Schemes of simple and complex sentences. Video lesson "Drafting schemes of proposals and proposals according to schemes

The offer is syntactic unit, characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are simple or complex. Both of them perform their main function in speech - communicative.

Types of complex sentences in Russian

As part of a complex, two or more simple sentences are distinguished, interconnected by conjunctions or only intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.

Compound sentences

Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. As a means of communication, coordinating unions are used, which are divided into three groups. On their basis, the following types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection are distinguished.

With connecting unions: AND, ALSO, YES (= AND), ALSO, NOR ... NOR, NOT ONLY ... BUT AND, HOW ... SO AND, YES AND. In this case, parts of compound unions will be located in different simple sentences.

The whole city was already asleep, I too went home. Soon Anton Not only read all the books in the home library, but also turned to his comrades.

A feature of compound sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( And thunder rumbled, and the sun broke through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled and a dump truck followed him) or one follows from the other ( It's already quite dark and had to disperse).

With opposing unions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), ZATO, SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandpa seemed to understand everything. but Grigory had to convince him of the need for a trip for a long time.) or matching ( Some fussed in the kitchen a others began to clean the garden) between its parts.
With dividing unions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT ... NOT THAT, THAT ... THAT, OR ... OR. The first two unions can be single or repetitive. It was time to get to work, or he was going to be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Whether Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( Her whole day then covered melancholy, then suddenly approached an inexplicable fit of fun).

Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting unions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.

The main types of complex sentences with a subordinate relationship

The presence of the main and dependent (subordinate) parts is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing between them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: the allied word, unlike the union, is always a member of the sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew exactly what(union word, you can ask a question) I should look for. Tanya completely forgot what(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.

Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The place of the adnexa is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.

Types of clauses in NGN

Traditionally, it is customary to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, three main groups are distinguished into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.

Type of adnexa		Question	Means of communication	Example
Determinants			Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc.	There was a house by the mountain, a roof whom* already lost some weight.*
Explanatory		Case	What (s. and s.s.l.), how (s. and s.s.l.), so that, as if, as it were, either ... or who, like others.	Michael did not understand as solve the problem of.
circumstantial		When? How long?	When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc.	The boy waited until then Bye* the sun hasn't set at all.*
		Where? Where? Where?	Where, where, from where	Izmestiev put the papers there, where* no one could find them.*
		Why? From what?	Because, since, because, due to the fact that etc.	The cab driver stopped for* the horses suddenly snorted.*
	Consequences	What follows from this?		It cleared up in the morning so the squad moved on.
		Under what condition?	If, when (= if), if, once, in case	If a the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry.
		What for? For what purpose?	In order to, in order to, so that, in order to	Frolov was ready for anything to get this place.
		Despite what? Against what?	Although, despite the fact that, let, for nothing, whoever, etc.	The evening was generally a success. although* and there were minor flaws in its organization.*
	Comparisons	How? Like what?	As, as, exactly, as if, as, as, as, as, as, as,	Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if* someone poured them out of a bag.*
	Measures and degrees	To what extent?	What, to, how, as if, as if, how much, how much	There was such silence what* it became somehow uncomfortable.*
	Connecting		what (in indirect case), why, why, why = pronoun this	There was no car from what* anxiety only increased.*

NGN with multiple clauses

Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.

Depending on this, the following ways of linking simple to complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the structures described).

With consistent submission. The next subordinate part depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, what this day will never end as more and more problems.
With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the whole part) and belong to the same species. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear what it was all just a bluff and what no major decisions were made.
With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents of various types and belong to different words(of the whole part). Garden, which sown in May, already gave the first harvest, because life became easier.

Associative compound sentence

The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationship between them comes to the fore. It is they who influence the punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.

Types of non-union complex sentences

The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
The parts are unequal, the second:

reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused anxiety: (= namely) in the corner someone rustled insistently);
complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: there appeared someone's figure);
indicates the reason Sveta laughed: (= since) the neighbor's face was smeared with mud).

3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This is manifested in the fact that:

the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - no one else);
into the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got overclocked - the opponent immediately remained in the tail); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you endure); comparison ( Will look frowningly - Elena will immediately burn with fire).

JV with different types of communication

Often there are constructions that have three or more predicative parts in their composition. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating unions, allied words, or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely presented in fiction) with various types connections. Michael has long wanted to change his life, but something constantly stopped him; as a result, the routine dragged him more and more every day.

The scheme will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:

complex and painstaking work. Not all children learn a new topic right away, someone needs time to understand and understand the essence of the rule. Knowing the definition by heart, the child is not always able to give examples and apply the rule in practice. There are many types of offers. Let us analyze in more detail complex sentences, examples with schemes, we will consider together.

