Septic tank: types, application and manufacture. Which septic tank is better to choose for a private house, cottage, cottage? What is the best septic tank for a private house

It is not so easy to purchase a suitable septic tank for a country house - what to choose depends on many factors, so it is important to determine the main priorities and criteria for evaluating the compared models. Of course, the advice of professionals and the help of neighbors can be of great help, but it should be remembered that the choice in each case is individual. It depends, first of all, on the needs of the residents of the house and the conditions at a particular facility. The right choice will ensure maximum comfort and avoid problems during the operation and maintenance of an autonomous sewer system.

When figuring out which septic tank to choose for a country house, it should be understood that it is important not only to compare models with each other, but also to correlate their characteristics with specific conditions.

Take into account the following features:

climatic conditions,
structure, density and other features of the soil on the site,
mode of operation, which is determined by the nature of residence in the house (permanent, seasonal, periodic),
average daily volume Wastewater(this parameter can be calculated for more than complex scheme, taking into account the type and number of plumbing fixtures and washing equipment, but more often they use a simplified scheme, considering that the average daily water consumption of one person is about 200 liters).

Models of utilizers and their features

Any septic tank for the sewerage of a country house has its own characteristics.

Drives

Accumulators are the cheapest and simplest utilizers at the construction stage. It is advisable to choose them in the case when the house is not used too often or if the owners are ready to use the services of vacuum cleaners often.

Factory septic tanks with additional stages of post-treatment

Factory non-volatile septic tanks for a country house (for example, Tank, Triton, etc.) are equipped with infiltrators for efficient operation, or soil purification systems for them can be arranged independently. In the tanks of such products, sedimentation and partial purification of wastewater take place, and the final biological decomposition of impurities with the help of bacteria is carried out in the soil. Many people know that to install such septic tanks Not suitable for high elevations ground water , however, there is one more nuance - filtration fields cannot always be in one place, and their transfer is a rather laborious task, associated with the implementation of a large volume earthworks. The choice of a septic tank for a country house should take into account all the features of operation.

Tip: Instead of filter fields, you can use drainage well with filter bottom.

Self-made septic tanks

Self-construction of a septic tank takes time and effort, but this is largely justified by the cost-effectiveness of the option. Building a septic tank is much cheaper than buying a factory model.

Sequentially connected settling tanks, poured concrete or, as well as other materials, provide stepwise clarification of drains and can be quite effective with the right choice of volume and type of construction, as well as subject to the recommendations of specialists during the construction phase.

Deep Cleaning Stations

Local deep cleaning stations for wastewater can only be purchased. Settling of impurities in such models is combined with the decomposition of organic inclusions under the influence of and anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The advantages of such facilities are a high degree of purification and minimal maintenance requirements - VOCs operate in automatic mode. However, it should be remembered that deep cleaning stations volatile and need to be connected to the mains supply. In addition, for many vacation home owners, the high cost of VOCs is a deterrent to buying.

Soil features

Before determining which septic tank is best for a country house, study in detail the geological conditions on your site. In addition to the type of soil, the level of occurrence of surface waters, as well as the height of their rise, for example, during a flood, is important.

Models for light soils

If the soil in the country house or the backyard of a country house is sandy or with a high content of sand (sandy loam), any type of septic tank can be chosen for arranging an autonomous sewage system. In particular, models with soil purification systems are effective under these conditions, since light soils pass and filter water well.

On light soils, both expensive bio-treatment stations and simple budget drives work well.

The photo shows an example of the arrangement of filtration fields on the site

Models for heavy soils

The high content of clay, which allows water to pass through only in a dry state, and, being saturated with moisture, becomes a waterproofing agent, imposes certain restrictions when choosing a treatment plant. If the soil in the area is clay or loam, and you are looking for best septic tank for a country house - the rating will be headed by hermetic storage tanks and local treatment stations (VOCs). In this case, it is irrational to install a model with soil post-treatment. Theoretically, this is possible, but for the normal functioning of the device, a huge amount of earthwork will have to be done - to remove clay soil, replacing it with rubble or sand.

Models for sites with high groundwater levels

A high level of groundwater or a significant rise in a flood can create certain problems in the operation of an autonomous sewer. To avoid them, it is important to choose the right type of utilizer. Models that provide for the filtration of wastewater through the soil will not work in this case - the impurities present in them will enter the groundwater.

