Introduction

In the modern world, in the era of scientific and technological progress and the flourishing of new technologies, during the period of economic integration and globalization, the tourism and hotel business is developing rapidly. The process of unification of Europe, the opening of the "iron curtain", wide use new information technologies make the world more open. The number of people traveling for business or tourism is growing every year. A full-fledged comfortable rest, the opportunity to see new cities and countries, visit historical sites and sights, enjoy the beauty of nature is the cherished dream of many. For the realization of this dream, for the embodiment of a fairy tale in life, modern travelers go. Often the motivation for a trip may be simply a desire for a change of scenery. Therefore, the role of the hotel in the modern tourism infrastructure can hardly be overestimated. It must meet all the expectations of the client, become for him a cozy and comfortable home for a while, be remembered for something individually unique. It is the creation of a positive image of the hotel, the perception of it by the client as an attractive place where one wants to return again, and is the goal of the owner and staff and, ultimately, the key to the commercial success of the enterprise.

There are a huge number of hotels in the modern world. They differ in purpose, capacity, number of storeys, type of structures, level of comfort, location and other characteristics. To be successful in the competition, it is necessary to take into account the requirements of the modern market. It is necessary to create not only excellent customer service, architectural style, but also the well-organized work of the housing and communal complex of the hotel, including the water supply of the hotel

Twenty-first century - century advanced technologies... And ever higher requirements are imposed on the energy efficiency of engineering equipment and systems. The novelty is fundamental for water supply, heating, fire extinguishing systems - in technology, in quality assurance, ease of installation and, most importantly, efficiency.

Therefore, the tasks of this work:

consider the water supply technology of the hotel

consider the design of an internal cold water supply system for hotels

consider the design of a hot water supply system for hotels

to deduce the shortcomings of the water supply technology of the hotel

consider the technology of hot and cold water supply of the sanatorium "Chaika

Objectives of this work:

analyze the water supply technology of the hotel

to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the technology of hot and cold water supply of the sanatorium "Chaika

Draw conclusions on the work done

Water supply system

Water supply system in hotel enterprises

In hotels, water is used for household and drinking needs - for drinking and personal hygiene of staff and guests; for production needs - for cleaning residential and public premises, watering the territory and green spaces, washing raw materials, dishes and cooking, washing overalls, curtains, bed and table linen, when providing additional services, for example, in a hairdresser, a sports and fitness center, as well as for fire fighting purposes.

The water supply system includes three components: a water supply source with structures and devices for the intake, purification and treatment of water, external water supply networks and an internal water supply located in the building.

Hotels located in cities and towns, as a rule, are supplied with cold water from the city (village) water supply. Hotels located in rural areas, in the mountains, on highways have a local water supply system.

In the city water supply system, water is used from open (rivers, lakes) or closed ( The groundwater) sources.

Sanitary equipment in hotel enterprises

In a modern hotel, each room has its own bathroom. The main equipment includes: washbasin, bath or shower, toilet, bidet. The main devices should also include heated towel rails.

Depending on the type of hotel and room, they use the following options placement of sanitary equipment:

in hotels of the highest and I category, a bathroom for individual use is required in the room, equipped with three appliances, and in a suite - four;

in single and double rooms of hotels of the II and III categories there can be a bathroom with two appliances (toilet and washbasin);

An important point is also the careful installation of the equipment itself and the creation of opportunities for preventive inspection and repair of equipment. Test chambers are often used, which are located between two bathrooms. This provides access to basic communications without entering the room.

In hotels with expensive interiors, bathrooms represent a very interesting technical and artistic solution and are the real pride of sanitary equipment. High quality porcelain in combination with high quality metal fittings, wall decoration and all additional devices make your stay in the hotel pleasant and create modern comfort.

1. Internal water supply

An internal water supply system is a system of pipelines and devices that provide cold water supply from an external water supply network to sanitary fittings and fire hydrants located inside the building.

The internal water supply system consists of an input (one or more), a water meter unit, a main line of risers, connections to water-folding devices and fittings. In some cases, it may also include pumping units, water tanks and other equipment located inside the building.

1.1 Choosing an internal water supply system

The choice of an internal water supply system is made depending on the purpose of the building (hotel), water quality requirements, technical and economic feasibility.

In this project, in accordance with Appendix A / 1 /, a household and drinking water supply system with a fire-fighting water supply system is adopted, having 1 jet and a minimum water flow rate of 2.5 l / s, since the number of floors is 5, and the building volume is 7558.2 m3.

1.2 Choosing an internal water supply scheme

The choice of a water supply scheme is an important and difficult design task, designed to ensure the reliability of water supply to the consumer in the required amount and of a given quality, ease of installation and operation.

There are water supply networks with upper and lower wiring. In this project, a water supply scheme with a lower wiring is adopted, since there is a basement part of the building. The water supply network can be circular and dead-end. In this building, a dead-end water supply scheme has been adopted, since a short interruption in the water supply is possible. In the places where the input is connected to the external water supply, shut-off valves (valves, valves) are installed, and a water meter unit is installed at the input to the building.

1.3 Design and hydraulic calculation of the internal water supply

.3.1 Arrangement of risers

Internal water supply is made of water and gas pipes.

The water main is laid under the basement ceiling along the inner walls.

The line is laid open way.

The pipeline is fastened with clamps, hooks, hangers on the bracket.

The necessary and sufficient number of risers are installed on the floor plan. In this project 6.

1.3.2 Trace water circuit

The locations of the risers are transferred from the floor plan to the basement plan, and they are combined into a single system that is connected to the external water supply.

1.3.3 Axonometric diagram

The axonometric diagram is carried out in M ​​1: 200 along all three axes. The axonometric diagram shows: a water supply inlet, a water meter unit, a main water supply system, risers, connections to water fittings, watering taps, water taps and shutoff valves.

Leads to water-folding devices and water-folding fittings are shown only for the upper floor, on the remaining floors only branches from the risers are shown.

Ground floor elevation = 184.5 m.

Overlap thickness 0.3 m.

Basement ceiling elevation = 184.5-0.3 = 184.2 m.

Basement height hsub = 2.5 m.

Basement floor elevation = 184.2-2.5 = 181.5 m.

The axonometric diagram of the internal water supply system is the basis for

hydraulic calculation of the water supply network.

1.3.4 Determining the dictating point

The dead-end scheme of the drinking water supply system is calculated for the case of maximum water consumption. The main task of the hydraulic calculation is to determine the diameters of the pipelines and the head losses in them when the calculated flow rates are skipped.

On the axonometric diagram, the calculated trunk direction is selected. The calculated direction is taken from the point of connection to the external water supply system to the most remote and high-located from the input of the water-taps, to which the total head losses will be greatest. It is customary to call such a draw-off point a dictating one. When identifying a dictating water-folding device, it is necessary to take into account the required head Hf in front of it.

In this project, Hf = 3 m. the dictating point is the bathroom faucet. Hf = 2 m for all other devices.

The selected calculated direction of water movement is divided into sections. A section with a constant flow rate and diameter is taken as the calculated one. The numbering is carried out from the pouring hole of the dictating point from top to bottom. Each section of the water supply network is designated by numbers: 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, etc. (in this project there are only 12 sites). At each section, its length is affixed, and after a hydraulic calculation - the diameter.

