Often, when building private houses, preference is given to pitched roof, however, there are also buildings with a flat roof, and as a result, very curious architectural objects are obtained. If a decision is made to equip this structure, then you need to be prepared for some difficulties. There are pros and cons of a flat roof, the nuances of its installation.

Pros and cons of a flat roof

It should be noted from the very beginning that a flat roof for a private house is not ideal. horizontal surface. It also has a slope, only a small one (from 1 to 5 degrees). The following main advantages of the roof can be distinguished:

• the overlap of the upper floor will serve as a supporting structure for the roof;
• the same height of the space under the roof will allow it to be used as a full-fledged room;
• gives the house an original look;
• the possibility of using the roof surface (for example, you can equip a summer terrace there);
• simplifies repair work and makes them safer.

The disadvantages include:

• stringent requirements for the waterproofing layer of the roofing cake;
• the need to install an internal drain;
• high degree of snow load.

From the above, it follows that a flat roof is a good solution, provided that all roofing work is carried out to a high standard and the requirements are taken into account.

Basis for mounting a flat roof

What will be the overlap of the upper floor directly depends on design features ceilings throughout the house. As a rule, it is performed using the same material as the ceiling between floors.

The most common options are prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete floors, profiled sheet ceilings with metal support beams.

Possible option with wooden floor. The fundamental difference from the overlap between floors is the presence of a laid insulation and high-quality waterproofing.

Roofing cake options

The type of roofing cake is determined by the nature of its location and purpose. It can be performed in the classic version or made inverted.

The classic roof has the following composition: ceiling, concrete or expanded clay concrete screed, vapor barrier, thermal insulation material, roofing with a high degree protection against moisture (mainly bituminous materials).

In the inversion structure, the arrangement is different: overlap, slope, multilayer waterproofing, heat-insulating material, vapor barrier and, finally, the pressure layer. The latter can be made from concrete slabs, gravel, ceramic tiles etc.

The name of the inversion roof was due to the mirror arrangement of the layers of hydro and vapor barrier in relation to the insulation (unlike the classic version).

This type of roofing is ideal for exploited roofs. However, the complexity of the technology makes such roofs a rare exception in the field of private construction.

The technology itself is expensive, since the massiveness of the structure makes the necessary creation solid ceiling of the upper floor.

load-bearing structures require detailed calculation at the design stage, and the layering of the cake brings with it significant costs.

Below we will only consider classic version roofing pie, which is often equipped modern houses with a flat roof.

roofing material

The material for the roof, namely vapor barrier, waterproofing, insulation and the coating itself, must be of high quality.

Vapor barrier in progress special membranes, not perforated films. It is undesirable to use polyethylene as a waterproofing, since the material does not have the necessary reliability.

Insulation for installation flat roof is selected taking into account the snow load, as well as the load coming from people working on the roof during repairs.

The insulation must be durable and resistant to a humid environment. It can be polystyrene foam, high-density mineral wool, expanded clay.

The efficiency of the latter is not so high, therefore, when choosing it as a heater, it is necessary to achieve a large thickness of the layer being laid. This increases the load on the supporting structures.

The coating is made from rolled materials: roofing material, linochrome, hydroisol, etc., and bulk mastics are also used. Roll material is considered the most optimal for use in the arrangement of a flat roof.

Roofing technology

Flat roof construction involves the following workflow steps. The slope of the roof, albeit small, is achieved by creating a slope.

In doing so, you can use bulk material(expanded clay), foam concrete (it is advisable to contact specialists), warmer. From above, the slope is covered with a waterproofing layer, after which the process of laying the roofing begins.

The next step is laying the first layer. A roll is rolled out, then it is heated with a gas burner and glued to the base.

It is important to ensure that the sheets overlap each other and the material is applied to all vertical roof objects (parapets, pipes, etc.).

Three layers of lining and one finishing layer are laid on a flat roof.

The stage of laying the coating is a laborious process, especially if you want to use adhesive mastic.

Overhead gutters, an internal drainage system are used for the drainage device.

In the case when all the work related to the arrangement of the roof is done correctly, you will have an excellent opportunity to proudly declare the originality of your residential creation. And the photo taken of a house with a flat roof will join the ranks of original design solutions on the network.

