Lighting in the apartment lighting options. Lighting design for a modern apartment: a professional approach

Light can transform the same room beyond recognition, creating a very different mood in it: from the romantic soft twilight of a woman's boudoir to the strict, illuminating light of an operating room. This phenomenon has long been successfully used by light artists in the theater, who through lighting, without changing the scenery, change the atmosphere of the stage. Good lighting of an apartment will turn it into a fabulous palace, and an unsuccessful one can mercilessly expose all its flaws.

The days when the choice of light sources was limited to one chandelier on the ceiling, a table lamp on the desk and a floor lamp by the armchair are over. Now everyone, with the help of light, is able to turn an apartment into a wonderful theater of shadow and light. And if you are planning to make lighting in your apartment, our tips below will help you with this.

For lighting in modern interiors premises, the following lighting devices are used:

fluorescent lamps;

incandescent lamps;

LEDs;

metal halide and halogen light sources;

optical fibers;

light cords "duralight".

The spectrum of incandescent lamps is the most comfortable for vision, but they consume only 10% of their power to create light, the rest is simply converted into thermal energy... For this reason, a room with a lot of incandescent light bulbs can be stifling and hot, like a TV studio or photo studio.

Fluorescent lamps cannot heat up, but not so long ago they were reluctant to use them to illuminate homes because of the unpleasant hum, bluish-white light that is uncomfortable for the eyes and the need for additional triggers for connecting. The current generation of such lamps is free from such disadvantages, and they can be used instead of incandescent lamps.

Metal halide and halogen lamps emit a narrow directional beam of light, which means they are more suitable for illuminating certain areas and highlighting the main elements of the interior - columns, sculptural groups, paintings, niches, etc.

LEDs are highly durable, do not heat up, in their wide spectrum there is no UV and infrared radiation that is negative for human health. The longevity of LEDs is eighty times that of conventional incandescent lamps. However, the light output of LEDs leaves much to be desired in order to use them as independent light sources, and for this reason they are used in the interior as a night light or decorative lighting.

Light cords "duralight" are decorative light sources made on the basis of LEDs, widely used in outdoor street lighting and for lighting design various elements interior.

Optical fibers emit light from the ends, but by removing them at a great distance from the main light source and using special attachments, you can create incredible lighting effects.

Designers and architects have long used lighting in the interior of a house or apartment as a visual correction for poor room geometry.

One of the basic design rules is that bright light visually expands the space if reflective materials are used in the decoration of the ceiling and walls. If you need to visually reduce a large room, then the surfaces are shaded.

Luminaires with upward directed reflectors visually "lift" very low ceilings. In turn, a ceiling that is too high will be lower if it is shaded with light sources directed downward.

A well-thought-out home lighting design should combine a general lighting source, such as a main chandelier on the ceiling, and a spotlight. Moreover, it is important that the lighting control in this case ensures the independent operation of each group or type of lamps.

The general lighting of the room can be dim, since its main purpose is to provide easy communication of the inhabitants and free orientation in the room. The role of brighter local light is to illuminate workplaces, which include a desk or secretaire, a work area in the kitchen and a dining table in the living or dining room.

Lighting rules are advised to highlight the space behind the computer monitor or the wall behind the TV. This is a technique that does not disturb the screen illumination and reduces eye fatigue and strain.

It is good if the general light in the bedroom is diffused, slightly lowering the height of the ceiling, and for bedside tables and mirrors, provide brighter lamps or lamps. If in the interior of the house the listed rules for the use of light are advisory in nature, then the lighting is small studio apartment often acts as the only zoning tool that performs the functions of a bedroom, study, living room and even a dining room.

Usually in the bathroom additional lamps provide illumination of the dressing mirror, and halogen lamps act as general lighting. But the lighting of the corridor needs to be planned so that you can turn on the general bright light at any time when you need to put on shoes, get dressed and fix your makeup.

The hallway, in addition to the utilitarian role, performs a presentable function, that is, it acts as a hallmark of the house, and so that narrow corridor did not resemble in its appearance the dungeon of a medieval castle, with the help of lighting it can be visually enlarged and expanded. In addition, the lighting of the corridor should be harmoniously combined with the lighting of adjacent rooms: if the living room has bright lighting, then a bright overhead light enters the hallway and dims it if the adjacent room is half-dark. All these tasks can be solved by local lighting fixtures.

It should be noted that there are no universal rules for working with light. Everyone independently chooses the design concept, as well as the lighting of their home, but in order to avoid mistakes, you can flip through the illustrated magazines and read the advice of professionals on the lighting of the apartment.

Creating an apartment lighting project

A lighting project in an interior design project is usually performed as an independent section, taking into account the configuration of the ceiling, the layout of rooms, the boundaries of the ceiling and floor finishing materials, the location of the stationary elements and the location of furniture.

On the basis of floor and ceiling plans, a lighting plan for the entire apartment is created, marking on it the locations and dbs of the location of sockets, lighting fixtures and switches, both wall and ceiling - the so-called lighting scenario.

Standards for the number and power of luminaires

One of the main conditions for creating comfortable lighting for any living space is the correct ratio of the number, power of lighting devices and the illuminated area of the room. Lighting experts advise using lighting devices for every 5 m 2, the power of which will be 60-75 kW.

for a one-room apartment of 30-40 m 2, you will need no more than eight lamps, for example, three ceiling lamps, a chandelier, two sconces, a table lamp and a floor lamp;

for two-room apartments, nine lighting fixtures are enough: three ceiling lamps, two chandeliers, a floor lamp, two sconces and a table lamp;

for three-room apartment you need eleven lights: just add to your lighting set for two-room apartment sconce and chandelier;

for four-room apartments you will need eleven lamps: complement the previous set with one table lamp and one ceiling lamp.

Apartment lighting scheme

The lighting scheme of the apartment is being developed in accordance with the plan. This takes into account the connection diagrams of all devices, their groups and light control devices.

The drawing shows the view of each switch with the required number of keys and arrows that indicate for which device or groups of devices it is used. For long corridors or too large rooms it would be nice to provide redundant switches for both devices, installing them at different points in the room. All ceiling and wall lighting fixtures should be tied with the appropriate designations to the wall or the nearest opening, window or door.

In the same way, on the diagram, the location of switches, sockets and other devices used in the lighting system is marked on the diagram to the nearest walls or openings.

When finished project will be in your hands, you can start arranging the wiring and lighting fixtures, embodying the result of the designer's work in the material. As a result, your Cinderella apartment will turn into a princess and life will sparkle with new colors.

We find the terms of success.

Lighting for each room is a combination of three components: general, working and decorative. The general lighting group often includes luminaires located under the ceiling and providing uniform light diffusion. As a rule, chandeliers that have several bulbs with several frosted or textile glass lampshades do an excellent job with this function.

In this case, the ceiling lamp in no case should cast glare and shadows, otherwise you will not solve the problem of soft uniform lighting. The decorative group includes a luminaire with obvious shadows. Any lamps that provide a directional beam of light are ideal as workers. It can be floor lamps, table lamps, Spotlights floodlights, sconces and chandeliers of some designs. It is important that the work lighting is brighter than the general one, since its task is to create a comfortable environment for the eyes on work surface(usually the lamp is close enough to it).

