The evolution of wooden housing construction.Can they modern houses can stay forever?

Not so long ago, the population of the planet Earth "went crazy" from fast food, synthetic clothing, energy drinks and artificial materials, however, all this had a too serious impact on human health, and the "rebellion of artificial things" was smoothly replaced by a love for everything natural and useful.

This trend has affected all areas of society, from food to the homes in which people spend half their lives. The first building material that was remembered by the representatives of the "new generation" was wood (,). Indeed, what product can be more environmentally friendly and comfortable for building your own home?

However, a number of questions arose - so that he would serve faithfully for many years? Indeed, recalling the houses located in the villages and occupied by grandmothers and great-grandmothers, one involuntarily wants to abandon this idea - black boards, the smell of dampness, excessive humidity - all this is hardly conducive to improving health.

It's not about the wood at all, but about how it was taken care of and how it was built from it. So let's look at the main mistakes that our ancestors made in the construction and operation of houses.

How were wooden houses built in the past?

What technologies have you used before? It is difficult to give an unambiguous answer to this question - after all, the concept of technology was not used at that time. However, the architects had their own secrets that helped to build high-quality structures.

Required tools:

The main tool of any architect was an ax. It was strictly forbidden to use a saw, as it tore the wood fibers, which made the material accessible to water and thereby deteriorated it. consumer properties. Nails were also banned, as they worsened the quality of the building. Indeed, if we trace the process of wood decay, the area around the nails is the first to suffer.

Base and fasteners:

Not having modern technologies, which humanity now possesses, the construction of a wooden house was a rather laborious task.

Everyone knows the expression "cut down a hut"; it is associated both with the use of an ax - the only tool in the construction of houses, and with the name of the base - interconnected logs forming a quadrangle. Large boulders served as the foundation, which helped to reduce rotting, as well as retain heat.

The types of log cabins depended on the household purpose of a particular building:

1. Cut. The logs were stacked on top of each other, often without the use of fasteners. Since the buildings of this type did not have thermal insulation as such and allowed the wind to roam around the room, they were used exclusively for household purposes.

2. In the paw. The end of each log was combed and attached to the structure. The buildings of this type looked aesthetically pleasing, since the wood was adjusted to size, the logs did not go beyond the corners. However, aesthetics affected the quality, thermal insulation decreased, and in the cold season, the cracks let air through.

3. In oblo. This type of log house was considered the most reliable. The logs were fastened to each other with the help of special spikes and went beyond the wall, which made the building warm and durable. For the purpose of insulation, moss was tightly packed between the logs, and at the end of construction, all the cracks were caulked with linen tow.

Roof:

Like the entire building of the Russian architect, the roof was made completely without nails. At the end of the construction of the building, the logs became smaller and covered with longitudinal poles. With the help of thin tree trunks inserted into the poles, the hollowed out was supported, which collected the flowing water. Massive boards were laid out on top of the entire structure, abutting against a prepared hole in the log, giving Special attention top joint of boards.

There were many materials for covering the roof, but they did not cope very well with protective functions: straw, shingles, turf with birch bark. The most popular roofing was tes (special boards).

Why modern wooden houses will stand for many years?

The modern world amazes with a variety of materials that help to build and competently operate wooden houses. Consider the main "assistants" of modern builders:

Tools:

Hardware stores offer a huge number of tools, it all depends on what specific work is planned to be carried out during construction, whether there will be a drawing, how the boards will be laid, etc. Workers use a power saw (there are currently a large number of anti-rot products, making the saw the main tool in the work), which makes the process of preparing for construction quite fast. In addition, when buying a tree, the consumer receives a finished hewn product. The following tools will also come in handy: a hacksaw, an ax, a hammer, a nail puller, tape measures, a level, brushes, a slice.

Base and fasteners:

At the moment, there are several types of foundation - the choice depends on the type of soil and on the intended design. There are 3 main types:

1. Columnar (dense soil)

2. Pile (capricious soil)

3. Tape (most dense)

In modern construction, various ready-made fasteners for open and closed type, which guarantees a tight connection, as well as using special heat-insulating coatings, reliable protection against dampness and cold.