Photo of houses with a flat roof

The construction of a gable or hip roof not always rational and expedient, if we are talking about outbuildings, industrial and commercial facilities, and sometimes private houses in modern style. Large consumption of material, complex rafter system make the construction of these structures economically unprofitable, protracted undertaking. While flat roof projects greatly reduce construction costs, build quickly and are suitable for almost any structure.

A house with a flat roof is reliably protected from increased wind load. However, without slopes, it cannot quickly drain rain and melt water from the roof surface.

The situation is complicated by the fact that the surface of roofing materials has a rough structure that does not allow moisture and snow to slide off freely. Therefore, a do-it-yourself flat roof device must comply with the stringent requirements of building codes for waterproofing, ramping and construction technology.

The structure of the roofing pie

Need high level protection against moisture forces the roofing materials of a flat roof to be arranged in layers, one above the other, forming the so-called "pie". If we consider its device in section, we can see the following layers:

1. Flat base made of concrete slabs or profiled metal sheets. It provides structural rigidity, bears the weight of the roofing pie, transferring it to the load-bearing partitions and, as a result, to the foundation. At the exploited roof, the base should be as rigid as possible.
2. vapor barrier. A layer that is necessary in order to protect a flat roof from the penetration of vapors from internal heated rooms into the thickness of the insulation. Settling on thermal insulation in the form of condensate, water irrevocably reduces its insulating properties by more than two times. As the simplest vapor barrier, polyethylene film or bitumen-based coatings are used.
3. insulation. For thermal insulation of a flat roof, backfill materials are used, such as expanded clay, perlite, slag, rolled, for example, mineral wool and in the form of plates, in particular expanded polystyrene. By the way, insulation is used not only to regulate temperature regime, but also for flat-roofed houses. The main requirements for insulation are low hygroscopicity and thermal conductivity, light weight.
4. Waterproofing. Flat roofing allows the use of roofing to protect against moisture roll materials: bituminous, polymeric and bitumen-polymeric. In addition to high waterproofing qualities, they must be resistant to temperature extremes, elasticity, and long service life.

Types of roofing and the nuances of their installation

The device of a flat roof determines the design and nature of use. AT certain types that require a special approach during construction, the following are distinguished:

Roof installation for unheated buildings

If a flat roof is erected with your own hands for an unheated utility room, for example, a shed, gazebo, shed or extension, the slope is organized using support beams.

They are installed at an angle of 3 degrees, which is 30 mm per linear meter of the length of the beam. Then a base is laid on the beams from unedged boards, fixing them with nails or self-tapping screws.

Roofing material is used as a waterproofing agent - the most affordable material. It is produced and sold in the form of rolls. Carry out the cutting of the waterproofing, cutting the strips so as to lay them in the direction of the slope of the flat roof.

Strips of roofing material are laid in stages with an overlap of 10-15 cm and fixed wooden slats or steel strips every 60-70 cm in the direction of the drain, so as not to block the path of flowing moisture. Flat roof unheated premises can be easily mounted with their own hands, even by one worker without the help of helpers.

Roof installation for heated buildings

If they are building a private house with a flat roof, which they plan to connect to the heating system, then the work takes place in the following order:

To build a house with a flat roof, the length of which exceeds 6 m, a bar with a section of 150x150 mm or more, or a steel I-beam, is used for the manufacture of support beams.

Monolithic concrete roof

Another option for building a flat roof with your own hands is to use monolithic concrete. The process looks like this:

Decline process

- the device of a small angle of the roof surface for organizing a drain. Before building a house with a flat roof, it is better to decide in advance which drain you will install, internal or external, and make a drawing.

If provided, water should drain with the help of a ramp into the water-catching funnels, which are located 1 per 25 sq.m or more often. If you make an external drain, then moisture should fall into the gutter. The slope is formed by the following methods:

A flat roof without a proper slope is an unreliable shield between you and the weather. Moisture that has no way out will accumulate on the surface of the roof, provoke the destruction of the roof and leaks.

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Flat roof houses - options and projects

AT recent times there is a growing interest in low-rise flat roof projects. Architects and developers are attracted by these unusual buildings, where you can equip an observation platform or even set up a real hanging garden. Of course, in practice everything is more complicated than in theory.