The concept of complex sentences

Before proceeding with the explanation new topic child, figure it out yourself. The student will grasp the essence of the topic only when he feels confident on the part of an adult. How to start explaining new material? Ask your child to make a two-part sentence, connected by conjunction and meaning.

For example:

I saw something behind the curtain, and ran into another room so as not to scream in fear.
Analyzing the sentence, we conclude that it consists of two bases connected by the union "and". Both parts of the sentence are connected in meaning, that is, one is subordinate to the other.

Let's break down the rule:

The definition should not only be learned, but also understood. Highlight with him the basics of simple sentences, depict them schematically. Ask for an example of a diagram to make your proposal. If the student is having difficulty completing the task, help him. Read the definition again, reason together and proceed to the task.

To get started, use a simple scheme, where two simple sentences are connected by a union or allied word. Do not use too many minor members, otherwise, the child will get confused and will not be able to punctuate and highlight the main members.

Conjunctions and allied words

NGNs are linked together by unions and allied words. Print them out for your child so they are always at hand:

Explain to the child that they are members of the sentence, so they must be taken into account when parsing.

If in homework it says what needs to be found in the text complex sentences, teach your child to use the action algorithm. Print it out and hang it over your student's desk. When completing the task, the memo will be useful to the child and he will easily remember how to find a complex sentence.

Independent work

To consolidate the material covered, invite the child to complete the task on their own. After the work is done, check the correctness. made mistakes, do not be angry, because the topic is really not simple. Mom dictates sentences, the child performs the task:

Next, teach the inquisitive fidget to use the diagrams. Show how to mark the main clause as a subordinating one. Tell us that subordination in a sentence can be different: the bases can be connected in series, in parallel and uniformly. On the concrete examples explain the difference using diagrams:

Important point! The subordinate clause can be in any part of the sentence.

In this case, you can make a proposal:

When it started to rain, we came home.

Or another option:

When we got home, it started to rain.

May be so:

We came home when it started to rain.

As you can see, by swapping the bases, the meaning remains. Come up with your own simple examples where the subordinate clause is at the beginning, middle and end of the sentence.

Many children are not immediately able to determine what kind to attribute this or that sentence to. Don't worry when learning new topics, the teacher, along with the children, repeats the material covered to refresh their memory. After all, everything is interconnected, and, having missed one, it is very difficult to understand the other.

Why would you need a proposal outline? There are several options. For example, you need to draw up a sentence scheme when parsing it.

You can also schematically depict the parts of the sentence for yourself in order to more clearly present its structure and trace the logic of joining the parts of the sentence to each other (relevant for complex sentences).

If we are already talking about complex sentences, using diagrams it is convenient to analyze sentences with different types connections. And in simple circuit helps visualize syntactic structure.

In general, whatever one may say, sentence schemes in Russian are far from useless. Now we will summarize this topic. So that you can use this article as a reference material. By the way, in order to correctly draw up diagrams, it does not hurt to repeat some topics on syntax. Now we will analyze examples of circuits and repeat at the same time. So you will benefit from the article twice - at the same time you will get a summary of the types of sentences, punctuation marks in direct speech, homogeneous members, etc. will.

Proposal Mapping Plan

Read the sentence carefully, pay attention to what it is according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, or incentive. And take note of the emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
Determine grammar basics. What parts of speech are they?
After that, it will be easy to say whether the sentence in front of you is simple or complex.
In a complex sentence, determine the boundaries of the simple ones included in it and, using a simple pencil, mark them with vertical lines. By the way, also separate the participial and participle turnover and other types of complications with such features.
Underline the additional members of the sentence (with a broken line - the addition, a wavy line - the definition and the whole participial turnover, “dot-dash-dot” - circumstance and adverbial turnover). What parts of speech are they?
If you have a complex sentence with an allied connection between its parts, pay attention to the unions: they are coordinating or subordinating.
The previous paragraph will help you correctly identify the predicative parts of a complex sentence. So, the parts of a compound and non-union complex sentence are equal, mark them with square brackets. The subordinate clause in the complex sentence is marked with parentheses. Do not forget that the union / union word must also be included in them.
In a complex sentence in the main part, find the word from which you can ask a question to the subordinate clause, mark it with a cross. From the word, draw an arrow with a pencil to the subordinate clause and write down the question. It also happens that the question to the subordinate clause is posed from the entire main sentence.
And now the next step is the scheme of a simple / complex sentence - depending on what you have there. draw a linear graphic diagram, on which you transfer all the main designations with which you have previously drawn the proposal. In particular, sentence boundaries, grammatical foundations, complications if the sentence is complicated, the connection between sentences and the arrow with a question, conjunctions and allied words.
Complex sentences with multiple clauses will require a vertical diagram to correctly display sequential, parallel, or homogeneous subordination. We will consider these below with specific examples.
The numbers above the parts of a complex sentence can indicate the levels of the subordinate clauses, which will reflect their position in the composition of the complex sentence. The main sentence is not marked in any way.