Roof:

Modern roofs have high quality characteristics, have the functions of heat and waterproofing, noise insulation, resistant to environmental influences and very wear-resistant. We can distinguish the most popular materials for the manufacture of roofing:

2. Ondulin

3. Ceramic tile

4. Welding materials

5. Bituminous mastic.

Summing up, it is worth noting that the imperfection of houses built in Russia is caused by the lack of quality materials and modern instruments. Using, you can not be afraid of darkening of wood or the possibility of decay. A house built in accordance with all norms and requirements will serve more than one generation of owners, but it is important to remember that beauty requires constant care.

In northern Russia, wooden houses were always built, and not because they did not know how to build stone ones, but because a wooden house is warmer, the microclimate in it is better than in a stone one, and also because there was enough forest in Russia. It's all about the thermal conductivity of wood and stone. The tree at one end can burn (the temperature of this area will be about +300 degrees Celsius), and at the other end of the log you can freely hold on to your hand. With a stone, this is impossible: if the stone is heated to +200 degrees from one end, then you will not be able to touch the other end. Brick, in terms of thermal conductivity, is also not far from stone.

If our ancestors lived in stone castles, like the Angles and Saxons, then you and I would not exist in the world, since the ancestors in our climate would simply die - they caught a cold and died out. Consequently, a wooden house is a condition of life in the Russian North. You can, of course, live in the north in a yaranga made of skins or in a plague, but then you will not be Russian, it will be a completely different culture. To live in a yaranga, it is necessary that the herd of deer (the source of skins) be very large - at least 30 deer per person.

So, Russia is wooden houses, wooden architecture, wooden culture. It is no coincidence that we also call our monetary unit the ruble wooden. From wood in Russia they made houses and ships, carts, plows, harrows, tubs, cups, spoons, toys, ... God's temples were also built from wood. It is no coincidence that carpentry and blacksmithing were considered the most honorable professions in Russia, and only in third place was the craft of potters - pottery.

V different parts our vast homeland has developed different styles wooden construction. In my previous articles, I showed that the Great Russian ethnic group was formed in the XIV-XVII centuries from several "parent" ethnic groups - the Varangians of Russia, Slovenes, Krivichi, Ugrofins (Merya, All, Kostroma, etc.). Each of these ethnic groups probably had its own way of building houses, its own tradition. folk traditions very stable: they, like the language, are preserved for centuries and even millennia. Traditions are what unite generations of people into one people, into one ethnic group. In some cases, traditions are due to the peculiarities of the climate and topography of the country of residence, and in some cases they are simply a manifestation of fashion, habit, and are not directly related to living conditions.

09:23 pm: Why didn't they build castles in Russia?
Like a true westerner even Russian history I read in the exposition of the 19th-century French historian Alfred Rambaud. The book is interesting for comparisons of Russian events with the history of Europe, for example, an observation that seemed curious to me about the difference in architecture:

There is no stone in Russia, except for the areas adjacent to the mountains. This fact had a huge impact on its development economically and artistically. It was necessary to use a different building material than in the West: architectural monuments were erected mainly from oak and pine or from brick; ancient churches, royal chambers, fortifications of ancient cities were built from wood; the houses of the townspeople and the huts of the peasants are still being built of wood. Russian villages and most cities are accumulations of combustible materials - hence the periodically advancing fires; we can say that the whole of Russia burns out on average every seven years. With such materials, buildings could not have those colossal dimensions that distinguish French castles and cathedrals on the Rhine.

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Comments

written truths.
As well as short autumn - spring, forcing people in Russia to work not measuredly, but in a rush.

I do not claim that this information is unique =)
however, it never occurred to me that the difference in architecture was due to the absence of stone, so this observation was unexpected.

add here the conclusion about the national character - Russian cities burned every two or three years, they had to be rebuilt from scratch, and they were rebuilt quickly. And the western stone city was built for a very long time and slowly. Therefore, the Russian could at any moment spit on his wooden walls, go to the Don, beyond the Stone - he had nothing to lose except a handful of ash. But a German or a Frenchman was held by stones, which were hewn by his grandfather.
The second is the operating mode. In Russia, there is a short spring and a short autumn - you have to have time to weed out in two weeks, when the snow melted - before the heat dried up the soil. And in the fall, you need to have time to harvest in two weeks - until the frost kills it. But in the long winter you can lie on the stove, take a break from the autumn rush and prepare for the spring. While the Western peasant could sow and harvest crops relatively slowly, according to a measured schedule, working without rush jobs and breaks. Exactly this quality - work "for a breakthrough" and rest after it - in my opinion is more noticeable in Russians.

