid solution, which allows it to be used in winter.

One of the important properties of a cement-sand mortar is the ability to retain moisture inside itself, which is used to carry out certain chemical reactions as a result of which the cement turns into a stone-like substance.

In addition, water gives the solution plasticity, increases the adhesion of the components of the mixture to each other. Cement mortar for masonry, like concrete, has its own brand.

Cement mortar brands, determination of mixture compositions

The grade of the cement slurry is determined by the grade of the cement. For this, the numerical value of the binder is divided by the numerical value of the mass of the sandy component of the mixture.

For example, when using a solution with a weight ratio of cement to sand in a proportion of 1kg to 4kg, respectively, and using Portland cement of the PC-400 D20 brand, the number 400 is divided by the number 4, the result obtained is the number 100, will mean the brand of the solution.

In practice, it looks like this: for one bucket of cement, you need to take four of the same buckets of dry sand.

In the presence of ready mix, you can determine the brand of the solution knowing the ratio of the components used and the brand of cement, that is, by the reverse action. For example, the proportion was 1: 2, that is, two parts of quartz sand were used for one part of M200 cement. The number 200 is divided by the number 2, - the brand of the solution is M100.

When using M-400 cement for the foundation, the cement consumption per 1 ton of prepared dry quartz sand will be:

Cement grade	Solution grade
Cement grade	M 200	M 150	M 100	M 75	M 50	M 25
M 400	450	350	255	200	140	—

Based on the data in the table, to prepare the M 75 solution, it is necessary to take 200 kg of cement per 1000 kg of sand, or 1 kg of cement per 5 kg, or in a ratio of 1: 5.

If the foundation is supposed to be erected on dry soils, then lime or clay can be added to the solution to increase the plastic properties, then the ratio "cement - lime - sand" looks like this:

Cement grade	Solution grade
Cement grade	M 200	M 150	M 100	M 75	M 50	M 25
M 400	1:0,1:2,5	1:0,2:3	1:0,4:4,5	1::0,5:5,5	1:0,9:8	—

To prepare the M 200 solution, you will need 1 part of cement, a tenth of lime, 2.5 parts of sand, which corresponds to: 10 kg of cement, 1 kg of lime, 25 kg of dry sand.

For the construction of foundation structures, concrete cushions, a mixture with the addition of gravel or gruss is used.

Their weight ratio "cement - sand - gravel" will be:

Cement grade	Solution grade
Cement grade	M 450	M 400	M 300	M 250	M 200	M 150
M 400	1:1:2,2	1:1,1:2,4	1:1,7:3,2	1:1,9:3,4	1:2,5:4,2	1:3,2:5

The M 200 foundation mortar will consist of 1 part cement, 2.5 parts sand and 4.2 parts gravel or 10 kg of cement per 25 kg of quartz sand and 42 kg of gravel, respectively.

To obtain high quality, reliable and durable building structure the rule should be applied: "The grade of the material used for the construction of the foundation must correspond to the grade of the cement-sand mortar."

For example, for an ordinary red brick M 200, a mortar of the M200 brand is suitable.

In practice, this corresponds to: 4.5 kg of cement per 10 kg of sand.
If translated into a volume ratio, then 3.5 parts of dry sand are taken for 1 part of loose cement.

This ratio is the most optimal - the required strength is obtained in combination with an acceptable setting time of the solution.

Thus, using the correct ratio of grades of materials used, it is possible to achieve a monolithic, strong building structure in all directions during the construction.

Preparation of cement-sand mortars

After the calculations and preparation of the components for obtaining the solution, the stage of preparing the mixture for the foundation device follows. Kneading is done by means of a concrete mixer or using manual labor.