Acceptable options are:

sealed storage,
VOCs, which provide for the forced removal of the purified liquid,
septic tanks with a post-treatment system located on the surface of the soil.

Obviously, under any conditions, you can find the optimally suitable septic tank for a country house - decide for yourself what to choose.

Performance of treatment facilities

For trouble-free operation of the septic tank and prevention of overcrowding of tanks, it is important to choose the right model performance. This parameter, in turn, is related to the volume of cameras and their number.

It has already been indicated above that the average daily volume of fluid intake is about 200 liters per person. The septic tank, according to accepted norms and rules, must contain the amount of drains for three days, so this figure should be tripled and multiplied by the number of residents. The result obtained will be the required performance of the utilizer, but experts do not recommend choosing “at a minimum”, you should make a small margin - 10-15% of the calculated volume, which is a kind of insurance and a way to reduce the risk of overfilling tanks.

Having decided on the volume of the product, you can solve the issue of the number of cameras.

Single-chamber models are suitable for a minimum amount of wastewater (average daily volume is less than a cubic meter).
If the daily volume of effluents is no more than ten cubic meters, a two-chamber septic tank will be the best option.
Three-chamber models will ensure trouble-free waste disposal, even if a family of 4 lives permanently in the house, they are designed to process wastewater in a volume of more than 10 cubic meters per day.

Pricing

Many manufacturers produce various types of septic tanks for a country house. Availability in model lines products with different parameters allows for each home to make a rational choice. At the same time, there are features characteristic of each brand.

All parameters affect the cost of the utilizer, including:

septic volume,
the number of tanks connected in series (chambers, cleaning stages),
wastewater treatment technology,
Availability additional equipment(float level gauges, automatic control systems, filters, drainage pumps, airlifts, compressors),
case material,
company manufacturer.

You can learn from another article as a system of soil post-treatment.

If you decide to use it as a sewer, then our article will help in their selection and installation.

About Features independent device outdoor toilet here.

Popular Models

In order to make it easier to navigate in the variety of models, we offer a brief overview of septic tanks for a country house of the most famous manufacturers.

Tank

Non-volatile septic tanks, one of the advantages of which is the presence of a monolithic body, which excludes the possibility of waste entering the groundwater. To increase the strength of the body are supplied with stiffeners. In the model range of septic tanks of this brand there are compact models for a small cottage (capacity - 600 l / day) and high-performance (from 1200 l / day) products designed for permanent residence of a family of 5-6 people.

Triton

Triton septic tanks are compact single-chamber models of the "mini" class (Triton-Mini, Triton-Micro) and models for a large number of drains (from 1000 l / day) with three series-connected chambers (Triton-T). All structures are characterized by increased strength, capable of withstanding loads from soil pressure.

Topas

Models of this brand are energy-dependent (they belong to deep biological treatment plants - they clean wastewater by 98%), but differ from their counterparts in low power consumption. Reviews of septic tanks for a country house brand "Topas" prove their reliability. In addition, users note a large selection of products that differ in technical characteristics (performance, degree of deepening of the sewer pipe, method of draining, etc.).

Living in a country house allows not only to take a break from the bustle of the city, but also to enjoy nature, clean air, and find peace. But so that nothing interferes with a good rest, you have to take care of arranging the benefits of civilization - plumbing, electricity and sewerage, isn't it?

Are you trying to figure out how to choose a septic tank for a summer residence, so as not to overpay and not miscalculate? We will help you in this matter - our article discusses the types of septic tanks, their structural and functional differences. Indeed, in order to select the optimal utilizer, it is desirable to get acquainted with the existing options.

Manufacturers of sewer equipment offer a variety of options designed to make suburban life easier.

Equipment options include both simple and inexpensive models, and rather complex biological wastewater treatment plants.

It is quite difficult to choose one thing, especially if the owner of the dacha faced this issue for the first time.

Image Gallery

Depending on the material, which is used in the manufacture of a septic tank, all designs are divided into the following types:

Reinforced concrete;
Plastic.
Made from stainless steel.

The most widespread are reinforced concrete and plastic septic tanks. Hardware are rarely used, as they are very expensive and wear out quickly.

And this video tells the rules for building a septic tank for a country house.

Comparison of septic tanks for a country house. How and what to choose?

