Connection of copper and steel pipes. Copper piping

Pipe products made of copper, as well as fittings for connecting copper pipes, allow you to create reliable and durable communications that differ in a number of unique properties. Benefits and quality characteristics, which distinguish such pipelines, largely explain their relatively high cost.

Communications from copper pipes and fittings

High-quality copper pipes and fittings, the technical and operational characteristics of which comply with the international standards ISO 9002, BS2 and DIN, are now produced by both foreign and domestic companies. Such pipes, as well as connecting elements for them, successfully withstand the high pressure of the media transported through them, high and low temperatures, and mechanical stresses that they may be subjected to during operation, transportation and storage.

Unlike polymer pipes popular in our time, copper pipe products do not deteriorate from exposure to sunlight, they are not afraid of corrosion, which is a real scourge for products made from ferrous metals. In terms of service life, which copper pipes and fittings differ in, no similar product made from another material can be compared with them. It is noteworthy that copper products are practically eternal, the service life of communications from them is at least 100 years.

Tubular products, as well as fittings made of copper, are used for arranging engineering networks for various purposes:

heating systems;
air conditioning;
cold and hot water supply;
gas communications.

Those consumers who decide to use copper pipe products and copper fittings mainly use them to equip reliable and durable water supply networks. Fittings made from copper are more compact and look much cleaner than those made from ferrous metals. This is explained by the fact that during the design and manufacture copper fittings there is no need to make their walls thicker, given their further corrosion, since they are simply not subject to it.

There are several reasons explaining the high popularity of pipes and fittings for them made of copper:

copper, as you know, has antiseptic properties, therefore, pathogens do not develop in water pipes made from this metal, and the quality of the water transported through them even improves;
installation of pipelines for which pipes and fittings made of copper are used is much easier than communications from black pipes;
due to the high ductility of copper, pipes made of this metal, when water freezes in them, do not burst, but simply deform; to destroy a copper pipe, it is necessary to apply an internal pressure of 200 atm to it, and such pressures simply do not exist in household communications.

Elements for copper pipe connections

Copper fittings, which are used to connect copper pipes, are presented on the modern market in a wide variety of sizes and designs. Most known types such connecting elements are:

threaded fittings for copper pipes;
self-locking connecting elements;
compression or crimp type fittings;
so-called press fittings;
connecting fittings of capillary type.

Of all the listed types of connecting elements, press fittings for copper pipes are the least commonly used in our time, which is explained by the following reasons: their installation requires the use of complex and expensive equipment: special presses. The design of press fittings was originally developed in order to connect plastic and metal with their help. plastic pipes, so their use for the installation of copper products is not always advisable.

In order for the pipeline, in the arrangement of which copper parts are used, to serve as long as possible and be highly reliable, it is advisable to use elements of homogeneous materials during its installation. Connecting copper pipes with fittings that are made from other raw materials should be done only in rare exceptions.

If you avoid using fittings from dissimilar materials when installing pipelines fails, then you need to perform such a process, adhering to the following simple rules:

copper pipes in communications, for the creation of which elements from different materials are used, are always installed after ferrous metal products: in the direction of the liquid;
copper parts of pipelines cannot be connected to galvanized fittings and, failure to comply with this requirement will cause electrochemical reactions to operate in such systems, which will significantly accelerate the corrosion process of steel parts;
copper elements of pipe structures can be connected to parts made of acid-resistant steels, but if possible, it is better to replace such parts with fittings made of polyvinyl chloride.

Threaded fittings

Copper fittings belonging to the category of threaded group connectors are recommended to be used if the created engineering communications is planned to be periodically disassembled in order to perform it Maintenance. To carry out such technological operations as disassembly and assembly of the pipeline, allows the presence of external and internal thread on its structural elements.

Fittings connected to copper pipes with threads are significantly inferior to capillary and compression products in terms of their reliability. For this reason, such connecting elements must be checked regularly and, if necessary, replaced with new ones. In addition, it is best to use such fittings in those places in the pipeline that are easily accessible.

There are several most common types of threaded fittings for connecting copper pipes, which include:

couplings are fittings with which you can connect pipes made of different materials, as well as create straight sections of pipelines formed from segments of the same or different diameter;
corners - these include fittings with which you can change the direction of movement of the pipeline by 45 or 90 degrees;
fittings - fittings that allow you to divert the transported medium from the main pipeline;
crosses, tees, which are also called manifolds - these are fittings with which they create branches from the main pipeline, while maintaining its main direction;
fittings used to cover the end copper pipeline; as they can be used special plugs or caps.

When installing a new copper pipeline, specialists most often use crimp-type connecting elements, and when repairing or upgrading such communications, threaded-type fittings are used.

Connectors of compression and self-locking type

Fittings for connecting copper pipes, belonging to the category of compression or self-locking, are also called collet or crimp. Such connectors are a good alternative to fittings that are connected to copper parts by soldering. A collet-type fitting is an element whose design consists of sealing rings and gaskets, as well as a crimp ring, which, when tightened, contributes to the tightness of the connection being created. The material for the manufacture of compression or collet fittings can be not only copper, but also brass or metal-plastic.

Crimp type collet connectors are the best option for heating and water supply systems, for the installation of which copper pipes of different diameters or tubular products made of various materials. V Lately self-locking fittings are becoming increasingly popular, which are distinguished by more preferable performance characteristics.

Self-locking fittings, in terms of the speed of making the connection and in terms of its reliability, can completely replace soldering. The design of such fittings includes a whole set of rings, one of which is equipped with special teeth. The principle of operation of such connecting elements is based on the fact that when exposed to a ring with teeth using a special assembly key, it is fixed in an adjacent element, thereby creating a reliable and durable connection of copper pipe sections. Unlike soldering, dismantling the connection obtained with such a fitting is as simple as obtaining it, for this the same installation key is used.

It should be borne in mind that compression type fittings are always made of copper, while they can be used to connect elements made of ferrous metal and polymer materials.

Capillary method of connecting copper pipes

Which is rightfully considered the most reliable and durable method of connecting copper parts, is performed based on the principles of capillary technology. In accordance with this effect, which is based on the laws of physics, a liquid can rise through a capillary, overcoming gravity, if there is a certain distance between the lower and upper points of its rise.