1.3.5 Determination of the maximum second water consumption in the calculated areas

In the sections, the maximum second flow rates qc, l / s are determined by the formula

5 qc0 ?, (1.1)

where qc0 is the flow rate of cold water by the device, the value of which should be taken according to app. B / 1 /, l / s according to the largest device;

In this project for a bathroom mixer: qc0 = 0.18 l / s total = 0.25 l / s

for washbasin faucet: qc0 = 0.09 l / s tot = 0.12 l / s

for crane flush cistern: qc0 = 0.1 l / s total = 0.1 l / s.

a - dimensionless coefficient, determined according to app. B / 1 /, depending on the total number of devices N 0 on the calculated section of the networks and the probability of their action Ps.

The probability of the action of sanitary devices P (Ptot, Pc) on the network sections serving groups of identical consumers in buildings is determined by the formulas

where qchr, u, qtothr, u is the rate of water consumption by the consumer in the hour of greatest water consumption, l, is taken according to the adj. G / 1 /; U is the total number of consumers in the building; N is the total number of sanitary appliances in the building; tot is the total water consumption by the device, l / s, the value of which should be taken according to app. B / 1 /.

In this project, qchr, u = 5.6 l / s, qtothr, u = 15.6 l / s, U = 90, N = 120. = 5.6 90/3600 0.18 100 = 0.008 = 15.6 90/3600 0.25 100 = 0.016

1.3.6 Determination of pipe diameters

Knowing the maximum second flow rate in the section (qc) and focusing on the speed of fluid movement in the pipes (vek? 1 m / s, vdop? 3.5 m / s), we use / 2 / to determine the diameter, speed and slope (d, v , i).

Then the head losses along the length in the sections are determined by the formula

Where l is the length of the calculated section, m.

The entire calculation of the internal water supply is summarized in table 1.

Table 1 - Hydraulic calculation of the internal water supply

Number of calculated section Number of devices per section, N Probability of devices operation, Pc or PtotN? Pc or N? Ptot Water consumption by device q0c or q0tot Estimated flow rate, qc or qtot, l / s Pipe diameter in a section, d, mm Section length l m Water velocity v, m / s Slope i Head loss along the length in the section, m Нl = il a 1-210,00650,00650,20,180,18150,71,060,29610,207272-320,00650,0130,20,180,18151,21,060,29610,355323-440,00650,0260,2280,180,2052202,40,620,07350,17644-580,00650,0520,2760,180,2484202,950,780,11060,326275-6120,00650,0780,3150,180,2835202,950,940,15490,4569556-7160,00650,1040,3490,180,3141252,950,650,05750,1696257-8200,00650,130,3780,180,3402254,10,650,05750,235758-9400,00650,260,5020,180,443725110,840,09131,00439-10600,00650,390,6020,180,5418250,61,030,13250,079510-11800,00650,520,6920,180,622832110,680,04220,464211-121200,0131,561,260,251,3625503,90,660,02380,09282?3,56841

1.3.7 Determining the required head

The required head Hcd for the dictating water point is determined by the formula

Hdc = Hgeom + Htot + Hf + Hz, (1.4)

where Hgeom is the geometric height of the water supply (from the surface of the earth at the city water well to the dictating water intake device), m;

Zd.t - zпзгк, (1.5)

where zd.t is the geodetic mark of the dictating draw-off point, determined by the formula

d.t = zp.c.e. + hrad, (1.6)

where zp.w. is the elevation of the floor of the upper floor, m. (zp.w.e = 184.3 + 4? 3 = 196.3 m), hzl is the height of the spout of each device (for a bathroom mixer 2.2 m) ; пзгк - geodetic mark of the earth's surface near the city well (zпзгк = 202.5 m), d.t. = 196.3 + 2.2 = 198.5 m; = 198.5-184 = 14.5 m;

Нtot- total head losses in the design direction, m, determined by the formula

= å Hl? (1 + kl), (1.7)

where? Hl - total losses along the length in the design direction (Table 1), m; - coefficient taking into account local pressure losses and assumed kl = 0.2 (since the system is united); = 3.56841 (1 + 0.3) = 4.639 m;

Hf - free head at the dictating water-folding device, taken according to adj. B / 1 /, m;

Нz- pressure loss on the water meter, m,

Нz = S? (3.6? Qtot) 2, (1.8)

where S is the hydraulic resistance of the water meter (m / m6) / h2 (according to the appendix D / 1 / a vane water meter d = 32 mm and resistance S = 0.1 (m / m6) / h2); qtot - maximum second flow rate at the entrance to the building, l / s (qtot = 2.396 l / s);

Нz = 0.1? (3.6? 1.3625) 2 = 2.4 m. = 14.5 + 4.639 + 3 + 2.4 = 24.539 m

1.3.8 Comparison of required heads

According to the calculation results, the required head is compared with the guaranteed one. = 24.539 m, and Hg = 18 m.

Since Hdc> Hg, it is necessary to design a booster pumping unit.

1.3.9 Selection of booster pumps

Booster pumps are selected according to the required head and capacity. The required pump head is determined by the formula

Hdc - Hg, (1.9)

24.539-18 = 6.539 m.

The pump capacity is taken equal to qtot - the maximum second flow rate at the entrance to the building qtot = 1.3625 l / s.

According to Appendix E / 1 / according to Hp = 6.539 m. And qtot = 1.3625 l / s, the pump is selected

KM 8 / 18b, with the following characteristics:

feed 1.2 ... 3.6 l / s;

full head 12.8 ... 8.8 m;

nominal flow 2.5 l / s;

full head at nominal flow 11.4 m;

rotation speed 2900 rpm;

Pump efficiency 35 ... 45%;

electric motor power 1.1 kW.

2 pumps are accepted for the installation (one is working, the other is reserve).

The location of the pumps is taken in a separate building adjacent to the projected residential 5-storey building.

2. Internal and intra-quarter sewerage

Internal sewerage systems are designed to drain wastewater from buildings into an external sewerage system.

.1 Choosing an internal sewerage system

To divert wastewater from the five-story hotel, an economic and household sewerage system was adopted due to the absence of aggressive components in their wastewater.

hydraulic water supply sewer riser

2.2 Design and hydraulic calculation of internal sewerage

For the device of internal sewerage networks, cast iron and plastic pipelines are used. The method of connecting cast iron pipes is bell-shaped, and plastic pipes are thermally connected.

All internal sewerage networks are provided in a free-flow mode of fluid movement.

In this term paper for the equipment of the internal sewerage system of the building, cast-iron pipes are adopted, the mode of fluid movement is gravity.

2.2.1 Arrangement of risers

The necessary and sufficient number of sewer pipes are installed on the floor plan and on the basement plan.

In this course work, 6 sewer risers are accepted for installation.

2.2.2 Tracing of sewer networks

On the basement plan, sewer risers are combined into separate groups, and the issue of discharging wastewater outside the building is being resolved. Calculated areas are outlined.

2.2.3 Determination of estimated costs

Determine the maximum flow rate per second using the formula:

where qtot is the maximum second flow rate in the water supply system, l / s, determined by the formula

where? - dimensionless coefficient, taken according to app. B / 1 / and depends on the number of devices N (in this project N = 120) and the probability of their action Ptot, taken in accordance with clause 1.3.5 of this work, Ptot = 0.016; tot is the maximum second flow rate of the device, determined by app. B / 1 /; s - waste flow rate from the device, taken according to app. B / 1 /: s = 1.6 l / s for a toilet with a flush cistern. = 5 0.25 0.692 = 0.865 l / s = 0.865 + 1.6 = 2.465 l / s

2.2.4 Hydraulic calculation of the internal sewerage

Knowing the maximum second flow rate of wastewater qs and focusing on the speed of movement of wastewater 4 ... 8 ?? st? 0.7 m / s and the degree of filling 0.6? H / d? 0.3 by / 3 / the diameter of the pipes is finally selected, the speed of movement drains, the degree of filling of the pipe and the slope (d, v, h / d, i).

