Storage tank for water from the well. Storage tank for water supply - a real salvation in case of water interruptions

The central water supply system allows to solve almost all of the above problems, since it supplies water for household and drinking purposes. Sometimes, however, its suitability for drinking is questionable. In this case, additional filtration has to be performed (especially in the spring). A completely different matter is your own source, that is, a well or a well. The article "A spring in your area" it has already been said that at present even water from an artesian well may not always be potable. A common option is an increased concentration of iron compounds, which means increased rigidity. The result is a lot of trouble when using water, even for household needs. Of course, you can clean it all up to drinking quality, but this will cost a lot and will force you to reduce the pressure, which is not always advisable. It is more rational to divide the general stream into different "streams" for the purpose and cook each of them in a certain way. Experts even use the appropriate term - "water treatment".

But first, let's talk about an autonomous water supply system, or, more simply, about our own water supply system, which allows us to separate “streams” of various purposes along the site, which would be convenient to manage.

Water must flow through the pipes not only in the required amount, but also with a certain pressure. Since it rises from the ground, and is consumed both on the site and on all floors of the cottage, such pressure in the pipes is needed so that not a thin thread would flow out of the tap on the top floor, but a jet with sufficient pressure to use it. Minimum height, to which it is necessary to raise water above ground level when it moves to the point of draw-off (taking into account overcoming the resistance of the pipes), is called free head. According to SNiPu 2.04.02-84 *, for the first floor it is taken equal to 10 m, and for each next floor it is increased by 4 m. But this requirement is still not enough for the normal operation of the entire water supply system. To create the necessary pressure from the tap, the pressure must be at least 2 bar (atm), for a dishwasher and gas heater- 1.5 bars, for a washing machine - 2 bars, for an irrigation system - 3-4 bars, and for hydromassage appliances (showers or jacuzzi baths) - as many as 4 bars. And that's not all. Several consumers can be switched on at the same time, including those that are significantly distant from the source (in the garage, in the bathhouse, in the irrigation system). And the water pressure for each of them should have the above value. Therefore, the pressure created in the water supply system is designed to maintain all pressure indicators for individual consumers.

The flow rate of an artesian well does not limit the daily water consumption for all family members; only the pump performance is capable of restraining consumption. If the pump is very efficient, and there are few consumers (taps) turned on, so much high pressure in pipes, that the narrowest joints will allow water to pass through - leakage. For this reason, the maximum allowable pressure in the water supply system, according to the same SNiPs, is 60 m, and the pressure, respectively, is 6 bars.

The flow rate of a mine well or well in a sandy rock is less than in an artesian one, and sometimes it can be lower than the actual daily water consumption. This leads to a periodic decrease in its level in the source during the day. In this case, the pump performance and the frequency of its activation must be coordinated with both the water flow rate and the well flow rate. However, the water consumption during the day is a random indicator, depending not only on the people present in the house and their intentions, but also on the season: in summer it is always higher. When choosing the pump capacity and the pressure in the pipes, the well flow rate and the required water pressure, as well as its estimated daily consumption during the busiest summer period, are taken into account.

It is important to determine the two most critical operating modes of the water supply system: maintaining the required water pressure at its maximum flow rate and limiting the pressure in the absence of flow. They affect the choice of pump performance, the maximum and minimum pressure in the pipes, on the material and diameter of the pipes, on the need for additional containers and their size, on the possibility of complicating the water supply in the future - an increase in the length of pipes and the number of consumers. The specialists of the company "AQUATERMOSERVICE" report that the purchase of a pump with a power reserve, although it will require additional costs when assembling a water supply system, will eventually cost 5-7 times cheaper than replacing the pump due to insufficient power when expanding the network.

To exclude possible freezing of the head and seepage of surface water into the well, it is surrounded by a buried underground chamber (protective well). The bottom of the chamber is poured with concrete or made of steel sheet not thinner than 5 mm. In this case, the well is located at such a depth that water pipes passed below the frozen ground, and the upper part casing protruded above the bottom by at least 0.5 m. The steel casing pipe is passed through a collar (rubber, hydroglass-insulated) inserted into a hole in the concrete bottom, or welded around the circumference of the hole in the steel bottom. The chamber walls (rectangular or circular) are made of concrete rings, brick or steel sheet. In the latter case, there is no need for additional waterproofing, since the sheet is simply welded to the steel bottom. The resulting sealed container more often called a caisson, and it is now becoming more and more popular.

If the source of water is a mine well, and a jet pump is used to pump it, the latter can be located on a fairly great distance such as indoors. The length of the suction pipe depends little on the height of the water level in the well. On the contrary, with centrifugal pumps, the length of the suction pipe is limited to 30-40 m (see article "Please give me some water!"). Around the well, for any type of pump, a clay castle is made with a depth of 1.5-2 m and a width of 0.5 m - to prevent surface water seepage.

