Roof structures made of wood. Roof structures of a wooden house: gable, flat and other types of frame

It's no secret that the roof plays important role in the design of the house. In turn, the roof itself is a complex system that must be distinguished by reliability and durability. V Lately it became popular to make the top of buildings from wooden structures, besides overlap it with natural materials. Next, we'll talk about how to wooden roof and what designs are used for its device.

Types of wooden roof structures

In the construction of low-rise structures, roofs made of wooden structures are quite popular, which are divided into 3 types:

on the basis of layered rafters;
on the basis of hanging type rafters;
based on wooden trusses.

The rafters are installed in such a way that their ends, on the one hand, have a lower support in the form of a Mauerlat, and on the other, they rest at the top on the building wall or rack. The task of the Mauerlat is to receive and disperse the load that is transmitted from the rafters to the load-bearing walls.

The rafters are placed at a distance of 0.6 to 2 m. The load and type of wood affect the determination of the distance. As rafters, a beam is used, which in cross section has a size of 0.2 × 0.2 m or several boards with a thickness of more than 5 cm. Racks should be located at a distance of 2–3 m from each other.

To increase the structural rigidity of the wooden roof rafters, the racks are connected to each other in a horizontal direction with boards up to 0.2 m wide. To prevent the truss system from being blown away by air currents, it must be fixed to the surface of the building. For this, a twist of wire is used, which is fixed in the wall with anchors. Such a truss structure is by far the most in demand because of its convenience. It can always be adjusted to the shape of the house.

Note! In order for the truss system to be mounted, at least one longitudinal load-bearing wall is needed for its fastening. In this case, the width of the building should not be less than 7 m.

If there is no load-bearing wall in the middle of the building, a wooden roof structure made of hanging rafters is used, which do not have such an upper support as in previous version. The width of the building in this case should not exceed 8 m. Such a system is used for small household structures. The rafters below rest directly on the outer walls, which are affected by considerable horizontal stresses. The rigidity of the system is provided by the rafter tie, which levels the spacer forces. Fixation of all wooden elements occurs thanks to bolts, nails and metal linings.

Note! If the attic is planned to be used, the screeds should be placed as high as possible.

Wooden trusses are rarely used in the private sector. Such structures are used in structures where spans reach up to 20 m. The truss structure is quite complex. It consists of nodes, the elements of which are beams with a cross section of 50 to 150 mm. Such structures find their application in older buildings that require roof repairs. V modern construction these systems can be used in the construction of large barns.

Roof materials

To cover the roof, you can use wood materials. Roofing products include:

shingle, which is wooden plates that are formed through sawing and are joined to each other with the help of spikes and grooves;
shindel - small chipped wooden plates resembling tiles of arbitrary shape;
the ploughshare, which is a kind of shingle, has a shovel shape with a figured lower part;
tes, which is made from coniferous wood, and is edged board with a selection along the edge;
shingles - uncalibrated wooden plates, which are small in thickness and are formed from aspen and alder by chipping;
wood chips, which is a kind of shingles, but inferior to it in length.

When installing a roof from planks, you need to know that such an overlap is used mainly for equipment pitched roofs, the angle of inclination of which does not exceed the value right angle. For steeper roofs, significantly more material is used to increase the durability of the structure.

Roofing from shingle, shingle and ploughshare

Depending on the roofing material, the technology for performing work on laying roof elements changes significantly, while changing the type of rafters. The construction of a wooden roof can be done with different elements.

Roof shingles are considered one of the most complex methods. To independently make such a roof, considerable practical experience is required. The size of a wooden plate reaches a length of up to 0.7 m, a width of up to 0.15 m. Wood plates are cut from boards. The disadvantage of this material is the roughness at the saw cut, which contributes to increased absorption of moisture. To reduce this minus, sawing must be carried out in such a direction in which the structure of the fibers would correspond to the natural one.

One side of the plank is crimped along its length to such an extent that the thickness of the product reaches an average size of 4 mm. On the other hand, a groove is cut or hollowed out at the end, the depth of which reaches 1.2 cm. The groove at its end point should have a width of about 4 mm, which corresponds to the size of the hewn wedge. Among the types of wood that are suitable for this type of roof, oak and aspen, as well as pine, can be noted. Before laying the boards for their fastening, a crate is equipped, constructed from a beam with a section size of 4 × 4 cm or 5 × 5 cm. It must be carried out with a certain distance between the planks. The laying of wooden bars should take place along the axes with a step that is equal to a third of the length of the shingle plates. The crate can also be made solid from boards.

All planks should be laid in an even row in such a direction that all the grooves would look up. The next row is installed in such a way that the shingle wedges enter the grooves. After laying, each element is fixed with a nail to the bar at the top of the plank. Nails should enter the bars to a depth of 2.0 cm. You need to know that the type of wood dictates the choice of nail material. If the roof is covered with larch material, copper nails are used. For other breeds, galvanized fixing products are suitable.

The reliability and durability of the roof depends on the number of layers of the shingle being laid:

2 rows - upper layer hides the lower one by 1/2 the length of the plate. Used for simple buildings.
3 rows - the top layer hides the bottom one by 2/3 of the length of the shingle. Used for residential buildings.
4 rows - the top layer hides the bottom one by 3/4 of the length of the plank. It is used for buildings with increased responsibility.