The design of a flat roof raises many questions regarding its cost, the choice of materials for insulation and waterproofing, the organization of water flow, maintenance and operation of the roof. Finding answers to them is not easy. The fact is that domestic contractors working in the field of cottage and summer cottage construction are well aware of the most popular design - pitched, and, as a rule, they do not have experience in erecting flat roofs arranged in a completely different way.

Which roof will be cheaper?

Immediately noteworthy is the fact that the area of ​​​​a flat roof is less than a pitched one, which means that it will be required less materials and the labor will be cheaper. However, this statement is true only for regions with a warm climate and low snow load, moreover, if we are talking about an unexploited roof. AT middle lane To ensure the reliability and durability of a horizontal roof, Russia needs to use quite expensive engineering solutions.

It turns out that 1 m 2 of a flat concrete or steel base, load bearing capacity which will withstand the weight of the snow cover, costs 2-2.5 times more than a wooden beam structure pitched roof. The difference in the volumetric flow rate of the insulation is offset by the fact that a flat roof requires a more expensive high-density material. There is still hope to save on roofing, however, modern polymer membranes - optimal waterproofing for horizontal roofs - are no cheaper (and sometimes much more expensive) than flexible tiles.

You won’t need to install snow retainers, but you can’t do without a roof hatch and a drainage system. If you try to reduce the cost of the estimate, then later you will have to pay with the need to repair the roof every 10-15 years.

Finally, it should be noted that flat roofs are only suitable for houses. modern architecture- With large area glazing and sophisticated finishes with the latest facade materials. That and others won't be cheap.

Flat roof cover

As a rule, in low-rise housing construction, flat roofing is a prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete slab.

Reinforced concrete slabs (PB, hollow core PC, PV, etc.) are able to cover a span up to 9 m long and withstand a pressure of 8, 9 or 12.5 kPa (this value is indicated by the last digit in the product marking). They can serve as a "base" for any roofing pies, including those with top layer paving slabs or fertile soil. However, for the installation of the structure, it will be necessary to ensure the arrival of a truck crane site (while steel beams and decking are easy to lift with winches). The depth of support of the ceiling on the wall depends on the material of the latter - for example, for a brick, this parameter should be equal to the thickness of the slab. Before proceeding with the installation of the roof, it is important to seal the joints of the elements with mortar and additionally seal them with an elastic polymer tape. A monolithic w\6 floor is erected from heavy concrete using a removable (for example, from OSB boards on jack stands) or fixed (from corrugated board) formwork. It is reinforced with a two- or four-level welded frame made of bars with a diameter of 12 mm or more. The dimensions of a monolithic slab are not regulated (unlike a prefabricated one), which provides the architect with freedom in designing a building; other pluses are the absence of seams, the relative simplicity of the arrangement of passage units (chimney, ventilation ducts) and high bearing capacity (subject to the technological regulations).

beam ceiling

In principle, when erecting a ceiling, a combination of beams (wooden, steel) and a supporting corrugated board can be used. However, experts do not recommend the use of wooden beams (with the exception of those made of LVL beams with a cross section of 200 * 100 mm) in regions where the snow cover pressure exceeds 1.2 kPa (about 120 kgf / m 2) - that is, in most of the territory of the Russian Federation. Roofing made of steel I-beams and corrugated board with a wave height of 60 mm and a wall thickness of 0.7 mm makes it possible to cover a span of up to 12 m and withstands a pressure of at least 6 kPa. But in general, it is less durable than concrete, and is relatively rarely used in individual construction. It is wiser to use corrugated board as fixed formwork, which, by the way, does not eliminate the need to build a reinforcing cage.

Types of flat roof

In the low-rise sector, mostly non-attic flat roofs are in demand, because the attic requires additional costs and violates the architectural proportions of the house. So, the roof should protect from the winter cold and summer heat. Wherein common feature flat roofs lies in the fact that the heat-insulating layer is located on top of the supporting structure (in pitched roofs it is usually located between the rafters). If the room is insulated from below, the dew point may shift into the thickness of the ceiling, which will lead to a reduction in the service life of the latter.