The position of a well or a shaft well in an area with a sandy rock is uniquely determined by the occurrence of surface waters. But the artesian well is drilled in the most convenient place from the point of view of the general layout. Most often it is positioned so that, firstly, total length the water supply pipes were smaller, secondly, the well was not located at the intersection of the most frequently used routes and, thirdly, the underground chamber, with an uneven surface of the site, was not in the lowland (to prevent the accumulation of rain and melt water around it).

The pump should turn on when you open any tap on the water supply. So the use of water by several family members can lead to too frequent starts and stops, and this will shorten its service life. To reduce the number of starts-stops and maintain a constant pressure in the network, a hydraulic accumulator tank is installed. It plays the role of an intermediate buffer tank and serves as a small-sized analogue of a water tower. Now, when you open any tap, water will begin to flow to the user under a fairly large, pre-set pressure. And only after partial emptying of the tank, when the pressure in it drops to a certain value, the electric relay will turn on the pump. After closing the tap, the pump will continue to pump water from the well for some time, filling the tank and increasing the pressure in it to its original value. The construction and installation organization will select the volume of the tank and the pressure value in accordance with the pump performance and the planned peak water consumption. The upper and lower pressure values ​​set when adjusting the water supply are fixed. The adjusting screws are sealed to exclude the possibility of their spontaneous displacement, which could lead to an accident. Unauthorized violation of the seals deprives the user of the company's guarantee for the network operability.

It is possible to envisage a single main pipe through which water will first enter the house, and then it will be divorced around the site. By the way, a gap must be left between its outer surface and the walls of the hole in the wall or foundation, which is filled with an elastic water and gas-tight material surrounded by a rigid shell. Rigid pipe embedding in masonry is unacceptable. It is more convenient to install a pressure accumulator tank before branching the water supply system - directly in the caisson or after entering the house. At the entrance to the tank provide check valve(if it is not in the pump) so that water does not flow back into the well, and at the outlet there is a pressure gauge to control the pressure and an automatic valve for the inlet and outlet of air entering the water supply system. If water from the well, besides the house, also flows into other branches of the water supply system - into a garage, a bathhouse, an irrigation system, then hydroaccumulator tanks of a smaller capacity can sometimes be provided in each of them. Typically, the plumbing has two branches: year-round and seasonal use. The pipes of the first are buried below the freezing depth, and the pipes of the second are launched either above the ground or in the ground, at a depth of more than 1.5 shovel bayonets. Most often, the ground branch is made of galvanized steel pipes, and summer, underground, - from HDPE or polypropylene (these materials do not corrode and do not heat up enough that the temperature changes in length were significant). The summer underground branch must be installed with a slope of up to 2 ° to the horizon - either towards the water source or towards the consumers. Due to this, when turned off for the winter, water is removed by gravity from the pipes.

The number of taps depends on the branching of the irrigation system and the individual habits of the owners: someone prefers to turn on water only where it is needed, while someone water is preventively large area plot. In any case, it should be taken into account that each tap is a place of possible leakage.

For an artificial reservoir with fish, special water purification and its periodic renewal may be required. This should be taken into account. The specificity of the preparation of household and drinking water is beyond the scope of this article. We will devote a separate publication to this topic.

When laying a water supply system, pipes made of low-pressure polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene, metal-plastic, copper and steel are used. Products made of HDPE and metal-plastic are supplied in coils, so fragments of any length can be cut. Such pipes are especially convenient to install, since the number of connections, and therefore the risk of leaks, is minimized. The rest of the pipes are measured, 4-6 m long. Products made of polypropylene can be quickly assembled at the installation site into a pipe of any length. For this, the four-meter sections are held together by heating the intermediate fittings. The distribution of the water supply system along the site (external) is most often performed with cheaper pipes made of HDPE or polypropylene, and indoors (internal) - with all types of the listed pipes. Most prestigious copper pipes connected by soldering, but they will cost much more than others. Metal-plastic pipes can be significantly bent, which makes it easy to change the configuration of the water supply system. They are especially convenient for hard-to-reach places, when creating a temporary structure and in those cases when it is necessary to add any element (for example, when connecting a hydraulic accumulator tank). It should be noted that non-metallic pipes have a limitation on the maximum allowable pressure, for example, up to 6, up to 10 bars.

For an external water supply system, a main pipe with a diameter of conditional pass(DN) 32 or 40 mm (11/4 "or 11/2", respectively), and for the internal - 15 mm (1/2 "). The mass of the riser pipe should be as small as possible. In addition, significant torsional rigidity is required its long design, since when starting and stopping the electric motor of the submersible pump develops a rather large torque.It is for these two reasons that a monolithic pipe made of HDPE is usually preferred or polypropylene pipe from four-meter sections welded together. The diameter is chosen depending on the pump used and its immersion depth, and most often it is DN 40 or 50 mm (11/2 "or 2", respectively).