Rambaud also writes about the mobility of Russians, although he does not connect it with cities, explaining that the land was mostly infertile and the people sought to move further south, because there was nothing to leave in terms of good land.
I have long heard about emergency work with long breaks, a really noticeable character trait.

In Rome, the Colosseum was built of stone in ancient times, the same theme in Greece. It's about time frames. In Russia, they began to massively build from stone only under Peter I, in Europe several hundred years earlier, and these hundreds of years European cities were built. That's what it is, and not at all about the fact that there are stone buildings from the time of the apes.

and the stone in Russia was in the mountains, from where its transportation was too expensive to build cities, castles, cathedrals, etc.

>in Russia, the city was not opposed to the feudal lord, but, on the contrary, was the guarantor and symbol of his power

this does not explain the absence of stone cathedrals, palaces, etc., in addition, in Russia there was a constant struggle with the surrounding tribes, and feudal civil strife, which threatened cities no less, so Castles would be very useful.

Yes, even in Novgorod the stone Kremlin was completed only in the 15th century, in Moscow in the 14th century, when castles were built in Germany in the 9th, 10th, 11th centuries. What hindered us, if not the absence of a stone? Moreover, European cities often formed around Castles. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev is made of mixed brick and stone masonry by the Byzantines. Apparently there were not too many stones =)

Yes, even if the active construction of cities made of stone in Europe began in the 15th century, then in Russia only from the beginning of the 18th century, and throughout the 19th century, most of the cities were wooden.

yeah, as well as the function of the cathedral and the palace, everything is clear.

I didn't read it =)
You haven't read it either, have you?

yes, damn it, pulls on the article =)

it's nice, nice to say that they come to me in the history magazine, make discoveries here in the kaamments! Walk ischo =)

On the other hand, a hundred in general for a strange tendency to compare everyone with Europeans?! What kind of Eurocentric position, where did they get that THERE was more correct?!
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Based on the result. Muscovy and the Republic of Ingushetia have always been lagging behind in relation to Europe.

Alexander Nikolayevich, wood is a native Russian building material, our country has rich traditions of wooden architecture and the largest forest reserves. And yet Russia cannot boast large quantity quality wooden houses. What is the reason for this: has the tradition been stopped or is there a lack of demand?

It is more expensive to use in construction a tree that grows in Russia than an imported one - we still do not have a full cycle of harvesting "business" timber in sufficient volumes. And if the European forest were not subject to such customs duties, we could compete in prices with affordable housing programs.

Let's debunk the myths that the tree is often associated with. For example, today many people still consider wood a fire hazardous material. There is also an opinion that the tree requires a long shrinkage - up to 3 years. Is it so?

As for the shrinkage of wooden houses. For example, glued wood technology: glued from well-dried and sorted parts (lamellae), glued laminated timber has high strength and durability. Houses made of glued beams do not shrink at all and in the future cracks will not appear in it. This happens because all parts of the structure are seated in different directions.

As far as fire hazard is concerned, we are located in Russia, where there are certain rules and regulations related to fire safety regulations, the operation of electrical equipment, etc. As a company that operates in Russia, we comply with all necessary rules and regulations. In particular, our designs have passed all the necessary certifications in state supervision bodies.

By the way, about myths. Wooden houses are no more fire hazardous than buildings made of other materials. Moreover, a wooden house burns more slowly than any other. From building codes and rules, it is known that long-span structures in non-wooden buildings are still made of wood. The burning speed of a wooden beam is longer than the burning speed of a metal beam, which bursts immediately and leads to the collapse of the house. A wooden beam burns longer and allows you to save people.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of wood over stone and brick?

Advantages - this is undoubtedly the environmental friendliness of the tree. After all, even at the production stage, the smallest amount of CO2 is produced, compared with the production of other building materials. And in further operation, the wooden house “breathes”, it maintains the oxygen balance and optimal air humidity.