This physical effect allows you to solder copper pipes in such a way that the solder melted by a gas burner is evenly distributed over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe connection being created. In order to effectively perform such soldering, pipes can be placed in any spatial position, the main thing is that the molten solder is supplied from the bottom of the joint being formed.

In more detail, the process of performing capillary soldering is as follows:

using gas burner, the place of the future connection is thoroughly heated;
molten solder is supplied into the gap between the ends of the pipes to be connected or between the pipe and the fitting used, which completely fills it due to the capillary effect;
the resulting compound is allowed to cool completely;
after the complete cooling of the formed joint, its elements are carefully cleaned using a special cleaning compound.

With the help of soldering, based on the capillary effect, pipeline elements are connected not only from copper, but also from ferrous metals. In the event that a steel fitting is used as a connecting element for copper pipes, then a layer of a special flux is applied to the place of the future connection. As a solder, when performing soldering using capillary technology, a very current wire is used, which can be made of tin, copper, and in some cases even silver.

The connection of elements of copper pipelines using collet-type fittings is performed without pre-training connection points. But in order to perform high-quality soldering of such pipes and fittings, it is necessary not only to thoroughly clean the place of the future connection from dirt and dust, but also to degrease it.

Copper pipe rolling process

When arranging heating and plumbing systems, the parts of which are made of copper, such technological operations as flaring or disassembling copper pipes are often performed. With the help of this operation, for which you can use a different tool, the geometric parameters of the ends of the pipes to be connected are changed without changing performance characteristics products.

The simplest tool with which to perform this operation is a rod with a conical tip, which is inserted into the end of a copper pipe and turned in it until it acquires the desired geometric shape. This device, although quite simple to use, does not allow for high-quality flaring, providing uniform pressure on the walls.

Pipe type fittings are used to connect pipes of a wide variety of diameters and sizes. Certain types of fittings are required to bend the pipeline, such as T-fittings and Y-fittings, as well as bends.

Main types of fittings

Straight fittings have components such as plugs, adapters, and couplings. Examples of fittings are shown in the figure below. How each fitting is made depends on the material used to make it.

Examples of steel, copper and plastic fittings

Copper fittings, both threaded and unthreaded:
T-piece.
End sleeve with 90 degree rotation.
U-shaped tee.
Couplings.
Adapter.
Copper and plastic fittings:
Fitting with internal thread.
Fitting rotated 90 degrees.
T-piece.
U-shaped tee.
Adapter.
Coupling.
Steel fittings:
Internal plug.
Threaded options.
Cap with plug.
Sgon.
Fitting option.

Photo fittings from a variety of materials

And now a small photo gallery showing the impressive variety of all kinds of fittings that are presented on our market.

Steel chrome fittings

Copper fittings

Fittings made of plastic (PVC)

Coupling, adapter and squeegee

The coupling is necessary for combining two pipe segments with the same diameters into one line. If the pipes have different diameters, you will need adapter. Used frequently drive is a steel tube with an external thread, which is usually available in small pieces up to 30 cm long.

Squeezing is necessary to increase the length of the pipeline and connect pipe sections that can be disconnected at any time. A plug is needed to block the end of the pipe. If pipes made of different materials are combined, then specialized fittings are required to connect them, some of which are shown in the figure below.

A variety of fittings for connecting pipes made of various materials

Fitting for connecting a copper pipe to a steel pipe:
Thread for screwing a metal pipe.
Copper pipe, connected by solder to another copper pipe.
Copper fitting, connects with copper pipe.
End for screwing into a nut.
Rubber gasket.
The plastic part is inserted into the nut.
Copper pipe.
Fitting connected by solder.
Fitting for connecting a plastic pipe to a copper pipe:
Steel pipe screwed into the nut.
End for screwing into a nut.
Rubber gasket.
Plastic pipe, glued into the insert in the nut.
Fittings for connecting plastic pipes to steel.
Plastic insert.
Screw.

Pipe connections of various materials

How is a steel pipe connected to a copper pipe? For this, a fitting is used, at one end of which there is a thread for fixing on a steel pipe. There is no thread on the other end, it is completely smooth, since the copper pipe will be fastened by soldering.

When installing a pipe in such a fitting, the threads should be wrapped with plastic sealing tape, after which the coupling is screwed onto the pipe. Such a sealing tape is necessary so that corrosion does not begin in the junction of two types of metal.

Steel and plastic fitting

Another example is a steel and plastic fitting. It is also made in two parts. The first part looks like a nut with a threaded segment that is screwed into a steel pipe. The other part is plastic, with gasket and nut also made of plastic.

Standard fitting consisting of steel and plastic parts

The nut is screwed onto another extension of the first part, which has an external thread. Further, a special solvent is used to fasten the plastic insert with a plastic pipe.

Fitting made of plastic and copper

There is also a popular fitting made of plastic and copper, which also includes two components. The first component has two ends. One is made of copper and has a thread, but the other end is completely smooth - it is he who is attached to the copper pipe by soldering.

Plastic fitting with copper thread

The other component is a plastic nut with a gasket. The nut is screwed onto a copper thread, and its other end is glued to a plastic pipe.

Fittings for copper and plastic pipes

Soldering is used to connect copper pipes, but plastic pipes are connected with a specialized adhesive or solvent. As for cast-iron risers, bushings are usually not used to connect pipes.

Standard method for connecting fittings and cast iron pipes without the use of bushings

Cast iron pipe.
Casing made of stainless steel.
Collar.
Part made of neoprene rubber.
T-piece made of cast iron.

For sealing joints sewer pipes sleeves made of neoprene rubber are used. In this case, the sleeve itself is fixed by a casing made of stainless steel.

The following figure shows options for some pipe connections without bushings.

Standard fittings for connecting cast iron pipes without bushings

T-piece.
curved segment.
Curved segment with flange, designed for the toilet.
U-shaped tee.

To fasten the casing directly, ordinary casings are used.

Video review of fittings for polypropylene pipes

Consider the use of special fittings for plastic polypropylene pipes. Types of fittings, their purpose and characteristics.