Since the temperature underground is approximately 4 ° C, thermal deformations of such a long plastic pipe are not terrible. Specialists of the F-PLAST company claim that welded structures made of polypropylene are most beneficial to the consumer due to their thick walls and the ability to easily build up the pipe during operation. And such a need may well arise in connection with a decrease in the flow rate of even an artesian well. Indeed, due to the gradual increase in the total number of wells in the district, a drop in the water level becomes very likely. Although the metal water-lifting pipe will have the highest rigidity, its significant mass will dramatically complicate both installation and possible dismantling. And this design will cost more.

One family's need for drinking water is usually easily met. But the required amount of water for irrigation and household needs, especially during peak periods, sometimes forces one to think about placing additional tanks on the site for storing its reserves. There is a single-level water supply system, in which all water coming from the well is immediately used for its intended purpose, and a two-level water supply system, in which it enters additional tanks and only from there for its intended purpose. cylindrical and prismatic containers are made of polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride. The guaranteed service life is up to 10 years. An example is the products of the firm "ANION" with a volume of 560 to 4500 liters from light-stabilized polyethylene of different colors.

Filtration of water before entering the irrigation tank is usually either not needed, or is carried out to remove only chlorine or fluorine-containing compounds. After all, most of the iron compounds will settle to the bottom after a while, and possible connections sulfur (mainly hydrogen sulfide) will gradually evaporate by itself. Such a vessel with a volume of 1-5 m 3 with water, which is used only in warm time years, it is advisable to set at free space plot above ground. Firstly, in this case, the water will warm up faster before entering the irrigation system. Secondly, in the bottom of the container or near it from the side, a valve can be provided for periodically draining the resulting sediment. Water can be fed into the vessel through a separately provided electromechanical valve, and into the seasonal branch of the water supply system - by gravity or forcibly, using an additional centrifugal pump. In any case, a water level limiter should be provided, periodically turning on and off the valve of its supply to the tank. This limiter can be float or electrode (two- and three-pin).

The need for water for household needs, for example, for washing (in a house, a bathhouse, a garage), for a pool, etc., exists in one amount or another all year round. Therefore, an additional reservoir, usually with a volume of 3-5 m 3, is buried in the ground. To prevent it from being squeezed out by surface and ground waters in winter, they are laid under the bottom before installation. concrete slab... the container can be placed both in the free area of ​​the site and under the house. The water from it does not have to be pre-warmed, but it must be filtered from sand and silt, as well as from iron-containing compounds. Otherwise, then you will have to wipe off the yellow streaks, especially on the initially snow-white surfaces of sanitary ware. An additional pump for pumping will supply water to the pipes. And to coordinate its work with the action of the valve for supplying water from the well - a level limiter placed inside the tank.

When the pump is turned on or off, all the water in the autonomous water supply system is sharply set in motion or slowed down. This causes an equally drastic change in system pressure, commonly referred to as water hammer. It can cause a leakage of the joints, which will lead to leaks at start-up or the separation of the water column in the riser pipe and fall on the pump when it stops (usually these forces are not enough to break through the pipe or destroy the pump). Therefore, when mounting the accumulator tank, an electrically driven throttle valve is provided, which can be quickly opened at start-up and closed when the pump is stopped. It is also used in emergency situations, for example, to drain water in case of a pipe break. It is more convenient to smoothly start and stop the pump by changing the frequency alternating current from 30 to 50 Hz for a short time (about 30 s). Moreover, a programmable controller (for example, model EI-8001 of the joint Korean-Russian company "VESPER") will not only prevent water hammer, but also maintain a constant water pressure in the water supply system by controlling the pump speed. Thus, the performance of the device will either decrease or increase, and, more importantly, the resource of its operation will greatly increase. The controller costs $ 350-600, depending on the version.

As for the controller device, any such device is a frequency regulator that performs several tens of commands when controlling the speed of rotation of the electric motor. The controller will provide optimal mode pump operation in any stressful situation. For example, sudden surges in the current in the network when using a manual arc welding machine will not affect the action of the pump motor, and voltage drops that often occur in the power grid in rural areas will not lead to its shutdown.

