Facade structures. Facade works

When the construction of the house comes to the final stage, the time comes for the production of facade work, since this stage is a priority. "They are greeted by their clothes, they are escorted by their minds." This also applies to the house: passers-by will not visit and will not appreciate the interior of the room. But by paying attention to the attractive walls, positive conclusions will be drawn quickly. Facade decoration is performed once for many years, therefore, the choice of builders must be taken with responsibility. Efficiency and quality depend on this.

Why is it so important

Facade works - all kinds of external finishing: new buildings, old buildings that are being restored or just built. These works give an individual, attractive look, and also have a number of protective properties: sound insulation, heat transfer.

Facade finishing is carried out mainly at the following facilities:

• country houses, cottages or mansions;
• multi-storey residential and administrative buildings;
• hotels, entertainment and shopping centers;
• public institutions: cafes, clubs, as well as country residences.

Energy resources are becoming more expensive every year, and given the harsh periods of weather, one cannot do without them. Insulation can save money that could be spent on heating. This is due to heat exchange: part of the cold air is filtered and repelled by warm air, and the materials themselves do not allow wind and cold to pass inside, ensuring the preservation of heat.

In summer, these processes run the other way around: hot air passes through special materials, and moderately cool is removed inside the room. Thus, even with high temperature you will enjoy the light coolness. In addition, it is possible to carry out the installation of ventilated facades, for additional comfort.

Everyone, before ordering facade work, "scrolls" the typical questions in his head:

• What is the deadline
• What will be the price
• Will the services be performed efficiently

Help in information support on any issues is within the competence of our masters. When you call our company, you will receive comprehensive information.

Facade works from the Tekhstroy-City company

During the practice, Tehstroy-City had to deal with certain nuances, however, team coordination allowed them to successfully solve problems, leaving the customer satisfied.

Our employees use European and high-quality equipment, with the help of which they save time, cost and increase the life of the installed materials.

When ordering the production of facade works from us, the client receives a number of advantages:

• Warranty. The system tolerates extreme temperatures, does not crack, chipping in strong winds or low temperatures.
• Individual approach. After taking into account the customer's requirements, the employees proceed to the implementation.
• Timely execution. No delays or additional fees when working with us. We value our reputation.
• Competitive cost.

Service of our company

Facade construction works- a specialized area in construction, including measures to improve the external (aesthetic appearance) and operational characteristics of the building (protection of load-bearing structures from the effects of cold, moisture and other external factors).

The following types of work are distinguished:

• Initial finishing (cladding, installation of insulated facades, installation of hinged systems);
• Renovation work (from minor restoration measures to overhaul facade).

We provide a wide range of services: insulation of slopes, priming, installation of reinforcement mesh and storm water system, machine plastering and more. By contacting us, you will receive a free employee consultation, measurements and scaling. After clarifying the formalities and the price of the work, our masters will proceed with the implementation and hand over the finished object on a turnkey basis. We provide services both in Moscow and the Moscow region, and throughout the Moscow region.

The cost of facade work in Moscow

Project estimate exterior decoration facade is determined by a combination of several factors. Using the example of the installation of hinged ventilated systems, it is as follows:

• The first point is the type of facade system (fasteners and supporting frame). For example, an aluminum subsystem will cost the customer more than a galvanized one, but the reliability indicators will be higher. The highest option in terms of cost and quality indicators is stainless steel.
• The second parameter that affects the price is the type of facing material. Allocate cladding with fiber cement plates, aluminum composite panels, porcelain stoneware.
• The presence of insulation and thickness.
• In addition, the estimate includes the cost of construction and installation work: installation of scaffolding, installation of ventilated facade components.

You can get acquainted with a detailed price list for facade work.

Some people wonder what is a building facade? What is its definition? This is the front side of the building, located outside.

The concept of "facade" has another meaning: it is a drawing of an orthogonal projection of a building. The projection is carried out on a vertical plane.

The obverse meets different types, which largely depends on its shape, proportion, architecture. According to Wikipedia, the following varieties are distinguished:

• main;
• side;
• rear;
• street;
• yard.