Consider plastic and reinforced concrete septic tanks.

Characteristics of reinforced concrete septic tanks

Cleaning systems, which are based on monolithic reinforced concrete, have their own Benefits:

Durable. The service life reaches 30 years.
They have high resistance to mechanical stress and aggressive substances.

Reinforced concrete septic tanks are:

prefabricated: assembled from massive rings, the diameter of which is from 1 to 2 meters. Installation is carried out with the help of construction equipment, since their weight is very large. Installation takes a day or two.
Monolithic: they dig a hole directly at the installation site and start septic tank equipment. A septic tank, the design of which is monolithic and has fittings inside, is made in a few days.

In this photo, the process of installing a septic tank made of reinforced concrete rings for a private house.

Features of plastic septic tanks

Virtues at plastic structures many:

Eco-friendly, safe. The high tightness of the design and durable material avoid leakage and ingress of waste into the soil.
Reliable.
The service life is long.
They have less weight, therefore, during installation, you can do without the involvement of expensive special equipment.

Plastic septic tanks only need to be bought and installed on the site. You don't need to collect anything.

Important: installation of all types of septic tanks and docking with sewer pipes should be done by experts.

How many chambers should a septic tank have

Devices for the removal of sewage and household waste have the following number of cameras:

one;

For sufficient functionality of the system, the expected waste volume. It affects the number of cameras:

Single-chamber design: the volume of wastewater is not higher than 1 cubic meter per day;
Two-chamber design: no more than 10 cubic meters per day;
Three-chamber septic tank: drains exceed 10 cubic meters per day.

Important: in a finished septic tank, a plastic eurocube format container has chambers of the same size. The chambers in the finished reinforced concrete rings are also the same.

If you plan to make a homemade septic tank for a country house, it is advisable to take into account the recommendations of specialists and make compartments of different sizes:

Two-chamber product: the first chamber is two thirds of the volume, the second is one third.
Three-chamber septic tank: the first chamber is half of the total volume, and the second and third are 25% each.

Septic tanks for a country house come in different sizes. The choice of model depends on the number of drains, the volume of which will pass through it. The minimum volume is the amount of stocks that can be accumulated within three days. The septic tank should have an optimal volume. Big square interferes with the uniform distribution of sedimentary masses over the entire surface of the bottom.

Autonomous septic tank for a country house. What's this?

If there is no central sewage system or the connection is difficult for a number of reasons, you should not give up. Autonomous septic tank- a rational way out of the current situation.

What does the device look like? The tank for drains and waste is made of polypropylene. The cleaning process is as follows:

The septic tank is filled with sewage.
Further, they are disinfected and purified from various impurities.
Special bacteria process polluted effluents.
Mechanical cleaning allows to achieve good purity of wastewater.
Purified water is drained into the soil.

The latest generation of autonomous septic tanks allows you to bring almost clean water into the soil. At the same time, groundwater contamination is excluded.

A septic tank operating autonomously in a country house has a rather high cost. It is cheaper to equip a drain pit. But the obvious benefits autonomous system wastewater treatment during the entire period of operation confirm the correctness of the choice. An autonomous septic tank saves owners from many problems with waste disposal and wastewater disinfection.

Sewer septic tank for a private house: reviews

Many owners of cottages and country houses positively evaluate the use of a septic tank in your own household.

Andrey, Bryansk: I purchased a Picobell septic tank with a tank volume of 3700 liters. Enough for our family of four. The tank is single chamber. There are no problems at work. I have been using this system for three years now. About cleaning the chambers from silting. It is enough to drain the sludge and flush the chamber once or twice a year, and everything works fine. If the light is turned off, the system continues to work, although the speed is reduced, but still, the process is on! I recommend.

Sergey, Novokuznetsk: I bought a series 4 BIOTAL septic tank and have never regretted my choice. Drains are settled, cleaned of bacteria very well. There is practically no smell. I call the wasteman once a year. Not difficult. My house is big, 8 people live. 4 cubes of capacity is enough for our family not to be bothered by the problem of drains. The instructions say that there is a high-quality biological filter inside. It bribed me. I am for sustainability.

Rating of the best septic tanks for a country house

Rosecology.
City Eco Plast.
Helix.
Aqua.
Topas.
Bioxi.