Depending on the demand for water from the well, you can set the most rational pump operating mode, which reduces overloads and eliminates engine overheating. The choice of such a mode on the control panel is carried out manually or is programmed automatically. Moreover, at any time you can test the pump and get basic information about its performance. It is convenient to use a compact pumping unit such as the Hydrojet from GRUNDFOS ($ 300) or the TJ Auto from TCL ($ 140). Its pressure switch and hydraulic accumulator tank with a capacity of 24 liters (or 50 liters) will automatically provide the most economy mode operation of the suction pump, preventing frequent start-ups. All components of the device, including the control panel, can be assembled in one housing and installed, for example, under the sink in the kitchen. If there is insufficient water pressure at the inlet, the automation will turn off the pump and will try to start it within 24 hours. If it overheats, it will stop it, and after cooling it will turn it on again.

Peak water loads in central Russia occur annually from May to August, when moisture consumption for irrigation is much higher than the amount of natural precipitation. During this period, lovers of lush green areas can compensate for the occasional shortage of water with the help of a storage tank. On the contrary, in the rainy season, which lasts from late August to November, excess natural moisture can be collected and used for household needs in the same year. Rainwater it is distinguished by guaranteed softness and can be successfully used for washing and washing, but not for drinking - due to possible contamination with sulfur dioxide, which falls together with "acid" rain.

A special installation Hydrorain from GRUNDFOS with a capacity of 0.5 to 2 m 3, a hydraulic accumulator tank and a pump automatically supplies the collected water to addresses (toilet, washing machine, watering tap). It is easy to install the device yourself at the place where rainwater is collected from the roof of a cottage, a bathhouse and a garage, connecting it with a flexible metal-plastic pipe with seasonal water supply. A drainage system for collecting moisture (for example, the German company INEFA-KUNSTSTOFFE) will itself purify the water from fallen leaves.

In the presence of a functioning well, all necessary equipment external water supply, including a submersible pump from the SQ and SP model series (GRUNDFOS, Denmark), USD (CALPEDA, Italy), UPA (KSB, Germany), SCM (NOCCHI, Italy) or BHS (EBARA, Japan) - their characteristics were given in article "A spring in your area", as well as systems for its installation, control, head, caisson, hatch, insulation cushion, hydraulic accumulator tank, controller, main pipe up to 100 m long, laid below the freezing depth, together with earthworks, transportation costs and a one-year warranty will cost you $ 2.5-7 thousand. The last figure is associated with the supply of water to detached buildings: a garage, a bathhouse, a swimming pool. Connecting a seasonal branch can cost another $ 0.6-1.5 thousand (depending on the size of the tank and the length of the pipes). The purchase of a device for collecting rainwater, completing the creation of the outer part of the water supply system, with an independent connection to the system, will cost an additional $ 1.2 thousand and more. The cost of the interior of the plumbing is not considered as it usually includes the amount spent on plumbing products.

Particles of sand and silt contained in the water can lead to wear of the moving parts of the pump, form deposits on the inner surfaces of horizontal pipes, and particles of iron, manganese, lime and bacteria compounds can also be found in the slots of the well filter and in the intake part of the pump. The ingress of corrosive carbon dioxide, salts or copper ions with water contributes to the corrosion of the elements of the water supply system, especially at the joints, as a result of which the tightness is broken. Voltage surges over time can damage the insulation of the pump motor windings.

That is why a specialist should comprehensively examine the entire system every 5-6 years. Inspection may reveal the need to replace gaskets, fittings or individual pipe sections, and even repair the submersible pump. The data received from the controller will help to determine the period of the inspection.

With the onset of cold weather in the caisson at a depth of about 1 m from the hatch, it is enough to install an insulating foam cushion with a thickness of 20-30 mm. This structure, mounted on wooden frame, even in especially severe frosts, it will prevent the temperature drop of the well head with a valve below + 4 ° С. The water from the container and from the seasonal water supply system, intended for irrigation, must be drained before the onset of cold weather, simply by opening the taps.

It is very convenient to put an autonomous water supply on service maintenance, which will cost 8-10% of the cost of the equipment annually. The experience of the installation and service center of the "VODNAYA TEKHNIKA" company, which carries out such a service, shows that a diagnostic inspection of the water supply system twice a year with free replacement necessary elements completely eliminates the occurrence of emergency situations.

The assembled system works flawlessly as long as all the pumps provided in it are supplied with electricity. But what if the power supply is cut off? There are two possible ways out of this situation. The first is connected with the connection to an autonomous energy source, usually an electric generator running on gasoline or diesel fuel. The second way out is simpler, but not always feasible: it involves switching to a rural water supply system. Although it often does not differ in reliability, it is not worth giving up the possibility of such a connection (even after installing an autonomous water supply system). When the power supply is de-energized, it will only be necessary to "transfer" the system with a valve to work from another source of water.

The editors would like to thank AQUATERMOSERVICE, F-PLAST, BIIKS, ANION, ROLS ISOMARKET, EGOPLAST, GRIF, SANTEKHKOMPLEKT, VODNAYA TEKHNIKA installation and service center for assistance in preparing the material.