Using a concrete mixer

The final preparation of dry mixtures is carried out, - sand, gravel or grit is sifted out with a sieve, using, respectively, screens with different cells. This procedure will allow you to achieve a more uniform fractional composition and thereby reduce the possibility of voids in the finished solution.
Note. Quartz sand containing significant clay and mud inclusions must be washed. To do this, water is poured into a container with sand, the mixture is thoroughly mixed ("agitated"), after which the contaminated liquid is removed, the sand is dried.
Components in the required proportion are loaded into a concrete mixer, where they are mixed dry, the mixture should acquire a light gray uniform shade.
After 3 ... 5 minutes of processing the dry mixture in a rotating drum, water is added to the ladle, from an approximate calculation: 1 part of liquid for two parts of dry composition.
Note... The given approximate ratio is valid for dry components. In the case of using, for example, wet sand, the solution may turn out to be too liquid.
To obtain a homogeneous composition it is recommended to subject the solution to the stirring procedure for 5 ... 10 minutes. In this case, it is necessary to control the viscosity of the mixture:

- the finished solution should be similar in consistency to toothpaste;
- placed on a plane, inclined at an angle of 45 ° to the horizon, the mixture stably adheres to it and does not flow down - a mason's trowel or a plasterer's trowel can act as a plane;
- inscription on the surface of the mortar, should not float.

A properly prepared solution retains its viability for 1 ... 1.5 hours. During this time, it must be developed. When working with several people, it is advisable to distribute responsibilities so that by the time the batch of solution is used up, the next batch is prepared.

The use of cement mortar for private construction

With a small amount of work, and this is, as a rule, work on one's own farm, the cement slurry is prepared using manual labor. The process is almost no different from the mechanized preparation of a mixture, the only difference is in the use of human strength.

Since human labor is used, the volume of one batch should not exceed 10 ... 20 buckets (0.1 ... 0.2 m³) of the finished solution, otherwise physical fatigue will quickly occur and there is a risk of losing part of the finished solution.

It is necessary to carefully consider mixing the mixture both at the stage of dry preparation and when mixing with water. With poor preparation of the mixture, the strength of the entire structure will be significantly impaired.

As a container for the preparation of cement mortar, you can use old cast iron or steel baths, trough, cut lengthwise an iron or plastic barrel.

Water is added gradually, but not less than half at the initial moment. Portions of liquid are gradually reduced to nothing, as the mixture reaches the required viscosity.

The classic composition of the cement mortar for laying a brick foundation in living conditions looks like that:

three and a half parts of sieved dry quartz sand;
0.8 ... 1 part of water, preferably piped.

To increase plasticity, displace air from the solution, improve adhesion, it is recommended to add surfactants to the mixture - surfactants or, in other words, ordinary soap.

For the manufacture of a cement pad under a brick foundation, the following composition is used:

one part of cement grade M-400 or PC-400 D20;
two pieces of quartz sand;
three pieces of gravel or grit;
0.6 ... 0.8 parts of water.

A pillow for a brick foundation can be made from a masonry mixture using:

waterproofing from roofing material, greenhouse film, etc. materials;
construction masonry steel mesh with a cell of 20 ... 50mm as reinforcement;

In this case, the height of the walls should not exceed three meters, for example, when building a garage or outbuilding in the yard of your own house.

The choice of the brand of mortar for the foundation is determined by the size of the structure to be erected, the depth, and the materials used. A lot important question Are financial costs. But in any case, the quality of the prepared solution will depend on how correctly the components were selected, how carefully the stages of mixing cement-based mixtures were followed.

Cement mortar is one of the most common building materials for many years. It differs in its properties, components and other parameters.

This article will tell you in detail about the features of different cement mixtures so that you can accurately choose suitable option for your case.

Types of solutions and requirements

The characteristics of the solutions differ depending on which structures they are used for.

In accordance with the requirements of SNIP, cement compositions can be:

Masonry... They are used to work with ground structures that operate at minimum voltage. Masonry mixes contain lime and its derivatives. In cases with large-panel masonry, a sulfate-resistant product is required with the addition of Portland slag cement, Portland cement and others. organic matter... The degree of mobility of the solution for brick and ceramic masonry is 7-8 cm, for rubble - 4-6 cm, for stone - 8-12 cm.