Prices for septic tanks for a private (country) house

The cost of septic tanks depends on:

Tank volume;
number of cameras;
Manufacturers;
Cleaning technologies;
The material from which the structure is made;
"Fillings" of a septic tank.

Most Popular the following septic tanks for the private sector:

Ecopan. 62 thousand -141 thousand. rub;
Breeze. 58 - 88 thousand rubles;
graph. 55-75 thousand rubles;
Biotal. 55-85 thousand rubles;
green rock. 70-200 thousand rubles;
Eurobion. 56-124 thousand rubles

A wide range of products in the market of sewer stations and septic tanks allows homeowners to choose a device that will meet all requirements.

When choosing a model, pay attention to the characteristics of various types of septic tanks for installation in a private house, their volume, the number of chambers, the level of cleaning - and You will forever forget about the problems with wastewater treatment and disposal of waste.

The times when you could just use an outdoor toilet in summer cottages and in country houses long gone. Modern hygiene requirements have grown markedly, and now you need to strictly monitor the safety when handling household waste. Help solve the problem good septic tanks, but in order not to make a mistake with the choice, you need to carefully study their nuances.

Peculiarities

Connection to centralized sewer systems is not possible everywhere. It is much more practical and reliable to remove sewage and household waste through a septic tank than using a banal cesspool. Speaking about the advantages and disadvantages of septic tanks, it should be noted that only one circumstance can cause certain inconveniences. This is the need to pay a certain amount of money even if the device is made by hand.

The principle of operation of the storage device is simple:

waste enters the container;
as it fills, they call a car with a pump and a sewage tank;
for some time, the empty container is again ready to receive waste.

As for the apparatus of the second type, it works fundamentally differently. The simple accumulation of contaminants is replaced by their filtering, absorption and careful neutralization. The complication of the design in this case is fully justified, since it allows you to most effectively solve the problem. When choosing products, it is recommended to take into account how many residents are in the house or can visit it. Also of no small importance is such a circumstance as the type of plumbing equipment and the intensity of its work.

Regardless of the specific implementation, it is necessary to achieve a high level of wastewater treatment so that they can be dumped into the ground without the threat of clogging. Usually the flow of sewage entering through sewer drain, is sent to the source chamber, where it is divided into fractions. This leads to the fact that the largest solid particles settle to the bottom, and a relatively fine suspension reaches the next chamber. Specially selected anaerobic microorganisms deal with them there. As a result of biological action, fermentation occurs, methane begins to be released.

Passages to the compartments of septic tanks are covered special devices(water locks). Thanks to this solution, the trouble characteristic of simple cesspools and settling tanks is eliminated - the spread of a bad smell everywhere.

The third chamber also plays its role, in which, with the help of a specially designed filter, contaminants that have overcome the first two stages are captured. The filter is already assisted by aerobic bacteria living freely in an oxygen environment. Such a device is typical for any septic tank, whether it is a Russian or imported product.

Completely finished specimens, after delivery to the site, are lowered into a pre-formed pit. Those effluents that have managed to go through three stages of purification are completely safe in chemical and biological terms. You can safely redirect them to the filtration field and into the soil. The wastewater treatment plant, which complies with the norms of SNiP, successfully operates even in the most severe climatic conditions. Very coldy and he is not afraid of snowstorms, and some versions do not depend on power at all.

If for some reason factory products do not suit you or there is a desire to save money, site owners can make a septic tank themselves.

For this, completely ready-made tanks are supplied, but with the difference that their installation will be carried out not by a team of specialists, but by the owners themselves. It is recommended to choose the strongest materials that successfully tolerate the aggressive action of sewage waste. Front self-assembly septic tanks should prepare drawings to eliminate errors and shortcomings. Sometimes 3-6 rings of concrete are enough to complete the task.

How to choose and do it yourself?

When working on autonomous sewerage there are no trifles, because even the slightest mistakes and shortcomings can lead to serious consequences. It is advisable to first consider the choice finished product and then constructing it with your own hands. In both cases, you need to take into account:

how much waste accumulates per day;
do they live in the house all year round or only in warm time of the year;
the amount of plumbing used;
the presence of groundwater and their location height, chemical properties;
the amount that the owners can allocate for the purchase of plumbing equipment;
soil characteristics in the area.