In this case, at each site, the condition must be met

where k is the coefficient taken for cast iron pipes equal to 0.6.

If this condition cannot be met, then this section of the pipeline is considered to be non-calculated and for it it is constructively accepted -

with d = 50 mm, the slope is 0.03 = 100 mm, the slope is 0.02 = 150 mm, the slope is 0.01.

The hydraulic calculation of the internal sewage system is summarized in table. 3.

Table 2 - Hydraulic calculation of the internal sewerage

Calculation section No.NPtotNPtot ?qtot, l / s q0s, l / s qs, l / sd, mmi ?, m / s Site StK1-1-2400,0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 without StK1-2-B400,0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 without StK1- 3-B200,0130,260,5020,62751,62,22751000,020,740,360,44 unrefined B-SK No. 1600,0130,780,8491,061251,62,661251000,050,80,420,52 unrefined StK1-6-5400, 0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 without stK1-5-A400,0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 without stK1-4-А200,0130, 260,5020,62751,62,22751000,020,740,360,44 without A-SK No. 2600,0130,780,8491,061251,62,661251000,020,80,420,52 without

2.2.5 Checking the throughput of sewer pipes

Checking the throughput of sewer risers is carried out using the M / 1 / application. For this, qs (l / s) is determined on one of the risers according to formula (2.1) and this flow rate is compared with table value qs tab.

The throughput of the riser, at which the stable operation of the hydraulic valves is ensured, will be if

< qsтабл. (2.4)

Checking risers:

StK1-1: d = 50 mm, qs = 1.36 l / s, qs tabl = 1.4 l / s - condition (2.4) is fulfilled

StK1-2: d = 50 mm, qs = 1.57 l / s, qs tabl = 1.4 l / s - condition (2.4) is not met, therefore, it is necessary to increase the diameter and take it equal to d = 100 mm.

For risers StK1-1, StK1-2, StK1-3, StK1-6, similarly to StK1-2, we take the diameter d = 100 mm.

Maximum throughput ventilated sewer riser at d = 100 mm qs tabl = 7.4 l / s, and according to calculations for risers StK1-7, ... StK1-13 qs = 2.37 ... 4.23 l / s, therefore condition (2.4) for these risers performed.

2.3 Design and hydraulic calculation of the intra-quarter sewage system

The intra-block sewerage network is designed from ceramic pipes with a minimum diameter of 150 mm. The distance between the observation wells is taken equal to 26.479 m. The connection method is bell-shaped, the depth of the placement depends on the depth of seasonal freezing and is calculated by the formula:

hall = hpr - e (2.5)

where hпр - the depth of seasonal soil freezing, taken on the assignment; e - the value of the talik, taken equal to 0.3 m for pipes with a diameter of 200 m hall = 2.7-0.3 = 2.4 m

The calculation results are summarized in Table 8.

Table 3 - Hydraulic calculation of the intra-quarter sewage system

Plot numberNPtotNPtot ?qtot, l / s q0s, l / s qs, l / sd, mm iv, m / sl, m Laying depth, m 2611,581,63,181500,010,717,40,3183,1183180,8180,62,482.65 According to the results of the hydraulic calculation, the longitudinal profile of the yard sewer is built.

3. Equipment specification

sink - 30 pcs

sink - 30 pcs

bath - 30 pcs

toilet bowl - 30 pcs

water meter unit - 1 piece

booster installation: gate valve - 4 pcs

valve - 4 pcs

pump - 2 pieces

pipes for water supply - galvanized steel according to GOST 3264 - 75 = 15 mm l = 19.8 m = 20 mm l = 49.8 m = 25 mm l = 32.7 m = 32 mm l = 11 m = 50 mm l = 19 m

sewage pipes - cast iron in accordance with GOST 9583 - 75 = 100 mm l = 274 m = 150 mm l = 28.6 m

Bibliography

1.P.M. Postnikov Design and calculation of internal water supply and sewerage of buildings: Method. decree. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of SGUPSa, 2004. - 40p.

2.Shevelev F.A., Shevelev A.F. Tables for hydraulic calculation of water pipes: Ref. allowance. - 6th ed., Add. And reworked. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1984 .-- 116 p.

.Lukinykh A.A., Lukinykh N.A. Tables for hydraulic calculation of sewer networks and siphons according to the formula of Acad. N.N. Pavlovsky. Ed. 4th, add. M., Stroyizdat, 1974 .-- 156 p.

.SNiP 2.04.01 - 85 *. Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings / Gosstroy USSR. M., 1986.

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Hot water supply system in hotel enterprises. Hot water in hotels is used for household, drinking and industrial needs. Therefore, she, as well as cold water used for these purposes must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. The temperature of hot water in order to avoid burns should not exceed 70 "C and be not lower than 60 ° C, which is necessary for industrial needs. Hot water supply in hotels can be: local, central centralized.

With local water supply, the water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water heaters, water heaters. In this case, water is heated directly at the places of its consumption.

In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use a central hot water supply system. With the central preparation of hot water, the water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in the individual heating station of the hotel building or in the central heating station, sometimes the water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. With district heating, water is heated in water heaters with steam or hot water coming from the city heating system.

The scheme of hot water supply networks can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through the circulation pipelines system. Dead-end schemes are provided with a constant drawdown. If the water withdrawal is periodic, then with such a scheme, the water in the pipelines during the absence of withdrawal will cool down, and during the water withdrawal it will flow to the water supply points with a low temperature.

This leads to the need for unproductive discharge of a large amount of water through the taps, if you want to get water with a temperature of 60-70 ° C. In a circuit with water circulation, this disadvantage is absent, although it is more expensive. Therefore, such a scheme is used in cases where the water intake is unstable, but it is required to maintain a constant water temperature during the water intake. Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation... Forced circulation is carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings.

It is used in buildings with more than two floors, and with a significant length of trunk pipelines. In one two-story buildings, with a small length of pipelines, it is possible to arrange a natural circulation of water through a system of circulation pipelines due to the difference in the volumetric mass of water at different temperatures. The principle of operation of such a system is similar to the principle of operation of a water heating system with natural circulation.

As in cold water supply systems, hot water lines can be with lower and upper wiring. The hot water supply system of a building includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and water pipes, and taps. 3.2 Water heating technology There is a good rule of thumb for hot water systems - maintaining the temperature at the lowest level that is acceptable for residents. It is noticed that corrosion and deposits mineral salts accelerate with increasing temperature.

A temperature of 60 ° C is considered the maximum temperature for normal consumption. If the residents consider the water to be hot enough at a temperature lower than the indicated one by 5-8 ° C, then so much the better. For special purposes when more hot water, for example dishwashers in apartments or in restaurants located in a residential building, separate re-heaters must be used. Just because dishwashers need water with a temperature of 70 ° C, there is no need to heat all hot water to this temperature.

Heaters at home dishwashers usually electric type... Hot water systems for general purposes are similar to heating systems. If, for example, an individual heating and cooling plant uses electricity as "fuel", the same source is provided for the hot water supply system. On the other hand, if the installation is designed for central heating, then hot water supply is often done as part of this system.