Varieties

The front side of the building is called the facade, it is she who greets the guests. But it should be borne in mind that other sides of the building are also facades. However, they are not front, but side, back, and so on. All of them are divided according to their design features:

1. Stone, brick.
2. Concrete, monolithic.
3. Translucent.
4. Suspended ventilated structures. They differ in cladding. The cladding can be done: with porcelain stoneware, aluminum panels, fiber cement, metal cassettes, siding, blockhouse, decorative board, of stainless steel.
5. Media façade. This is the most modern version of the front of the building. In this case, screens are installed. All these screens together form a video picture. As a result, the front side of the building looks like one big screen. It looks very fashionable and modern.

To decorate the main side beautifully, some professionals advise using stucco molding, tiles. You can use ordinary plaster, paint.

Front facade: materials for decoration

In order to design the main view of the building, the following materials are used:

• a rock;
• siding;
• panel;
• plaster;
• brick for cladding.

What is most commonly used

Stones are often used to decorate the front side. Both natural and artificial stones can be used. The most popular natural stones are:

• marble;
• limestone;
• granite;
• gabbro.

Artificial stones are very popular. Architectural concrete is in great demand. It is also called the "white stone". From "white stone" you can create decorative elements for windows and doors, as well as hinged panels.

Such a design can be quite long (several square meters). Moreover, the thickness of the "white stone" is small and is about 10 cm.

What is siding?

Siding is a material for cladding a building. The material is presented in the form of horizontally arranged panels. They are fastened together directly on the wall of the building. Siding is a very versatile and attractive cladding element:

1. With siding, you can achieve a variety of shapes.
2. It is very easy to operate.
3. It can be made from a wide variety of materials.

Varieties of siding

1. Vinyl. Siding made of this material is quite strong, durable, practical. The building becomes attractive due to the shiny properties of the material.
2. Styrofoam. The heat dissipation of the building is reduced. It has great value for buildings located in a harsh climatic zone. The advantages of foam siding is also an increase in the vapor permeability of the building, moisture does not accumulate on the walls.
3. Made of metal. It is the metal finish that will add durability and resistance to the building of unfavorable environmental factors.
4. Of steel.
5. Made of wood. The main facade with such a finish looks aesthetically pleasing, excellent thermal protection of the building is created.
6. Made of cement.

Thanks to all these advantages, siding is gradually replacing many of the listed materials (in particular, plaster).

Plaster, as a material for facing the outer part of the building, is also used very often and tries not to give up its positions. The following types of plaster have been developed: mineral, polymer, mosaic, structural, pebble.

The main side should look attractive, since it is she who is the "face" of the building.

Main facade: types of structures

What is included in the definition of a facade can be understood and clarified by studying the information.

All types of main types of buildings and structures have two main requirements:

1. Protection of the structure from external factors.
2. Aesthetic effect.

He can be:

• dry;
• wet.

The "dry" type of facade systems is made without the use of glue bases and special building solutions. Thus, any part is attached with nails, screws and other elements. An example of dry facades is siding.

"Wet" facades are mounted using building mixture... Examples are: plaster, clinker tiles (an adhesive base is needed to fix it) and others.

What is needed for this species

Available to a wide range of buyers. It consists of the following layers:

1. Insulation (this is the inner layer).
2. Fiberglass mesh. With its help, installers strengthen the walls.
3. Decorative plaster. It comes in any shape and color.

Not needed for manufacturing complex circuits and all kinds of aluminum fixtures, tiles and ceramic bricks, and the insulation is easy enough to strengthen using mesh and bolts. But there is also a small nuance - at temperatures below +5 ° C, mount a similar system it is forbidden.

A huge plus is that installation can be done regardless of the season and weather conditions. The "wet" facade gives the building integrity, but it directly depends on weather conditions and climate.

Additional classification

To date, the division of this building material into the following types:

The technology of ventilated systems is based on the formation of a ventilation gap, which is located between the wall and the facade material.

Air begins to circulate freely in the gap, thanks to which moisture and dampness evaporate. And the material itself qualitatively protects the floors of the premises from all kinds of atmospheric influences.

What does the ventilated facade consist of?

This view should consist of three layers:

1. Mineral insulation (it is located from the inside.
2. Air gap (this is the middle layer).
3. Facing part ( outer layer). Most often, it is covered with ceramic tiles on the outside. It looks neat and has a ton of colors.