Sometimes teachers may have specific requirements. For example, it will indicate on the diagram, in addition to the main ones, additional members. In addition, there are also reverse tasks when you need to make a sentence according to the scheme. An example of such a task can be found below.

Schemes of simple sentences

So let's start right away and start with the task, no kidding, level 2 class: we need a diagram simple sentence of the form "subject - predicate - subject". Simple example:

At the same time, you keep in mind that a simple sentence, based on the presence of main members, can be one- and two-part. By the presence of secondary members - common and non-common (in the example above, which one?). And also, according to the presence of a complete or truncated set of necessary members, the proposals are divided into complete and incomplete.

Transferring the main members of the sentence to the diagram, do not let the predicate confuse you. They are:

Now let's move on to the 5th grade and take up sentence schemes with appeal and other types of complications of simple sentences.

Appeal: denoted by O, the sign is separated from the rest of the sentence in the diagram using two vertical lines - │ │. The appeal is not a member of the sentence and only its location and punctuation marks are important:

On the diagram with homogeneous members the last sentences are indicated by a circle - ○, in which their syntactic role in the sentence can be noted (homogeneous objects, or circumstances, or subjects - any of options). Also, the unions and punctuation marks that stand with them are transferred to the diagram. Generalizing words are also indicated, for example, by a circle, only with a dot in the middle. And in this article we use a square - it’s more convenient for us:

Offers from introductory words: we can designate them as BB and also enclose them in two vertical lines - introductory words are not a member of the sentence. Otherwise, the same aspects are important for the scheme with an introductory word as for the scheme with an appeal:

In the scheme with participle turnover , except for punctuation marks, denote the word being defined. In the scheme with participle turnover and constructions with the meaning of addition and refinement- the most important thing is to indicate their place in the sentence:

You also probably remember that a simple sentence can be complicated. isolated members(some of which are already reflected in the examples above):

separate definitions (coordinated and inconsistent, single and common, this category also includes participle turnovers);
separate additions;
isolated circumstances (germs, participles, nouns and adverbs in the role of circumstances).

Direct speech sentences

The scheme of a sentence with direct speech is not at all difficult: only the boundaries of the sentence, the words of the author and the actual direct speech, as well as the punctuation marks attached to them, are indicated on it. Here are some examples:

Schemes of complex sentences

And now we finally got to the high school program. And now we will consider the schemes of complex and complex sentences with examples. And we will also definitely analyze proposals with an allied, as well as various types of communication.

Let's start with compound sentence: its parts are equal, so we denote them in the diagram with the same square brackets.

AT complex sentence the main and subordinate parts are clearly distinguished, therefore we denote the main part with square brackets, and the subordinate part with round brackets. The subordinate clause can take different positions in relation to the main clause: stand in front of or behind it, break the main clause.

Parts non-union complex sentence are equivalent, therefore, the same square brackets are used here to designate them in the diagram.

Charting offers with different types of communication, easy to get confused. Carefully study the proposed example so as not to make mistakes in the future:

A special case - compound sentence with multiple clauses. When drawing diagrams of subordinate clauses, they are placed not horizontally, but vertically. Sequential submission:

Parallel subordination:

Homogeneous submission:

Make sentences according to the given schemes

Now, after we have analyzed the whole theory in such detail, it will, of course, not be difficult for you to write proposals for ready-made schemes yourself. It's a good workout and good job to check how well the material is learned. So don't neglect them.

Proposal with appeal: [ │О?│… ]?
A sentence with homogeneous members: [and ○, and ○, and ○ - □].
A sentence with participial turnover and an introductory word: [X, |PCH|, ... |BB| …].
A sentence with direct speech: "[P, - a: - P]".
A complex sentence with several types of connection: [ ... ], but [ ... ], (which ...): [ ... ].

Write us your options in the comments - at the same time you can check whether you have learned everything well and figured out the schemes. See for yourself that there is nothing archaic here!

Conclusion

You have worked on a large and voluminous topic. It includes knowledge from different sections of syntax: types of sentences, types of predicates, punctuation marks with homogeneous members of a sentence, direct speech, etc. If you carefully studied all the material, you could not only remember how to designate the members of the sentence in the diagram, but also repeat very important and useful rules.

And if you are not too lazy to write down sentences according to the schemes, then you can say with full confidence: you will meet the control and exams fully armed.

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