Work lighting should be planned depending on the task: in the kitchen, it is imperative to illuminate the worktop and dining table. Desk, headboard, reading chair - the choice of a place for working lighting directly depends on the lifestyle of the household.

When you have managed to create comfortable working lighting, all that remains is to create the necessary atmosphere in the room. This is usually accomplished by using your favorite LED strip, which can change colors. Sometimes it can be installed in such places that it even takes your breath away from surprise - that's why it is the decor.

Coming up with a lighting scenario.

It's nice, but at the same time important point: You need to present a set of works for all lighting in an apartment throughout the day. It is required to sit down and describe the desired scenarios for any room.

If there are no special tasks before own apartment You do not bet, for the vast majority of cases such combinations may be suitable.

Living room

Continuous general lighting, working in the area coffee table decorative as accents. If the living room combines the functions of an office or dining room, additional work lighting should be above the work table or dining room.

Kitchen

General lighting is not necessary at all, since the kitchen mainly has only a functional role. First of all, if it concerns the kitchen, do not large area... It is more appropriate to shift a single-lamp lamp from the central part of the room to the dining table and turn it into a working light.
Also in the kitchen, it is important to provide illumination of the work surface coming out from under the upper drawers. It is worth taking care of the ceiling directional lighting, as well as the backlight working area and top drawers.

Decorative lighting can be used as additional lighting, for example, along the base of the kitchen unit.

Advice! Position the luminaires so that they do not cast a shadow on the work surface. Often this mistake is made when lighting.

Canteen

General lighting is desirable, but not required at all. But as for the working light above the dining table, this is a must. You can arrange decorative lighting, but in no case should it interfere with the work lighting.

Bedroom

In this regard, everything is much simpler: paired work lighting (on the sides of the bed), general lighting - table lamps, sconces, single-lamp lamps used on a long suspension. For ambiance, use decorative lighting in the evening.

Advice! Do not light up your bedroom, as this does nothing to promote relaxation.

Bathroom

Regardless of the area, working and general lighting is needed near the mirror area (it is most convenient to place paired lamps on the sides). Decorative lighting is appropriate, for example, from under hanging pieces of furniture or skirting boards.

Advice! Illuminate the area near the mirror with soft diffused light, which is located on three or four sides. Thus, you will get rid of harsh shadows.

Attention! For bathrooms, many premium devices with the chromotherapy function are produced: whirlpool baths, shower racks, illuminate the water, and also change the mood during ablutions. But whether or not to use a device with a chromotherapy function is up to you.

Let's get down to the calculation.

So, you have come up with a lighting scenario to the smallest detail and are eager to spend money on a tool that would make your dream come true. The creative part ended and the technical part began: without precise calculations for each individual lamp, you will not get the desired effect. In addition, you can spoil the overall impression of the interior.

No matter how expensive your kitchen is, the light doesn't matter. It may happen that an expensive luminaire will upset you even more, because without an accurate lighting calculation, it will not work in conjunction with other devices, which will lead to the destruction of the light scenario.

Attention! If you are seriously thinking about investing in lighting and creating a quality project, then you simply cannot do without the help of an experienced lighting designer. Not every architect or designer will be able to independently make such calculations.

Features of the choice of bulbs by characteristics.

Once you do the calculation, you should think about the choice of lamps. This generally determines the type of fixture you buy. It is one thing when it is a halogen lamp, another - for fluorescent lamps. The lamp determines everything: whether the lamp can shine brightly, whether it can be dimmed (smoothly adjust the lighting level). Finally, whether the light will be warm or cool white (color rendering index and light temperature differ significantly from lamp to lamp).

Types of bulbs

Incandescent lamps. Classic "Pears" are no longer produced, but there are a lot of incandescent lamps in the collections with retro filament. They consume a lot of energy, are very expensive, get warm (cannot be near paper lampshades), and quickly fail. However, incandescent lamps have a comfortable light temperature and can be used with dimmers.

Halogen. They are characterized by a high heat dissipation value: touching the metal shade, you can easily burn yourself.

Luminescent. Among the advantages: energy consumption is up to eight times less, and the service life is up to 20 times longer, compared to incandescent lamps. They practically do not get warm. You can choose the lamp of the required light temperature. However, not all lamps can be used with dimmers, and others are unattractive and large in size.

Light-emitting diode (LED). Despite their high price, they are very economical - they work with dimmers, serve for a long time, and have small dimensions.

Advice! Combine the LED strip with a diffuser for a softer glow and eliminate annoyances such as reflective tape on tiles. kitchen apron or glossy ceiling.

If five years ago, experts did not advise writing down numbers optimal temperature light, now they are indicated on each package of the lamp, along with comments on whether it is a cold light or warm.

Remember the main rule: the higher the temperature in K (Kelvin), the colder the light. Most pleasing to the eyes is 2600-3500K (neutral white or warm white light) or 3600-5500K (neutral white). Anything over 5500-6500K is more suitable for offices.

Attention! Do not use cold light near mirrors or in the eating area. So, you will only create unpleasant sensations.

Bulb power

From the point of view of design, the power is interesting in that when it rises, the luminous flux increases, and its value is required to calculate the lighting in the apartment.

Color rendering index

To prevent the sofa from changing color when exposed to electric light, it is necessary to choose bulbs taking into account the color rendering index. The optimum value is Ra = 100: with this, the lamp emits light that displays all colors optimally. Also, the color rendering index of sunlight can be taken as 100. The lower the Ra index, the correspondingly worse are the colors of the object. It is worth starting from such values: color rendering of the highest level - 90Ra and more, very good color rendering - 80-89Ra, good color rendering - 70-79Ra.

We take into account the main practical points.

New technologies offer an innovative approach when you need it spectacular design lighting the apartment. Graceful shades and LEDs on multi-level ceilings displace bulky chandeliers without a hint of aesthetics. The modern lighting design of city apartments can rival the look of an opera house, a restaurant or the office of a successful company on the cover of a magazine. With a well-thought-out design, there will be no dark corners in the rooms, even without table lamps and floor lamps, and electricity costs will decrease.

Lighting greatly affects the visual perception of the space, on which the comfort and coziness of your home depends.

Housing design has its own rules that fully apply to general lighting standards. The degree of illumination remains an important condition for comfort. It should be conducive to vision and psychological well-being. This is a reasonable balance of the number of lighting fixtures of a certain power in relation to the area of \ u200b \ u200bthe workspace.

A well-lit office keeps the mind in good shape.
In the living room, with a thoughtful design, it is easy to create a special aura that emphasizes the stylistic solution.
If there is twilight in an extravagant bathroom or bedroom, then it inevitably tends to sleep.
A competent approach to the design of the hallway lighting will make the apartment hospitable in the perception of visitors.
It is pleasant to cook in the kitchen with additional illumination of the work surface.
The soft light in the children's bedroom does not irritate the baby's visual analyzers and makes it possible to calmly fall asleep.

Geometric lamps with clear lines are great for the study.

Important! If you make mistakes in the design, you will need additional costs for laying hidden wiring... It is better to immediately reduce or increase the power than to strip off the cladding made of natural wood, stone and expensive wallpaper after repair.

Additional light sources create a warm atmosphere and soften the space

Experts recommend when standard layout for every 5 "squares" of floor area, use lamps with a total power of 50-75 kW. With high ceilings, more is possible. The standards have been developed and verified for a long time, but they are adapted to modern technologies and lighting design in the apartment. They help to independently find the optimal mode, but the total power must be divided by the total number of luminous points.