Roof elements are stacked on top of each other. It means that Bottom part plate, which is located in the upper row, covers two halves of the lower planks. The joints of elements with a figured end, called grooves, are laid in a fan position. To make such a formation, the narrow ends of the plates are given the desired slope in the lower part, while the planks in this place take the form of a trapezoid.

Note! As you know, a tree tends to be influenced natural phenomena. To prolong the service life, the shingle must be subjected to antiseptic treatment. In addition, the tree is also on fire. Therefore, roof elements must be additionally treated with flame retardants.

The principle of laying the shingle and plowshare is similar to the previous one. Since these wooden plates are inferior in length to the shingle and reach only 0.4 m in size, the battens need to be fixed correspondingly more often than in the previous version. In plates of this type there are no connecting grooves, so the construction of a wooden roof occurs by laying end-to-end.

Note! Since the roofing material swells as a result of precipitation, there must be a gap between the planks, the value of which should be about 4 mm. Otherwise, after some time, the roof will warp.

In weather with high humidity with such design feature the joints converge tightly, and on a sunny day, dry wooden elements allow air to create ventilation on the roof.

It would be wrong not to note one of the wood species, which has a number of advantages over other types of natural roofing material. It's about about larch, which has the following advantages:

the presence of resinous substances and high density do not lead to corrosion and insect infestation;
high durability;
wood looks beautiful due to its structure;
material price is relatively low.

Roofing from shingles, wood chips and tesa

If the roofing material of the roof wooden houses the shingle protrudes, the coating device is carried out in 3 or 4 layers, while the overlap is maintained in the horizontal and vertical directions. For shingles, boards are used from 0.4 to 1 m in length, from 0.09 to 0.13 m in width and approximately 4 mm in thickness. In the long side, shingles are laid according to the same rules as shingles. The plates that are located side by side must be hidden up to approximately 0.3 m. The next horizontal row should be laid in such a way that the middle of its elements coincides with the junction of the bottom layer planks. Each plate is fixed with a shingle nail measuring 70 mm in length and 1.5 mm in diameter to each purlin. The skate is equipped with a construction of 2 boards, knocked together to form an angle.

Overlapping of chipped elements is done according to the same principle. The difference is only in the shorter length of the plates. For chips, plates are used from 0.4 to 0.5 m in length, from 0.07 to 0.12 m in width and 3 mm in thickness. For this material, the lathing bars are fastened tightly - the step is 0.15 m. For comparison, when laying shingles, this distance is 0.3 m. Since these boards weigh relatively little, the size of the structural element for the lathing can be 4.0 × 4.0 cm. For greater ease of installation under wooden plates, you can prepare a solid type crate.

Roof with wooden coating, the construction of which takes place using a tesa, is considered the simplest and cheapest. The durability of such an overlap is significantly inferior to other types. The fact is that when sawing a wood blank, the natural structure of the raw material is violated, and the planks can no longer fully resist the effects of natural phenomena. However, there is another way to make elements. When splitting the workpiece along the length, the structure of the fibers is not disturbed, since the fracture runs along them. natural properties wood is preserved. One hundred years of operation of such a roof is considered a normal period. The roof of the tesa is mounted in 2 ways: transverse and longitudinal. In the first case, laying occurs parallel to the ridge. This method is simplified and is used for buildings with a short service life. The planks are fixed to the crate with nails in the direction from the bottom up, while the top layer hides the bottom one by 0.05 m. There are 3 types of longitudinal methods:

Two rows are stacked closely. The elements of the upper layer lie on the lower ones with an offset of half the plank. The gap between the plates for swelling is left in the region of 5 mm.
Along the slope, the laying goes apart. The lower layer of plates is laid with a layer of 5 mm and hidden under the upper one at a distance of 5.0 cm.
With under cover. The bottom layer has a continuous surface. The joints are overlapped with smaller boards, which go to the bottom row by 5.0 cm.
For all types of laying, the upper boards are fixed to the bars with 2 nails in each plank. The crate is arranged from wooden structural elements, the distance between which should vary between 0.6-0.8 m. The thickness of the boards used should be from 0.019 to 0.025 m. The cross section of the plank should correspond to a size of 6 × 6 cm.

Note! Under the roof of wooden elements, it is undesirable to install vapor and waterproofing due to the fact that because of them the roof will not be able to breathe and its service life will decrease. When the roof is covered with natural material, there is no condensation in the attic, since wood has a low thermal conductivity.

Video

This video shows the process of finishing the roof with shingles.

The roof of the building protects it from the cold, rain and wind. It's the same important element like exterior walls and foundation. The truss system is load-bearing frame roofs. It takes on all the loads: from structures, from snow and wind. In order to avoid problems during operation, the roof structure of the house must be strong and reliable. Do-it-yourself installation of the truss system should be done only after careful preparation and study all the necessary information.

Roof and roof

Before you start building the roof of a private house, you need to distinguish between two concepts. Non-professionals are often confused, but builders clearly separate the definitions of roof and roofing. The roof is the entire structure that separates the building from the street above. The roof structure of a private house includes rafters, all other load-bearing elements, thermal insulation material, roofing .