There are special requirements for thermal insulation for a flat roof. The material should not only have a low coefficient of thermal conductivity, but also resist mechanical loads well - both distributed (pressure of the higher layers of the roofing cake, equipment, snow) and local ones that occur during installation. In addition, it is important that the material has hydrophobic properties and is non-combustible. On the this moment There are several ways to install thermal insulation: using mechanical fasteners, adhesive and free laying. In addition to the traditional two-layer insulation, one-layer laying is becoming an increasingly popular solution.

As for the options for the execution of the roof, there are dozens of them. Suffice it to say that only in SP 17.13330.2011 there are more than 40 "recipes". At the same time, manufacturers of coatings and insulation offer more and more new engineering solutions. However, they are always based on one of two circuit diagrams- traditional or inversion.

Traditional flat roof construction in in general terms is as follows: laid on top of the supporting base vapor barrier film(polypropylene, polyethylene, 6-tumno-polymer), then follows a heater, for example, mineral wool slabs with a compressive strength at ten percent deformation of at least 30 kPa, in one or two layers with a total thickness of 200 mm or more. Above is a separating layer (for example, from a polyethylene film), along which a reinforced slope-forming screed is poured (a flat roof must be given a slope of 2-3% to the center or edges to ensure water flow). The dried screed serves as the basis for a rolled or mastic waterproofing coating.

Other options are also possible.

For example, a slope-forming screed can be placed at the very bottom of the pie; in this case roof waterproofing fixed with gravel ballast, paving slabs on supports or special dowels. Some materials, for example, the "RUF SLOPE" (Rockwool) or "TechnoNIKOL Slant" system, allow you to do without a screed at all: the plates have a variable thickness, and with their help it is easy to create smooth level drops to ensure water flow.

Flat roofs are classified into unexploited and exploited. The former are visited only for revision, prevention and repair; for this purpose, a roof hatch is equipped, to which it leads attic stairs. The operated roof in cottages most often serves as a terrace, that is, a durable wear-resistant coating must be laid on it, and the supporting base is designed for increased loads. A variety of exploited - a roof with landscaping, lined with a sod layer on top of the main heat-hydro-insulating cake; usually it is arranged with paths and a recreation area. A convenient exit should be provided for the operated roof, for example, from a vestibule superstructure.

inverted roof it is arranged differently: in it, a heater resistant to constant exposure to water (usually extruded polystyrene foam - EPS) is located on top of the waterproofing. At the same time, the latter is reliably protected from mechanical damage and is in the zone of positive temperatures (freeze-thaw cycles are destructive for almost any material). It is easy to turn an inverted roof into an exploitable one, for example, by filling the insulation with a drainage layer of sand gravel and laying paving slabs. The disadvantages of the design include a more complex drainage system. However, drains need to be discussed separately.

For exploited roofs, as well as roofs arranged in regions with harsh climatic conditions, the inversion scheme is ideal. Since the waterproofing layer is located under the thermal insulation layer, it is protected from mechanical stress, as well as from temperature extremes and UV radiation, which significantly extends the life of the roofing system. Waterproofing materials based on modified bitumen must be laid in at least two layers - this technology is more common, and in addition, it allows you to level out possible errors during the deposition of the material. A single layer is sufficient for a polymer membrane, and automatic welding equipment ensures reliability, which greatly increases the speed of work. In addition, an open flame is not used when installing a polymer membrane, so the technology is considered safer.

Coil materials based on modified bitumen are usually deposited gas burner(a), while it is difficult to prevent small flaws that can cause leakage (if there is no second layer). The quality of welding of PVC coating strips (6) is much easier to control

Drainage and water protection system of a flat roof

A flat roof is equipped with a parapet (attic) 30-90 cm high, which helps to ensure organized water drainage; on the operated roof, it also serves as a safety fence. At the same time, the design of gutters should be approached very responsibly, because in the event of an error, a huge puddle can form above your head, which threatens to leak and damage the supporting structures.

As a rule, the choice is made in favor of an internal drain. Such a system is less exposed to the atmosphere and therefore more durable and reliable than the outdoor one. Let's talk more about its main elements. Drainage funnels are installed on low sections of the roof. As a rule, two funnels are mounted on roofs up to 150 m 2 - the main one, connected to the riser, and the emergency one, with water discharge through a hole in the parapet. With an increase in the number of funnels and risers, the reliability of the system increases, but its cost also increases.