Mirrors create more reflective surfaces, which significantly adds light to the room and reduces the number of fixtures and energy bills

in a 1-room apartment up to 30-40 sq.m. 7-8 lighting fixtures are enough (3 ceiling, multi-track chandelier, 2-3 sconces, a table lamp and a floor lamp);
in a 2-room room, 8-9 lamps are enough;
3-room - 10-11 points;
if you have a 4-room apartment, 11-12 is enough.

The chandelier can be used for main lighting

Modern apartment with spot-lit stretch ceilings and diode tape- other norms. You can do without a chandelier, but its absence is compensated for by sconces, furniture lighting and other types of local (local) lighting of functional areas.

The power of the spotlights is easy to adjust and can be used as a main light or as a backlight

General rules of the design concept

The correct lighting design in a living room is a multifaceted concept.
The illumination is selected taking into account the health benefits, it will emphasize the aesthetics of the stylistics, at the same time fulfilling the functional requirements.
A smart solution - an alternative to the decor of a city apartment in a minimalist style, emphasizing the delicate taste and bright personality of the owner.

Lamps with directional light are used to illuminate a specific place or to adjust the area of the room

The concept has several components.

1.	General lighting (artificial)	Physiologically grounded background, the basis that is presented different kinds lamps.
2.	Interior lighting design	Similar to the approach to furnishings and textiles for an overall aesthetic, reflects the owner's tastes, a way of expressing oneself through the environment. Assumes movable objects, highlighting objects for viewing.
3.	Light architecture	It assumes the concept of lighting a room, subdivided into interior, interior and exterior lighting architecture in the implementation of a stylish design.
4.	Natural light	An important component, it can be varied by time of day, seasonality and location of rooms. The beams from the window muffle the blinds, scatter the tulle and shade the curtains. It is amplified light walls, mirrored and glossy surfaces, chrome plating.
5.	Directional artificial light	Rotating projectors and ceiling lamps, table lamps, floor lamps on a tripod or a flexible spiral base.
6.	Decorative addition	It is convenient to use in the work area, for aquariums, unusual furniture and art exhibitions for guests.

It is easy to accentuate a certain area of the room with a local lamp.

Important! Various lighting fixtures are used in organizing modern lighting designs in a room. These are "halogens", incandescent lamps, fluorescent tubes, spot and strip diodes, fiber optic cords.

Lighting is often used to divide space, especially in small apartments.

The general light in every room is a natural component, without which it is impossible to consider the design concept. The color scheme of the walls compensates for the lack of sunlight or absorbs its excess.

Lighting control in apartment design is similar to directing and setting a set, but it requires certain tools that any lighting director uses. Light can be:

natural;
absent-minded;
reflected;
reinforced;
relaxed.

Transparent lampshades do not "eat up" the light, unlike matte ones, and colored lampshades can be used to create the desired effects

Lighting typology

Multi-level lighting is an alternative to lighting design without a chandelier. The zoning and functionality of each site, corner or zone is taken into account. This is an opportunity to highlight the necessary places and do without the cost of general lighting. Additional adjustment is used to turn on / off based on "smart" options and the remote (display) remote control.
All kinds of sconces are used for the surface of the walls. It is economical and convenient when you need to illuminate a mirror, a wardrobe niche, a turn in a long corridor or the beginning of a descent from a staircase in a private house.
Downlight is rarely used in residential circuits yet, but this is not a whim or an extravagant solution. Additional elaboration of the floor area will balance the distribution of the rays. Often they mount an LED strip or a neon tube near the baseboard. In the bathroom and the hallway, a path made of glass tiles looks original with lamps inserted under them, which are turned on when you step on them.
To change the vector as needed, rotary, movable and movable lamps and diodes are applicable. These are track systems, swivel sconces and chandeliers with swivel arms, as in the photo.

For local lighting, it is convenient to use controlled luminaires with a dim background light.

Attention! With a successful combination of all varieties, compensation for the lack of light is obtained with minimal stress on vision.

Mixed lighting from various kinds of lamps literally transforms the room, turning it into a glow of lights

Shades for correcting general light are placed under the ceiling in the center of the room (for uniform dispersion). Instead of a chandelier, it is easy to distribute the lighting on 4 walls and multi-level ceilings.
Work areas should be evenly lit, it is undesirable to leave dark corners and deep shadow areas, even if they are rarely visited. The working light is better combined - white with a yellow spectrum (check when buying in the store).
For decorative lighting, colored lighting is suitable, for example, led strip or cords with which you can lay out inscriptions or shapes on the walls.
Indoor plants need special phytolamps for full development, especially if they are inhabitants of the tropics and southern latitudes.
Aquarium hydrophytes are illuminated with "white" or universal fluorescent lamps on a special cover, in combination with diodes and incandescent lamps with soft yellow light. They heat the surface decorative cover, so they are placed at a distance, and the bottom is lined with foil.
With the help of perforated lampshades and ceiling lampshades, you can get a beautiful openwork shadow pattern. But choose a smooth and monochromatic finish so that the texture does not distort the intricate image.
Local or local glow is obliged to favorably emphasize certain objects and interior details, to a certain extent enhancing or replacing the decor.
In the work area where people are reading, preparing food or studying at the computer, local illumination is needed. The intensity should be good for the eyes, the case when it is not worth saving on health.

Simple floor lamp, but how it fits into the surrounding interior

Important! When arranging any point, remember about a certain amount of heat generated - the lining should not overheat before igniting. Consider physiological norms - a lack of light inhibits working activity and relaxes the optic nerve.

Built-in luminaires based on LED lamps are optimal for stretch ceilings.

The versatility of modern solutions in lighting design

In any room, general lighting should be correctly combined with work and accent, local and combined. They have their own subtypes and varieties. If the general should, let's say, get rid of the darkness in general, then the other devices have a function - to highlight individual elements. This is accomplished with various sources light in the room, regardless of the overall design.

LED lighting in the living room interior

Varieties of artificial light sources:

LED lamps are a modern alternative to the classic "Ilyich bulbs", the use of which is expensive today.
Incandescent lamps are considered archaic, but they give minimal stress on vision, and their spectrum mimics the sun's rays as much as possible.
Energy-saving lamps are quite economical, but their frequent flickering tires the eyesight, they are offered with a "warm" and "cold" spectrum.
Luminescent lamps are most often used for commercial and industrial areas, but even in "studios" without walls, these lamps find a worthy application (imitation of daylight).
Light-emitting cords "duralight" based on LEDs are an excellent way to decorate individual elements of the interior and external lighting, complementing the original design of light in an apartment.
Bright halogens have different shades of light, these lamps are widely used in decorating spaces.

LED strips allow you to organize any options for decorative lighting of the ceiling, walls and pieces of furniture

When calculating the total intensity, the solution of the stretch ceilings is taken into account. Lighting design in the bedroom and living room using multi-level structures is self-sufficient, except for the addition of fixtures for local zones.

Lighting design for individual rooms: simple and difficult

Light is not only functional, but also beautiful. Famous designers and architects will definitely take this important component into account when taking on new project... A competent project will make your stay in the house comfortable and will help you visually correct the space.

Each lamp in the room should have its own purpose.