The subject of discussion is the choice of a method for heating water: using a boiler, a water heater, or a combination of both. If the project provides only one hot water boiler, the hot water supply must be heated by a separate device. This boiler can be shut down during the summer for preventive maintenance. Therefore, it is allowed to use installations with one unit only if the deprivation of hot water for several days a year will not irritate the residents.

When installing two or more boilers, it is advantageous to combine the hot water supply system with the heating system. In this case, the area of ​​the boiler room is saved and the initial costs are reduced. However, it should not be forgotten that water heating does not happen by itself. Therefore, if boilers of the heating system are used for hot water supply, their performance should be increased by the amount of heat that is consumed to heat water in the hot water supply system.

The load on the boiler depends on the orientation of the hotel, the temperature of the incoming cold water, etc .; Outside design temperature, ° С Load on the boiler for hot water supply,% -23 20 -12 25 -1 33 The more boilers in the installation, the more efficiently it works in summer period... If two boilers of the same capacity are provided, they will be too large for the load in summer, except in areas with very mild climates.

If there are five of them, then water heating will be economical even in the coldest regions. The mechanism for heating water from a central boiler plant is very simple. The most popular water heaters are a shell with a bundle of small diameter copper pipes enclosed in it. The heat carrier (steam or hot water from the boiler) washes the pipes from the outside, and the water for hot water supply flows inside them. The temperature or quantity of the heating medium is regulated depending on the temperature of the hot water so that it is sufficiently constant regardless of the water consumption. The advantage of this heater is its small footprint.

For example, for a 200-apartment building, the need for hot water is satisfied using a steam water heater with a diameter of 200 mm and a length of 2 m, which is easy to install in a boiler room. If an additional increase in project cost can be allowed, it is better to install two alternating heaters on the same foundation.

This recommendation is often neglected for the sake of lower upfront costs, assuming that a short interruption in hot water supply is not a disaster. It is good to have a spare tube bundle for quick replacement, however, as it can take days or even weeks to repair entire water heaters. Local water heaters can be used in the form of a boiler or heat exchanger installed specifically for this purpose. Very often, the process of heating water is carried out in one or more boilers, in which the water is heated directly by fuel, without an intermediate heat exchanger.

This fuel can be gas, oil or electricity, and the heater can have some capacity for heated water. The heat accumulators used in hot water supply systems work like a bank in which you invest money when there is a surplus, and then you spend it. This is due to the fact that water consumption throughout the day is far from uniform - the maximum is in the morning and evening rush hours. As a result, a difficult situation is created.

Let us explain this with the following example. Suppose that, according to the calculation, the total demand for hot water per day is 18,200 liters, and this demand is determined based on the study of statistical data over many years. At the same time, it is expected that the maximum flow rate will be from 7 to 8 am and will be 3400 liters. There are two extreme cases. In one case, the capacity of the installation is selected based on the need to heat 3400 liters of water per hour from the temperature from which cold water is supplied to a temperature of 52-60 ° C. Another extreme case will be if we assume that water is evenly consumed throughout the day. In our example, the flow rate will be 18,200 liters divided by 24 hours, i.e. 760 liters per hour. The accumulator is calculated in such a way that it can provide the peak demand for hot water in an hour of operation. In our example, the highest flow rate is 3400 liters, of which the water heater can produce 760 liters per hour. Therefore, the battery must add 2640 liters. The accumulator is a cylindrical steel tank. Hot water leaving the tank must be replaced with cold water.

About 75% of the tank's capacity can be replaced before the colder mixture changes the hot water supply temperature. Therefore, the useful capacity of the tank is 75% of the full capacity.

In our example, this means that the capacity of the storage tank should be 3520 liters. A particular benefit from the use of batteries is obtained for central systems. Smaller heater means the need for a smaller boiler, smaller chimney and more effective work as this heater is used more fully throughout the day. There are also serious disadvantages.

The battery takes up a lot of space and costs a lot of money, corrodes, requires maintenance and finally dismantling and replacement. However, all this is not the main criterion for choosing one of these extreme systems. Each project should be judged according to its own metrics. 3.3 Hot water circulation and system protection During the last night hours, when there is very little or no hot water consumption in a residential building, the temperature of the water standing still in the pipes drops to about the temperature of the hotel.

The first resident to wake up, when draining the water early in the morning, discovers that the water is cold and a large amount of water must be released before it becomes hot. The solution to this problem is to install an additional piping system that allows water to circulate slowly through the pipes and through the water heater.

Circulation can be carried out in a gravitational way, under the influence of the difference in the mass of the hottest and coolest water, just like water circulates in a heating system. Often for this purpose, set circulation pump... And the last issue that needs to be considered is the safety of the system. Since the water is heated by more than 4 ° C, it expands.

It will be shown below that the air collectors on the water lines dampen this expansion, but with a significant expansion or if the air collectors are overfilled with water, it is necessary to have a safety valve that would open automatically and, releasing a certain amount of water, relieve the pressure in the system. It is usually sufficient to dump a small amount of water. The second danger lies in the possible breakdown of the heater thermostats, which can lead to an unacceptably high heating of the water. This also forces the installation of a safety valve that does not allow very hot water to get to the consumer.

These two functions are usually assigned to the same valve, called a thermo-pneumatic safety valve. At any moment, completely unexpectedly, it can open completely. To protect people from injury, a pipeline is connected to the valve and diverted to a safe place, preferably directly above the wastewater receiver. This should be especially borne in mind when installing an individual water heater in a separate house. Reset from safety valve must be taken to a place where he can not harm anyone or anything. 3.4 Plumbing system Water piping should be resistant to erosion and corrosion.

Erosion is caused by the movement of water and corrosion is caused by chemical attack. For example, if there is air in steel pipes (and the incoming water always contains some amount of air), a chemical reaction occurs.

As a result, iron oxide, called rust, appears on them. Therefore, steel pipes for water supply are electrochemically coated with zinc. This process is called galvanizing. In addition to steel, copper, brass, cast iron, asbestos-cement mixtures and a large number of plastics are used as materials for the manufacture of pipes. Copper is an expensive material, but it works well and bonds well.

If possible, it is recommended to apply copper pipes for the device of high quality pipelines. Despite the fact that the composition of cast iron contains a lot of iron, which lends itself to corrosion, in the process of producing cast iron, chemical reactions, as a result of which it becomes corrosion-resistant. Therefore, cast iron pipes are often used for underground utilities, especially with a diameter of 75 mm and more, for which copper is expensive material... The greater the mass of cast iron pipes, the less suitable they are for laying inside the house, where it is very difficult to fix them. Asbestos-cement pipes are also difficult to work with.

They are mainly used for underground utilities. Plastic pipes have recently become very popular due to their reasonable price and ease of connection; they resist not only corrosion, but also the passage of electric current, which sometimes complicates the application metal pipes... A serious obstacle to the widespread use of plastic pipes is their unsuitability at high temperatures.

Such pipes should not be located near a boiler or furnace, the surface temperature of which is higher than 70 ° C. It is impossible to use them for the co-hotel of hot water supply networks, as it is very dangerous for human life and can lead to a serious breakdown of the pipeline system. The routing of cold water pipes in a building is similar to the structure of a tree: the input is the trunk of the tree, and the mains and outlets are its branches. In large hotels, valves are not installed on the main highways, so that during repair work in any part of the system, other consumers would not be left without water. If water pipes are hidden in building structures, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of access to the valves, and each valve must be identified with a specific part of the system that it serves.