The materials from which pipes are made

For the manufacture of sewer pipes, materials such as plastic, cast iron and copper are used. In the construction of underground collectors located outside the building, glazed ceramic pipes are usually used.

However, it is not uncommon for a certain area to only allow a specific type of pipe. You can find out from local authorities.

The ideal option for a sewer pipe is cast iron pipe. It is perfect for creating collectors, sewer risers, sunbeds and ventilation. Any cast iron pipes are of two types - internal and heavy. Standard length cast iron pipe is 1.5 meters.

Cast iron toilet pipe

Copper pipes, with a yellow label, can also be used for sewer pipelines of any type.

Worth mentioning separately ceramic pipes, coated with a special glaze. Such pipes are reliably protected from the influence of sewage waste, whether it be various alkalis or acids.

As a rule, ceramic pipes are used as the basis of an underground collector of a house, at a distance of up to 1.5 meters from the foundation. Pipes are laid to the city collector or settling tank.

It is not recommended to use ceramic pipes inside the house.

Both inside and outside the house are actively used PVC and ABS pipes. The connection of pipes made of copper and plastic is carried out in the same way as water pipes. A detailed overview of each type of pipe will be presented in the following articles.

The method is based on the capillary rise of a liquid (molten solder) along the thinnest gap between the pipe walls. There are two types of soldering copper pipes: low-temperature and high-temperature soldering. The difference in soldering mainly depends on the melting temperature of the solder. For high-temperature solders, refractory solders are used, for low-temperature solders, soft solders rolled into coils are used. Accordingly, acetylene and propane torches are used to heat pipes during high-temperature soldering, for low-temperature ones it is sometimes enough to fire from a blowtorch. Brazing can be applied to all types of copper wiring, including headers solar heating where pipes can be heated up to 250°C, low-temperature soldering is more demanding on pipe heating temperatures, however, it is successfully used in hot water and heating systems. There are no structural differences in these types of soldering, however, high-temperature soldering is more often used for socket connections pipes, and low-temperature - on pipe joints with fittings with solder fused into them, although vice versa is also possible.

For the installation of copper pipelines, three types of pipes are used: soft (R 220), semi-solid (R 250) and hard (R 290). As a hardness (hardness) parameter, the tensile strength in MPa (N/mm²) is proposed. Soft pipes are sold rolled into bays, semi-solid and hard - straight rods. The fundamental difference in these types of pipes is the pressure of the transported medium that the pipes can withstand. Hard pipes withstand the highest pressure (290 N/mm²), soft pipes withstand the lowest pressure (220 N/mm²). The pressure that is created in apartment and even cottage pipelines will successfully withstand any of these pipes. And if you need to build a steam boiler house or a mini-production, then you can’t do without calculation and drafting a project, but that’s another topic.

Socket soldering (Fig. 36) uses soft, semi-hard or hard copper pipes with a pre-annealed end. One of the ends of the pipe is shaped with an expander into a socket, similar to the socket of sewer pipes, the end of another pipe will be inserted into it. It must be remembered that when you anneal the ends of hard pipes, you release the metal and the pipe at the junction acquires the properties of a soft pipe. This circumstance must be taken into account when designing a pipeline according to pressure criteria.

To make a socket, you need to use only those heads on the expander that are designed for a given pipe diameter, then the diameter of the socket will automatically turn out to be slightly larger than the outer diameter of the pipe. Typically, the gap between the inner walls of the socket and the outer walls of the pipe inserted into the socket is approximately 0.2 mm. Such a gap provides "drawing in" of the molten solder and its uniform distribution over the entire inner surface of the socket at any position of the pipe. In other words, pipes can be soldered in any position, even with the socket down, the capillary gap between the pipes will still "suck" the molten solder into itself, which will be evenly distributed over the place of soldering. Using the “correct” expander head is 80% of soldering success - the gap between the pipes and the depth of the socket are set by this particular tool.

Today, pipe manufacturers produce ready-made fittings and couplings, on which sockets are already made (Fig. 37). The use of such parts makes the pipeline more expensive, but completely eliminates the "human factor" present during self-manufacturing expander socket.

The pipes at the place of the solder are covered with a flux (Fig. 38), which will act as a lubricant for the solder and a “pickle” (cleansing of the metal) for copper. When high-temperature soldering with silver or bronze solders, borax is used as a flux. It is mixed with water until a viscous slurry is obtained. The flux is applied without excess only to the collar of the pipe that will mate with the fitting or socket, and not into the fitting or socket. After applying the flux, it is recommended to immediately articulate the parts to prevent foreign particles from entering the wet surface. If, for some reason, soldering will take place a little later, then it is better for the parts to wait for this moment already in the articulated form. It is recommended to rotate the pipe in the fitting or socket, or vice versa, the fitting around the axis of the pipe, in order to make sure that the flux is evenly distributed in the mounting gap and to feel that the pipe has reached the stop. Then it is necessary to remove visible flux residues from the outer surface of the pipe with a rag.

For soldering copper pipes, solder rods with a diameter of 3 mm from copper and silver or bronze alloys are used. After the socket is made, or when using a ready-made fitting with a socket, the pipes are inserted into each other. The junction is heated from all sides with a propane or acetylene torch. Heating is carried out until the solder bar brought up and pressed against the socket begins to melt. With the acquisition of experience, the heating time of the pipes is determined by the change in color of the pipe - until a "red glow" is reached. Threaded fittings for connecting them to other pipelines or to plumbing fixtures are made of bronze and brass and require a longer heating time when soldering. To determine the solder consumption per joint, the following method is usually used: the solder bar is bent in the form of the letter G, making the bend slightly larger than the socket diameter. As soon as the place of soldering is warmed up to the desired temperature, the solder is pressed against the gap between the socket and the pipe inserted into it and is led around the pipe without stopping the heating of the joint. The solder melts and flows into the gap. It is necessary to melt the entire bent end of the solder into the gap, no more and no less. An increase in solder consumption leads to the fact that it can flow through the slot and melt the inner section of the pipes. A decrease in solder consumption leads to non-soldering of the joint.

When soldering pipes, you must follow basic safety measures for working with open flames. It is necessary to work in canvas gloves, it is better together with an assistant, to hold the pipe away from the place of heating. When working alone, use clamps to temporarily secure the pipes.