Flat roofs are in demand in modular construction. Among the advantages of this method are the affordable cost and high speed of housing construction, as well as the possibility of a phased increase in its area.

For inverted and green roofs, special funnels with drainage rings have been developed to collect moisture from the intermediate layers. Water receivers must be equipped with electric heating based on a self-regulating cable - then they will properly perform their function during alternating thaws and frosts.

In systems of a new type, the so-called siphon-vacuum systems, special funnels are used to prevent air from being sucked into the water flow. Thanks to them, the speed of fluid movement in the pipe (and hence the throughput of the latter) increases, which makes it possible to reduce the diameter of the system elements. However, for low-rise buildings, the savings turn out to be insignificant, moreover, such systems require more accurate calculations than gravitational ones.

The gutter riser is made of sewer pipes- polypropylene, PVC, and it makes sense to use noise-absorbing products, such as RAUPIANO Plus (REHAU), or soundproof the riser, otherwise you will hear the murmur of water for hours. The riser is attached to the funnel using an elastic coupling. When laying pipes, minimize the number of bends and the length of horizontal sections that reduce throughput systems. A drainage pipe laid in the basement or insulated underground connects the riser to the rain sewer or provides water discharge into the linear drainage tray.

In the second case, there is a risk of clogging the outlet with ice, so the riser should be equipped with a “winter” outlet to the domestic sewer (the latter should be equipped with a water seal). The outlet pipe is cleaned through collapsible connection or revision module.

When choosing the standard size of elements of a traditional gravity system, they proceed from the intensity of rains in a given area, focusing on SP 32.13330.2012.

The external drainage system is more vulnerable than the internal one, and also affects the appearance of the facades, but it does not require holes in the roof and ceilings and does not eat up the usable area of ​​the house. Water is discharged through parapet funnels or branch pipes embedded in the parapet, under which classic funnels are installed (as on a pitched roof) and downpipes attached to the walls with brackets. When calculating, it is assumed that for every square meter of roof area there should be 1-1.5 cm of the cross section of drainpipes. Elements of the external system can be made of PVC, steel, copper, zinc-titanium.

flat roof landscaping

Turf-covered roofs have been used since ancient times in countries with a moderately cold and humid climate, and the green carpet performed the main moisture in them. protective function.

As part of the modern concept of a green roof, a layer of fertile soil with plants is needed to give unusual features to the appearance of the building, decorate the terrace roof and extend the life of the coating by covering it from ultraviolet rays. In addition, he absorbs rain water, unloading drains, dampens the sound of rain, protects the premises of the upper floor from overheating in summer and reduces heat loss in winter. It is believed that landscaping almost doubles the life of a roof. Its disadvantages include an increase in the load on the supporting structures of the building and an increase in the cost of construction.

In addition, the green carpet needs care, the intensity of which depends on the selected plant species. If you do not pay due attention to plantings, they will freeze and die from drought.

To green the roof, it is necessary to lay on top of the main waterproofing layer (in the case of an inversion scheme - on top of the insulation) an additional cake of materials that will protect the waterproofing layer from roots, filter and drain rainwater. For these purposes, special films are used, dense geotextiles, gravel bedding or drainage and moisture-accumulating membranes made of high density polyethylene, such as PLANTER GEO or Delta-Floraxx.

Then a mixture of minerals and fertilizers is poured - the so-called soil substrate. It can be prepared independently by adding fine expanded clay (5-15%), sand (about 20 96) and fertilizers to a light soil mixture from neutral peat. As for plants, it is easiest to limit yourself to meadow forbs and drought-resistant ground covers - sedum, carnation-herbal, thyme.

For them, it is not necessary to organize an irrigation system, and the thickness of the soil layer can be only 6-12 cm (the roof of this type is called extensive). If you plan to walk on the roof among ornamental shrubs, you will have to provide irrigation and increase the thickness of the soil to 20-40 cm. Such a roof is called intensive, it creates a significant additional load on the floor, therefore it should be provided for at the design stage of the building.

What is the best coating for a flat roof

Sheet and piece coatings are unsuitable for a flat roof: water will inevitably seep through the joints of the elements. Therefore, roll materials and mastics are used. Let's give a brief description of them.

ROLL REINFORCED POLYMERIC-BITUMEN ROOFING.