Another point is energy saving in wooden houses. The technologies used in construction make it possible to retain heat indoors for as long as possible. winter period and coolness in summer.

Wooden houses, in my opinion, are the most organic for a comfortable country living, they fit logically into the surrounding landscape. In general, I believe that the future belongs to wooden houses.

As for the cons, here I can only name the personal preferences of a person. If the family for some reason likes brick house, then in this case, wooden, of course, will not suit them.

In an interview with our publication, the architect Totan Kuzembaev said that in order for a wooden house to stand for centuries, all technologies must be strictly followed. What are these technologies? Does the amount of wood impregnation violate its ecological qualities? Is it possible to build a wooden house on your own?

A home should be sustainable, just like food should be delicious. Still, we must attribute a number of cumulative factors to ecology - the location of this house, its fundamental engineering solutions. This makes the house environmentally friendly. And not the presence of glue or impregnations, which are present in any other materials as well.

Company whole line patents for their original solutions in the field of timber construction. It was the first manufacturer of wooden houses in the world to receive the right to put the CE mark on its products, confirming compliance with European quality standards.

Fortunately, almost all the world's largest manufacturers have in their assortment compositions based on natural and safe ingredients and dyes. Usually, these are water-based or alkyd-based formulations, sometimes based on natural oil. Such compositions have sufficiently high protective properties, and at the same time retain the natural texture of wood, do not violate it. natural properties. The secret is that the composition used should not form a hard surface on the surface of the tree. protective film, but to create a vapor-permeable "breathable" coating. It is these compositions that HONKA uses.

The only drawback of such compositions is their shorter service life, that is, after several years of operation at home, the issue of painting will have to be returned.

But what can you do for yourself and your family? By the way, HONKA does not use such materials as nitro-varnishes, epoxy and polyurethane varnishes and enamels in their homes at all, despite their exceptional durability.

As wall material in the construction of houses in elite villages, glued beams of various sizes are often used. We, in particular, actively use cabin timber, consisting of six glued parts, an ideal material for the construction of wooden buildings with high storeys. Own development - glued log with a diameter of 230 mm and 260 mm, combining the appearance of a traditional log and technical qualities salon beam. There are practically no cracks in a glued log, and its diameter and density make it possible to build well-insulated, large buildings. All these types of building material are distinguished by high strength, aesthetic appearance, as well as a low coefficient of settlement. From round models logs are more often built in classical and country-style houses. While glued beams are great for buildings with a more modern look, not traditional architecture for wooden houses - with large glazing areas, pitched roofs etc. In the construction of large-scale facilities, it is most efficient to use materials with a large diameter.

In general, an eco-friendly wooden house, which we are building, is built from natural, natural, certified materials. Under environmentally friendly materials, most often they mean wood, because. it is it that has a "breathing" effect, passing air through itself and thereby ensuring constant air exchange, infiltration, in the premises. In addition, one of the most important characteristics of an "eco-house" is its energy efficiency, that is, the maximum reduction in heat loss, and wood, as you know, is an excellent heat insulator. To this we can add the unique disinfecting qualities of a coniferous tree that releases phytoncides, which, as scientists have proven, increase the biological activity of oxygen and neutralize pathogens. A large areas Glazing in such wooden houses allows maximum use of natural light, which reduces energy consumption.

Can you build yourself quality house from wood?

Before starting any work on the design and construction of a house, everyone decides for himself the following questions: what place on the site will be the best for the location of the house on it? How to arrange the house in the best way on the cardinal points, neighboring buildings (if there are any nearby)? And finally, what architectural and spatial solution for the house will the best way correspond to the wishes of the client and the features of his site (illumination, relief, trees on the site, viewpoints, access roads, etc.)?

The questions are not easy, so many customers already at this stage prefer to turn to specialists. If a client comes to our company with such questions, then an architect is immediately sent to his site, often together with a landscape architect. Talking with the customer on his own site, you can pay attention to many features of future design and construction, which will allow you to start the process of designing a house correctly and take advantage of the features of the site, including its possible shortcomings.

In what regions of the Russian Federation do you build?

HONKA - as an international concern, has offices in 30 countries, and HONKA houses are delivered to more than 50 countries. In Russia, the concern ranks first in the import of Finnish wooden houses. The first representative office of HONKA was opened in Russia in 1995 in St. Petersburg, then in 1998 the Moscow representative office was opened, and already in 2007 - Perm.