Ventilated facades and other systems that contain aluminum are not cheap. The main point in this case, it is “price-quality” correspondence.

A non-ventilated facade is used when the building does not have external insulation. If the facade needs to be installed on a wooden building, then it is better to use a ventilated system, since wooden walls by themselves give off a large amount of moisture. If you do not get rid of the accumulation of moisture, then wooden house will simply start to rot.

Facade works include a wide range of measures to preserve the appearance of the house and improve its aesthetic and operational characteristics. This could be:

• decoration;
• recovery;
• repair;
• plaster;
• restoration;
• equipment for ventilated facades;
• hydrophobization;
• glazing;
• sandblasting;
• sealing of interpanel seams.

House cladding is execution of facade worksthat will transform the building and create a unique design for it. Cladding can be done with:

• decorative plaster. The works are carried out using modern quality materials CERESIT, SILK STONE, KNAUF, SILK PLASTER, VGT, etc. First, the walls are cleaned, then cracks and cracks are sealed, a reinforcing mesh is installed and a layer of plaster is applied. Such work can be combined with building insulation. They are carried out using the "wet facade" technology, first, the installation of insulation, and then the plastering work;
• natural stone - limestone, sandstone, slate, etc. The material is not cheap, but durable, environmentally friendly and aesthetic. A primer is applied to the prepared wall, plates are mounted and the seams are rubbed;
• clinker tiles. The advantage is the naturalness of the material (the tiles are made of clay), plasticity, thanks to which it is possible to make products of various textures. The assortment includes clinker tiles in various colors. The material is inexpensive, strong and durable;
• porcelain stoneware. It is carried out simultaneously with the insulation of the building. The work facilitates the absence of the need for leveling the walls and the low weight of the slabs. First, a subsystem is equipped, a heater, a windproof membrane and porcelain stoneware slabs are mounted on it;
• siding. These are artificial panels, inexpensive but durable. They have many textured and color solutions. Facade workssiding is often combined with wall insulation. The advantage of siding is durability and ease of maintenance;
• aluminum composite panels. Modern innovative material made of composite-based aluminum plates. Reliable, durable, available in a wide range of colors. Used in ventilated façade systems, installation work is usually combined with wall insulation.

Wall repair is carried out to protect the supporting structures of the building from moisture, which can penetrate through cracks formed under the influence of a temporary or weather factor.Repair and facade worksinclude cleaning the surface from contamination, sealing cracks and sealing joints, applying a layer of primer, putty, painting, plaster.

Facade servicesto decorate the building- is decorating the exterior using traditional and modern materials: plaster, cement, marble, stone, polyurethane and expanded polystyrene. Decor made of artificial materials operational characteristics not inferior, if not superior to natural products. It is important that these materials are lightweight and do not create additional loads on the structure of the house. To decorate the facades, moldings, cornices, decorative arches, sandriks, balustrades, columns and pilasters.

The facade can be decorated with natural or artificial stone, light elements. Decorating houses for the holidays is especially popular.

Facade restoration... If structures are destroyed by more than 30%,facade works of the buildingcan fully restore its technical characteristics and attractive appearance.

Wall insulation Is an effective energy-saving technology that allows you to save up to 25% of the cost of energy carriers. Insulation can be carried out using the technique of a wet or ventilated facade. Insulation materials are used from mineral wool and polystyrene. To improve the heat-insulating and fire-resistant properties, materials are combined.

Prices for facade work in Moscow

The cost of facade work will largely depend on the price of the materials used. It is also influenced by the need to use special equipment and the labor of high-altitude professionals.High-rise facade workswill cost more.

There are a number of works, the prices for which will depend on many factors and are negotiated at the conclusion of the contract - this is glazing (frame, cassette, frameless or spider system) or restoration work.

The facade is the most important part of the building, playing a dominant role in creating the external appearance, it perceives the effect of wind loads and atmospheric precipitation. By type, material and color scheme of the facade, shape, size and location of window openings, presence architectural elements different types such as gables, entrance groups, balconies and loggias, cornices, sandriks, pilasters, etc. you can always determine the style and purpose of the building, as well as its belonging to one or another architectural style... Commercially, for good consumer demand per square meter in a building, the façade is also very important, as dull and nondescript buildings are usually in worse demand than buildings with a bright, individual and richly executed front façade.