Assessing the properties of any septic tank, be it homemade or industrial, it is better to start analyzing them from the performance of the device. This parameter is closely related to the number of working chambers and their dimensions. Minor wastewater flows can also be passed through single-chamber septic tanks with a preliminary cleaning link. Household waste in this case will be cleaned quite effectively. But if the total flow is over 1 cu. m. in 24 hours, we need a more productive model.

In its design, such an apparatus often represents a simple drive, systematically cleaned with one's own hands or when calling a sewage truck. For permanently used houses, such solutions are unacceptable. Active accumulation of waste will provoke significant costs for the services of sewers. Increased work efficiency is typical for biological cleaning complexes.

Anaerobic wastewater treatment methods inevitably generate gases that are dangerous to humans. Therefore, you need to choose only sets with a fan riser. When choosing suitable solution also need to find out:

what body material will be optimal;
whether it is necessary to place the tank in the soil horizontally or vertically;
how many cleaning chambers are required.

Simple installation of concrete sedimentation tanks from blocks typical dimensions or by pouring concrete into the formwork is available to almost everyone. The use of ready-made elements allows you not to be afraid of problems with the quality of the manufacture of parts, but it increases the cost of construction. For the transportation of concrete rings, powerful transport is needed, and their installation is carried out by special lifting machines. Self-filling is more economical, but it will take noticeably more time. It will be necessary to operate the sump only after the cement mixture has completely set.

Iron concrete rings difficult to seal, their suitability for repair remains in question. Such parts are very bulky and heavy in their execution. But concrete products are more resistant than plastic products to the pressure of soil and soil water.

Don't have to choose budget septic tanks with metal tanks, because the savings will be illusory. It will be necessary to constantly treat the surface of the septic tank with anti-corrosion mixtures.

Metal blocks are preferred where it is required to create geometrically complex systems of overflow pipes. For the installation of metal septic tanks, welding is used. Connections to plastic pipes are made using flange systems, complemented by rubber cuffs. The strength and considerable weight of the steel hulls help to avoid being pushed out by the water circulating in the soil. In many cases, plastic septic tanks are used for a cottage or a simple private house.

Plastic elements can be mounted manually, and the tightness of the connections created with the help of cuffs is fully guaranteed. There is no need for complex protection against various substances.

After installation, plastic tanks are filled with water, this will help equalize the pressure inside and outside.

For your information: the industry produces a number of products that are characterized by increased rigidity. This allows you to bury septic tanks in dry mode.

When choosing a device, it is worth paying attention to how the drain will be organized. The direction of the liquid by gravity implies the need to lay pipes under a slope. Chambers of storage or filtration septic tanks are equipped with stable waterproofing or are made of water-impervious materials. When constructing a cleaning system with your own hands, you need to add overflow pipes to the septic tanks, which transfer water to the filter section. Branch pipes are required to be supplemented with vertical segments continuously immersed in water.

As with self-manufacturing, and when buying a ready-made kit, different methods of finalizing can be used. soil cleaning.Widely used:

filtration wells with a layer of drainage material at the bottom;
tunnel infiltration devices;
underground cleansing "fields" where perforated pipes are laid.

Choosing the right approach is not easy, because you have to take into account the required depth of wastewater treatment, the category of soil, the height of the groundwater and their chemical aggressiveness. When one of the chambers is reserved for aerobic microscopic cleaning, it is supplemented with aerators, so you have to take care of a stable power supply. An air pipe is laid between the parts of the septic tanks, which compensates for the uneven pressure in them.

Regardless of the design features, hatches will have to be made for inspection and cleaning of containers.

Kinds

A septic tank for a summer residence with 2-3 tenants can be made according to the cesspool; this is the most economical type in terms of water consumption. The container must be very durable, and the higher its capacity (within reasonable limits), the more practical the device is.

For permanent residence with a small amount of generated effluents are preferred overflow systems. Such equipment performs partial waste treatment, and it will be necessary to empty the tank using special equipment on average once every two or three years. The soil filter fields that supplement such septic tanks are made of rocks that are permeable to water.

The advantages of such a solution are:

ease of service manipulations;
long intervals from one cleaning to another;
increasing the efficiency of waste management.