In total, over 1,500 facilities have been built on the territory of the Russian Federation during this time, and about 700 in the Moscow region.

suburban housing market Leningrad region is actively developing and it presents several villages built in accordance with the principles of eco-development, which we adhere to. We can name the cottage settlements Honka-Park, Russian Switzerland, Copper Lake, Honka Family Club, etc.

This autumn, the HONKA representative office in Perm is just 3 years old. If we talk about the results of work in the Urals, then over the years, the construction of the cottage settlement Derevnya Demidkovo has been fully completed. The total building area is more than 10 hectares. The HONKA representative office performed the functions of a single contracting organization. In the village - 23 individual houses of "premium" class ranging from 367 to 507 square meters. m. By the way, it should be noted that architectural projects were developed by our specialists specifically for the Ural region, taking into account climatic features.

During its work, the company has taken a leading position in terms of construction volume in the market of wooden housing construction in organized high-level cottage settlements. The geography of HONKA's presence in the Urals is expanding. In addition to Perm, orders for construction were received in Yekaterinburg and other cities Sverdlovsk region. The volume of private orders is constantly growing.

What is the volume of wooden housing construction compared to other materials today in the Moscow region and in other regions where you build? Where is it more, where is it less? What changes have taken place in the last 5-10 years?

In the Russian market of low-rise construction, wooden houses today occupy a share of about 40%. Almost half of the low-rise buildings are made of wood - these are both cottage settlements and private buildings. All of them, of course, different levels and quality, but in any case, this vector is present: many companies produce wooden houses in Russia; the distribution of western timber houses is also growing. However, I do not think that this percentage will grow much; I think now we are seeing its most correct meaning.

However, for example, in Perm the volume of private orders in 2010 increased by 3 times compared to the same period last year. It should only be noted that we are talking about high-level settlements located in picturesque places.

In general, it is impossible for the Russian market to name figures characterizing the volumes of construction services and production accompanying wooden housing construction. Any expert assessments here will be taken from the "ceiling".

In the market of wooden housing construction today there is a serious differentiation of manufacturers, participants in the construction and real estate markets. At the level of the Ministry natural resources and Ministries economic development and Trade of the Russian Federation, measures are being developed to limit the export of raw materials abroad, aimed at creating a comfortable subsidized and tax climate for potential investments in the wood processing industry. However, we, as experts with extensive experience, see that such a situation will lead to the stimulation of the pulp and paper complex, the emergence of plants, primarily primary processing, and the construction of plants for the production of building materials, but not to the growth of quality production of wooden houses. Including for reasons of the biological characteristics of the Russian forest and for reasons of logging logistics. Today, the market for high-quality wooden housing construction has a pronounced import character in terms of production and a huge difference between the service and range of services of well-known Finnish manufacturers and Russian companies.

What is the percentage of wooden construction in European countries and how much is HONKA's share in it?

As for the situation abroad, it is similar in proportion in quantity and differs in proportion in regional distribution. Northern and Central Europe in more build houses of wood than in the European south.

Today, HONKA is the leader in terms of turnover, both in the domestic market in Finland and in the export of supply kits for the construction of dense-grained pine houses. Now, in terms of imports, Russia shares the first place with Germany, followed by Japan, America and the domestic Finnish market.

What are the areas of houses, in what architectural style and what layout is most in demand in Russia today?

In his cottage village HONKA No. 1 we offer houses in the style of "polite" Scandinavian architecture. The area of ​​houses in the village varies from 330 to 510 sq.m. These are HONKA wooden houses of adequate area in an ecologically clean and picturesque place near Moscow. Each house is planned maximum amount bedrooms and bathrooms. We do not offer palaces of 1500 sq.m.

Another HONKA project is the HONKA Dachi cottage village - a country complex in the Istra Valley, a joint project with the Vector Investments company. The project provides for 4 types of houses ranging from 280 to 350 sq.m.

Certainly a change financial situation in the country was also reflected in the structure of demand. An analysis of consumer preferences of potential customers showed that the demand vector has shifted towards smaller houses, 250-400 sq.m. The share of houses of similar adequate space in high-level cottage settlements is steadily growing compared to the pre-crisis period.