Additional ways of expressing architectural style

It often happens that the arrangement of the enclosing structures is not enough for the expressiveness of the facade, and the architect resorts to additional elements. These can be columns on the facade of a building with a false roof over them, plaster and composite decorative elements located in characteristic places of the facade. Forged front gardens, statues, bas-reliefs give the façade an undeniable expressiveness. Architectural lighting, located in the most favorable places for visual perception, plays an important role in shaping the appearance.

And the most modern solutions include the use of spectacular media facades, arranged mainly on public buildings, the appearance of which is open for viewing from afar.

Different types of facades

Today, in the construction industry of our country, a large number of facade solutions for buildings of any type are offered, the main features of which are described below:

Installation of facades made of bricks and other small-piece elements

Most often, the role of such facade solutions is masonry, which is a non-bearing enclosing structure, two-layer or three-layer. Three-layer wall structure has lost its popularity over the past decade due to lack of reliability constructive solutions, which consist in the arrangement of backing (internal) and facing (external) masonry made of bricks, SKTs blocks and other materials to the height of the floor with filling the space between them with the help of an effective insulation - expanded polystyrene or mineral wool, vapor barrier and windproof film. At the same time, the internal and external versts of the masonry are spaced apart from each other at a distance of 100 to 300 mm with interfacing using flexible ties made of glass composite, basalt fiber or stainless wire.

The rigidity of this masonry is carried out with the help of small-piece elements locally laid "in a butt" at the points of attachment to the supporting structures of the building, the location of the fire cut-outs, as well as in the area of ​​the window openings. The danger of the main masonry is the free movement of the flexible connection in the body of the insulation and poor shear performance in the event of a displacement of the outer verst of the facade structure relative to the inner one.

The two-layer wall structure is more popular today and is offered mainly in the form of large porous backing blocks with high resistance to heat transfer, as an internal masonry masonry. Materials here can be foam concrete, gas silicate, ceramic hollow, polystyrene concrete blocks and other types of heat-efficient materials. The outer verst is made from the same small-piece materials- bricks (most often) or SKTs blocks with the implementation of connection with backfilling using metal or composite masonry nets.

The architectural expression of the facade is formed in this decision by alternating the color of the brick, laying it with an overhang in selected locations, as well as applying an additional layer of plaster in the places of cornices, framing window openings, etc.

Ventilated facade construction

A modern facade solution, originally used mainly in public buildings, but gradually gaining the attention of consumers in the field of residential construction.

Design features consist in the arrangement of backing masonry between the supports of the building within the floor, or, if available, the use of reinforced concrete walls and fastening of guides under the facade made of stainless or galvanized profile steel to wall elements or ends of floor slabs. Between the guides, a vapor barrier, wind protection are placed and the facade is insulated, most often from mineral wool.

The plane of the removal of the guides is located somewhat further than the plane of laying the insulation, forming an air gap between the insulation and the decorative layer of the facade for the possibility of draft - ventilation. A system of cleats is arranged along the guides, intended for the device of the outer decorative layer of the curtain facade.

Often, work on the construction of the facade is combined with the installation of aluminum stained-glass structures.

Facade construction from porcelain stoneware and other flat materials

The material for the decorative part of the facade is flat decorative elements, such as porcelain stoneware and agglomerate tiles, fiber cement slabs, metal and composite panels, aluminum, stemalite and other materials.

Wet facade construction

It is used as an economical option for the aesthetic design of a building and consists in the arrangement of several layers of plaster on a grid over an effective insulation, followed by a coating with weather-resistant decorative paints... This option, despite the relatively low cost, is a highly professional solution that requires the qualifications of working personnel.

When installing a plaster facade, external decorative plaster can be not only smooth, but also with various fillers that form a textured layer during application - shagreen, bark beetle, etc.

Facade construction based on a three-layer wall panel

This type of facade design is applicable for houses built according to type series from large-panel elements produced at DSK factories. In this case, outdoor Wall panels, having in their composition a layer of insulation, are molded with an already established elements cladding. These can be tiles in the form of bricks - clinker, imitating masonry, continuous polishing, and vice versa, a wash of not yet completely hardened panel to form an external textured layer.