Depending on the availability of space for laying the highways, the systems are with upper and lower wiring. (Fig. 4) In houses, the height of which allows the implementation of a water supply system without booster installation, make the lower distribution of highways with risers, through which the water rises to the consumer. If a system with an upper pressure tank is being built, then the upper distribution of the highways is made in the attic.

The hot water supply system can also be with upper and lower distribution lines. In six-story houses, a system with a bottom wiring is usually used. In the upper part of the hotel, each supply riser is connected to a circulating riser laid side by side.

Then the circulation risers are combined with a circulation line, which is laid in parallel with the supply. If the number of floors is more than six, then the length of the duplicate circulation risers increases accordingly, and the cost increases significantly. In this case, they prefer to bring each riser to the attic, and then combine these

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Hot and cold water supply technology for hotels

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ARRANGEMENT OF MINI-HOTELS

In recent years, in the most different corners In our country, there is an increase in the construction of small private hotels and boarding houses. Thanks to a flexible pricing policy, they are becoming popular among tourists. And the high profitability of this type of business makes investment in its development attractive for large and small private investors.

First of all, the "hotel boom" affected the Moscow region, the resort areas of the Krasnodar Territory (from Anapa to Adler), the Baltic coast (including St. Petersburg), as well as popular tourist places in the Urals, Altai and the Caucasus. As a rule, these are small buildings, in total area comparable to cottages, designed for a maximum of two to three dozen rooms and, often, having their own kitchen, restaurant and laundry.

Regardless of the "star rating" of the hotel, the owners have to solve a number of typical tasks for the arrangement of engineering systems of the building. Moreover, it is often not possible to connect to centralized heating and water supply networks, so you have to resort to autonomous solutions.

Water supply

Providing the hotel with high-quality clean water is one of the most pressing tasks. It is required for the functioning of bathrooms and sewerage systems, as well as for the operation of the kitchen and laundry. An autonomous water supply system involves the use of water sources such as a well or a well, depending on the daily need. According to Russian standards, water consumption per person ranges from 120 l / day (with shared bathrooms and shower rooms) to 300 l / day (with bathrooms in each room). That is, the average daily need of a hotel for ten to twenty rooms can be more than a dozen cubic meters of water. This should be taken into account when calculating the performance of water lifting equipment.

Autonomous water supply system in general view includes an automated water-lifting unit (pump), storage tank, as well as distribution pipelines and valves. The specific type of pump used depends on the height of the water rise.

At a water rise level of up to 7-8 m (from wells), surface self-priming pumps are used, which are connected to the well with a hose or pipeline. For such cases, we recommend compact automatic pumping stations, for example, Hydrojet JP manufactured by Grundfos with a flow rate of up to 4 m3 / h, having their own expansion tank volume up to 50 liters. They maintain a constant pressure in the system, no matter how many parsing points are currently in use. Such a supply will be enough to meet the needs of guests even during peak hours (morning and evening).

However, it is not always and not everywhere that a well can supply the hotel with such a large amount of water. So, owners often have to invest in drilling an artesian well, which is expensive (from $ 40 to $ 100 per linear meter at a depth of 40-200 m). In this case, the water-lifting equipment is a submersible borehole pump placed directly into the well. The most convenient pumps with electronic flow control (for example, Grundfos type SQE with a capacity of up to 9 m3 / h), which maintain a constant water pressure regardless of the flow rate. The pump automatically maintains the set pressure at varying flow rates using an integrated speed converter. This is important for the stable operation of water heaters, washing machines, dishwashers, etc.

Waste question

Another urgent task is the organization of effective drainage of sewage and waste water from bathrooms, toilets, sinks, etc. In well-developed areas with dense buildings, as a rule, you can use a centralized sewer collector. This is the easiest and most economical way to dispose of waste water. The building is equipped with a gravity sewage system, similar to that which functions in any multi-storey building.

But there are often situations when it is impossible to organize gravity, and the collector is laid too far. Then it is necessary to use pressure sewerage systems, produced in the form of compact ready-to-install sewer stations... They consist of storage capacity made of corrosion-resistant material, submersible pump, piping and fittings. If you place such a device in the basement of the hotel, then the wastewater will flow into it by gravity. When filling the tank, the automation switches on the pump, which, under the required pressure, empties the tank into the collective manifold.

In the absence of the possibility of connecting to the collective sewer, the hotel owners have to solve the problems of independent device collectors and treatment facilities - taking into account the tough sanitary requirements... Such an autonomous system can be based on a septic tank (a large periodically emptied tank), which will receive all the hotel's drains.

The task of removing waste water from bathrooms and toilets is solved with the help of compact automatic sewerage systems (such as the Grundfos Sololift +). They are a small reservoir with a built-in pump that is directly connected to plumbing fixtures (located under the sink or behind the toilet). When the tank is full, the automatic device switches on the small-sized submersible pump with a cutting device that pumps waste water into a sewer connected to a septic tank.

Heat supply of the hotel

Arrangement of an autonomous heating system not so important for seasonal boarding houses in seaside resorts, however, for year-round hotels it is an urgent need. It is interesting that even with the possibility of connecting to centralized heating networks, hotel owners often prefer to spend money on the device of an autonomous system. The reason is simple - thanks to the use of modern highly efficient equipment, the operation of an independent mini-boiler house is much cheaper than paying for centralized heat at constantly growing tariffs.

The main elements of an autonomous heat supply system are a heating boiler, a system for air supply and removal of combustion products, a circulation pump, pipelines and fittings (shut-off valves, fittings, etc.), as well as radiators or convectors. Electric heating systems that have appeared in recent years are too expensive to operate, so they cannot be considered as a real alternative to traditional solutions based on a mini-boiler house.

When choosing the most preferred type of fuel for the boiler, it should be noted that if the hotel is connected to main gas pipeline, then a gas boiler will be the most rational option. If there is no mains nearby, then it is possible to supply the boiler with gas from cylinders. However, there are many regions where diesel fuel is more affordable than gas. Then you should prefer a liquid fuel boiler. True, it will be necessary to solve the problem of storing large volumes of diesel fuel - on winter period a small hotel may require several tons of fuel.

Payment required power The boiler is produced depending on the total area of ​​the hotel and the climatic conditions of the area. To find out the most accurate value of the need for heat, you will have to take into account the thermal resistance of the building envelope and the temperature of the coldest five-day period of the year. But for a rough estimate, we can assume that for heating 10 sq. m of the building area, 1 kW of heat generator power is required. That is, for a small hotel of 1000 sq. m, a heating boiler with a capacity of 100 kW will be enough.

It is estimated that the heat supply system operates at full capacity no more than 20% of the entire heating period. So the owner has the opportunity to optimize the cost of heating equipment and fuel. For example, for heating a hotel of 1000 sq. m it is possible to install one condensing boiler RENDAMAX (MTS Group) with a capacity of 100 kW. Thanks to the modulating burner, it can reduce the power up to 20% of the nominal, for example, during thaws.

But you can go the other way: install, for example, four GENUS boilers from ARISTON with a capacity of 25 kW each, combining them into a cascade. These "smart" heat generators with weather regulation (using external temperature sensors) will be switched on sequentially when the heat demand increases. And in the most severe frosts, all boilers in the cascade will work at full capacity. Fuel savings with this type of connection will be very significant - and not at all to the detriment of the comfort of the guests.

When choosing the type of heating devices, it should be borne in mind that cast iron radiators not optimal for hotel rooms. Their high thermal inertness makes it impossible to effectively regulate the temperature in rooms. The best option there will be steel (for example, the Swiss manufacturer Zehnder) or aluminum radiators (for example, the Italian Faral) with excellent heat dissipation and high controllability.