But septic tanks that have additional cleaning in the soil cannot be used in clay soil with insufficient liquid permeability. In addition, such a design is incompatible with the high standing of the first horizon. For a private house, in many cases, more powerful and advanced treatment plants are used. Overall performance is determined by the number of cameras; there is no need to make calculations when choosing a device, the number of residents served is written on the packages.

An autonomous storage (non-volatile) septic tank is always cheaper than one dependent on the mains. It's not just about running costs, it's also about the basic components needed. The lack of an electrical connection allows you not to equip the septic tank with pumps, compressor systems and fittings. But valves and hoses will be used in a particular case.

It is worth considering that if it is necessary to process waste as deeply as possible (for use or as prescribed by the sanitary authorities), you will have to completely abandon non-volatile solutions.

The increased efficiency of devices connected to the electrical network turns into the need to constantly withstand strictly specified conditions.

Volatile devices are best installed on a turnkey basis with the help of specialists. Sewerage for country houses can be common to several buildings. The discharge should be planned in such a way that it is above the soil water horizon. The hatch of the simplest storage system rises 10-15 cm above the soil. To call the pumping machine less often, you should choose a product with a capacity for a month and with a reserve of at least 1/5.

Non-volatile complexes are selected in such a way that the full capacity allows you to absorb the volume of waste in 72 hours and there is still a spare volume of about 30-40%. Normal operation of overflow type devices implies that the liquid fills a maximum of ¾ of the entire reservoir cavity. In any case, active devices are equipped with ventilation systems. In order for the system to work without smell, the outlet must be located at a height of 300-500 cm. The tanks are cleaned from accumulated sludge every few months.

Local cleaning stations help to reduce the intensity of bad odors as much as possible.

Compared to simple septic tanks, such devices are more expensive, since waste treatment is carried out not only by biological and mechanical methods. Be sure to use, in addition to infiltrators, also means of chemical treatment. For non-permanent places, such devices cannot be used. But the level of remaining pollution is a maximum of 5% of the original value.

Clarified water can be used for:

irrigation of gardens, kitchen gardens and fields;
filling the landscape reservoir;
conducting construction and repair work.

When there is no need for such use of treated effluents, they can be poured into natural reservoirs and various ditches. Sewerage facilities can withstand a few hours of power failure, but no more. Therefore, it will be necessary to supplement the treatment plant with systems backup power, even if the power networks in a particular area work quite reliably.

In any case, the fewer seams in a volatile or autonomous septic tank, the more efficient and stable it works.

Material

Polyethylene structures do not have seams at all, therefore cracking and leakage are excluded. synthetic material does not rot and is not prone to corrosion. Multilayer polyethylene works stably even at frosts of 30 degrees. Fiberglass blocks are considered no less high quality. They are stronger than polyethylene and PVC, but the total cost for them is much higher. Plastic is used mainly for commercial facilities or for several private houses at once. Many fiberglass structures are able to meet the needs of up to 200 residents at the same time.
Metal products (almost always steel) usually have two parts. The internal volume of the welded body contains an additional plastic tank. Even the best steel is rarely used on its own, because it can easily lose its seal, and if the outer layer is damaged, corrosion will quickly develop.
Combined devices (metal + plastic) can have up to four sectors for sequential treatment of incoming effluents.

Depending on the decisions of the designers, the walls are made either inseparable with special holes or with overflow ledges. Brick blocks popular largely because they can be used in their construction used material. Wherein serious problem represents the provision of tightness of the walls. Building stone initially has many cracks and gaps. To cover these holes, special sealants or penetrating mastics are usually used. Brick septic tanks are profitable for economic reasons; when working on them, complex machines or professional skills are not needed. Laying in one brick is allowed. A more reliable solution is to choose a structure made of concrete, they are very durable. But there is also a weak point - the need for sophisticated equipment.

For the manufacture of a septic tank, it is allowed to use both monolithic and prefabricated concrete. Monolithic elements are required to be poured into the formwork after the preparation of the pit. As with the use of bricks, you need to carefully evaluate the tightness of the joints.

Metal structures are used the least often, because negative qualities almost always outweigh the positives.

Analyzing properties various solutions, most experts prefer plastic septic tanks.

Returning to fiberglass, we can also name its advantages such as:

service life up to 50 years;
resistance to severe cold and putrefactive processes;
immunity to rodent attacks;
the ability to pump out all the waste in 60 minutes;
the ability to use volley discharges of a significant amount of wastewater;
protection against ingress of foreign objects;
suitability for conservation for the winter without special preparation.