Facade construction from sandwich panels

This type of facade is formed by alternating sandwich panels of different colors of the outer layer. Often, panel manufacturers have the ability to produce smaller, lightweight decorative elements for anchoring over main panels and shaping the façade pattern.

Device decorative facades made of wood or wood-polymer composite

The main area of ​​application of wooden facades is private low-rise construction - structural elements - logs, boards, beams form the external appearance of the building, being also load-bearing elements. There are also special decorative wooden elements on the market - lining made of wood-polymer composite, etc., which can be used for decorative finishing public facades or industrial buildings from sandwich panels to give them an aesthetic and modern appearance.

In our perception of architecture the main role plays the external appearance of the building. Planning convenience, thoughtfulness of engineering and reliability of design solutions are not immediately realized, and the beauty of the facade makes an impression at first sight. Facade structures are business card buildings, the focus of the architect's creative thought, they reflect the basic aesthetic and compositional principles of the author. The history of construction knows many options for external walls and their front surface finishes. In fact, at one time the structure of the wall and the facade were a single whole. Masonry Medieval fortresses and log huts were never hidden behind decorative cladding.

Variety of facades

But humanity was striving for beauty, and brutal aesthetics gave way to more complex, multi-part structures. Just as the clothes became more and more elegant, covered with embroidery and ruffles, houses were dressed up in stone carving lace, revetted with luxurious marble, decorated with mosaics and painted with paints. More and more new elements appeared on the facades: pilasters, platbands, cornices, belts, rusts, medallions. Architects created masterpieces from stone and plaster that still amaze with their harmony. Over time, materials, designs, aesthetic views have changed. And most importantly, the attitude towards the facade has changed.

BASIC FUNCTION

Like any part of the building, the facade must meet the basic requirements formulated by Vitruvius back in the 1st century BC: "benefit, strength, beauty." The outer walls of a building are not only its face, but also its main protection. Both the comfort of staying in the house and its service life depend on them. To keep the house warm, the outer walls must either be very thick, or consist of several layers: load-bearing, insulating and protecting. This was known in ancient times, but at the end of the 19th century it began to be used on a fundamentally different scale. The buildings grew, which required a significant lightening of the outer structures. Walls modern houses it is impossible to build according to the same principles as the walls of ancient fortresses. They should be light enough and at the same time strong and warm. With a frame structural scheme, the outer walls can be either curtain or self-supporting, with a minimum thickness of the main bearing layer. The function of thermal insulation. The walls of modern houses cannot be built according to the same principles as the walls of ancient fortresses. They should be light enough and at the same time strong and warm. With a frame structural scheme, the outer walls can be either curtain or self-supporting, with a minimum thickness of the main bearing layer.

Note

The main natural factors affecting preservation of facades: strong temperature fluctuations can cause cracking, wind and precipitation can lead to complete destruction of the facade, humidity can lead to corrosion and decay, ultraviolet solar radiation discolors the facade, the destruction process is accelerated under unfavorable environmental conditions.

The function of thermal insulation was successfully taken over by the durable non-combustible heaters developed in the middle of the twentieth century, and the actual outer layer of the wall, which forms the facade, protects the supporting structures and insulation from direct impact the environment ensuring their durability and strength.

Today, a variety of facade structures are used in construction. They can be conditionally divided into several groups: single-layer (stone, brick, wood, plaster), with the use of external cladding (slab materials, facing bricks, all types of lining, etc.), multilayer facade systems. In addition, a distinction is made between traditional and modern facades. The former consist of natural components and have a long history of use (for example, plaster - over 4000 years). The history of the modern is no more than 150 years old. They use artificial materials or derivatives from natural ones. Their development is associated with technical progress in the construction and chemical fields, as well as with the increased requirements for thermal insulation of buildings. Energy has never had such an impact on architecture as it does today. The tasks of energy saving and reducing thermal pollution of the environment have become a determining factor in the evolution of facade systems in recent decades.