After cooling, the unit is ready for operation - this is the most reliable connection copper pipes and quite simple. The experience of soldering copper pipes comes quickly, and for those who already know the technique of gas welding, it is immediately clear. True, to heat pipes, you need equipment for gas welding. Sometimes (for soldering joints of small diameters) you can use the hot air of a powerful building dryer, using a nozzle that limits the cone of hot air in order to achieve heating faster. Another way of heating without a flame are electrocontact devices. Outwardly, they resemble large tongs with interchangeable copper heads to cover pipes of different diameters.

Upon completion of soldering of the assembly or the entire pipeline, it must be flushed to free the internal cavities from flux residues. As already mentioned, the flux works not only as a lubricant for solder, but also as an etchant for copper, that is, in fact, it is an aggressive oxidizing agent. And if so, then there is nothing more for him to do inside the pipes, he must be removed from there by washing with water. From the outer surface of the pipes, the leaked flux is removed with a rag.

Butt soldering of pipelines is not allowed. If it is necessary to connect the parts end-to-end, then they do not solder the pipes, but weld them. In principle, almost the same operations are done as in high-temperature soldering, except that no flux is required, and the heating of pipes and fittings is increased to the melting temperature of the metal.

For low-temperature soldering, fittings with solder fused into them are used. Outwardly, these are the same fittings for socket soldering, but a belt is squeezed out along the surface of the socket (Fig. 39), inside which manufacturers poured solder even at the stage of fittings manufacturing. Both refractory and low-melting solder can be poured into the fitting, thanks to which both types of soldering can be performed. However, most often, low-melting solder is poured into the fittings, so the joints on such fittings are classified as low-temperature soldering.

The technology for connecting copper pipes on fused solder fittings is even simpler than on conventional fittings. Pipes and fittings are processed in exactly the same way as described above. The pipes are then inserted into fittings or couplings. The fittings are heated by the fire of a blowtorch or the hot air of a building hair dryer, the solder embedded in the fittings melts and spreads along the socket, soldering the parts (Fig. 40). That's the whole technology: I stuck the cleaned and fluxed parts into each other, heated the assembly with a blowtorch and let it cool.

Brazed copper pipe joints can be used for all types of house piping, with the exception of high temperature pipes (about 150–250°C), which ordinary house can not be.

Connecting pipes by soldering
Tight joining of copper pipes without soldering
Mandatory Connection Rules

Even taking into account that polymer pipes increasingly used, hardware are still enjoying great success. As a rule, copper, brass and steel are used as the metal. V better side copper differs in terms of resistance to corrosion and high temperatures. Actually, the connection of copper pipes will be discussed in this article.

Even despite the fact that copper pipes are distinguished by their high cost, given all the characteristics of the material, their use is quite justified.

First of all, before connecting copper pipes, it is worth deciding how to connect them, by soldering or otherwise.

Connecting pipes by soldering

Consider the connection of copper tubes with fittings, followed by soldering, which can be low- and high-temperature. In the first method, soldering is carried out at a temperature of 300 ºC. The second method is used in the arrangement of systems with high loads for industrial purposes.

Couplings act as connectors for copper pipes; tin-lead solder and flux are additionally needed.

The pipe soldering technology will be as follows:

First of all, a pipe of a certain size is cut.
Copper pipe connection: types and features

This process must be carried out carefully, taking into account the dimensions of the existing fittings.
Pipe ends should be inspected for any defects such as chips, cracks or burrs. If they are not eliminated, then there will be problems with the tightness of the connection after all work has been completed.
After making sure that the ends are cleaned, you can start connecting. Due to the fact that several pipes will be connected, and they can be with different sections, the fittings must be selected accordingly.
Next, the end of the pipe and the inner walls of the couplings should be treated with a flux that will degrease the surfaces to obtain the highest quality connection.
Now the end of the pipe is threaded into the copper tube connector and heated. It must be selected so that the cross section is 1-1.5 cm larger than the pipe section. The pipes are heated with a gas burner. The gap between the pipe and the coupling is filled with molten solder. Nowadays, you can find any type of solder to suit your needs on the market, so choosing should not be any problem.
After uniform distribution solder around the circumference, the parts to be joined must be left until it has completely hardened.

At the final stage, you need to check the connectors for copper pipes and the entire system by running water into it. At this point, not only the system will be checked, but it will also be cleaned of flux residues, which over time can cause metal corrosion.

Tight joining of copper pipes without soldering

In addition, it is worth noting that, despite the fact that connecting pipes by soldering is considered the most reliable method in most cases, there are still situations when it is not possible to use this method. In such cases, you can resort to connecting copper tubes without soldering. You will need special fittings that will ensure a secure connection due to the clamping effect that is formed during the threaded connection.

In this case, the connection is made in the following sequence:

First, the fittings are disconnected, which often have two components.
One of the elements is put on the pipe. As a rule, this is a nut and a clamping ring.
Next, a pipe is threaded into the fitting and the nut is tightened.

Typically, such fittings are completed with detailed instructions, which must be followed without fail, otherwise the work performed will be of poor quality.

It should be noted that before connecting copper tubes without soldering, it is worth realizing all the risks, since it is quite difficult to get a high-quality connection. Minimal distortions of the connected parts are not allowed at all, otherwise the technology is grossly violated. To make the threaded connection extremely tight, it is desirable to additionally seal it with special threads. At the same time, care should be taken that they do not end up with inside pipes, as subsequently the water may not pass through the system properly.

Mandatory Connection Rules

For any type of connection, the list of work performed will look like this:

The pipes to be joined must be made of the same metal. In case you are going to connect a copper pipe with a pipe made of any other material, you must decide on the desired connection method. For example, for joining pipes made of copper and polyvinyl chloride, the soldering method cannot be used.
When connecting a copper pipe to a steel pipe, the copper pipe should be placed after the steel pipe.
When tightening a threaded connection, you need to be extremely careful, especially if you have thin-walled pipes at your disposal.
To correctly determine the amount of solder needed, a piece of wire must have the circumference of the pipe to be soldered.
A special burner is best suited for heating pipes.
You can, of course, use a simple blowtorch, but in this case you need to be prepared that the junction will overheat, and the whole workflow will become somewhat more complicated.
It is no secret that copper pipes are quite expensive material. In this regard, even before the work, it will not be superfluous to carry out preliminary calculations of the volume required material. However, remember that all connecting parts also have their own dimensions, so they must be taken into account.