This format has replaced the most active and demanded segment of the pre-crisis period “500+”.

What is the cost of a turnkey wooden house, depending on the footage?

For example, in the cottage village "Dachi HONKA", where we acted not only as a construction company, but also carry out full cycle development, we have formed an offer that is optimal in terms of "price-quality". This project features a completely different approach to pricing than in other HONKA settlements. Price land plot with communications and wooden house HONKA with an area of ​​280-350 sq.m will be at the level of 30,000,000 rubles. The project partner is Vector Investments.

Interviewed by Irina FILCHENKOVA

Traditions and modernity of Russian wooden architecture

Russia has long been considered a country of wood - there were plenty of vast mighty forests around. Russian life has developed in such a way that almost everything in Russia was built of wood. From powerful pines, firs and larches, Russians of all classes - from the peasant to the sovereign, erected temples and huts, baths and barns, bridges and hedges, gates and wells. As historians note, Russians lived for centuries in wooden age. And the most common name for a Russian settlement - a village - indicated that the buildings here were made of wood.

Wood is one of the most ancient, traditional and favorite building materials of the Russian people. Why not stone? After all, we had a stone!

D. Fletcher answered this question back in the 16th century in the book “On the Russian State”:

“A wooden building is more convenient for Russians than stone or brick, because there is a lot of dampness in them, and they are colder than wooden houses, which is important in the harsh climate of Russia; houses made of dry pine forest give the most heat" ...

The tree in Russia has been honored since ancient times. It was addressed to him, as if he were alive, in a variety of cases: “Holy tree, help.” And the tree, listening to the request-plea, helped. great strength earth and sky is concentrated in the trees. And our ancestors felt this with their pure hearts, and therefore the wooden huts-mansions, built: “as beauty and the world say,” they loved so much.

The spirit of the tree continued to live in the logs of the log house, in the floor and ceiling boards, in the tabletop polished to a shine and in the benches. Therefore, the peasant considered the hut itself, his dwelling, as part of nature, its spiritual continuation.

Entering such a house, you understand that its space is filled with the measured noise of the forest and streams. fresh air; this space breathes peace and serenity. A delicate “forest” aroma of Siberian pine or larch, cedar, and spruce always hovers in the house. The sun reigns here from morning to evening, soft pastel shades they look natural, the resin flows down the logs like a solar tear, and from the dark icon the bright face of the Mother of God looks with an all-penetrating gaze ...

The house looks genuinely majestic, like nature itself. One gets the impression that this house has taken root, “taken roots” in the environment, has become an integral part of the surrounding forests and fields, of everything that we call Russia.

Home is a unique place on earth where a person feels confident and calm, where he feels like a full owner. From here he counts all his movements in time and space, returns here, here his family hearth awaits, here he raises and educates children, here his life flows. “Home is where your heart is,” wrote the Roman scholar and historian Pliny the Elder.

When creating a house for himself and his family, our ancestor entered into the closest and very complex ties and relationships with environment. Skillfully using its features, he sought to get used to nature, merge harmoniously and consistently with it, fit into its living and easily vulnerable structure. Existing alongside and together with nature, developing in constant contact with it, he achieved sometimes amazing results in the most difficult and responsible business of forming a full-fledged dwelling, practical and expressive.

Natural observation, the experience of ancestors, traditions developed over the centuries, the ability to perceive and objectively evaluate the features of the natural landscape awakened an amazing “flair” in Rusich - it settled down, settled down in a really the best place, where it was not only convenient, but also beautiful - the beauty of the surrounding nature was very important for him, and sometimes decisive. It uplifted the soul, gave a feeling of freedom and spaciousness.

A Russian hut... She envelops the wise goodness of children's fairy tales, dissolving in peace in the heart. For a Russian person, an ordinary village hut is a kind of original monument of his being, the beginning of the Fatherland is connected with it - the root basis of his life.

Calm confidence emanates from simple Russian huts, they have firmly and thoroughly settled in their native land. When looking at the buildings of old Russian villages, darkened from time to time, the feeling does not leave that they, once called by man and for man, live at the same time some kind of their own, separate life, closely connected with the life of the nature surrounding them - so they became related to that place where they were born.