Rafters - load-bearing roof structures

The roof is the top part of the roof. It is also roofing.. Roofing requires careful selection of material. After all, the reliability of waterproofing and comfort of living will depend on it.

System requirements

To properly mount the truss system with your own hands, you must take into account a certain set of rules. Without taking them into account, the structure will not be able to effectively resist negative influences from outside.

The first thing to consider is durability. All elements must withstand the load without destruction. The device of the roof truss system involves a preliminary calculation load-bearing structures according to the first limit state. It is he who checks the elements of the truss system for strength.

The truss system must be strong and rigid

The second requirement is rigidity. The maximum deflection is taken into account here. The roof structure of a wooden house or any other should not sag too much. Permissible deformations in the middle of the span are equal to the length of this span divided by 200. Before starting construction, the design of the truss system must be calculated according to the second group of limit states - for rigidity.

Do-it-yourself roof rafters are made taking into account that the structure is light in weight. Otherwise, the load on the walls and foundations increases greatly. It is for this reason that wood has received wide use as the main material. Wooden rafter system has sufficient strength, but weighs relatively little. Attention should be paid not only to the design of the roof, but also to correctly choose the roofing material. It shouldn't be too heavy. Ceramic tiles have lost their popularity not only because of the cost, but also because the roof of the house, its walls and foundations must be reinforced under it.

Weight of roofing material for wooden roof structure shouldn't be too big

Special requirements are placed on the quality of the material. The manufacture of wooden elements should be carried out only from good raw materials. It is worth considering the following recommendations:

For the main elements, wood of 1 or 2 grades is used. Grade 3 can only be used for battens and other small parts.
Rafter structures of pitched roofs are recommended to be made from coniferous species. They are more resistant to decay and other troubles because they contain resin. With the same cross section, the allowable span for hardwood will be less.
Before starting work, all elements must be treated with an antiseptic. This stage of preparation allows you to prevent many troubles in the future. Also, if desired, you can treat the tree with flame retardants. This will increase fire resistance.
It is better to buy wood from northern regions, which is prepared in winter period. This material is of the highest quality.

Construction parts

The scheme of the truss system includes many elements. To understand the drawings and correctly perceive the information, you need to know at least the basic ones. So what is the roof made of?

Ridge, cornice and slopes - the main part of the roof

First of all, it is a ridge, a cornice and slopes. These elements are the main parts. The ridge is the topmost part of the structure. Cornice or overhang - lower. Slopes are inclined surfaces that are located between the ridge and the eaves.

The construction of the truss system requires knowledge of the load-bearing elements. These include:

Mauerlat - timber, which is laid along the edge of the walls of the building. Mauerlat is needed to evenly transfer the load from the rafter legs, which are supported pointwise. Usually, for its manufacture, a bar with dimensions of 150x150 mm or 200x200 mm (for large buildings) is used.
Rafter legs are inclined beams that transfer the load from the own weight of the roof, snow and wind to the Mauerlat. Such beams are usually installed from the ridge to the eaves. But when building hip roof elements appear that have only one of the specified points. They are supported on a ridge or on a cornice. Such details are called spawns. They usually have the same section as the rafters. In fact, sprigs are cut off on one side rafter legs.
Run - a beam on which the elements of the roof rest. The run can be installed under the racks. Another option - ridge run(crossbar). The rafters rest on it at the highest point. The cross section of the run depends on its span, usually 200x200 mm is taken.
Slanting legs are needed only for hip roofs. They are diagonal rafters resting on the Mauerlat at the corners. The cross section is taken enlarged, usually 150x200 or 100x200 mm.
The design of the wooden roof involves the presence of puffs, struts and racks. They are designed to reduce the load on the main elements. When building a house with your own hands, it is important to remember that the racks cannot be supported on the floor span. Installation is possible only on the underlying walls or on runs thrown between the walls. It is possible to mount such elements on the ceiling only if it is designed for such a load and reinforced in the desired area.
The crate is needed in order to make the base under the coating. For metal tiles and seam roofing, the lathing can be sparse from boards with a thickness of 32-40 mm. For bituminous tiles, you need a solid base of boards 25-32 mm thick or moisture-resistant plywood.
In order to make a departure of the cornice, filly is installed. They become a continuation of the rafters. The filly is attached to the rafter for a length of at least 1 m. The section of the element is usually taken as 50x100 mm.

Bearing elements of the hip roof

Another element of the truss system is the truss. This is a one-piece structure, which consists of rafters, puffs, struts and racks, rigidly interconnected. The truss has a triangular shape, and inside it is divided into several smaller triangles, which provides it with good stability.

Roof shapes

Roofs of pitched roofs are different forms. It is worth highlighting here:

Types of rafters

There are two designs:

with layered rafters;
with hanging rafters.

The device of the roof of a wooden house is possible only with the use of the first. This is due to two rules:

hanging rafters must be rigidly attached to the Mauerlat;
in a wooden house, the rafters must be hinged to the Mauerlat.

These two statements contradict each other, so the truss system of a wooden house can contain only layered elements.