Facades are becoming high-tech thermal insulation systems that incorporate all the achievements of materials science, heat engineering and structural mechanics. For changing traditional ways finishes with the help of paints and varnishes and decorative plasters came new ones that meet the increased requirements for the operational properties of coatings and are capable of dramatically reducing the energy consumption of buildings by increasing the thermal insulation qualities. Multilayer facade thermal insulation systems, or ETICS (External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems), provide up to 25% heat savings. IN Western Europe ETICS got a boost during the energy crisis of the early 1970s. The Russian ETICS market emerged in 1996 with the emergence of increased heat engineering requirements for the design of external wall cladding structures.

HEAT LOSS AND ENERGY SAVING

It is known that heat losses in residential buildings occur not only due to the walls, but it is the external fences that are traditionally considered their main cause. Even for low-rise buildings, this value reaches 35% of the total losses. In multi-storey buildings, it can reach 60–80%. The materials used also affect the amount of heat loss. Water significantly reduces thermal resistance, therefore, the enclosing structures must be reliably protected from precipitation. At the same time, they must ensure effective removal of excess moisture from the room. Home is not space station, it cannot be sealed. Moreover, the durability of the structure and the comfort of staying in the building directly depend on how well its walls "breathe". The designers are faced with a difficult task - to create such a wall structure, which, with significant strength, would provide an effective transfer of water vapor from the room to the outside and at the same time a barrier to external moisture, as well as high thermal resistance. Only the coordinated work of the whole “pie” will give optimal results. Required thickness of each layer and their combinatoriality is determined by heat engineering calculation, in which such factors as the location of the house, its purpose and configuration, number of storeys, orientation to the cardinal points are taken into account. This is how the required structure of external walls is determined that meets the current standards (SNiP 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings"). According to the requirements for wall structures from January 1, 2000 - SNiP II-3-79, the values ​​of the reduced thermal resistance of heat transfer (Rtr °) in Russia are determined in the range of 2.1-5.6 sq. m ° C / W and make it economically impossible to use traditional wall materials. So, for Moscow Rtr ° is 3.2 sq. m ° C / W, which corresponds to the thickness of 5.0 m of reinforced concrete or 2.0 m of brickwork.

The foreground is the estimated operating costs for heat supply, which are so high that they dictate the harsh need for the use of modern heat-saving technologies in new construction and reconstruction. The law on technical regulation allows builders to build facades of any type, except for clearly fire hazardous ones. However, the reality is that any panel or brick house, not equipped with heat-insulating facade systems, already today is forced to have its own power plant and boiler room, and soon the rent in it will be equal to the prices in five-star hotels. In the conditions of an acute and constantly growing shortage of energy supply, there is no alternative to heat-saving facade structures.

OBJECTIVE REALITY: THE CHOICE Nevelik

Among existing options increasing the thermal resistance of external enclosing structures, the most effective and, accordingly, promising systems can be considered systems with external wall insulation and subsequent protection of the insulation either with layers of plaster (the so-called "wet" method), or structural hinged elements forming a protective and decorative screen, separated from the insulation air gap (ventilated facades). Each of the systems has a number of advantages and disadvantages, and only their objective analysis, taking into account the historical architectural appearance of the city, allows the designer to make a choice. The optimal version of the facade is determined by the requirements specific situation: the task set by the architect; restrictions during construction in a given location; the result that the customer wants to get, and the means at his disposal. The advantages and disadvantages of both systems, as is often the case, allow you to find the optimal solution.

PLASTERING SYSTEMS

Performing both external and internal plastering works has always been considered particularly labor intensive and highly skilled. Most of the architectural monuments that have survived to this day used the technique of plastering on the facade, and after hundreds of years we can admire these masterpieces. are a multi-layer "fur coat" made of insulation attached to the wall, reinforcing mesh, primer plaster and putty. Final finishing such a facade is performed paints and varnishes, decorative plaster or others. Although there are significant innovations in the technology of modern plaster facade systems associated with the addition of additional layers of insulation, the scope of operations and the nature of the work have not undergone significant changes. Precise adherence is still required - consistency and lead times, as well as a high level of plaster craftsmanship. Even at the stage of installation of thermal insulation, careful control is required, since it is at this moment that the final leveling of the walls is made and operations are performed that ensure the strength and durability of the structure as a whole.

TECHNOLOGY OF PERFORMANCE OF PLASTERING SYSTEMS

In terms of complexity and labor costs, the process of installing a plaster facade significantly surpasses the technology of installing ventilated systems.