In conclusion, it would not be out of place to note that the connection of copper pipes is technologically a process of medium complexity. If you are engaged in such work for the first time, then you need to be prepared for the fact that some nuances may arise. To understand the process and get as much insight as possible about it, it will not be superfluous to get advice from professional workers, or at least to get acquainted with the available video materials.

How to connect copper pipes: basic methods

There are many methods for connecting copper pipes into a single piping system. The market provides a huge number of fittings, solders, fluxes, fasteners, allowing you to create detachable and non-detachable, serviced and unattended connections.

Work with copper pipes consists of:

sizing - if the pipe is incorrectly measured, it is impossible to cut it correctly;
cutting - made strictly perpendicular with a pipe cutter, given that it is better to make more turns than to apply force;
stripping - removing burrs after cutting and oxide film (it is better to do this with a special napkin);
connections.

Ways of connecting copper pipes:

capillary soldering;
high-temperature soldering;
various fittings.

Connection by soldering

For connecting copper products by soldering flux should be applied to the cleaned surface and the parts should be immediately connected. Heat the joint unit evenly with a gas burner (blowtorch, soldering iron) until the flux begins to change color and the solder melts. The burner fire is diverted, the solder fills the gap between the elements.

In order for the amount of solder to be optimal, experts offer a simple guideline - the length of the solder rod should be equal to the diameter of the pipe. You can cut the bar of the required length before soldering. If one of the elements is a fitting that has already been soldered at the factory, then it does not need to be added.

After filling the gap with solder, it is necessary to allow time for cooling without exposing the assembly to mechanical stress. Once the solder has completely cured, remove any remaining solder and flux with a damp cloth.

Copper fittings: soldered and flared, threaded and crimped

After the entire system is mounted, it should be flushed hot water. Flux contributes to corrosion, so its presence on the inner surface is undesirable.

Types of fittings for connecting copper pipes

The connection without soldering is made using fittings, which are divided into two large groups - straight (connection of elements of the same diameter) and transitional (connection of elements of different diameters). Diameters can be from 8 to 100 millimeters.

Based on the configuration, a fitting (connector) for copper pipes is called:

coupling - must be made of the same material as the pipes, can be used both for elements with the same diameter and for elements with different diameters, used when there is no need to change direction;
square - designed to change the direction of the system by 30, 45 or 90 degrees;
tee - used to connect three ends located relative to each other at an angle of 45 or 90 degrees;
cross - joins together four pipes located perpendicular to each other on the same plane;
adapter ("American", futorka, sgon, nipple) - for combining pipes from different material using various methods;
plug - a cap, a plug for sealing the end of the tube;
fitting - for connecting a pipe and a flexible hose.

Based on the method, the connection of copper pipes with fittings can be:

using a soldering fitting, under the thread of which there is tin. A flux-treated pipe is inserted into it, the assembly is heated until the solder becomes liquid and fills the gap;
using threaded (equipped with threads);
crimp (compression), allowing you to connect elements of different diameters. The pipe is fixed with a fitting using an O-shaped seal and a detachable or one-piece ring.
Conventional tools are suitable for installation;
press - fitting, consisting of a body and a sleeve and mounted using press - tongs;
self-locking fitting, which is based on internal rings, one of which is equipped with teeth. When pressed with a special key, the teeth enter another ring, forming a secure connection. Just as easy as putting on, taking off.

Features of copper products: what to consider

When installing a copper pipeline, it is important to know not only how to connect copper pipes, but also to fulfill several additional conditions:

to extend the life of the system, only copper and its alloys should be used;
if it is necessary to use products from other materials, then it should be taken into account that copper cannot be combined with galvanized steel, as this leads to corrosion in steel elements;
if the use of steel products cannot be avoided in any way, then they should be mounted in front of copper elements;
safe connection of copper and acid-resistant steel.

Fasteners

For the final installation of any pipeline, clamps for copper pipes are required.

For domestic pipelines are used:

metal C-shaped (fastening with one bolt) and O-shaped (fastening with two bolts) clamps made of steel and equipped with a rubber coating that neutralizes mechanical and acoustic vibrations;
plastic clamps (movable and stationary) - for internal systems, equipped with dowel and screw;
brackets - for hanging or arranging system elements.

It is obvious that for each system it is necessary to select its own methods of installation and fastening. Only when choosing quality materials and correct installation the pipeline will be reliable and durable.

In the market of modern communication systems, the most popular products are made of plastic and stainless steel. They are widely used to create pipelines for water supply, sewerage and heating. However, copper communications, despite the high cost, also firmly occupied their niche. They are less susceptible to corrosion (unlike steel), more reliable than plastic, which allows you to create durable pipelines that will work for decades.

How to choose copper pipes for arranging a heating or plumbing system in a house, and how to install copper pipes with our own hands, we will describe in our article.

The undeniable and most important advantages of copper communications are:

resistance to corrosion;
high strength;
plasticity and flexibility, which makes it easier and faster to install;
no growths of inorganic compounds and microorganisms are formed inside the products;
longevity of communication systems.

Most important question is how to choose copper pipes so that they for a long time served their purpose without additional service and repair activities.

When choosing copper communications, you need to consider a number of factors:

pipe dimensions;
pressure in specific system heating or water supply;
temperature of transported substances;
the presence of an insulating layer of polyvinyl chloride or other polymer;
pipeline assignment.

One of the main parameters is the diameter of copper pipes, on which technical specifications depend. characteristics of the pipeline and the choice of fittings for installation. For the construction of domestic pipelines, products of the two most common sizes are used

For larger systems, larger products can be used.

The difference between copper pipes and steel counterparts is that even with such a small thickness operating pressure copper products is much higher.

Methods for connecting copper pipes

Copper pipe installation and connection individual elements copper pipelines can be produced using threaded couplings, using a press fitting, as well as by soldering copper parts when using a gas burner.