In a wooden house, only layered rafters are mounted

Layered beams are elements that rely on the Mauerlat at the bottom point and on the ridge run at the top.. This allows you to reduce the horizontal thrust that acts on the walls when the rafters try to part and take a horizontal position. Elements can be reinforced with struts or struts. Contractions in this case can be placed through one pair of legs.

Hanging tanks rest only at the lowest point on the Mauerlat. Above, they simply rest against each other. So that the system of wooden elements does not part, be sure to make puffs. It is better to install them on each pair of legs. This option is characterized by a strong thrust effect on the outer walls, but it allows you to get more free space inside the attic.

Connections

Before you make a rafter system with your own hands, you need to carefully study the nodes. To build your house, it is not worth saving time or money. Only in this case the result will please for many years.

The main nodes of the connection of the rafters

Roof truss attachment points that deserve special attention, are represented by the following:

fastening the Mauerlat to the wall;
fastening rafters to the Mauerlat;
fastening the rafters at the top point;
splicing rafters along the length.

Mauerlat to the wall

This knot can be done in several ways. The choice largely depends on the material of the wall. The construction of a building from brick, blocks or concrete allows the use of the following methods:

on the wire;
on staples;
on studs;
on the anchor with the device monolithic belt along the edge of the wall.

Mauerlat connection with the wall during construction brick buildings done with anchors

Rafter to Mauerlat

Fasteners are carried out in two ways:

tough for buildings made of brick, concrete or concrete blocks;
articulated for wooden houses.

Rigid fastening can be with or without a notch. The cut is recommended to be done on the rafters, and not on the Mauerlat, as this weakens it. In both cases, the leg is rigidly fixed with nails, screws, staples or metal corners.

With rigid fastening, it is better to make a cut on the rafters and fix the structure with fasteners

For hinged fastening, a special part is used - a sled. They allow the beam to move without obstacles when the walls of the building shrink.

Articulation allows the beam to move

Additionally, rafter legs are attached to the wall. This is necessary so that the roof is not blown off by the wind. For fastening, a twist of two wires with a diameter of 4 mm is used, fixed to the wall on an anchor or ruff. In a wooden house, twisting can be replaced with staples. Fastening is carried out on each beam or through one.

At the skate level

Layered elements rest on a ridge run with a notch. Additionally, on both sides they make an overlay from the board. An overlay is also needed for hanging elements. It can be wooden or metal with holes for self-tapping screws.

The ridge run and rafters are connected using a cut

Rafter splicing

There are several methods for splicing roof rafters with your own hands. The choice between them largely depends on the experience of the master. The splicing point is located at a distance of 0.15 of the span from the support. At the same time, not only the ridge run and the Mauerlat are considered supports, but also the struts and racks.

Splicing rafters along the length

There are five ways:

butt joint;
oblique cut;
overlap;
compound legs;
paired legs.

To build quality roof, you need to carefully study the technology, choose the right type of rafters and ways to connect elements at important nodes. This is especially important when building a truss system with your own hands.

The roof in the house plays an important role in the structure of the whole structure. Its main task is to protect the house from the effects of adverse events, as well as perform a protective function. To date, a large number of various structural elements and materials from which a roof can be made are presented. For example, a wooden roof is famous for its practicality, long service life and environmental friendliness. In this article we will tell you what the device of a wooden roof consists of, as well as analyze its design.

The roof is the main structural element of the building, which is located above attic floor. The device of the roof of a wooden house is based on different types rafter system. The rafter system for a wooden house is an individual design, which is carried out based on the type of roof, its size and shape. The wooden system contains the following elements:

overhangs - perform the protective function of the walls from moisture ingress;
mare - an integral element of the design;
roofing ridge- serves as a junction of two slopes, a crate is stuffed directly on the structure itself;
lathing - installed perpendicular to the rafter legs, carries the load of the entire roofing;
tightening - the main element of the rafters, which fixes them and does not allow them to diverge;
rafter legs- provide structural rigidity, are responsible for the slope of the roof and determine its appearance;
mauerlat - serves as the foundation of the entire structure, ensures a uniform load of the entire roof on the walls of the building;
roof strut and pillars- provide additional stability and reliability;
run - a building element connecting the rafter legs (there are ridge and side runs).

In addition to all the main elements described, the roof structure of a wooden house includes braces, extensions and additional racks that allow you to properly distribute the load on the bearing elements and prevent the formation of excessive pressure on them.

Important! The roofs of wooden houses are mounted exclusively from dry wood, the humidity of which should not exceed 15%. When using raw wood, a wooden roof can be deformed.

Types of roof structures

Wooden roof structures depend on many factors. In the process of building a house with your own hands, the shape of the roof plays an important role, it is for its construction and provision that they are selected and acquired necessary materials for the truss system. Factors affecting the appearance of the roof:

The correct calculation of the slope of the house and the selection of high-quality building materials, it is on these components that the strength of the structure depends;
The level of precipitation of climatic precipitation, if in the area where the house is being built, the minimum amount of precipitation, the slope of the structure is minimal, but if the level of precipitation exceeds the norm, the slope is high and pointed.

For information! When choosing roofing materials, it should be taken into account that different materials are laid at a certain angle and without indents, i.e. not lower and not higher.