Ancient North Russian huts tell us about how our ancestors lived during the times of Novgorod the Great and Moscow Russia. What our ancestor did is practically what he said. Each hut is a story.

| They built in the old days freely, with a daring Russian scope. There was a lot of land, the forest was at hand, and there were no workers: there were no honors for idlers in Russia, and they simply would not have survived in the harsh northern regions. The huts were built large, solid and comfortable. Sometimes on one floor, more often on two with a light room above it, with a large covered courtyard. The volume of some huts is impressive - up to two and a half thousand cubic meters.

The basis of each building is a log house - always powerful, regardless of its size, plastic, saturated with chiaroscuro, playing with many halftones and shades natural wood. Natural beauty log cabin- unique in its beauty and expediency appears before us in every work of truly folk wooden architecture.

The house served as protection, protected. Its ornaments and details are requests and wishes addressed to the forces of nature and symbolizing the unity of man with it. "Horse on the roof - quieter in the hut," says folk proverb. The horse is an allegorical reminder of the endless movement human life about the need to choose the righteous path in it. Where the spirit of moral strength reigns, wisdom and silence settle - this is the semantic basis of the proverb.

In the protective and incantatory ornamentation of the Russian hut, a symbolic image of the sun played an important role, which was shown three times: rising, at its zenith and leaving, at the points of contact of the roof with the frame on (piers) and above under the junction of roof slopes and piers.

I Carved towels, on which symbolic suns were usually carved, personified the purity of human thoughts, inextricably linked with the sunny joy of being, with the victory of light over darkness.

The same symbolic meaning of illumination, lighting was given to the arrangement of a red (beautiful, sunny) corner inside the hut, where icons were placed. The ceiling in the hut personified the sky, and the wide beam supporting it - the mother - the Milky Way. Everything is not accidental in life, - folk wisdom narrated, you just need to look with attention, as if reading what you see, calling for a deep understanding of this seemingly simple, but endless truth in knowledge. I To understand the architecture of the northern village, we need to take another step towards comprehending the nature and essence of ancient Russian wooden architecture, concentrated in its original principle - in the unity of constructive-technical and architectural-artistic forms.

This principle, known in the ancient architecture of many peoples, was expressed in the wooden architecture of Russia with the greatest completeness, if not with the absolute and maximum possible.

It seems that it is worth taking a closer look at the priceless wealth that was intuitively found by the collective folk mind, which is stored in the memory of the people. Stop, look around in order to see, remember, consider and understand how our ancestors solved the most important problems for the very existence of communication with the outside world, with natural nature.

Preference is given to conifers because of the beautiful texture, strength and high resistance to the rather difficult conditions of Siberia. Pine, due to its low thermal conductivity, creates a microclimate inside the house, so in summer it is cool in a house built of pine, and warm in winter. A wall built of wood allows you to reduce the load on the foundation by 7 times compared to a brick wall, which means that the house can be placed on a lighter foundation, and thereby minimize foundation costs.

At the same time, in the North, larch was used to build a house. Larch is a sound breed. The heartwood is reddish-brown in color, the sapwood is light narrow. Its wood has a few small resin passages, is highly resistant to decay and fungal diseases, therefore it is especially valued in hydraulic structures. An example of this is Venice, which has been standing on piles of larch for over a thousand years. Possessing high hardness and strength, larch surpasses pine by about 30% in its qualities. In a number of regions of Siberia, a log house was assembled from durable and dense larch, while the entire interior decoration was made from Siberian cedar.

And yet, the most common material for housing construction was pine, in particular, upland pine or, as it was also called, “kondovy”. The log from it is heavy, straight, almost without knots and, according to the master carpenters, "does not hold damp." In one of the contract entries for the construction of housing, concluded in the old days between the owner and the carpenters (and the word “orderly” comes from the Old Russian “row” - contract), it was quite clearly emphasized: “... carve a forest of pine, kind, vigorous, smooth, not bitchy"...

There are ore pine, which grows on deep loose sandstones and light sands. clay soils, in elevated places, has a fine-layer dense wood, narrow sapwood, resinous. Another variety of pine - myandovaya - grows on low-lying clay soils, has a less dense spring wood, broad-layered, less resinous than ore pine.