The first two methods are the simplest and should not cause difficulties, even with self-assembly communications. Soldering of copper products is carried out only by specialists with experience and special tools. However, this is the most reliable, strong and durable type of connection of copper products.

To equip a copper pipeline, you may need the following tools:

grinder with a cutting disc or a special device - a pipe cutter;
calibrator, which is needed to restore the ideal round shape after processing products;

Copper pipe calibrator

regular set wrenches, including adjustable;
a file with a fine notch for cleaning pipe sections;
pliers and abrasive skin for removing oxide and preparing metal for soldering;
gas burner or powerful hot soldering iron;
solder and flux for better adhesion of copper to tin.

Features of the installation of the pipeline

Consider in detail each connection of copper pipes.

To connect products with a threaded method, the following procedure is performed in stages.

Cut the pipe to the required size. Calibrate and, if necessary, flare the pipe section, depending on the type of fitting used. Clean the ends of the products to be joined from burrs and dust and make a small chamfer for a better connection with the coupling.

If the fitting does not contain a polymer gasket, then a special winding tape must be wound around the cut of the product, which will improve the sealing of the connection.

Put the fixing nut on the pipe.

Fittings for copper pipes: types, characteristics, installation features

Install a cone-shaped compression ring to create a reliable connection of the entire structure. Insert the section of the product into the fitting and tighten the connection with a nut using a regular wrench

The entire installation process can be seen more clearly in the video below:

Installing copper pipes with a press fitting will not cause any difficulties. Sections of the product are prepared in the same way. The ends of the pipes to be connected are inserted into the clamp fitting, inside which there is a gasket, and with the help of the clamp the material is squeezed.

To do this, you need special pliers that wrap around the product around the entire circumference. Ordinary pliers will not work, as they only capture certain areas of the connection.

This method and the threaded connection of copper pipes are the most simple and convenient. Anyone, even a novice communications system installer, can quickly do this job. However, they are designed for pipelines with low water pressure. To perform bends, turns and bypass obstacles when laying pipes, there are special elements made of the same metal.

Connection of copper pipes by soldering

The highest quality and reliable installation - copper pipes are connected by soldering.

Products must be prepared and cleaned from foreign metal particles and dust.

If there is an insulating layer of polymer on the copper pipe, then it must be removed at a distance of 15-20 centimeters from the cut of the product.

The surface of copper is susceptible to oxidation in the open air, so a layer of metal oxide forms on top, which can interfere with high-quality soldering of elements. It is removed mechanically using fine sandpaper.

After processing the cut of the product, it is necessary to wipe the place of soldering with a clean and dry cloth to remove sawdust and dust. Then the cleaned surface should be treated with a flux, which is a solution of sulfuric acid and other substances that promote the best adhesion of metals.

It will not be superfluous to tin with solder the part of the pipe that is to be soldered. For this it must be heated and a thin layer of molten solder is applied. For the installation of copper pipes, this is extremely important.

The end of the product prepared in this way must be inserted into a fitting with a small gap, into which molten solder will enter during soldering. Next, heat the place to be soldered with a gas burner or a powerful soldering iron.

However, it should be noted that too high a temperature can damage the connection, as the solder will roll down.

Before soldering, you need to firmly fix the joint, because even a small vibration can disrupt the quality of the connection.

At the final stage of laying copper pipes, insert solder into the gap between the product and the fitting, which is similar in shape to an ordinary wire, and melt it. After cooling, the connection is ready for use.

I would like to draw attention to the fact that the process of cooling the place of soldering should occur gradually naturally. Procedure with cold water or with a damp cloth, as in electric welding, in this case is strictly prohibited. Otherwise, the solder will crumble, and the connection will have to be redone.

After the installation is completed - copper pipes are installed in the pipeline in compliance with all the rules, it is necessary to test the performance of the entire system by briefly supplying water. During the test, all pipe connections and connections to plumbing fixtures should be carefully inspected. For your peace of mind, you need to supply water with a pressure slightly higher than the working value. If the pipeline passes this test, then it can be safely connected to the operating mode.

Despite the development of technology and the popularity of the use of polymers, metal is successfully used in the manufacture of pipelines for water supply and heating systems. For these purposes, steel, brass and copper are usually used. The latter has excellent resistance to corrosion, mechanical strength and resistance to high temperatures and pressures. Therefore, despite some high cost of this material, its use is fully justified.

Before connecting copper pipes, you need to decide whether to do this with or without soldering.

Solder connection

One of the first options to consider is connecting pipes by soldering. It should be noted right away that there are two ways to solder copper pipes - this is a low-temperature and high-temperature method. As you might guess, the difference between them lies in the temperature at which soldering occurs. In the low-temperature regime, the elements are heated up to 300 °C and solders with a low melting point are used. High-temperature soldering is used for the installation of systems that are under significant stress, for example, in industry, the use of this technique for private purposes is impractical.

When connecting copper pipes by soldering, as a rule, connecting elements called fittings, tin-based solders and fluxes are used. The pipe connection process is as follows.

First you need to cut the pipes right size. In this case, it is worth being careful and be sure to take into account the dimensions of the fitting itself.
The ends of the pipes to be joined must be carefully inspected for the presence of various defects like cracks, chips or burrs. Their presence is unacceptable, as it can affect the tightness of the connection, therefore, if detected, all defects must be eliminated.
If the ends of the pipes are in order, then you can proceed to the connection. It should be noted that there are several connection options, for example, more than two pipes need to be connected or pipes of different diameters, so fittings must be selected that suit the purpose.
The end of the pipe and the inside of the connecting element are treated with a flux - a special composition that acts as a degreaser that prepares the surface for a stronger connection.
After that, the end of the pipe is inserted into the fitting and heated. The fitting is selected in such a way that its diameter is 1–1.5 mm larger than the diameter of the pipe. Heating of pipes is made by means of a gas torch. The space between the connected elements is filled with consumable solder. The modern market offers a variety of ready-made solders that are easy to use, so this should not be a problem.
After the solder is evenly distributed over the entire circumference, the parts to be joined should be left until the solder has completely solidified, forming a strong connection.
The final step should be to check the connection, that is, the water must be turned on. Thus, there will be not only a check, but also the removal of flux residues that may remain on the inner surface of the pipes, which is undesirable, as it can cause corrosion.