The mechanical strength of these materials is several times higher than that of roofing paper (roofing material, roofing felt). And modifying additives increase resistance to moisture, air and ultraviolet. The material is glued to the base with mastic, fixed mechanically or (most often) welded. There are coatings for the lower layers of the roof ("Technoelast EPP", "Uniflex EPP", "Bireplast TPP", etc.) and for the upper ones ("Technoelast EKP", "Uniflex EKP", "Hydrostekloizol TKP", etc.). The latter are sprinkled with mineral chips, which reduce the risk of fire and additionally protect against mechanical damage and UV exposure. The cost of waterproofing of both types is low - from 65 and from 150 rubles, respectively. per 1 m 2 and the average service life of a roofing carpet is 15-30 years.

ROLL PVC MEMBRANES, for example Sikaplan WP, Logicroof, Ecoplast are strong and durable (up to 30 years without repair) and do not support combustion. However, they require professional approach for installation (the joints of the strips must be carefully welded with hot air) and are relatively expensive - from 320 rubles. for 1 m 2. It is important to consider that this material does not tolerate contact with bitumen.

ROOF COVERING OPTIONS

Traditional with external drain
1 - overlap; 2 - slope-forming screed; 3 - vapor barrier; D, 5 - mineral wool insulation; 6 - waterproofing; 7 - drain
inversion
with internal drainage
1 - coupler; 2 - PVC membrane; 3 - EPPS; 4 - funnel with a drainage ring; 5 - drainage membrane; 6 - sand; 7 - paving slabs

Most people have no idea how to make a flat roof at home, the concept of a "flat roof" is often associated with multi-story buildings. A couple of decades ago, flat roofs were rarely used in low-rise construction.

To date, the presence modern materials and technology allows you to make a flat roof both at an affordable price and with high consumer characteristics.

Types of flat roofs:

Exploited roofs- need a rigid base in the form of a screed made of concrete or corrugated board. On such a roof, the heat-insulating material experiences static and dynamic loads, so it must be strong in compression. With a low rigidity of the insulation, a cement screed is needed on top of it.

Unexploited roofs- do not need a rigid base for laying waterproofing material, as well as a rigid insulation. Such a roof is cheaper to build, but the period of its operation is shorter than for an exploited roof.

traditional roofs have the peculiarity that the waterproofing layer is above the thermal insulation layer. At the base of the roof there is a reinforced concrete slab; an inclined screed of expanded clay concrete is laid to drain water from the roof.

Inverted roofs deprived of the main disadvantage of flat roofs - water leaks. In such a roof, the thermal insulation layer is located above the waterproofing layer. This feature protects the waterproofing layer from destruction by ultraviolet rays, smoothes out the effects of temperature changes. Such a roof is more durable than other types of roofs. On such a roof, you can even arrange a lawn or pave with paving slabs.

Flat roof covering

According to building codes the flat roof covering at the base must be made of reinforced concrete slabs or corrugated sheets.

For capital buildings, lightweight floor slabs are usually used, on top of which several layers of insulating materials are laid:

1. A vapor barrier is installed to prevent moisture from entering the insulation from inside the room. Used for vapor barrier on flat roofs. fiberglass reinforced polymer-bitumen film, which is glued to concrete screed. The edges of the film are wound behind the vertical of the overlap, the seams are carefully soldered.
2. The heater is installed. When using expanded clay for insulation, it is first covered with a concrete screed. If you are making a lightweight version of the roof, then the polymer insulation is glued directly to the vapor barrier layer.
3. Most milestone coatings - waterproofing, usually made of polymer-bitumen or membrane materials.

There are differences in the device of a flat roof for heated and unheated premises:

• for unheated premises (barn, gazebos ...) a slope is created by the roof surface to drain precipitation. In this case, the load-bearing beams are installed at an angle, and a shield made of boards is placed on top of them. From above it is covered with a roll of roofing material. The roofing material is attached to the shield of boards using metal strips or battens nailed along the slope. The distance between the rails is 60-70 cm, and the slope must be at least 3%.
• for a heated room, a flat roof is covered in several stages:

1. The beams are covered with flooring from boards, ruberoid or roofing felt is placed on top with an overlap of at least 15 centimeters.
2. Expanded clay insulation is poured in with a slope in the direction of water discharge.
3. A cement screed is laid on top of the insulation, its thickness must be at least 2 cm. Then we process the screed with a bituminous primer.
4. We glue a rolled carpet of roofing felt.