Roof types country house may be as follows:

hip;
lean-to;
gable;
flat;
attic;
tent;
multi-forceps.

For information! Wood coating is used for all types of roofs: single-pitched, gable, hip.

All of the listed types of structures allow you to increase them performance, namely:

provide excellent thermal insulation of the ceiling, because wood retains heat well;
performing self-cleaning when snow falls, triangular device wooden roof allows snow to slide freely and reduces the load on the entire structure;
the presence of a large slope allows not to stagnate water, which eliminates damage wooden system;
long plumb lines allow you to drain liquid from the walls and increase their service life, as well as reduce the level of damage to the supporting elements of the structure;
wooden roof structures do not require a large investment Money to carry out repair work.

Most often, for wooden structures, building materials such as:

slate;
ondulin;
metal tile;
rolled roofing material;
bituminous roofing material.

If the structure is supposed to be massive, experts recommend using lightweight materials, such as ondulin or metal tiles. Such materials exclude the formation of additional load on the structure.

Roof device

The photo shows the rafter system of a wooden house.

Wooden roof structures are performed subject to certain rules. The step-by-step roofing device consists of:

Installations of beds, they are fixed parallel to the side walls of the building, for this they use a bar with a section of 15x15. If the length of the beam is insufficient, it can be built up from segments and connected with building spikes;
Laying racks with the obligatory observance of the step, which must correspond to the step of the truss system;
Fixing the extreme rafters on the Mauerlat, using support on the racks;
The upper corners of the pediment are fastened with a ridge run;
Installation of ordinary rafters, they are fixed on the Mauerlat, support posts and ridge elements;
Fronton lining.

When the entire truss system is assembled, the next step is performed construction works consisting of:

mounting the crate;
cake stacking;
roofing installation.

For information! roofing cake may consist of several different layers. This feature depends on the use of the attic, if you plan to use the attic as a living room, it is better to insulate it.

It is worth noting that the truss system can be made in two versions:

Inclined - consists of one or more intermediate supports on the bearing structural elements;
Hanging - consists of a support on the walls of the building, which bursts them a little. To avoid destruction or disturbance of the structure, a jumper should be made and fixed at the ends of the rafters. The main task of the jumper is to contain the structure.

The device of the roof in a wooden house can be done by hand, however, it is better to entrust the manufacture of wooden structural elements of the roof to specialists. Properly made truss system will reliably protect the house from negative factors and significantly increase the life of the entire roofing system.

For a home from any building material the roof truss system is made of wood. Wooden rafters are equally good for any kind of roof. In addition, the tree is suitable for creating any form of roof: one- and two-slope, half-hip or hip, etc. What is the device of the roof of a wooden house, types and forms can be found by reading this article.

The roof frame for building a house from a bar depends on the chosen form. The complexity of the truss system, the device, the material for it and the calculation of the loads depend on what form it will be.

How to choose a roof shape

Choice of shape future roof for wooden houses is influenced by a number of factors:

How much precipitation falls in the region where the construction is being carried out. For regions with heavy rainfall, choose a device with a large slope, high, pointed. For the minimum, a flatter and lower version is suitable.
Roof type. Depending on what the roof will be and the slope of the roof, a certain material has its own slope during installation.

If the shape of the roof is conceived individually, then you need to calculate the frame for the load and foresee what material will be used as a roof.

Types and forms of roofs

All wooden roofs can be divided into:

flat
pitched

Flat roofs have a device with a slope angle of less than 10 ° C, more pitched. All these types are divided into forms.

The shape of the roof of a wooden house can have a structure:

Shed. Tilt on one side only.
Dvuhskatnaya. Triangular, with two sides.
Flat.
Attic.
Multi-forceps.
Hip.
Shatrovaya. (Under a kind of hip but with slopes of the same size).
Half hip.
Four-slope semi-hip.

Roof slopes and shape affect performance. The simplest in design are gable and flat wooden.

Shed

This is the most simple design flat roof. Its plane is inclined to one side and rests on the load-bearing walls of the house. On one side, the frame is lower, and on the other, it is higher. Due to the simplicity of the design, it is used for outbuildings.

Gable roof

Advantages of a gable simple wooden roof:

But a gable roof is suitable only for detached buildings, for example, for building a house from glued beams.

Flat roof construction is not suitable for regions with large quantity precipitation. This is due to the slope of the slope. flat roof it is applied for small buildings in the southern regions. The remaining options are suitable for any latitude of Russia.

A flat roof is similar in shape to the roof of high-rise buildings. This is the most economical option, since a massive truss system is not required. It consists of:

Monolithic base from boards.
Vapor barrier and insulation.
Waterproofing

hip

This version of the roof in the places of the gables has 2 more triangular slopes. These triangular parts are called hips. The design of the hip roof is complex and it is impossible to assemble the truss system without experience on your own. A viewing window is made at the top of the hips.

Half hip

These wooden roofs by design are placed between the gable and hip. The shape of the ends of the gables of this design is tropezoidal. On top of the pediments are semi-hips, small triangular slopes. A full-fledged window can easily be placed in the ronton, and wind resistance and additional decorative effect are betrayed by half-hips.