Harvested scaffolding usually in winter or early spring, while “the tree is sleeping, and excess water has gone into the ground”, while it is still possible to take out the logs by sledge. Then the wood is less prone to shrinkage, decay and warping. Logs for building a house were usually selected with a thickness of about eight inches in diameter (35 cm), and for lower rims a log house - and thicker ones up to ten inches (44 cm.). Often the contract stated: "and not to put less than seven inches." The age of such a beauty is 100-200 years, the height is up to 20 meters.

A wooden house made of logs of large diameter is now very expensive. But the pleasure of living in it is incomparable with anything. The owners of such a house emphasize that the warmth emanating from real large logs is incomparable. It is unusually easy to breathe here, irritation goes away and the eternal bustle of city life leaves: in such a house health will be preserved until old age, and thoughts and feelings will be bright. Wood is a malleable, clean and responsive material. Its warm shine, pattern, color and aroma are unique. As a material, it gives extraordinary scope for creativity. It is strong enough, able to retain heat for a long time, lends itself well to processing. And, once in the hands of the master, it seems to acquire a soul, comes to life. We note in passing that today the recommended diameter of a log for a chopped wall is 22 cm ... The logs were taken to the village and put into "bonfires", where they lay until spring.

The beginning of the construction of a dwelling in Russia was associated with certain, regulated special rules, deadlines. It was considered best to start building a house on Veliky Prost ( in early spring) and so that the construction process includes the Trinity holiday in time - “Without the Trinity, the house is not built.” It was impossible to start construction on the so-called “hard days” - on Monday, Wednesday, Friday, and also on Sunday. Favorable for the beginning of construction was considered the time “when the month is filled” - after the new moon ...

Not least of all was the fact that wooden buildings could be built in a relatively short time. High-speed wood construction in Russia was generally widely developed, which indicates a high level of organization of carpentry. It is known that even churches - the largest buildings in Russian villages - were sometimes built "on the same day", which is why they were called "ordinary".

Moreover, chopped houses could be easily dismantled, transported over a considerable distance and put back in a new place. There were special markets in the cities, where prefabricated log cabins and entire wooden houses from all over were sold “for export”. interior decoration. In winter, such houses were shipped straight "from the sleigh" disassembled, and it took no more than two days to assemble them and caulk.

The desire of our distant ancestors to decorate their homes, to surround themselves with beautiful utensils - ancient tradition, formed at the call of the inner nature of the Russian man, his genetic desire for beauty, harmony.

Decorative carvings on ancient Russian buildings, preserved in the Russian North, in the Volga region, in the Urals and in Siberia, have always attracted the attention of travelers, researchers, artists with their bewitching beauty, craftsmanship and figurative expressiveness.

Nowadays modern methods wood processing allows you to ensure the perfect fit of the logs and the absolute density of the joints. The tree meets all the requirements for the level of comfort, and also fits perfectly into the “ecological” concept of interior space, which has been so popular in the last decade.

For many centuries, master carpenters have resorted to primordial natural components to “protect” wood. The use of these components preserved the ecological cleanliness and natural beauty of the wood. Since a tree is an element of wildlife, its decorative processing was carried out natural materials, based on natural oils, waxes, various vegetable extracts, capable of leaving pores open, despite the deep processing of wood. Thus, the tree "breathes", excess moisture evaporates from it, wear resistance is significantly increased.

Natural glaze, which gives the wood a slight silky sheen, preserves and emphasizes natural beauty and texture of wood, provides protection from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation, insects, moisture and wind. The walls of the house - the estate at the same time retain the natural tone of the pine and always look fresh.

Centuries-old searches and experiments of folk craftsmen of the past had a huge impact on the appearance of the current wooden house. ! Comfortable, warm, cozy and beautiful manor house is able to provide its inhabitants high level comfort, to ensure the harmonious development of all life processes, to create the necessary amenities for housekeeping. It is the manor house that can fully and organically connect a person with the surrounding nature, with the landscape, with the earth.

Numerous projects and constructions carried out on the basis of wood in Russia and abroad indisputably prove its modernity and unconditional prospects for use in today's practice of estate building.

Wooden houses in Europe are very expensive and are considered elite.

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