During the construction of a roof made of monolithic concrete, the supporting structures are I-beams metal beams. If the roof span is 4-5 meters, then beams with a height of 12-15 centimeters are used.

For monolithic floor it is better to use ready-made concrete grade 250, and if you make concrete yourself, then use a concrete mixer. Manually enough it is difficult to achieve the desired degree of mixing of concrete.

The highest quality is the laying of concrete over the entire surface of the roof in one day. It is advisable to tamp the concrete after pouring, for this use a vibrator, or tamp it manually.

To prevent the concrete from cracking, it is covered plastic wrap for 3 days. After the concrete has completely dried, slopes are made with a heater, then a screed and a rolled carpet.

One of important features flat roof - the possibility of its insulation from the outside during the operation of the house, and not just from the inside. In this case, the external insulation of the flat roof is first performed, and then, if it is not enough, the internal one.

Until recently, the main method of insulating a flat roof was insulating with rigid thermal insulation slabs, but the disadvantage of this method is that the load on the roof increases.

Now the most well-proven insulation of basalt mineral wool, light enough and having better thermal conductivity and waterproofing. Its advantages include the fact that it does not ignite and is not subject to mechanical stress.

If it is necessary to insulate the inner surface of the roof, it is better to use refractory plates made of expanded polystyrene with a thickness of 25-30 mm. To do this, wooden planks are attached to the roof ceiling at a distance of 40 cm. Styrofoam boards are glued onto the planks with mastic.

Flat roof waterproofing

Proper waterproofing of a flat roof is very important. A flat roof, regardless of the materials used, should have a slope of 3-5% for water flow. The drainage and waterproofing system should be thought out at the design stage of a building with a flat roof.

Whatever material you choose for the roof, it is important that the joints and junctions of the various roof elements are waterproof. A quality sealant is an important component of good waterproofing.

During operation, the roof is exposed to aggressive influences. external environment(temperature fluctuations, moisture, etc.). Therefore, when choosing a sealant, pay attention to the characteristics of its resistance to temperature and mechanical stress.

More often, mastic is used as a sealant, it is based on elastic polyurethane resins. After being applied to the roof, the mastic polymerizes, after which a continuous rubber-like membrane is formed. It has waterproofing properties and protects the roof from mechanical damage. Mastic is ideal for a flat roof, it is safe, highly resistant to ultraviolet radiation, precipitation, microorganisms. Apply it with a brush or roller.

In conclusion, it should be noted that, from the point of view of many modern designers, a flat roof is a sign of minimalism in building a house as a whole. For example, in Greece this type of roof is mainly used. If, from the point of view of design, the proportions of the house are observed correctly, then this type of roof is beautiful and original.

The flat roof of the house is appropriate for those houses that have simple design with a minimum of components and decorative elements.

A flat roof in a private house provides many different possibilities. With this simple design, you can save on roofing materials and works, and installation is carried out in a shorter time. It is also easier to place on its surface various systems: antennas, hoods, solar panels and others. To all this, additional space can be used by arranging a garden, a recreation area or a greenhouse on it.

However, despite the cheaper installation, many nuances must be taken into account so that such a roof does not become a “headache” for the owner of the house.

Flat roof construction

A flat roof, like any other, must fully fulfill all its functions: protection from water and its removal and thermal insulation. In addition, it must have sufficient strength to withstand external loads.

This is what determines the structure of the roofing pie, which consists of the following mandatory elements.

1. Base. All the main loads fall on this part. The overlap must be very strong, but it all depends on whether the roof will be used or not. Most often, the basis is reinforced concrete slab laid on bearing walls, less often non-residential buildings- layer of profiled sheet.
2. Vapor barrier layer. Performs a protective function, which consists in preserving materials from steam penetrating from the inside of the room.
3. Thermal insulation. Reduces heat consumption from the house.
4. Waterproofing. A flat roof does not completely remove all the water, like gable counterparts, as a result, high-quality protection against the penetration of moisture in the room is needed.

For normal removal of moisture, a ramp is used. Most often, it is a screed, which forms the angles of inclination along which water can flow into the prepared system of trays to remove it from the roof plane.