To optimize heat consumption on all heating devices, it is also useful to have thermostats (for example, manufactured by Danfoss). The guests themselves will be able to establish a comfortable temperature regime for them in the room, and the supply of heat to those rooms that are this moment not used, can be reduced to a minimum.

Hot water supply

A hotel can hardly qualify for attention from tourists if it has problems with the availability of hot water. This even applies to private boarding houses at sea resorts, where the most seemingly undemanding Russians spend their holidays.

The problem of supplying a hotel with hot water can be solved in several ways - depending on the number of rooms and the availability of a kitchen, laundry, etc. water heater.

However, for year-round hotels, such a "budget" option is far from the most optimal in terms of operating costs. It would be much more practical to install one large electric or gas boiler (storage water heater), which will supply hot water to all points of analysis. After heating the water to the set temperature, the device will automatically maintain it at the level set by the user. Typically modern water heaters are well insulated to reduce energy consumption.

It is also useful to know how many hot water points will work at the same time (for example, to take a hot shower, you need up to 8 liters of hot water per minute), as well as how much hot water is required by the service infrastructure (restaurant / cafe, laundry, etc.) .). In any case, the capacity of the boiler should be chosen at least 200 liters. This volume is enough to cope with peak loads in the morning and evening hours. By the way, a very convenient option that allows you to reduce energy consumption for water heating is the use of a weekly programmer to control the boiler. For example, gas boilers of the NHRE series produced by ARISTON with a continuous flow of hot water (65 ° C) from 320 l / h can be configured in this way. If hot water is not planned to be disassembled in the next few hours, the device will not consume energy to constantly maintain the temperature in the tank (for example, at night).

An interesting solution for hotels located in the southern regions of our country is solar collectors. Such systems, which help to save on hot water supply, have already become very widespread in southern Europe and on the Mediterranean coast - both in private houses and in hotels, and now they are increasingly being used in our Kuban. Even in the Beijing Olympic Village currently under construction, buildings are being supplied with solar collectors (which will use MTS Group's Elco panels).

One of the advantages of modern collectors is the ability to work with diffuse solar radiation... As a result, even on a cloudy day the solar panel capable of heating water. It is estimated that at least 6 months a year, such systems can make a significant contribution to energy savings.

The design of the collector is a flat box with a transparent top panel through which the sun's rays pass. It contains a heat exchanger through which the coolant circulates. On the roof, next to the solar panel, a storage tank is installed, the capacity of which is selected based on the needs for hot water. The circulating pump drives water through the manifold for efficient heat exchange.

The heated water can be directly distributed to the draw-off points. But such a solar system can be duplicated by a traditional heat source. In this case, a storage tank with two heat exchangers is installed in the system (for example, a boiler indirect heating BS2S manufactured by ARISTON), one of which is connected to the solar collector, and the other to the heating circuit of the heating boiler.

As long as the sun is shining, the solar circulation pump is running. When the sunlight is not enough for heating, the heating boiler maintains an acceptable temperature of the water in the storage tank.

This scheme is good in that it makes the most of the solar heat and at the same time provides independence from the whims of the weather. As practice shows, with the help of such a system, it is possible to save from 30 to 80% of the energy spent on hot water supply, depending on the local climatic characteristics. It is estimated that this system pays for itself in 5-10 years (with a service life of 30-50 years).

There are no trifles for the success of a small hotel business, and any insignificant nuance can be decisive. Guests will not put up with the cold or lack of hot water and will prefer a more comfortable hotel, albeit for more money. Therefore, the device engineering systems building owners have to pay exceptional attention. They should not only provide comfort for tourists, but also be inexpensive to operate. In this sense, modern autonomous solutions based on high-tech reliable equipment are the most optimal investment.

ARISTON Press Service

Cold water supply system

Water is used in hotels for household and drinking needs- for drinking and personal hygiene of staff and guests; for production needs - for cleaning residential and public premises, watering the territory and green spaces, washing raw materials, dishes and cooking, washing workwear, curtains, bed and table linen, when providing additional services, for example, in a hairdresser, a sports and fitness center, as well as for fire fighting purposes.

The water supply system includes three components: a water supply source with structures and devices for the intake, purification and treatment of water, external water supply networks and an internal water supply located in the building.

Hotels located in cities and towns, as a rule, are supplied with cold water from the city (village) water supply. Hotels located in rural areas, in the mountains, on highways have a local water supply system.

The city water supply system uses water from open (rivers, lakes) or closed (groundwater) sources.

Water in the city water supply system must comply with the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. Before being supplied to the city water supply network, water from open sources of water supply always undergoes preliminary processing to bring its quality indicators in accordance with the requirements of the standard. Water from sealed water supplies usually does not need treatment. Water treatment is carried out at waterworks. When water is supplied from rivers, the stations are placed along the river flow above the settlements.

The structure of the waterworks includes the following, shown in Fig. 2.13 structures:

• * water intake devices;
• * pumps of the first rise;
• * sedimentation tanks and treatment facilities;
• * water storage tanks;
• * pumps of the second lift.

Second-lift pumps maintain the required pressure in the main pipelines and the city water pipeline system. In some cases, water towers are connected to the main pipeline system, which contain a supply of water and can create pressure in the water supply system by raising the water reservoirs to a certain height.

From the waterworks, water flows through the city water supply network to consumers.

Rice. 2.13.

1 - water intake structure; 2 - pumping station of the first rise; 3 -- treatment facilities; 4 -- clean water reservoirs; 5 - pumping station of the second rise; 6 -- water conduits; 7 - water tower; 8 - main water supply network

Urban water supply networks are constructed from steel, cast iron, reinforced concrete or asbestos-cement pipes. On them in the wells, valves are installed to turn off individual sections of the water supply network in case of an accident and repair, fire hydrants for water supply when extinguishing fires. The pipelines of the water supply network are located at a depth of at least 0.2 m below the depth of soil freezing in winter. Steel pipelines must have reliable waterproofing.

Internal water supply a building is a collection of equipment, devices and pipelines that supply water from central external water supply systems or from local water supply sources to water points in the building. Internal water supply in hotel buildings should be separate to meet economic and industrial and fire safety needs. Household drinking and industrial water pipelines are combined, since clean drinking water is used for household and industrial needs in hotels.

The internal water supply of the cold water supply system includes the following elements:

• * one or more inputs;
• * water metering unit;
• * filters for additional water purification;
• * booster pumps and water tanks;
• * system of pipelines with control valves (distribution lines, risers, connections);
• * water folding devices;
• * fire extinguishing devices.

In fig. 2.14 presented various schemes cold water supply systems.

By entering refers to the section of the pipeline that connects the internal water supply to the external water supply. The entry is made perpendicular to the building wall. For this, cast iron or asbestos-cement pipes are used. At the point where the input is connected to the external water supply network, a well and a valve are installed, which, if necessary, turns off the water supply to the building. In hotels, usually two inputs are arranged, which guarantees, firstly, an uninterrupted supply of cold water, and secondly, a sufficient supply of water to fire hydrants in the event of a fire.

Water metering unit designed to measure the flow of water at the enterprise. It is installed in a heated room immediately after passing through the input outer wall building. Water flow measurement is carried out using a water meter.

The water meter is designed in such a way that when a stream of water passes through it, an impeller (or impeller) is set in rotation, transmitting the movement to the arrow of the counter dial. Water consumption is indicated in liters or cubic meters.