The frame with the overlap of the lower part of the pediment with a slope is also a variant of the half-hip roof. In this version, the rest of the pediment is triangular and a viewing window is mounted in it. The half-hip has the shape of a trapezoid. This is new and interesting solution in the design of the roof for the construction of a house from profiled timber.

Hip-tent

This shape resembles a tent of triangular slopes, which are connected at the top by one point. The frame has no ridge and the roof is symmetrical on all sides. Convenient design for houses correct form(square, polygon).

For example, imagine a regular gazebo with an even roof made of triangles. There may be three or more of them. This design withstands wind loads well, and snow does not linger on it.

Multi-Force Form

The multi-probe roof frame has many ridges, ribs and valleys. By its design, this is a unique structure designed individually for a specific construction. Such a roof should not be done independently, but it is better to entrust it to professionals.

Attic form

mansard roof

Professionals also call this shape of the roof a broken line. Use this design when installing mansard roof. The angle of inclination has a kink, which allows you to make the most of the attic space. In shape, the frame has two slopes turning into almost vertical ones. The window opening in the mansard roof rises to any size. And you can make any height.

Dome

This form of roof is extremely rare. Such types are also called conical. It has the shape of a cone, round without corners. In large cottages, the structure is used as a separate element, such as a turret or a veranda. Covering the entire building with this structure is laborious and expensive.

Combined variant

This is the most complex design that can combine several of the previous types at once. Suitable for massive buildings with more than one level, with verandas and balconies, with a large number of dormer and ceiling windows. The design of the combined type is always individual. Such a design is expensive, and it is impossible to mount the frame without specialists.

It is important to understand that the simpler the roof structure, the fewer kinks and bends it has, the more reliable it is. Any enova, apron, or gutter will collect snow in the winter, increasing the chance of leaks and damage.

For construction robust design you need to use only high-quality roofing, insulation and waterproofing. And the rafter system is assembled from dried wood.

The main components of the structure

The entire roof structure consists of nodes that have their own structure and design:

Rafter.
Crate.
Counter crate.
Cornice plank.
Skate.
Roof.
Insulation and ridge cap.
Endovaya (external and internal)
Wind board.
Drainage system.
Snow barrier.
Stingrays. These parts of the structure have a different angle of inclination.
Skates. The longitudinal parts, with their help, the slopes of the roof are connected, have the form of ribs.
Ribs. This is a connecting device for two slopes.
Gable. This is the hanging part of the roof that protrudes above the frame. Has a size of 200 mm.
Pipe. It is made in any private houses, used for boilers and ventilation systems.
Apron (pipe holder).

The most important parts, frame and load-bearing of any roof are: truss system, crate, Mauerlat. There is additional elements, which are fastening (racks, struts, crossbars, struts, etc.). Fasteners are responsible for the rigidity of the structure.

Mauerlat

Gable roof truss system

The frame of any roof is a truss system. Its design and constituent elements are directly related to the shape and size of the structure to be covered. The location of load-bearing internal walls and supports is also important. For manufacturing use timber, boards or logs. The types of its connection depend on what the material will be.

A truss system made of wood can have a design:

Layered.
Hanging.

The layered truss system consists of intermediate support beams (one or more). They are located on the bearing wall of the house or on its partitions.

The hanging structure rests on the load-bearing walls of the house, without affecting the partitions. Such a system resembles spacers for walls. To prevent greater pressure on the load-bearing walls of the log house, jumpers are made at the ends of the rafters. They hold back the bursting force on the walls.

For example, consider the frame of a gable simple roof. The distance that is considered differently, since there may be several options for this truss system.

If the distance between the bearing walls is less than 6 m. The rafters rest on a beam, which is mounted around the entire perimeter of the walls of the log house (Mauerlat). The rigidity of this design will withstand any roof, and the material consumption will be small.
The span between the load-bearing walls is more than 6 m, but less than 8 m. The structure consists of connected opposite rafters with the help of a crossbar.
The distance between the bearing walls is more than 8 m and less than 12 m, in rare cases 16 m. The design has a laid truss system, but with its own characteristics. On the internal walls intermediate racks will be supported. One such support makes it possible to cover with a roof about 12 m. If about 16 m, then there are two supports.

If there are no internal bearing walls, and the gap between the main ones is the same 12 m, it is advisable to use a hanging system. In this case, the rafters will rest on the puff, and the puff on the Mauerlat. The puff is made solid, but if this is not possible, you can use a composite one.

The most extreme stops are installed first. The raging roof plane depends on them. They are the main ones in the truss system. Intermediate rafters are installed depending on the selected material for insulation.

crate

The frequency of the lathing is directly related to the roof. For a soft roll, you can make a solid one. It is made from plywood or OSB. For ceramic or metal roofing material, a crate with a step of 50-60 cm is suitable. The strength and appearance of the roof depends on what material is chosen for the roof.

Roofing materials

When ordering a turnkey service or building a house with your own hands, the question arises, which roof to choose? Materials suitable for the roof of a wooden house various kinds:

Roll roof.
bituminous coatings.
Metal tile.
Ceramic tiles.
Slate.
Ondulin.