Connection without soldering

It should also be noted that, despite the fact that the connection of copper pipes by soldering is the most reliable and appropriate in most cases, there are times when soldering is not possible and in such cases it is possible to resort to a connection without soldering using special fittings. Their principle of operation is based on the clamping effect resulting from the threaded connection. The connection process is as follows.

First, the fitting, which usually consists of two parts, must be disassembled.
One of the parts is put on the pipe. To be more precise, a nut and a clamping ring are put on.
After that, the pipe is inserted into the connecting fitting, and the nut is tightened along the thread.

As a rule, an instruction is attached to fittings of this kind, in strict accordance with which all work must be carried out.

Note! The connection of pipes in this way is not reliable enough, therefore even the slightest distortions in the connection, as well as a violation of technology, are unacceptable. To achieve greater tightness of the threaded connection, it can be sealed with special threads, while it is unacceptable for excess to get inside the pipe, as this may prevent the free passage of water.

Whichever method of connection is chosen, the work should be carried out, observing a number of general rules:

Pipes of the same metal must be used for the connection. If you need to connect a copper pipe with any other, you need to choose the appropriate method. For example, to connect copper and PVC pipes soldering is not suitable.
If it is intended to connect copper and steel pipes, then the steel pipes must be placed in front of the copper pipes.
When tightening threaded connections care must be taken, especially if thin-walled pipes are used.
In order not to be mistaken with the amount of solder, the length of the wire must be taken equal to the circumference of the pipe.
To heat the pipes, it is best to use a special burner. The use of a conventional blowtorch is in principle acceptable, but there is a risk of overheating the junction, which will complicate the work.
Copper pipes are somewhat costly from a material point of view, therefore, before starting work, it is advisable to carry out preliminary calculations of the amount of material. At the same time, one should not forget that the connecting elements also have certain dimensions, which must also be taken into account.

In conclusion, it should be said that the connection of copper pipes is not a very complicated process from a technological point of view, but some difficulties may arise for the first time. In order to have the most complete picture of the process, you can consult with professionals or at least watch a video on this topic.

Video

This video shows the process of soldering copper pipes.

Due to its almost unique performance qualities, copper is today one of the most popular materials used for the installation of communication systems. Especially often it is found in private homes, where water supply and heating systems are made of copper pipes, the connection of which is carried out using various methods.

One of the main reasons for the use of copper in communication systems is the material's outstanding resistance to high temperatures and high pressure from the side of the medium circulating through the pipes. So, for example, calculations show that in the case of installing a single-pipe heating system, if you want to get a water temperature in the radiator of 70 degrees, it should not be lower than 120 degrees at the inlet. Many modern materials just not designed for this temperature. As an example, plastic (or polymer) pipes, which are so popular today, can be cited here. They are light, not too expensive (especially in comparison with copper), do not cause difficulties during installation and look quite aesthetically pleasing. But the maximum temperature for which they are designed is 95 degrees Celsius. With more high temperature pipes just start to melt. At the same time, copper easily withstands temperatures up to 300 degrees.

During the operation of a domestic pipeline, the reverse situation may also occur - freezing of water in pipes. At the same time, the vast majority of materials cannot withstand the linear expansion of frozen water and are destroyed - ruptures or cracks appear on pipes made of polymer, cast iron or steel. Copper perfectly copes with this problem due to its ductility.

In general, copper pipes are universal elements. They can be used not only in water supply or heating systems. Often, specialized pipelines are installed from them in refrigeration units or air conditioners. Due to the gas impermeability of copper, they are also used for the installation of gas pipelines, both domestic and industrial. In addition, copper pipes for electrical wiring have recently become quite common, which allow you to reliably protect all its “intricacies” from mechanical and other damage.

Types of connections of copper pipes during the installation of networks.

To connect copper pipes into a single system, various techniques and additional details are used. The choice of a specific method depends on the characteristics of the pipeline, and on its purpose, and on its location, and even on national traditions. As for the last point, today in Europe, where copper pipelines are used most often, there are two traditional approaches to their installation:

"British approach" is a fitting-free connection of pipes to each other (pipe bending, flanging, bending, soldering, welding, etc.). This method makes it possible to simplify the design of a copper pipeline as much as possible, in which practically no additional elements(connecting parts are only required to connect the instruments to the pipeline). But it is worth noting that this approach requires quite a lot of experience and high qualifications from installers. In addition, you can not do without special tools here;
"German approach" - connecting pipes to each other using fittings. This approach has a number of advantages: the use of fittings requires less time to install the pipeline and less effort on the part of the installers. It can be used for laying pipelines of any configuration and guarantees high quality connection, practically independent of the experience and qualifications of the installer. The disadvantages of the method include the complexity of the pipeline design and the need for regular checks of fitting connections.

All types of copper pipe connections that exist today can be divided into 2 categories:

one-piece;
detachable.

Permanent connections- this is a structure that cannot be disassembled without destroying its individual components. These include:

soldering;
welding;
pressing.

Soldering or welding can be fittingless. Factory connectors for copper pipes (various fittings) are also used. For pressing, special press fittings are required, which are supplied with crimp sleeves.

All types of permanent connection can be used in the installation of water supply, gas supply and heating systems.

Note! When installing water pipes and heat supply systems for pipes of small and medium diameter, low-temperature soldering is most often used, and welding is used for pipes of large diameter. When installing "warm floors" the most common technique is pressing. If it is required to connect copper to steel, then usually soldering or welding is used, depending on the diameter of the pipes (solder - bronze). But when installing a gas pipeline, high-temperature soldering is necessary.

plug connection- This is a collapsible design. It is obtained using various types of fittings:

threaded;
compression;
self-locking.

In addition, in this case, a flange can be used - a connector for copper pipes of large and medium cross-section. And in case of emergency repair of the pipeline, a turnbuckle can be temporarily used to connect pipes of the same diameter.