Rice. 2.14.

a- a scheme with direct connection to the city water supply network (with the bottom dead-end wiring of the mains); b- a diagram with a water tank (with an upper dead-end wiring for the mains); v- with a booster pump (with a lower ring wiring of the line); G -- with a booster pump and a water tank (with a bottom dead-end wiring of the line); d- with a booster pump and a hydropneumatic tank (with a bottom dead-end wiring of the line); 1 -- city ​​water main; 2 -- shut-off valve; 3 -- water supply; 4 -- water meter; 5 - drain cock; 6 -- main pipeline; 7 - riser; 8-- shut-off valve on the riser; 9 -- branches to water points; 10 -- booster pump; 11 -- water tank; 12 - float valve; 13 -- check valve; 14 -- hydropneumatic tank; 15 - compressor

The water meter is selected according to the reference data depending on the calculated maximum hourly (second) water consumption at the inlet.

In four- and five-star hotels, the water from the city water supply must pass through additional cleaning at water treatment stations. Target additional processing- to obtain water that meets international quality standards.

The diagram of the water treatment plant is shown in Fig. 2.15. At water treatment stations, water is passed through special filters consisting of layers of quartz, river sand, activated carbon, disinfected using an ultraviolet irradiation lamp (UFO), and various additives are introduced into the water composition.

The UFO lamp kills the microbes contained in the water, softens it. The lamp life should not exceed one year.

As an additive, alkali NaOH is used, which is automatically injected into water through special holes in the pipeline. The purpose of water treatment with NaOH is to bring it to an acidity level of pH = 8.2. Salts can also be added to water: NaCl and А12 (SO4) 3.

The choice of the scheme of the cold water supply system in the hotel building depends on the available pressure (Pa) in the external water supply network at the entrance to the building. For the normal supply of water to all water points of the internal water supply system, the required pressure (Pa) in the external water supply network must be at least:

Where is the pressure required to raise water from the inlet to the highest point, Pa; - pressure loss in the water metering unit, Pa; - pressure loss at the water treatment plant, Pa; - pressure loss in pipelines, Pa; - the required free head at the highest-located draw-off point, Pa.

Rice. 2.15.

The pressure in the internal water supply network should not exceed 0.6 MPa.

Depending on the ratios of values ​​and the building is equipped with one of the cold water supply systems.

When>, a constant supply of water to all water points of the building is ensured and the most simple system water supply without a booster pump and a water tank (see Fig. 2.14, a).

If constantly at certain hours of the day< , и поэтому периодически обеспечивается подача воды к ряду водоразборных точек, устраивают систему водоснабжения с water pressure or hydropneumatic tank(see fig. 2.14, b).

During periods when? , the water tank is filled with water, and when< , вода из водонапорного бака расходуется для внутреннего потребления.

Provided that a significant part of the time< , устраивают систему водоснабжения с booster pumps or with booster pumps and a water-pressure (or hydropneumatic) tank (see Fig. 2.14, c - e).

In the latter version, the pump operates periodically, filling the tank, from which the system is supplied with water. The water tank is installed at the top of the building. The hydropneumatic tank is located at the bottom of the building. The rooms in which the pumps are installed must have heating, lighting and ventilation. The building can be serviced by one or more pumps installed in parallel or in series. If the building is served by one pump, then the network must be connected and the second pump is a standby one. Pumps are selected taking into account their performance and the generated head.

For the internal water supply system use steel (galvanized) or plastic pipes. Pipelines are laid open and closed in building structures. Horizontal sections to ensure the drainage of water are laid with a slope towards the inlet. The water supply system, depending on the scheme, can be with an upper or lower water distribution.

The diameter of the pipeline is determined according to special tables, depending on the number of draw-off (water-consuming) points and their sizes.

The diameter of the mains of the systems of the economic, industrial and fire-fighting water supply system is taken to be at least 50 mm.

Internal water supply systems are equipped with pipeline and water fittings.

Pipeline fittings are designed to shut off pipeline sections for the period of repair, regulate pressure and flow in the system. Distinguish between shut-off, control, safety and control pipeline valves.

Gate valves and valves are used as shut-off and control valves. Gate valves are made of cast iron and steel, and valves are also made of brass. Shut-off valves are installed at the inlet, risers and branches.

Safety valves include safety and check valves, to the control - level indicators, control taps, taps for manometers.

Water-folding fittings include various taps at the points of water parsing: wall, toilet, cistern, watering, urinal, flush taps, as well as mixer taps for sinks, bathtubs, showers, washbasins, pools, washing machines, etc.

Fire-fighting plumbing

Water is the most common extinguishing medium. Possessing a high heat capacity, it cools combustible substances to a temperature lower than the temperature of their self-ignition, and blocks the access of air to the combustion zone with the help of the generated vapors. A jet of water directed under a high pressure exerts a mechanical effect on the fire, knocking down the flame and penetrating into the depths of the burning object. Spreading over a burning object, water wets parts of buildings that have not yet been engulfed in fire and protects them from burning.

To extinguish the fire, water is supplied from the existing water supply system. In some cases, it can be supplied using pumps from natural or artificial reservoirs.

Internal fire-fighting water supply is provided by installing risers with fire hydrants in the building. Fire hydrants posted on staircases, in the corridors and separate rooms of hotels at a height of 1.35 m from the floor in special lockers marked "PC". The equipment of the fire locker is shown in Fig. 2.16. In addition to the crane, the locker must contain a 10 or 20 m long tarpaulin sleeve and a metal fire barrel (hose). The sleeve has quick-release nuts at the ends for connection with the barrel and valve of the crane. The sleeves are placed on a revolving shelf or wound onto a reel. The distance between fire hydrants depends on the length of the hose and should be such that the entire area of ​​the building is irrigated with at least one stream. The use of sleeves of the same length and diameter is allowed in the building.

Rice. 2.16.

a -- with swivel shelf; b- with a coil; 1 -- cabinet walls; 2 -- fire hydrant; 3 -- fire stand; 4 - fire barrel; 5 - fire hose; 6 -- swivel shelf;

7 - coil

In hotels located in multi-storey buildings, the internal fire-fighting water supply system also includes automatic fire extinguishing means that localize the source of ignition, blocking the path of the spreading flame and flue gases, and extinguishing the fire. Automatic fire extinguishing systems include sprinkler and deluge systems. Diagrams of sprinkler and deluge fire-fighting water supply systems are shown in Fig. 2.17.

Sprinkler systems serve for local extinguishing of fires and ignitions, cooling building structures and signaling a fire.

The sprinkler system includes a system of pipelines laid under the ceiling and filled with water, and sprinkler sprinklers, the openings of which are closed with fusible locks. When ready, the sprinkler system is pressurized. When the room temperature rises, the sprinkler lock melts and the water jet from the sprinkler, hitting the outlet, breaks over the fire. At the same time, the water comes to the signaling device, which gives a signal about the fire. The area protected by one sprinkler is about 10 m2. Sprinkler sprinklers are installed in living rooms, corridors, office and public areas of hotels.

Rice. 2.17.

a- sprinkler system; b- deluge system; 1 - sprinkler sprinkler; 2 - distribution manifold; 3 -- connecting pipeline; 4-- water tank; 5 - control and signal valve; b - water supply valve; 7 - water riser; 8 - deluge sprinkler; 9-- incentive pipeline; 10 - water main

Deluge systems are designed to extinguish fires over the entire calculated area, create water curtains in the openings of fire walls, above fire doors dividing the corridors of the hotel into sections, and fire alarms. Deluge systems can be with automatic and manual (local and remote) switching on. Deluge systems consist of a system of pipelines and sprinklers, but unlike a sprinkler system, water sprinklers do not have locks and are constantly open. A water supply valve with a temperature-sensitive lock is installed in the pipeline supplying water to a group of sequentially located sprinklers. In the event of a fire, the lock opens the valve and water flows from all deluge heads to extinguish the fire or create a curtain. A fire alarm is triggered at the same time.