For low-rise buildings, such as a one-story house, a light roof is better suited (corrugated board, metal tiles, ondulin). Repair of the roof from these materials is done quickly, it is easy to lay the sheets. These are worth roof coverings: corrugated board - from 210 rubles, ondulin - from 270 rubles, metal tiles from 320 rubles. They produce material both domestic and foreign manufacturers. Ondulin has advantages during rainfall. It is soft and soundproofing will be higher. The metal tile looks more beautiful and does not hold back snowdrifts. Decking is economical. All have a wide range of colors. Decking is sold unpainted, it costs from 170 rubles.

For massive houses, cottages, both light and heavy roofing materials (ceramic tiles) are suitable. Installation of such a roof is more difficult, and the price is from 430 rubles. But snow and water do not accumulate on the roof, the sound insulation is increased, the roof is durable and can withstand heavy loads.

For country house you can use the most economical options (roofing material, slate). These materials do not look very attractive, but the price of slate is from 70 rubles, roofing material from 90 rubles.

What nuances need to be considered when planning a roof frame

The shrinkage coefficient for different types of wood is different:

Beam and log natural humidity– shrinkage 10%,
Profiled and edged kiln-dried timber - no more than 3-5%
Glued laminated timber - no more than 2-3%.

When planning, it is important to duplicate the roof marks before and after shrinkage. If this is not done, the repair will need to be done after the first year.

This must be taken into account when choosing a material for the frame of the truss system. In order for the roof to last for a long time, it is necessary:

The device of the truss system is calculated.
A house made of wood of natural moisture must withstand at least 1 year before installing the roof.
Choose high-quality roofing material without saving.

After assembly, the wooden roof must be constantly monitored and checked for the device; it is important to repair all minimal damage immediately. Otherwise, a major overhaul will be required, and these are extra material costs.

During the construction of any house, wood plays an important role. And from what material the building is being built, nothing depends. Such elements are suitable for any kind; as a result, it can have any shape, for example, it can be single-sided, hip, attic, and so on - there are several options. In this article, we will consider what the construction of the roof of a wooden house is like, discuss its main types and forms, their pros and cons.

Design characteristics

First of all, during the construction of a residential building, the future shape of the frame is chosen.

It is on this indicator that the arrangement of the roof truss system in a wooden house, the complexity of implementation, the material, and the acting loads depend.

Shape selection

When choosing a form, the following factors should be considered:

The amount of precipitation that falls in a given region. If this number has maximum value, then the roof structure of a wooden house should be high, at a large angle. If the amount of precipitation is negligible, choose a flat option.
Type of roofing material. The choice of this element is significantly influenced by the slope of the roof. For each type of roof there is a certain indicator.

In some cases, people want to build a roof that suits their personal preferences. In this case, an individual calculation of the loads on the frame is made, on the basis of which a certain type of roof is chosen.

Main varieties

The roof structure of a wooden house can be of two types: flat and pitched. The first view is set at an angle of ten degrees. Anything higher will be considered pitched. In turn, these types can be different shape, each of which affects the characteristics of the coating. The simplest are flat and gable types. Next, we will consider each of them in detail.

Shed

This is the simplest design of the roof of a wooden house.

It is a slope, the plane of which rests on the load-bearing walls of the building different heights. This design is also used for commercial buildings.

gable

Among positive sides of this type, it is worth highlighting the following:

If the installation is correct, then thermal insulation properties roofs will be enlarged.
When erecting high pitched roofs, an additional place appears that can be used as an attic.
In winter, the snow does not linger on the roof and is removed on its own. Due to this, the structure is not subjected to additional loads.
The gable roof of a wooden house, the design of which is a triangle, does not retain moisture, which is so harmful to wood.
installed in such a way that it does not fall on wooden walls rainwater or water from melted snow. This feature increases the life of the house.
Inexpensive repair.
Installation of a gable roof does not take much time and effort.

flat

The design of a flat roof of a wooden house allows it to be used in those areas of the country where there is a small amount of precipitation. As a rule, such houses are built in the southern regions.

A flat roof is similar in design to the roof of high-rise buildings.

The creation of such an element does not require large investments, since it is not necessary to build a massive truss system. Such a system consists of the following elements:

solid wooden base;
hydro, steam and thermal insulation.

hip

A feature of this type is the presence of two triangular slopes, which are located near the gables. These rectangular pieces are called hips. The installation of a roof truss system in a wooden house is a rather complicated matter, so its installation requires special skills. In the upper part, as a rule, a window is installed.

Half hip

This design is located between two other types of roofs: hip and gable. Compared to the previous view, it has the shape of a trapezoid. In the upper part, on the fronts, there are triangular slopes. Here you can also install a window or ennoble the appearance with the help of half-hips.

Hip hipped roof

This species resembles an ancient hut, which has a triangular shape. The elements are interconnected at one upper point. The sides of the roof are equal on all sides, and there is no ridge. This design is usually used for rectangular or square houses. It withstands precipitation and strong gusts of wind well.

Multi-forceps

Distinctive features of this type are the presence of many indents, ribs and skates. It is designed specifically for a particular home. Installation of such a design is quite complicated, requiring certain skills, so it is better to entrust the work to professionals.