Basic operations:

1. Preparation of the base (self-supporting, load-bearing walls or fences), leveling, impregnation (priming) of the leveled wall with a special solution;
2. Installation of brackets for thermal insulation;
3. Installation of insulation on an adhesive solution (mineral wool boards);
4. Sealing joints between thermal insulation boards (foam shown);
5. Driving disc dowels into pre-drilled holes according to a special scheme;
6. Grouting the dowel caps with a special solution;
7. Additional strengthening of the interface with the facade details with special fittings;
8. Reinforcing mesh application and grouting;
9. Application of the main plaster layer;
10. Application of the top (decorative) plaster layer;
11. Painting in one (for tinted plaster) or two layers (for white).

All wet operations require a significant amount of drying time. Work at temperatures below + 5 ° C is not allowed. Despite the need to use a more expensive insulation, the total cost of components and materials for this technology per unit of facade area is much lower than that of ventilated systems. In addition, it is not particularly difficult to perform mates with facade elements. And most importantly, there is the possibility of performing complex decorative elements on the facade, which makes this technology indispensable when performing restoration work. However, the use of additional cladding in the form of tiles or bricks is limited by the requirements of vapor permeability and weight parameters.

Advantages of plaster facade systems: relatively low cost, effective insulation and sound insulation of the structure, the ability to level the walls in any plane, the possibility of combination with other systems, the device of a monolithic insulation area, low weight.

The main disadvantages of plaster facade systems: long terms of performance of work, dependence of work on weather conditions, problems with the humidity regime of the insulation - steam, penetrating from the building, does not have time to dry completely and accumulates in the insulation. As a result, cracks, peeling of the plaster layer, etc. appear.

VENTILATED SYSTEMS

Systems with a ventilated air gap were widely used even before the introduction of expanded requirements for thermal protection - to normalize the moisture content of the enclosing structures of industrial buildings with a "wet" mode, to prevent overheating of structures from the sun, to protect against slanting rains, etc. The very concept of "ventilated façade" originated in Germany (German beluefteten fassaden). Since the mid-1950s, such systems have been widely used in residential and administrative construction. The main elements of facades with air gap are: powerful thermal insulation layer, a metal substructure and a cladding layer that defines the architectural appearance of the building. Due to the pressure drop across the height of the building, a constant vertical air flow occurs in the air gap, which allows you to effectively remove moisture from both load-bearing wall and from insulation, which increases the effective thermal insulation of the building, reducing heat loss by about 8%, since the air temperature in the gap is 2-3 degrees higher than outside.

The temperature fluctuations of the wall mass are leveled out, which prevents the appearance of deformations; the dew point moves into the outer heat-insulating layer, the inner part of the wall does not damp, no additional vapor barrier is required. In general, the use of any vapor barrier is undesirable in ventilated facades, since it prevents the free removal of water vapor to the outside. It is generally accepted that they have practically no thermophysical problems and regulatory requirements on thermal protection are carried out easily. When calculating the resistance to heat transfer, the value of the coefficient of thermal uniformity is usually taken equal to 0.9. Meanwhile, the structure is saturated with metal parts in combination with an effective heat-insulating material, and the heat transfer process is complicated by radiant and convective heat transfer in the gap, therefore, the accepted value of the thermal uniformity coefficient should be determined taking into account these factors on the basis of a thermal engineering calculation.

The characteristics of ventilated facades allow them to be used in regions with large temperature differences, in regions with high humidity as well as in conditions where traditional facade materials have a fairly short service life. To ensure fire safety in the system curtain facades non-combustible or non-combustible materials and products are included. Steel, preferably galvanized, fastening system and panels made of artificial stone, ceramics or asbestos-cement sheets, special aluminum panels of the NG category are used. Mineral wool is used as a heater, which can withstand a temperature of 1200 ° C. This is especially important for high-rise buildings.

Benefits of ventilated façade systems:

effective insulation and sound insulation the possibility of year-round installation in the shortest possible time, an increase in the service life of facades, ease of post-installation revision, a wide range of options for external panels.

Disadvantages of ventilated facade systems:

high cost, limited architectural solutions, the need to increase the thickness of the wall due to air gap and brackets, limiting the possibility of insulating slopes (shaped openings), the emergence of "cold bridges" due to metal elements fastenings, difficulties in the installation of relatively heavy elements - stainless steel cladding, porcelain stoneware and natural stone.