The performance of sprinkler and deluge installations depends on their Maintenance, which consists of the implementation of a number of activities provided for in the instructions for their operation.

Hot water system

Hot water in hotels is used for household, drinking and industrial needs. Therefore, it, like the cold water used for these purposes, must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. The temperature of hot water in order to avoid burns should not exceed 70 ° С and be not lower than 60 ° С, which is necessary for production needs.

Hot water supply in hotels can be local, central or centralized.

At local In water supply, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water heating, hot water columns. In this case, water is heated directly at the places of its consumption. In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use a central hot water supply system. At central When preparing hot water, the water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in the individual heating station of the hotel building or in the central heating station, sometimes the water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. At centralized In heating supply, water is heated in water heaters with steam or hot water coming from the city heating network.

The scheme of hot water supply networks can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through the circulation pipelines system. Dead-end schemes provide for a constant drawdown. If the water withdrawal is periodic, then with such a scheme, the water in the pipelines during the absence of withdrawal will cool down, and during the water withdrawal it will flow to the water supply points with a low temperature. This leads to the need for unproductive discharge of a large amount of water through the taps, if you want to get water with a temperature of 60 - 70 "C.

In the scheme with circulation of water this disadvantage is absent, although it is more expensive. Therefore, such a scheme is used in cases where the water intake is unstable, but it is required to maintain a constant water temperature during the water intake.

Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation. Forced circulation is carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings. It is used in buildings with more than two floors, and with a significant length of trunk pipelines. In one-, two-story buildings with a small length of pipelines, it is possible to arrange for natural circulation of water through the system of circulation pipelines due to the difference in the volumetric mass of water at different temperatures. The principle of operation of such a system is similar to the principle of operation of a water

heating with natural circulation. As in cold water supply systems, hot water lines can be with lower and upper wiring.

The hot water supply system of the building includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and taps.

As hot water generators in central hot water supply systems, high-speed water-water and steam-water water heaters are used, as well as capacious water heaters.

Principle of operation high-speed water-to-water heater, shown in Fig. 2.18, consists in the fact that the heat carrier - hot water coming from the boiler room of a hotel or a centralized heating system - passes through brass tubes located inside a steel pipe, the annular space of which is filled with heated water.

Rice. 2.18.

a- one-section; b- multisection; 1 and 7 - nozzles for water inlet; 2 - confuser; 3 and 5 - branch pipes for water outlet; 4 -- water heater section; 6 - thermometer connection; 8 - jumper; 9 -- knee

Rice. 2.19.

V high speed steam water heater hot steam supplied to the heater body heats the water passing through the brass tubes located inside the body.

The design temperature of the coolant in the water-to-water heater is taken to be 75 ° C, the initial temperature of the heated water is 5 ° C, and the speed of movement of the heated water is 0.5 - 3 m / s. High-speed water heaters are used in systems with a uniform water flow and high water consumption.

Capacious water heaters used in systems with variable and low water consumption. They allow not only heating, but also storage of hot water.

Three-, four- and five-star hotels must have backup hot water system at the time of accidents or preventive maintenance. Industrial electric water heaters can be used for a backup hot water supply system. In fig. 2.19 presents an electric industrial water heater "OSO" (Norway). The capacity of the tank of such a water heater is from 600 to 10 000 liters, the range of water temperature adjustment is from 55 to 85 ° C. The inner tank is made of copper-plated stainless steel. In the hot water supply system, there can be several water heaters operating in parallel.

The pipelines of the hot and cold water supply system are a single complex of the hotel's economic and industrial supply system and are laid in parallel.

The taps are equipped with mixer taps that allow a wide range of water temperatures (from 20 to 70 ° C) to be obtained by mixing hot and cold water.

For the hot water system, galvanized steel or plastic pipes are used to avoid corrosion. For the same reason, connections of steel pipes and fittings must be threaded. To reduce heat loss and prevent water cooling, main pipelines and risers are thermally insulated. Water-folding and pipeline fittings in hot water supply systems are made of brass or bronze with seals that can withstand temperatures up to 100 ° C.

Operation of water supply systems

After completion of all installation work on the structure or overhaul cold or hot water supply systems begin to acceptance into operation. Acceptance begins with an inspection of all equipment and pipelines of water supply systems. The noticed deficiencies are entered into the defective statement. They are subject to elimination within the specified time frame.

Then, after eliminating the identified deficiencies, testing the water supply system for tightness. In this case, the fittings of all water points must be closed. The test consists in filling the pipelines with water using a hydraulic press, raising the pressure in the pipelines to the operating value. When leaks appear, minor installation defects are eliminated, the pipe connections are tightened with each other, with equipment and fittings, and the glands are sealed. Upon completion of these works hydraulic press create a pressure in the pipelines above the working pressure by 0.5 MPa and maintain the system under this pressure for 10 minutes. During this period, the pressure should not rise by more than 0.05 Pa. If this requirement is met, the system is deemed to have passed the tightness test. Simultaneously with the pipeline networks, hot water heaters are tested under pressure.

Upon completion of work on checking the tightness of the water supply system, carry out it trial run. During a test run, they check the sufficiency of the supply of cold and hot water to all taps, determine the compliance of the water temperature with the required value (65 - 70 ° C), check the absence of noise during the operation of the pump and its overheating, draw up an act.

Correct and reliable performance the internal water supply system depends on the conditions of its operation, proper supervision and maintenance.

The main operating conditions are: elimination of water leakage, prevention of freezing of water in the pipes of the network and sweating of the surface of pipelines, low water pressure, control of noise from water fittings when they are opened.

During the period of operation, the cold and hot water supply systems carry out periodic inspections systems by setting the following:

• * serviceability of the valves of the water metering unit and water meter, pumping equipment;
• * no water leaks in fittings and equipment connections;
• * serviceability of equipment for heating water;
• * serviceability of main pipelines, risers, connections;
• * serviceability of water-folding fittings.

Water leak through pipelines usually occurs when they are damaged due to corrosion. With an open laying of pipelines, damaged pipes are easy to find and replace, with hidden ones, it is very difficult to detect a leak.

The main water leakage occurs through the water taps due to wear sealing gaskets, damage or depletion individual parts nodes. Worn or damaged elements must be replaced or repaired.

To avoid damage to the water supply due to freezing pipes when the heating system is turned off and the temperature in the premises drops to 3 ° C, it is necessary to drain the water from the pipelines.

During the operation of the water supply system, situations may arise in which little or no water flows to the taps. This can be caused by: insufficient pressure at the entrance to the building; clogging of the water meter grid or installing a water meter of insufficient caliber; pump malfunction; a decrease in the flow area of ​​pipelines due to fouling of the pipe walls with salt deposits or the ingress of foreign objects and rust. To eliminate the listed reasons, it is necessary:

• * install a pump to increase the pressure in the pipeline system of the building;
• * clean or replace the water meter;
• * fix or replace the pump valve;
• * clean water pipes and fittings.

During the operation of the water supply system, there may also be noises in pipelines. Vibration and noise occur when the pump is worn out and improperly installed when pipes are rigidly embedded in building structures.