Mounting... To fill the seams of walls made of heavy concrete, mortar M100 is used, from light concrete - M50. The rule for determining the type of cement mortar for installation works: it must be of the same grade as the concrete of the structure. Work should be carried out at a temperature 10 C higher than the masonry.
Plastering... The coating should be two-layer, 5 or 9 cm thick. Mortars are cement, cement-lime, gypsum. The specific type of mixture depends on the operating conditions of the structure. Cement is used to create an external or internal plaster layer. The mobility of the substance should be 9-14 cm.
Protective and decorative... Such solutions are necessary for finishing porous surfaces. The mixture may contain mineral and polymineral additives. The main requirement for such mixtures is frost resistance and adhesion to the surface.

Cement mixture: types, brand for the foundation

To make a high-quality and effective cement solution, you need to know the optimal ratio of the proportions of all components, consistency, composition, sequence of work. For the convenience of buyers in the modern construction market, several brands are already presented finished cement that have different purposes.

Concrete grades and areas of its use:

M100 - 150 irreplaceable in the process of erecting non-critical structures that do not imply bearing loads. A mixture of this grade is usually chosen for the creation of sidewalks.
M200 - 250 designed for use as a road surface that also does not bear undue stress. And also the composition is used for the preparation of reinforced concrete belts and floors.

M300 - 350- This is a more versatile brand of cement mixture that is suitable for the construction of foundations, floor slabs, sidewalks, staircases. It also creates a pavement with high loads in a cube.
M400 - 450- a mixture that gives one of the strongest and most durable coatings. It is used for the construction of high-strength floor slabs, load-bearing structures and foundation. It is also needed to create flooring in rooms where there is a heavy load on the floor.
M500- Today it is the most durable type of cement mortar. It does not lose its performance even under the most severe operating conditions. Therefore, it is used in cases where the coating must be of the highest quality and reliability.

Additives

Most often, the composition of the cement mortar includes water, cement, sand, lime, clay, sawdust, gypsum, slag. But sometimes they include various additives that differ in their properties.

These include:

Elasticizers... This additive provides an increase in the elasticity of the cement mortar, which is excellently used as a PVA adhesive for ceramics.
Plasticizers... With their help, it will be possible to significantly increase the mobility of the train, reduce the degree of its consumption, and eliminate the tendency to delamination.
Superplasticizers... This is a more modernized model of the previous additive, which allows not only to improve the properties of the solution, but also to reduce its consumption.
Reinforcing substances... Such additives are used to provide additional strength and reliability of concrete, to exclude its deformation.
Waterproofing... Such components are indispensable for plastering and screed works, when it is necessary to use a waterproof mortar that dries quickly.

Latex components have a wide range of applications. With the help of them in one solution, it is possible to combine properties that prevent the destruction of the material under the influence of moisture, oil and other chemical and aggressive substances. Latex additives are suitable for any type of joint mortar and adhesive, as well as water glass.
Antifreeze additives... They are indispensable in conditions winter period... With such substances, the solution sets much faster and does not freeze under the influence of low temperatures.
Various pigments... If you need to change the color of the cement mortar, then this can be done using special pigments.

The listed additives significantly improve the quality of the solution and make the process of working with it easier and faster. The main thing is to choose the right additive for a specific type of solution.

Sand to cement ratio

If you choose cement already finished brand, then you need to remember some information:

The type of solution is determined by the load on the future foundation.
The mark indicates the degree of compressive strength of the solid composition. The higher the number in the name of the composition, the higher its strength and cost.
For finishing and preparatory work cement of grade 100 can be used without heavy load on the surface. However, for the most robust structures, it is necessary to choose grade 300-500.
The ratio of sand, concrete and crushed stone components should be in a ratio of 1: 3: 5.

But the specific data depends on the type of material for which the solution is used, as well as on the operating conditions, consumption and degree of load. Therefore, the ratio of cement and sand can be 1: 3 - 1: 6.

For brickwork

For work with such suitable material the most common variant of proportions, for which you need to take 1 part of cement and 3 parts of sand. Choose sand with medium particles.