Some elements can be shaded, others can be highlighted and attracted maximum attention to them, a certain vector is set with directed light in order to "move away" or "bring closer" an object in the interior. Soft neon light creates an unusual effect when turned on from the side of the headboard, back of upholstered furniture, plasma panel or along the perimeter of the "floating" ceiling. In this case, you do not need to use a chandelier or other "classic" source of general light.

The light in the hallway is usually completely artificial, in the apartment Entrance door removed from all windows. You can limit yourself to one luminous point near the ceiling if it is a tiny room. In the hallway, combined with the corridor, 3-4 dim lamps or sconces are made along the entire aisle. For decorative purposes, you can decorate the skirting board with LED strip and ceiling cornice... It is advisable to illuminate the mirror and the inner space of the wardrobe. V long corridor a luminous path on the floor will be appropriate, and in a spacious room - a stretch ceiling with a beautiful lighting design.

To shorten the elongated hallway, you can place recessed lights on the ceiling and direct the light down

The bedroom is a special room where an intimate atmosphere is appropriate, which, to the greatest extent, is created by the play of light and shadow. The design depends on the size of the bedroom, the style of the interior and the configuration of the furniture. V classic version used graceful ceiling chandelier and 2 sconces (on both sides of the bed), in the modern one - a variety of stretch ceilings and LED lighting (at the mirror and the head of the bed). Ceilings with a "starry sky" effect are often combined with perforated sconces with delicate reflections on the wall. Some people like the twilight in the bedroom. But it is not necessary to limit yourself to these ideas, the decision depends on the style and general design concept, as in the photo.

Subdued light is appropriate in the bedroom

In a modern living room, the main lighting design of an apartment is assigned to stretch or multi-level ceilings. If in the classical version the color of the ceiling and the shape of the chandelier are played up, then new solutions in the age of high technologies are not limited by anything. Buy a relatively simple light source that is switchable from a remote control, or go for a combination lighting with furniture downlights.

Several types of lamps are used in the living room in accordance with the style of the room.

The bathroom and toilet are a special room where you can experiment with lighting that is unacceptable in a living space. Try gradually turning on and off lights, turning on from cotton, and more. It is important to note that this is a place with high humidity, wiring, lamps and shades must be as tight as possible. Diodes at the mirror and bathroom are appropriate. For expensive jacuzzis, this is the default option.

The bathroom needs a fairly bright light, but not harsh. Frosted lamps built into the ceiling and a pair of mirror lighting fixtures are suitable

Light in the kitchen involves several zones that have economical local illumination. This is a work plane, and a place for eating, in addition to general light. Some people like the large shades that come down from the ceiling to the dining table. V modern kitchen you can make a frame near the ceiling with directional ray vectors. Looks original gas stove with a backlit oven - you can watch the process of roasting chicken rotating on the grill with guests. Additionally, diodes at the bar and above the sink are appropriate.

In the kitchen, directional illumination of work areas is combined with diffused light above the common space

Soft light in the children's bedroom is the design basis for this space. Too bright rays are sharp for the baby's eyes, irritating the psyche. A deficiency can provoke myopia if children like to write, read and draw in the evenings. In places where they do their homework or study at the computer, it is imperative to organize local illumination. An original children's-themed night light will relieve the fear of the dark at night, but it does not interfere with sleep if placed on the opposite side of the baby's eyes.

In the children's room you need high level lighting, but no bright rays

In a studio apartment, everything depends on the local zones, but it is better if this is reflected in the design ceiling structure... Any accent can become a highlight of the concept, but do not forget that each functional area must have a controlled power and intensity of the rays. With a large area, switches from different points to a common light or a remote control are appropriate.

Additional illumination of individual zones is added to the main general light.

Finally, one more important point - no matter how ideally organized artificial lighting is, do not forget about natural light, which plays a significant role in the design of a living space.

The suggested examples in the photo will help you to adopt the ideas used by professionals.

Home lighting is one of the fundamental principles of its design. One might even say that the lighting design of the apartment is the first of the fundamental principles of its project. A competent housing project just begins with the study of lighting: when it comes to stone, concrete and metal, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to correct mistakes.

However, “lighting design” is a complex and multifaceted concept. The light should be healthy and comfortable, show the appearance of the room and express the individuality of its owner. Accordingly, lighting design consists of three disciplines that follow one from the other:

General lighting design, or just lighting or lighting design... It creates a physiologically grounded backdrop against which everything else is located. By analogy with construction, this Basic structure or, more precisely, a hall with a stage and acoustics, in which both a violin quartet and a rock band can perform with equal success.
Light architecture emphasizes the conceptual orientation of the premises and expresses the worldview of its inhabitants. Light architecture can be external and internal, interior. Some interior styles, such as modern and high-tech, are generally unrealizable without appropriate lighting: the interior loses its expressiveness.
And finally interior lighting design, or interior lighting design- analogue of furniture and decor: it expresses the individuality of the owner. Unlike the first two, interior lighting design is flexible, just like furniture, figurines and paintings can be changed and moved.

This division is not far-fetched, it arises in the most natural way. Take a look at the picture: and without explanation, it is clear that on the left is lighting design, in the center is lighting architecture, and on the right is interior lighting design.

A full-fledged lighting design project includes all three components, but it is impossible to describe them in one article, so in this present we will focus on the original and most important thing: the overall design of the apartment lighting. Elements of lighting architecture and interior lighting design will be mentioned as needed, when it is impossible to decide without them common task lighting.

Lighting types

All three types of lighting design work with natural, general (background), local, work and decorative lighting. The natural has to be taken as it is, limiting ourselves to lighting (see below): softening, reflection, scattering. By the way, the general rules are as follows:

The background should be as shadow-free as possible, flooding. Our oldest instincts see danger in a deep shadow, which creates psychological discomfort. In practice, for the sake of simplicity and economy, penumbra and openwork shadows are achieved.
Local lighting should accentuate the interior details and decor, so the main requirement for it is a suitable spectrum, see the section on the properties of light.
Working lighting is also local, but is no longer focused on the subject, but on the eye: optimal brightness and spectrum are needed within the physiological limits of perception.
There is only one requirement for decorative lighting (for example, ceiling lighting): it should not adversely affect health.

Note: there is an informal type of lighting - background illumination. We will talk about it later, and the requirement for it is opacity when viewed from the outside.

Rules and regulations

Lighting should have a beneficial effect on vision, psyche and general health, so let's start with sanitary and hygienic requirements. Apartment lighting rules are regulated by physical parameters and "Natural and artificial lighting"; SanPiN 1278-03 remain valid for old buildings, but are invalid for the design of new ones. Aesthetics is not prescribed anywhere and in any way. The basic requirements are as follows:

illumination of common living rooms, kitchen and gym - 150 lux; for children - 200 lux; office - 300 lux; entrance hall, toilet, combined bathroom - 50 lux; bathroom, sauna, swimming pool - 100 lux;
the coefficient of natural illumination KEO with side lighting for shared living rooms, a kitchen, a swimming pool and a gym - 0.5; for children - 0.7; office - 1.0; entrance hall, toilet, combined bathroom, bath, sauna - not regulated;
for pool with gym generalized indicator of psychological discomfort UGR is admissible 60 with pulsations of artificial lighting up to 20% For bathrooms and toilets it is not regulated; for other rooms UGR = 0.