MOST COMMON ON THE RUSSIAN MARKET WITH AIR CLEARANCE

U-KON, manufacturer - Alkon-Trade (Moscow), Yukon Engineering ( Nizhny Novgorod) “Volna”, manufacturer - “Volna” plant (Krasnoyarsk) “VF VIDNAL”, manufacturer “Mosmetallokonstruktsiya” (Moscow) “Interal”, “Technocom”, manufacturer - EZ “Technocom STM” (Moscow) “Kaptechnostroy”, manufacturer - Kaptechnostroy (Moscow) ISM-facade, manufacturer - InfoServiceMarketing (St. Petersburg) (Krasnoyarsk) Minerit, manufacturer - OY MINERIT AB (Finland) Marmorok, manufacturer - RVM-2000 (Moscow) Facade- Master ", manufacturer -" Brevitor Construction "(Moscow) DIAT, manufacturer - DIAT-2000 (Moscow)" Granitogres ", manufacturer -" Granitogres "(Moscow)" Polyalpan ", manufacturer" Polyalpan "(Moscow)

VENTILATED INSTALLATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS

Installation of a ventilated system is a screwdriver assembly process, with the exception of fitting the cladding in place, in which, as when laying tile, it is necessary to ensure the conjugation of the geometric elements of the system with the configuration of window openings and the conjugation on adjacent walls. Only on the facade, as a rule, there are no elements that allow you to hide the clipped places. In addition, the need for trimming the cladding leads to a significant increase in the cost of construction. The assembly can be carried out from the cradles, surface preparation is not required, the results of the work are relatively easy to control.

With appropriate supervision and correctly selected technical solutions (calculation of anchoring and dowelling), the result depends mainly on the quality of the components and the system as a whole. The heat-insulating layer does not require bonding with pre-treatment of the substrate, because it is practically not exposed to static and wind loads. Thermal insulation does not need to be additionally covered, reinforced; for it, you can use less durable and cheaper types of materials than in plastering systems Oh.

The main stages of the assembly of a ventilated systems:

1. installation of brackets and inserts;
2. substructure assembly;
3. installation of thermal insulation;
4. alignment of the subsystem by adjusting the inserts;
5. installation of cladding.

Since heat exchange processes are provided inside the outer cladding, the designer's ability to choose facing materials limited only by fire safety considerations. Today, ventilated systems use: panels made of aluminum, porcelain stoneware, copper, stainless steel, glass, fiberglass; asbestos-cement slabs with painting or finishing, incl. plastering. Modern systems allow lining natural stone... In this case, to compensate for the significant weight of the slabs, it is necessary to provide for the reinforcement of the substructure and carefully calculate the number of fasteners per 1 sq. m. The domestic construction industry has mastered the production of almost the entire line of elements for ventilated systems. The exception is fasteners - self-tapping screws, rivets, clamps, anchors and dowels. To ensure normal quality, it is necessary to use fasteners from the world's leading manufacturers.

STATE OF THE MARKET FOR FACADE SYSTEMS

According to market survey thermal insulation materials and systems of Russian regions, made by CJSC "Agency for Construction Information" (St. Petersburg), more than 70 facade insulation systems are presented in the markets of Russian regions, and this number is divided approximately in half between plaster systems and hinged systems with an air gap. Estimates of the capacity of the Russian market of insulation systems were formulated on the basis of data from system-holders and their regional representatives, expert assessments and open data. Last year, 4.3-4.5 million square meters were insulated using plastering systems in the country. m of building facades. The growth rate can be estimated as 35–40% in physical terms. 5.4-5.8 million sq. m was insulated with hinged systems with an air gap. The market for mounted systems also grew quite rapidly - in 2005 it increased by about 30-40%. In the next 2 years, we should expect a continuation rapid growth the markets in question. Against the background of a gradual growth in housing and other construction, with increased requirements for the heat-saving ability of buildings, given the fact that insulation systems have become fashionable among designers and builders, it is hardly worth predicting a growth of less than 20-25% per year for both types of systems ... According to analysts' forecasts, the growth rate will be even higher - 30–35%.