Most often, a variety of fittings and connectors are used to connect various equipment, consuming devices or fittings to the pipeline. The convenience of such connections is that they can be easily disassembled if necessary (for example, if a pipeline needs to be repaired or the equipment connected to it needs to be replaced). They are very reliable and do not require much qualification from the installer. In addition, a minimum of special tools is required for installation - most of the work is done literally by hand.

But at the same time, detachable connections need periodic inspection and maintenance activities. They are weakened by temperature and pressure drops in the system, and sealing elements wear out over time. That is why they must be located in such a way that access to them during the operation of the pipeline is open at any time.

Note! Threading is prohibited on copper pipes. Therefore, special transition type fittings are used to connect copper with threaded elements of the system. Such parts, on the one hand, have a socket for connection with a pipe by soldering or crimping, and on the other hand, a thread.

Whatever type of connection is chosen when installing a copper pipeline, you should know that in any case it does not reduce the mechanical strength of the system. On the contrary, any of the joints, except for welding, increases the thickness of the walls of the system, which means that this part of the pipeline is even more durable than the pipe itself. As for the welded joint, it (initially softer due to the nature of the process) becomes stronger with time.

Preparation of copper pipes for connection during installation of communication networks.

Before connecting pipes to each other, they must be prepared. Preparation includes several stages.

Cutting.

To complete this stage, it is best to resort to the help of a pipe cutter. The whole process of using this tool is extremely simple. It is necessary to put a pipe cutter on the end of the pipe where the cut is to be made, advancing it to the place marked for the cut. After that, it is necessary to tightly tighten the clamp (screw) of the tool and start rotating the cutter around the pipe. The screw will then be tightened, causing the pipe to be cut off at the location of the cutter.

Note! The use of a pipe cutter allows you to make an accurate perpendicular cut. But in the process of cutting the pipe, do not use excessive force - this can crush the end of the copper product. It is better to make a couple of extra turns of the pipe cutter.

Of course, everyone knows about the plasticity of copper and that it can be cut with an ordinary hacksaw. But to achieve good quality such a cut and its perpendicularity is quite difficult. When working with a hacksaw, the edges are too uneven and require additional processing. True, if special tool not at hand, a hacksaw is the only way to fit the pipe to the desired length. But then you have to turn Special attention on the edges.

Pipe edge processing.

After cutting, burrs and irregularities will remain on the edge of the pipe in any case. Before making a connection, these defects must be eliminated. To do this, use a file or file of a rounded shape.

The outer surface of the edge must also be cleaned, removing the oxide film and contamination from it. This work is done with the help of fine-grained skins. In addition, before joining, the inner surface of the edge should also be cleaned. For these purposes, special napkins or brushes are suitable.

Note! Edge cleaning should be carried out until its surface becomes shiny. But at the same time, too much zeal should not be shown, since there is a great chance to remove too much copper layer. In this case, when making a connection by soldering or welding, difficulties may arise.

Connection of copper pipes using capillary soldering.

One of the most common ways to connect copper pipes is capillary soldering. For its implementation, special fittings are used to help the solder be distributed at the place where the seam is obtained as evenly as possible, regardless of the position of the pipe itself. It is of great importance in this right choice fitting diameter - it should be 0.1-0.15 mm larger than the pipe diameter.

Flux must be applied to the end of the pipe to perform capillary soldering. This special compound, which, when melted, dissolves the oxide film present on the pipe. In addition, it perfectly protects copper from oxidation, which inevitably occurs when it is heated.

Note! Flux is a highly reactive compound, which means that it can interact with the metal it is applied to. Therefore, when applying it, you should be careful not to use more flux than required. It is best to use a brush, applying the flux exclusively to the part of the pipe that will fit inside the fitting. Moreover, this must be done immediately before soldering. After that, immediately insert the end of the pipe into the fitting until it stops, turning it around the axis of the pipe - this is required so that the flux "lies" as evenly as possible. If at the same time some part of the flux appears on the outer surface of the pipe, it must be removed immediately.

After the pipe is inserted into the fitting, the junction must be heated. Heating must be uniform over the entire circumference of the joint. To do this, you can use an open flame - for example, a gas burner with two nozzles. Often used more safe way- industrial dryer. You can determine the degree of heating using the flux or solder used. In the event that a flux is used, which includes tin, silver drops that appear at the junction will indicate that the temperature required for soldering has been reached. If a different type of flux is used, then you can understand whether the connection has heated up to the required temperature by applying the edge of the solder to it. If the solder immediately begins to melt, it means that it can already be introduced into the gap between the pipe and the fitting. At the same time, you can lead the solder bar both from right to left and from left to right - in any case, it will fill the gap and securely connect the parts to each other.

The amount of solder required is determined very simply - by the diameter of the pipe. To do this, even before starting soldering, you can wrap the pipe with wire, which will act as solder, and cut off a piece of the required length from it.

Note! Capillary soldering fittings are commercially available, inside of which there is already solder in the right amount. Working with such fittings comes down to heating the junction to a temperature where the solder begins to melt. Adding additional solder in this case is not required.

After soldering, the joint must cool naturally. During this time, it should not be subjected to any mechanical stress. Only after the solder has completely solidified can the pipeline installation process be continued.

Other connections are made in a similar way during the installation of a water supply or heat supply system at home. After the entire system is installed, it must be rinsed with hot water - this will help remove flux residues from inside the pipes. If this is not done, then the composition remaining on the surface of the copper can lead to corrosion of the copper elements. From the outside of the pipeline, all joints should also be inspected and, if there is any remaining flux or solder on them, clean them with a damp cloth.

Connection of copper pipes with elements from other materials.

Often when installing a private copper plumbing, sewage or heating systems, it becomes necessary to use elements made of other materials. In this case, it should be remembered that in no case should direct contact between copper and galvanized steel be allowed due to the electrochemical processes that occur in this case. As a result of such contact, corrosion processes on the steel surface develop at an accelerated rate, and it is destroyed. In order to avoid this, a brass fitting must be placed between the copper and steel sections of the pipeline. In addition, it is very important here that the galvanized steel parts in the pipeline are located in front of the copper ones - that is, the water circulating through the labor first passes through the steel section, and then enters the copper section. But the contact of copper with plastic, brass or acid-resistant steel is safe from this point of view and does not affect the service life of the pipeline.