The design of the mansard roof of a wooden house

Differently this system called a broken line. It is located at a certain angle, which is used in the construction of the attic. Thanks to the break, which is located at the angle of inclination, an additional room can be built in the attic. In addition, a window of any size can be mounted in the roof.

Dome

This species is quite rare. It has the shape of a cone and does not contain any corners and indents.

This type is used as individual elements on small structures, for example, on a gazebo. When installing a round roof on a large building, a lot of time and effort is spent, and this process is also quite expensive.

Combined

This type has the most complex structure of all of the above, as it combines several types. It is installed on large buildings, where there are gazebos, balconies, etc. It is possible to install both small and large windows in it. Such a device of a wooden house is very expensive, and installation without specialists is impossible.

wooden house

The main elements of any roof include: truss system, crate and Mauerlat. There are also additional elements, such as racks, supports, crossbars, etc. They are fasteners and are responsible for the strength of the entire structure as a whole. Let's take a closer look at each main element.

Mauerlat

It is a wooden beam, which is used as the main fastener for the truss system. Located near load-bearing walls different sides. Corner Mauerlats are interconnected with wooden beams, staples and bolts. Beams are installed at half the section.

The Mauerlat is mounted on the load-bearing walls of the house, or rather, on the anchor. It is tied with clamps or ropes. Then perform waterproofing. As a rule, it is made from layers of roofing material, although other materials can be used.

truss system

The basis of any roof is the truss system. All her structural elements, size and shape are directly related to the future structure. Particular attention is paid to the correct location of load-bearing walls and supports. Wooden beams of various sizes and lengths can serve as them. Other material may also be used.

There are two layered and hanging. The first type of wooden system consists of supporting beams, which can be installed not only on load-bearing walls, but also on partitions. The hanging structure is also located on load-bearing walls, but unlike the previous type, it does not rely on partitions. To distribute the loads between the supports, jumpers are made. They are attached at the ends. Thus, the pressure perceives not separate part walls, but the structure as a whole.

To understand this issue, consider a simple gable roof. The device of the roof of a wooden house, namely the truss system, depends on the distance between the walls. There are such options:

1. The distance between load-bearing walls is less than 6 meters. In this case, the truss system will be installed on the Mauerlat over the entire area. This design is considered very durable, so it can withstand any roofing material.

2. The distance between load-bearing walls is in the range of 6 to 8 meters. In this case, several truss systems are interconnected using a crossbar.

3. The distance between load-bearing walls is in the range of 8 to 12 meters. Such a truss system has its own characteristics. wooden beams are installed on partitions, and one such element is sufficient. It happens that the distance is 16 meters. Then several such supports are installed.

If the house does not have internal load-bearing walls, and the distance is large, then it is better to use a hanging type of rafters. In this case, the design will be based on the puff, and she, in turn, on the Mauerlat. The tightening must be continuous. If this is not possible, then a collapsible one will do.

At the beginning of work, rafters are always installed on extreme points walls. It is on them that the shape of the roof depends. Installation of intermediate rafters depends on the insulation material.

What is the meaning of the crate?

The crate is an important connecting element in the roof.

If it is executed from soft material, then the crate is made continuous. It can act as wood plywood. For more durable and massive roofing materials, a crate is chosen in increments of 50 cm. The strength and appearance of the roof depends on the type of roofing material.

materials

The structure of the roof of a wooden house can be varied. There are many types of these materials. Among them are the following:

roll;
bitumen;
ceramic and metal tiles;
slate;
ondulin.

For small houses and outbuildings, as a rule, light roofing is chosen, for example, ondulin, corrugated board and metal tiles. Installation of these materials does not take much time and effort. In addition, their low cost attracts more and more people. Ondulin costs from 250 rubles per sheet, metal tiles - 300 rubles, corrugated board - 200 rubles. There is a wide choice of both foreign and domestic brands on the market. Each of the materials has its own characteristics, appearance and characteristics.

For big multi-storey buildings use more powerful and heavy roofing material, for example, ceramic tiles. Its cost on the market reaches 400 rubles per sheet, while you will still have to spend money on its installation. Such a roof withstands any atmospheric precipitation, loads, increases noise insulation properties.

For normal buildings, you can use budget materials, for example, roofing felt, the cost of which reaches 100 rubles per roll. Before you produce, you should put a heater.

additional information

All elements of the roof of the house require special attention. First of all, pay attention to the condition of the wood, namely the following features:

Wooden beam should be of natural moisture.
The edged board is dried in a special chamber.
The glued wooden elements should have a moisture content of 2-3%.

When designing the roof of a wooden house, it is necessary to take into account such an indicator as shrinkage.

If you do not follow this characteristic, you will often have to repair the roof.

The truss system also requires special attention. When choosing it, you should consider the following rules:

the calculation of the truss system is being carried out;
before roof installation wooden house must last at least a year;
on the roofing material not worth saving.

If all points are carefully observed, then the design will serve you for quite a long time.

After the installation is completed, the roof of a wooden house is periodically checked for damage. If found, they should be removed immediately. If this is not done, then the situation will worsen, and you will have to spend even more money on roof repairs.

So, we examined which ones exist and what is the structure of the roof of a wooden house. Now you know what type of design can be implemented in practice.