Notes:

All values are the minimum allowed. On a cloudy autumn day in the open air, the illumination is more than 10,000 lux, so there is no need to be afraid of "brute force" - there is no such amount of electricity in the wiring.

KEO for overhead natural lighting is not considered; measured by the side KEO in the horizontal plane of the floor.

But what are these KEOs and UGRs? Let's see, starting with KEO, it's simpler. To tackle UGR, you have to understand a little about the properties of light.

KEO

KEO, simply put, is the proportion of natural light entering the room. If, for example, a light meter on the floor of an open balcony showed 400 lux, and on the floor in the center of an adjacent room 250 lux, then KEO would be 250/400 = 0.625. The norm has been met.

How to define a KEO?

At home, KEO is quite simply determined by the camera, if it is not quite a soap dish:

We take a white sheet of paper (not plastic or film) in a larger format, on a clear noon we put it on the floor of the balcony or on the ground under the window, set the camera on aperture priority (mode A) and measure the shutter speed on it.
We do the same in the room, facing the window. The ratio of shutter speeds (and modern cameras measure them with an accuracy of 1/3 - 1/4 stop) will give KEO.

Example: exposure on paper on the street - 1/60 s, and in the room - 1/40 s. KEO will be 40/60 = 0.67.

UGR

The discomfort coefficient UGR is calculated using the formula from the international standard EN 12464-1. It is based on the so-called harshness of light, which for some reason is called brilliance in regulatory documents (and who only invented such nonsense when there is a simple and understandable word in Russian? Sacred corporate language, or what?) Very bright light can be soft and favorable for vision, and dull hard - irritate and spoil it.

The hardness of light is determined by three parameters of the luminous flux: degrees of polarization, coherence and spectrum. The stream of light consists of a huge number of elementary particles from the class of bosons - photons, which are simultaneously quanta of electromagnetic radiation with a certain frequency, phase and directions of electric and magnetic vectors. UGR varies from 0 to 100.

Polarization

The degree of polarization shows for what fraction of photons the directions of the field vectors coincide. In a cloudy sky and incandescent lamps, the general polarization is about zero, in a clear sky and fluorescent lamps - a few percent, up to 20%; glare from mirror surfaces and light from quantum sources - lasers, LEDs - can be 100% polarized. Light is considered soft when polarized up to 10%. Directional reflection and refraction of light increases its polarization.

You can check the polarization of light with a photographic polaroid filter: the polaroid, looking through it, is rotated 180 degrees. If the overall brightness does not noticeably change, the light is considered comfortable, and by the loss or weakening, you can immediately see the sources of intensification of the light.

Coherence

The degree of coherence shows what fraction of light quanta have their phases coincide. The hardness of light is determined by the length of the coherence train - the length of the section of the luminous flux, in which the degree of coherence exceeds 50%. It is because of the fairly high coherence of light that flash photos come out lifeless. It is impossible to determine the length of the coherence train at home, but under ordinary illumination, the absence of noticeable polarization also indicates an insignificantly small coherence train. The exception is the same quantum sources: the coherence of their light can reach 100% at a distance of several meters.

Spectrum

The eye easily adapts to the effective color temperature of illumination: if on a clear day it is 5700 K in sunlight, then on a cloudy day it is 6300 K, and at sunset it drops to about 2000 K. But the sun's spectrum is thermal, smooth (in the figure on the left) , therefore, thermal light sources are best suited for vision: ordinary incandescent lamps, xenon, krypton, freon, halogen. Unfortunately, they are uneconomical, so modern home lighting is increasingly based on the use of fluorescent lamps.

The luminescence spectrum (middle in the figure) is pseudo-white, there are noticeable dips in its envelope. Objects of colors that coincide with the dips visually appear darker under artificial lighting, which creates disharmony. In addition, obtaining pseudo-white light requires some increase in the intensity of the spectral zones, which is also not very good for vision.

Nevertheless, scientists and engineers work tirelessly to improve fluorescent lamps, and their modern models with a three-layer phosphor give light that is practically not inferior to solar diffused in terms of comfort.

How to check the quality of the light?

At home, the quality of light from a housekeeper light can be roughly determined if the household has something low-power powered by a solar battery: a calculator, a receiver. The procedure is as follows:

We "calibrate" the device with a 40-60 W incandescent light bulb: we note at what distance the battery will give operating current and the device will turn on.
We bring it to the fluorescent lamp: if the distance at which the battery "breathed" has decreased by no more than 2.5 times, the light is comfortable. The power of the tested light bulb can be in the range of 13-24 W; for 9-11 W, the battery operation distance is reduced by a factor of 1.5.

Example: the device turned on 0.6 m from the incandescent lamp and 15 cm from the 11 W of the housekeeper. 60/15 = 4, and 2.5x1.5 = 3.75. Crappy "alternative" lamp; only for local lighting.

Additions to SNiP 23-05-95 allow the use of LED lamps, subject to compliance with sanitary standards, but they are completely unsuitable for general lighting of rooms, not only in terms of polarization with coherence, but also in terms of spectrum: it is synthetic, island (in the figure on the right). The point here is not so much that the objects that have fallen into its deaf dips will seem black.

The main harmfulness of the island spectrum is the high concentration of energy in the envelope peaks, which is necessary to create the desired overall white brightness. Energy peaks overload the visual sensors of the eye, which spoils vision and health in general. By analogy: hitting the head with a pillow will only make you angry, but you can kill with a brick.

Therefore, the main areas of application of LEDs in home lighting are ceiling lighting design and illumination / illumination, and it is highly desirable to place the light strips behind the cornices, so that at least the polarization with coherence due to diffuse reflection is reduced.

About surface brightness

According to sanitary standards, the surface brightness of light sources should not exceed 200 cd / m2. Halogens, which provide a very favorable thermal spectrum for vision, go far beyond this threshold, representing point light sources. Therefore, when illuminating the working area, they must be hidden behind a visor or recessed into furniture, and for general lighting use lamps with matte caps or diffuse re-reflection of light, directing it to a white ceiling or walls.

Video: mistakes in lighting design

Let's go light design

Lighting design for a room begins with the lighting of natural lighting. Then, according to KEO, an artificial one should be attached to it: the light shock from the inclusion of too bright light is also harmful. Binding is done to determine the required power of the light sources.

Then, according to the original layout of the interior design, the types and nomenclature of lighting devices, their technical characteristics are selected. In this case, it is often necessary to refine the layout.

The next stage is, and according to its result, electrical circuit lighting the apartment. And only after that the light is "glued" into construction project, which again may require all sorts of improvements.

About the concepts of light

There are two general approaches to lighting: European and American.

The basis of the European is as an element uniting people, that very cozy brightly lit place that Hemingway yearned for.
The American concept is economical and individual, based on a sconce. To hell with all sorts of gatherings, I will huddle in my corner with a glass of whiskey, and so that the counter will run less.

Both approaches allow you to get background almost shadowless lighting, and a plafond or halogens scattered on the ceiling instead of a chandelier allow you to use a synthetic approach: ceiling light section by section through a double switch, and sconces with individual switches. At the same time, the problem of many wires is solved by sheathing the walls and ceiling, under which electrical cords are hidden.

Independent correct lighting of an apartment comes down to lighting it up by room, this is what we will do.