As for the use of other improvised materials, such steps are not approved by professionals. You can use them only in small cottages, which are visited only occasionally. Barrels, tires, old tanks and the like are used as storage devices of this kind. A surface septic tank should be placed where a lot of soil water is concentrated, and at the very surface of the soil. If these problems are not present, it is recommended to use underground options.

Dimensions

It is important to take into account not only the properties of individual materials, but also the size of septic tanks. When calculating the dimensions, we must not forget that the volume is calculated as the total volume of all constituent parts; it is counted from the bottom to the pipe entry. In the first compartment, the counting is carried out from the lowest point to the overflow device, in the final one - to the place where the liquid is discharged into drainage or filtration facilities. It should be borne in mind that in the initial chambers, the average volume of solid accumulations reaches 1/5 of the height. Therefore, it is subtracted if they want to know only the space where the liquid is located.

According to building codes and regulations, even for miniseptic tanks, the daily volume of water per user is 200 liters or 0.2 m3. The smallest storage is expected to operate without draining for 72 hours, this allows you to compensate for various incidents and problems. When designing or choosing a solution, it should be remembered that water can be discharged into the soil layers after at least 14 days. Only under this condition, anaerobic bacteria and a sump can completely neutralize liquid waste. Formally, it turns out that one person will have to put a tank with a capacity of 2.8 cubic meters. m.

In practice, the situation is different; rarely when the standard consumption of the standard volume of water is reached, sometimes it is half as much. This happens in rarely used houses or among economical people. Yes, and price increase water resources compels you to protect them more and more. The problem is that when small septic tanks are found, sanitary authorities can issue orders for the installation of more powerful systems. And they will be completely right even from a purely practical position!

The reason is simple - drains contain many substances that are poorly processed or not absorbed by bacteria at all. Most often, these are heavy fats, and therefore only the intake of a large amount of water allows normal clarification to be achieved. This is important not only to comply with hygiene requirements, but also to keep the equipment safe and sound. If the filter elements and layers are overfilled with difficult-to-decompose substances, they will lose throughput. You will immediately have to redo the entire storage and filtering infrastructure.

On the other hand, you need to choose the volume of the chamber, focusing on the capacity of the tanks of sewage vehicles. Small cleaning tanks that come to the call can pick up no more than 3.75 cubic meters. m. liquid. It is worth thinking about the depth at which the sludge pump can operate, it does not exceed 3 m. These moments determine the linear parameters of the inlet chamber of the septic tank. In order for settling and microbiological improvement to occur more efficiently, it is recommended to use at least two-chamber complexes whenever possible.

The standardized height of the rings is 90 cm, and with an internal diameter of 1000 mm, their volume is 0.7 m3. If the diameter grows 1.5 times, the volume of the rings already reaches 1.59 m3, and the two-meter structures have a volume of 2.83 cubic meters. m. As for the deepening of the drain pipes at the inlet to the septic tank, it can be quite different. Excessive lowering is undesirable, it is better to strengthen the insulation layer. But there are other considerations, such as the need to hold the pipes firmly enough.

Removing septic tanks from houses more than 10 m is impractical, and minimum slope pipeline is 3%. This indicator allows you to avoid freezing pipes and reduce the risk of filling them with solid particles. The average depth of the waste pipeline reaches 50 cm (together with the insulation block). As a result, the depth of the overflow between the first and second compartments is 700 mm. The upper insulation is made with XPS plates at least 5 cm thick.

Taking two meter rings, it will be possible to achieve a typical volume of 2.7 m3 with a pair of compartments. If you take concrete products one and a half times larger in size, you can get by with a single-chamber design. But as already mentioned, one should not pursue simplicity here. It should be borne in mind that each pipe introduced into the septic tank must end with fittings pointing down. Tees that open up are also used (this helps to reduce the accumulation of debris).

Colors

The color of the septic tank can be very different, but in any case, flashy and annoying shades should be avoided. concrete blocks they look good on their own. It is recommended to use blue, white or black tones - they allow for an optimal appearance. Paint for any septic tank must be resistant to harmful wastewater, to damage by moving soils. Any of the most durable and stable composition will be suitable for solving this problem.