In the process of preparing the mixture, you must first mix the dry components until a homogeneous mass, then dilute it with water. It is important that the water is clean and cold- not higher than 15 degrees.

The resulting solution should not be overly liquid. To check for consistency, tilt the solution container about 40 degrees. The cement should not flow out of the container at such an inclination.

Now we will consider other options for the ratio of the components of the cement mixture for masonry using various additives:

Cement grade 500 with sand- 1 part of cement to 3 parts of sand, for grade 400 - 1 to 2.5.
Cement with added lime- 1 part of cement grade 300,400 or 500 to 2.5-4 parts of sand and 1.3-2 parts of lime.

Water is added in a volume of 8/10 to 1 part of a mixture of cement and sand. 1 part of a 100 grade product requires 1 / 2-7 / 10 parts of water.

The ready-made composition is perfect for cladding brick structure or joining his masonry.

For concrete

To determine the appropriate grade of cement for working with concrete, it is also worth focusing on the operating conditions. The composition of the solution for such a material includes not only cement, sand and water, but also crushed stone, gravel and other elements. The ratio of the number of components depends on the end goal.

Most often, the proportions are as follows: for 1 part of cement, 4 parts of crushed stone, 2 parts of sand, 1/2 part of water are taken.

If you plan to add any additives to the solution in order to improve the properties of the final product, then you must use them in strict accordance with the attached instructions in the product table.

For plaster and screed

Cement mix for such work, it should consist of diluted cement and sand in a ratio of 1: 5. When pouring and screed the floor, it is very important that the composition is as strong and resistant to external loads as possible. The minimum strength indicator for such a composition is 10 MPa. Therefore, the optimal grade of concrete here will be M150.

This material has a strength index of 12.8 MPA, which meets the requirements. Also, when choosing the composition of the cement slurry, the following parameters should be taken into account:

the presence of any communications and the possibility of hiding them;
the need to align or change the height of the surface.

For each grade of concrete used in mortars for floor screed, there are requirements for the proportions of sand and cement:

M100 - 1 to 3;
M150 - 1 to 2;
M200 - equal parts;
M150 - 1 to 3;
M300 - equal parts;
M400 - 1 to 2.

For plastering walls or other surfaces, it is necessary to prepare a solution with a 2 to 1 ratio of components.

For the foundation

The composition of the mortar for the construction of the foundation includes not only water, sand and cement, but also crushed stone. The components must be taken in the following ratio: 1 part of cement, 2 parts of crushed stone and sand. If you need to prepare more solid construction, then you can increase the amount of added rubble. And to increase the elasticity, you should knead a solution with a high clay content.

Consider the issue of choosing the proportions of cement for specific purposes with special care, since an incorrect ratio of components can lead to a deterioration in the quality of the structure. And this should not be allowed, especially when it comes to the foundation of a building or structures with a load-bearing function.

How to dilute correctly?

The cement mortar can have a different composition and consistency, depending on its purpose: pouring the foundation, filling cavities, binding materials. In working condition, the mixture is always liquid; in the end, the solution hardens and becomes extremely durable.

The liquid solution becomes due to water - the most important component of the mixture. It should always be added carefully, in small portions, to avoid the risk of product spoilage. Also, always observe the norms of the proportions of the components. Perform calculations in advance to find out how much composition is needed per 1 m³. And already in accordance with this value, calculate the amount of the finished solution.

If you have no experience with such building mixture, then you can use special chemical fillers. They are sold in large quantities in today's market and help to achieve the optimum consistency of the slurry. This means you don't have to worry about quality. finished product without inviting professionals.

Before preparing the solution first, sand and other solid dry materials must be passed through a special sieve... This will help to achieve a uniform composition. High Quality... Then it is necessary to thoroughly mix all the components with powerful drill with the corresponding attachment. It is important that the fraction of the constituents does not exceed 2 mm... The result should be a homogeneous mixture of gray shade without lumps and any extraneous components.