Video: an alternative subjective view of the types of lighting

Natural light

Direct natural light can become too harsh when passing through glass or bouncing off a mirror. In addition, the light from the window should not be too harsh, overly directed.

The harsh light is softened by translucent or openwork barriers - tulle, organza. They also scatter light, which has long been used to optimize natural lighting.

In our time, there is a tool that allows, in addition, to direct the light where necessary, without using its polarizing mirrors: vertical fabric blinds. Even if their panels are parallel to the beams, they, due to diffraction, knock down the hardness of light to an acceptable value. Turning the panels gives a diffuse reflection in the desired direction, and moving them apart, you can intercept part of the light flux and direct it to a dark corner. On sale, you can already find "smart" blinds that automatically support the optimal lighting mode of the room, but for DIYers familiar with electronics, there is a huge field of unplowed ones.

Artificial lighting

General rules

To relate interior design to light, it is helpful to remember the following:

Light and color give space if they are spectrum matched: backlighting with blue red will only fail.
The planes are visibly stretched in the direction of the light streams.
Premises with a common light tone the design should be illuminated evenly, and the dark ones should be illuminated by zones.
Areas are evenly lit.
The work light should be white.
Local light for colored objects also needs white, and for whites colored objects are possible.
Deep shadows are undesirable in any case.

About halogens

Halogen lamps create decent shadowless lighting with low power consumption. evenly distributed over the ceiling, form a semblance of a radiating plane. But the shadows under the furniture will be deep, so in living rooms halogens need to be deprived of the "point", as described above. V small rooms(kitchen, hallway) you don't really look down, and there halogens for general lighting can be used without any.

Determine the intensity of light

For the support we take a housekeeper lamp, tested for the quality of light. To determine the total power for lighting a room, we measure the illumination it creates alone, suspended from the ceiling, on the floor in the center. If it is not possible to use a light meter or submit an application to the SES for measuring illumination, the same camera will help out: we put it in the S mode (shutter priority), and measure the exposure according to white sheet... A value of about 100 lux corresponds to 0.5 s at aperture A = 2.8, 1 s at A = 4 and 2 s at A = 5.6.

Example: the camera lens with the maximum "hole" 4. The measurement gave a shutter speed of 4 s. Illumination - no more (1/4) x100 = 25 lux. To create a total illumination of 150 lux, at least 6 such bulbs are needed.

Selection of sources

The general lighting design of a room is determined not only by the properties of their light, but also by the directional pattern of the antenna pattern, see Fig. Cardioid DN is preferred for general lighting in any medium-sized room.

A cardioid is given by one lamp or a group of them in a plafond. If the bulbs are horizontal, the cardioid will be pulled down; if vertically with the flasks down, the DN will stretch to the sides. The former is preferable for rooms with dark furniture; the second is for light ones.

An eight is obtained from a cardioid if the luminaire is equipped with a bottom reflector ("tray"). Similar in properties to the cardioid, but more suitable for lighting large areas or rooms with high ceilings.

The fan-shaped DN has lamps in the reflector. The narrower and deeper the reflector, the less the fans will open. Used for local, work and area lighting. Lamps with a fan-shaped DN, adjustable in height, allow you to successfully solve the problem of lighting a common one-room apartment: raising and lowering them, you can adjust the size of the zones with light.

The DN-petal is given by the sconce. The "ear" of the lobe can be directed up or down, depending on the position of the lamp: the bulb is up or down, respectively. In the horizontal plane, the DN of the sconce is a cardioid. In the American system, it is customary to use the sconce with the DN ear up; in European - with ear down and lower power, for temporary work lighting.

Cosecant-square (lighthouse, radar) DP has the most important advantage: within the light spot, the illumination is theoretically ideal, but almost uniform. It is technically difficult to achieve QC DN, but almost the same is given by a table lamp with a bulb with a bulb up and a large hemispherical reflector lampshade above it. Have you seen Lenin's desk lamp in the drawings? Whoever he was, but, all his life processing mountains of documents, he did not feel the need for glasses.

About raster lights

Raster luminaires are suitable for large public spaces with high ceilings. In living rooms, this is just the case when the optimal brightness of the light turns out to be unacceptably hard.

Luminaire placement

We will analyze the placement of the luminaires using examples. it is impossible to give a universal recipe for all tastes and needs. There is only one thing in common - Euro-lighting. American light has not taken root anywhere except in the extremely utilitarian USA, and neither in Puritan England.

Living room

The lighting is based on the center of the ceiling, see the illustration on the left and center. DN for bright living rooms - cardioid; for large, complex shapes and darkish - eight; this allows you to light walls and corners without wasting extra power. If arranged light plasterboard ceiling(right), an even more economical shadowless background can be achieved with halogens, and decorative LED backlighting will also fit into it.

Bedroom

- the only room where it is not only acceptable, but also recommended: by changing its color, you can change the mood of the room for sleep, wakeful rest, or whatever else they do in the bedroom. For the "bed" zone, it is enough to illuminate the sconces or floor lamps at the headboard (see Fig.), But the ceiling lamp needs to be shifted to the center of the waking zone. A fan-shaped one with a wide opening, adjustable in height, is very suitable: the size of the waking zone can be changed according to the use of the bedroom at the moment.

The bedroom lighting is perfectly complemented by LED window lights. The ribbons are placed along the perimeter of the window opening so that they shine along the glass, and from the inside they are curtained with organza. On a bed in such a bedroom, you can do incredible things with the window open, and the spies will not see anything except, perhaps, vague shadows.

Children

Hard light hits children's eyes especially hard, so a matte shade or halogens with matte caps are needed on the ceiling. Lighting options are shown in the figure; on the right - formally correct, but psychologically unacceptable. Dark decorative cornices-clouds spoil all. Who is comfortable living under a stormy sky all the time? Certainly not for children.

Kitchen

Halogens are optimal for lighting. The shadows under the furniture are not striking here, and the halogens will not only less load the kitchen wiring (which is already the most loaded in the apartment), but also self-clean from the settling child, because they get very hot during operation. How to get rid of the dottedness of the halogen is described above; An example of a successful kitchen lighting design is shown in the figure on the left - in the kitchen, the lighting should be dominated by the work area.

Hallway

Illumination of the corridor should be, first of all, uniform: - the face of the house, and, I beg your pardon, decent citizens with a twisted face do not show themselves to people. Economical LED lighting due to the cornice with re-reflection from the white matte ceiling, on the left in the figure, is quite justified: they do not stay in the hallway for a long time, but the most ordinary matte shades in the center will also go.

But fanciful lighting solutions, as in Fig. on the right, you should avoid: a visitor, a conversation with whom is perhaps fundamentally important for you, may have a subconscious impression that he came not to a promising subordinate or potential partner, but to Dracula's castle.

Bathroom

Optimal lighting and - even, soft, almost shadowless, as in Fig. left. Deep shadows, highlights, spots, as in two fig. on the right, and the pores of the skin will not be allowed to open properly when washing, and the intestinal peristalsis will be made sluggish. This is solved, as a rule, with just one plafond on the ceiling - the bathrooms are finished with light, well-reflective materials.

The lamps are equipped with incandescent lamps. The light in the bathroom does not burn for days, so saving is not important, but there are more than enough glare surfaces. In addition, for housekeepers hidden in waterproof lamps, electronics quickly fail from overheating.