Saving on any details of a flat roof is unacceptable, otherwise it will lead to leaks, freezing and other negative phenomena of a poorly mounted roof pie.

Types of flat roofs

Availability, order and order individual elements roofing cake determine the type of roof. There are such designs of flat ceilings:

• Unexploited. These structures can be seen in high-rise buildings. It is believed that their surface is not intended for use and is designed for a short stay of people. In this embodiment, on non-residential buildings, a profiled sheet can be used as a base.
• Exploited. In this case, it is necessary to have a concrete base capable of withstanding heavy loads. Surfaces can be used as a garden, recreation area or even car parking. Except solid foundation it is important to observe the angle of inclination, which should not exceed 3 degrees.

• Inversion. The design provides for a change in the order of the layers of the cake. Waterproofing is placed under the insulation, which allows you to save it from damage. Quite often, this type of roof is used in the construction of private residential buildings.
• Ventilated. These types of roofs have a ventilation system (built-in aerators) that evaporate excess moisture from the thickness of the roofing pie. Can be combined with other types of roofs.

In addition, the type of roof depends on other factors, for example, whether the room is heated or not.

Installation of a flat roof on different types of buildings

Depending on whether the room will have a heating system or not, the roof assembly technology may differ during installation.

Roofs on unheated premises

Usually, garages, sheds, gazebos, and various pavilions act as unheated buildings.

• The required slope of 3 degrees, on such buildings is formed due to bearing beams roofs. The height difference is about 30 millimeters, per 1 meter of the beam length.
• After laying the beams, a flooring is made, which will serve as the base. It can be boards or profiled sheet. They are fixed with self-tapping screws or other suitable fasteners.
• If the room is unheated, you can miss such a layer as thermal insulation. Placed on the base waterproofing material. Roofing material is used as a waterproof coating. It is spread out in overlapping strips (about 150 mm) and additionally fixed with slats, which are placed along the slope of the roof.

This is the simplest version of a flat roof, which can be mounted on a do-it-yourself unheated utility room with minimal cost money and time.

Flat roof assembly on heated buildings

AT residential buildings with heating system roofing cake flat roof will be different. It will definitely require the presence of a thermal insulation layer, high-quality hydro and vapor barrier. The presence of the latter is no less important, since water vapor can gradually spoil the entire roofing cake.

• The ceiling under the base is assembled from wooden beams, which are placed every 900-1000 mm.
• They are covered with flooring from boards with a section of 40-50 millimeters. The thickness of the lumber is selected depending on the distance between the beams. The larger it is, the thicker the boards are needed.
• A roofing material is laid on the flooring, it is cut and straightened in advance. Waterproofing sheets are overlapped by about 100-150 mm.
• The thermal insulation layer can be made by bulk method. To do this, expanded clay is poured onto the resulting base with a layer of up to 300 mm and leveled.
• Next, a cement-sand screed (at least 30 mm thick) is poured onto a layer of thermal insulation backfill.
• After the cement has hardened, the surface is covered with a bitumen-based primer and covered with a layer of roofing material.

It is also possible to mount a more solid roof made of monolithic concrete.

Monolithic concrete flat roof

In this embodiment, a durable concrete base with your own hands.

• As support beams, an I-beam is used, which is laid in level without forming a slope.
• For pouring, it will be necessary to prepare concrete of a grade of at least M250, it is prepared in a concrete mixer, maintaining a ratio of 4: 1.5: 1: 1, where the ingredients are crushed stone (20-25 mm), cement (m400), water and sand, respectively.
• For pouring, a base is made of boards, which are mounted on the lower shelves of I-beams and covered with roofing material.
• Small crushed stone is poured on top of the waterproofing, which is poured with the resulting concrete. Filling must be done at a time, otherwise the structure of the roof will not be the same.
• Next, expanded clay is poured and a ramp is made.

razuklonka

Razklonka is the formation of slight slopes on the surface of a flat roof, which allows you to remove water from its surface. The drainage system is assembled in two versions: external and internal. That is, the trays can be fixed to the end of the roof or on its surface.

With the internal location of the gutters, the presence of water collectors is planned in advance, the number of which is calculated as follows - 1 funnel per 25 square meters roof area.