The working lighting of the mirror is with matte halogens (second from the left in the figure), as in the nursery, but the reason is different: the dots that cut the eyes will not make it possible to see minor imperfections in appearance, which will then be noticeable to others.

Studio apartment

Lighting for a studio apartment is based on the principle of promoting zoning. A good example is shown in the figure on the left. A highlight is the ceiling light with an eight-figure pattern, shifted to the center of the recreation area. In combination with a directed stream of light from a window, such general light makes any other methods of zoning a room effective.

About stretch ceilings

Lighting of stretch ceilings is technically reduced to the selection of luminaires and ceiling material compatible in terms of heat release and energy flux density (PES), but this is a separate topic that is not related to lighting design. As for it as such, the stretch ceilings were just invented for the sake of full light self-expression (see Fig.), Therefore, the methods of lighting them are not regulated anywhere, and giving instructions would mean emasculating the idea.

But one piece of advice still needs to be given: in case of turning off the beauty unspeakable in the inter-ceiling space, a weak backlight to match overall design, as on the trail. rice. left. Otherwise, the glittering ceiling can spoil the pacifying coziness of the room, which can be seen in the same place to the right.

Video: ceiling lighting examples

And about the warmth? Don't forget!

Even the most economical housekeeping bulbs generate quite a lot of heat. Installation of luminaires should be carried out taking this circumstance into account. Instructions are attached to the lighting fixtures (or they can be found by the brand name), which indicate the permissible lamp wattage, distance to walls, etc. These guidelines must be adhered to, but there is a nuance for housekeepers: their heat release in watts is calculated separately. The mains voltage is known and the current consumption is indicated on the base.

The fact is that the housekeeper's electrical circuit has a rather high reactivity, and the power designation on the package shows the effective power consumption, how much the meter will wind. For some time after turning on the heat, the housekeeper will allocate more, and then will allocate less. Fast-burning housekeepers are the result of their placement in deaf, tight shades, so let good, in general, light bulbs breathe freely.

No matter how good the repairs made in the house or apartment, without correct lighting it won't look the way it should.

Local lighting, in turn, is divided into:

A worker who focuses on a specific area and is designed to perform any specific tasks in it - cooking, reading, working at a desk.
Spot, which is designed to draw attention to certain accessories, details of room furnishings, objects of art. Spot lighting is often used for decoration. adjoining territory- to illuminate fountains, trees, flower beds and even the facade of the house.

is not only to shine only when it is dark, but also that it is able to change our perception of space, changing the proportions of rooms, hiding some of the flaws in the interior, dividing the room into functional zones.

By coloring the light in different colors, you can influence the human psyche, changing his mood. For example, green light has soothing properties. Blue and blue are also calming, but make the surrounding objects look unpleasant, so they should not be used to illuminate the kitchen or bathroom. Light red shades are uplifting and promote concentration, while dark red light is alarming.

On this moment There are many different sources of artificial light, which can be divided into the following groups:

Conventional incandescent lamps. As it turned out, they are still the most comfortable for the human eye, but only 10% of their power is spent on lighting, the remaining 90% are converted into thermal energy.
Halogen lamps are more commonly used for zone lighting because they emit a directional beam of light.
Fluorescent lamps practically do not heat the room, but they are rarely used for housing, as they emit a fairly well-audible hum. They are more economical than incandescent bulbs.
practically do not get warm at all. Their advantages include the fact that they do not emit either ultraviolet or infrared rays. They are ten times more durable than conventional lamps, but their luminous efficiency is lower. Therefore, they are used for night lighting or decorative lighting.

To the most modern species artificial lighting include fiber optic systems and duralight light cords. LEDs are used to create light cords. Usually they are not used as main lighting, but are used only for decorative lighting. Moreover, you can use them not only inside the house, but also

The optical fiber can only emit light from the end cuts. Typically, this type of lighting is used together to create different lighting effects.

How to choose the required number of lamps

In order to create a comfortable level of lighting in the house, it is necessary to correctly select the power of the lamps and their number.

There is a simple way to determine the number of devices: for every 5 sq. m of the room should have 60 - 75 kW of power of lighting devices (one or several in total). Knowing the area of the room and the power of the selected devices, it is easy to choose their number.

If you resort to the help of specialists in solving this issue, they will make detailed diagram where all possible options connection of each lighting device, as well as groups of devices. You will also receive recommendations on the installation of control devices and control devices for lighting.

Effects that can be achieved with light

With the help of light, many room problems can be solved. There are several ways to change a room using lighting effects exclusively:

If the room seems narrow, then it can be visually "expanded" using the built-in light. For this, the luminaires are placed under the ceiling along the perimeter of the room, directing the light flux down along the walls. In this case, the surfaces of the walls visually "move apart". For this, lamps with a neutral or cold light spectrum are used.
If the room seems short, then it can be visually "lengthened" using cold spectrum lamps on one of the walls. Conversely, you can "shorten" the room by illuminating the farthest wall with warm light sources.
If the room has a low ceiling, then it can be "raised" by arranging glass stained-glass windows on the ceiling, behind which should be located halogen or fluorescent lamps. Such an illusion of daylight falling through a high ceiling. This technique is often used in cramped and dark rooms without windows, such as a bathroom, hallway, kitchen. To create such a ceiling, you can use a wide variety of glass: transparent, milky, corrugated, colored.

Shadow-based lighting.
To create this effect, a variety of room decor elements are used, which have a complex intricate shape. It can be a root of a tree of complex shape, a bouquet of dried flowers. By illuminating them with directional light, you can fill the room with intricate shadows.
Often, to create the desired effect, equipped with a function of adjusting the light intensity. By varying the intensity, unusual lighting effects can be created at different times of the day.

Backlighting is used to decorate various niches, wardrobes, work surfaces.
A very unusual effect is provided by the lighting placed behind the translucent glass cabinet doors. It can be built from the sides, bottom or top. Thus, the wardrobe turns into a kind of lamp, illuminating the room with unusual diffused light.
Also, lighting is used for architectural lighting of niches and their contents, beautiful stucco and other design elements of the room.

Sometimes, with the help of illumination, they focus on individual paintings, vases, sculptures. This allows you to almost completely hide the background and focus on the main detail of the room.

It must be remembered that the hidden is directed only to surfaces that have no flaws, since all defects will be clearly visible.

Few are so lucky with a hallway to have a window in it. Usually this is a completely dark room, illuminated by light falling from adjacent rooms and lamps.

The role of the hallway, it would seem, is completely utilitarian - to serve as a place for storing shoes for outerwear, allowing its owners to dress and preen before going out. But, nevertheless, the general impression of the apartment depends on the atmosphere prevailing in it. And if this is just a dark corner, then no amount of the splendor of the rooms can compensate for the discomfort that reigns there. Therefore, the lighting of the hallway should be given the same attention as the lighting of all other rooms.

Since there is almost always a large mirror in the hallway, in which we examine ourselves before going out into the street, the lighting must be organized so that the space is illuminated evenly, there are no deep shadows. For this, it is best to use diffused light, which is provided by a good diffuser. A good option would be a large plafond resembling a plate, located as close to the ceiling as possible.

If the apartment is small and it seems that the ceiling in the dark corridor "presses", then for lighting, you can use the lamps placed behind the decorative cornice, aimed at the ceiling. This will visually "raise" it.

There is a layout in which the corridor is made very long, but narrow, which does not decorate it at all. In such a situation, you can place several fixtures along one wall. Moreover, it should be a wall with a maximum length. The light needs to be directed to the other wall. This option is the entire hallway and at the same time visually expand it.

A large mirror can be additionally illuminated using small local lights. Lighting will be most successful if you place them in the upper half of the mirror - from the top and from the sides.

All family members spend a lot of time in the kitchen, so it is very important to organize the correct lighting. This is also important because the hostess spends a lot of time here preparing food.

If the kitchen is small, then it is not necessary to hang a central ceiling lamp, it is quite enough to illuminate the eating area and work surfaces.
If the kitchen is large enough, then you simply cannot do without a central light. It is better to organize it with ceiling lamp with a good diffuser. with warm light.

For additional lighting dining area located against the wall, you can use a wall sconce with a matte shade, positioned so that the faces of the diners and the table are evenly illuminated.

If the room allows you to install a dining table in the center, then the option with a chandelier on an adjustable suspension will be very successful. This will allow, depending on the circumstances, to place the plafond either higher or lower, emphasizing the solemnity of the moment or creating an intimate atmosphere. If you really want to hang a colored plafond in the kitchen, then do not use green and blue tones- they give an unpleasant tone to the faces of people and to dishes.

The work surfaces, where the main cooking operations are carried out, should be additionally highlighted. At the same time, do not follow with directional light, while deep shadows are created, which reduce the comfort of work. The protruding parts of hanging kitchen cabinets are considered the most successful place for placing lamps. The only condition is that they should not interfere with the opening of the doors.
If there are no wall cabinets, then you can install pendant elongated lamps or mount spotlights on the ceiling.

In many ways, the rules are similar to hallway lighting. For example, mirror illumination is carried out according to the same principle - from above and from the sides. If the mirror is not too large, then a single wall sconce equipped with a matte shade and a flexible leg that allows you to adjust the light as needed can be used to illuminate it.

We are not talking about the central lamp here. Usually located on the ceiling. It is good if these are devices with an adjustable angle of rotation.

The main requirement for bathroom lighting is safety. It is necessary to equip the room with lighting devices protected from moisture.

Sometimes the following set of lamps is used for lighting: one large waterproof shade (usually located on the wall) and a set of spotlights for individual zones.

As for the spectrum of lamps, it should be as natural and warm as possible. Do not install halogen lamps or fluorescent lamps in the bathroom. They give the setting a hospital-like feel.

How to organize living room lighting

Regardless of the number of rooms in a house or apartment, the living room is the most functionally loaded room.

Here they rest after work, spend family holidays, receive guests. Moreover, it usually has several functional areas, each of which is separate.

Recently, designers have been suggesting that customers abandon general living room lighting. This lighting scheme is called "American" and assumes local illumination of each area. This allows you to save on lighting, and at the same time each family member finds his own corner. But, unfortunately, from a psychological point of view, this leads to the separation of family members from each other. Therefore, it is nevertheless recommended to use a "European" lighting scheme, in which there is always a central luminaire.

If you are not the owner of an apartment with high ceilings, then you should not use massive appliances with bright shades as a chandelier. It is better if the chandelier is close to the surface of the ceiling, and the shades provide diffused soft light. Can also be used aimed at the ceiling, this will visually increase the height of the room.

For each functional area of the living room, you need to use lamps located at different heights. If there are chairs in the reading area, then it can be illuminated with floor lamps, wall or spotlights.
You can use a backlight for your home theater screen to avoid eye fatigue.
If there are objects in the living room that you need, then you can use decorative lighting. Here you can also use colored lighting to create a festive mood.

When using many light sources in one room, you need to remember that they should all be in stylistic unity, and not represent a bunch of random things. To do this, you need to purchase chandeliers, sconces and floor lamps from the same set, which are guaranteed to be combined with each other.

Based on the fact that this is a relaxation room, lighting here should create an appropriate environment conducive to relaxation. Therefore, it should be soft, without direct streams of light.

If you need to illuminate the bedside tables, then it is better to do this using table lamps or wall sconces... Choose spherical lamps with frosted shades or fabric shades. They will allow you to calmly go about your business, without interfering with your spouse, who is already resting.

Bedrooms can also be used with a central chandelier, but it is better if these are spotlights hidden behind decorative panels located around the perimeter of the bedroom.

In the bedroom, you can use colored lighting to help you relax and restore your peace of mind. Green and golden tones are very good for this.

Light in the nursery

Proceeding from the fact that almost the whole life of a child takes place here, it is necessary to think over the lighting in such a way that it would allow children to play comfortably, do their homework, and read.

The child must be chosen for safety reasons. It is better if these are plastic shades that completely cover the lamps, which can be broken during active games.

For the same reasons, it is advisable not to install floor lamps in the children's room that may fall. If children like outdoor games with a ball, then spotlights located behind false panels located around the perimeter of the room can be used for general lighting.

It is better to use cold light bulbs to illuminate the child's desk to stimulate mental activity.

If the kids are afraid to sleep in the dark, then a night light should be installed in the room. It is better if it is a device with dimmable lighting, giving diffused light. Do not point it at the baby's face, as this may cause discomfort while sleeping.

Office lighting

If the living space allows you to equip a separate office for work, or if you are a remote employee, then you need to create a working atmosphere in it. Usually there is a table in any office. In order to do the work behind it, it is necessary to exclude the occurrence of sharp contrasts that tire the eyesight. Therefore, the table must be fully lit.

If the table has impressive dimensions, then for its high-quality lighting it is better to use two table lamps with diffused light. This will create an even illumination of the entire surface and will help preserve vision. Tapered lamps are very suitable for this.

For individual tasks, it would be nice to have a directional lamp as well, but you should not constantly use it.
The brightness of the lighting fixtures should match the daylight, this stimulates brain activity and improves performance.

It's not bad if the spacious office has a central lamp and or several spotlights. This will reduce the contrast between the illuminated area of the table and the steel dark space of the room. The table on which the computer monitor stands should be placed perpendicular to the window. This will eliminate the glare that will tire your eyes and make the image look blurry.

In the reading area, it is worth putting a floor lamp with a fabric shade that is for the eyes.

Lighting, its level, color and brightness greatly affect the life and activity of a person, therefore, it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to this issue. Lighting can easily both ruin the mood for the whole day and bring a person to a peaceful state.

Apartment lighting project - case example formation of space with the help of competent lighting of each of the zones.

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On the picture:

The project of the designer Andrey Gulyaev modern lighting of the apartment - the participant of the competition "The most conceptual interior: a bright idea" on the site pinwin.ru

Designer Andrey Gulyaev has implemented a project of forming a space of 70 sq.m. Lighting in the interior of the apartment was divided into zones, taking into account the orientation and functions of each of them. So, in the hallway - a semi-public space - the light is harsh, harsh. The lighting of the corridor in the apartment, according to the author of the project, should be linear and rectangular, because this is an "intermediate" place in the apartment, not for intimate conversations. The kitchen, dining room and living room are areas that are relaxing by default, intended for pleasant communication, relaxation, and eating. There is soft free light here. The most private place in the house is the bedroom, which creates smooth, flexible, flowing lighting. In the bathroom, the light is point and diffused.

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