Manufacturers and reviews

The production of septic tanks is improving year by year. Modern technologies allow us to solve any task. Leading positions in various ratings are occupied by:

"Topaz";
"Mole";
"Tank";
"Triton";
"Cedar";
Ecoline.

Version "Tank" designed with a combination of mechanical and biological methods clarification of domestic wastewater. The very first fragment of the septic tank is a sump, the initially purified liquid moves to the next chamber. There, auxiliary settling is carried out and suspended particles precipitate. The third block of the "Tank" contains beneficial microorganisms - this increases efficiency, but also increases the volume of the device.

Brand "Triton" has such competitive advantages, how:

low cost;
the ability (with the help of infiltrators) to leave only 2% of dirt in the water;
acquisition of models with various practical properties;
complete exclusion of unpleasant odors;
strict adherence to sanitary standards;
long period of normal operation.

Problems may be related to the lack of an infiltrator or aeration fields. If there are no such opportunities, the efficiency of the septic tank is insufficient, and with a significant increase in the flow of sewage, it will not cope. Design "Topaz" excellent economy, it works by aeration and the use of microorganisms. In normal mode, it is possible to purify the liquid by 98%. The developers took care of solid tightness and excellent anti-corrosion characteristics.

To install Topaz, you will have to prepare the pit carefully. In a good recess, there are necessarily special stiffeners, this guarantees zero risk of deformation. The first compartment is able to separate solid matter from wastewater, only then is the mixture cleaned with oxygen. Purified water can be used in a wide variety of ways. But Topaz is highly dependent on electrical energy.

Firm "DSK" I tried to make three-chamber products, where two segments become sedimentation tanks, and the third is equipped with a biological filter. Decayed and clarified sewage moves into the soil filter layer.

Company Unilos focused on improving mechanical strength of their products, creating stiffeners on them and using molecular welding. The device of this brand allows you to do without moving parts. The carefully engineered 20mm thick wall easily resists ground pressure. Effluent flows sequentially through the primary clarifier, aerobic plant and secondary clarifier. The release of water from pollutants by 95% allows it to be used for irrigation of agricultural plants. The disadvantages of the system are dependence on the mains and instability in the cold. In addition, these blocks are very expensive.

Septic tanks Ecoline according to the manufacturer are the best choice for country seasonal operation. With proper installation, they can be used regularly. There are only two cameras in the system with no electrical components. The entrance chamber is much larger than the exit chamber, which is responsible for gravitational clarification. Additional purification is carried out in the soil.

Economy "Ecoline" does not allow you to count their septic tanks optimal solution. The fact is that the amount of remaining pollution is as much as 40%. In addition, it will not be possible to use such systems in places with an elevated level of groundwater. Without enhanced cleaning by other means, there is a high probability of contamination of soil horizons by microorganisms. Equipment brand "Kedr" certainly requires cleaning with special equipment.

At the inlet, primary filtration is carried out, and the water purified from sediment passes into the second block, where it is clarified deeper. Further, the flow moves up and down, reaching the fixed microflora. The final compartment is responsible for the accumulation of effluents.

Finnish manufacturers Uponor and Green Rock deliver products of superior quality and excellent reliability. The highest characteristics of genuine Scandinavian goods, unlike fakes, do not allow them to be sold cheaply.

There are three main subspecies in the Uponor selection.

Products "Sako" differ in partial upholding of sewage and autonomy. A filtration section in the soil must be made without fail, otherwise the surrounding area will be a very unpleasant place.

For dachas, you can also put products of the series "Bio"(with enhanced chemical and microbiological water treatment). Perfectionists will be pleased with the products of the Bio Clean category, which are very compact and easy to handle.
"Green Rock" supplies only septic tanks with multi-tier cleaning. In all equipment of this brand, the efforts of special reagents and microflora are combined. This technique allows you to deploy local sewage from scratch, and significantly improve the existing one.

The Bio device requires periodically disposing of used filter blocks and special reagents, replacing them with fresh portions. Products of the Sako group do not resist cold well enough. In the most northern regions, it will be necessary either to lay a heater, or to choose equipment that is more stable for winter.

Finnish goods are made using seamless technology. This is much more reliable than the Russian approach, which involves connecting prefabricated parts.

Successful examples and options

In addition to choosing the right brands and models of septic tanks, you need to pay attention to the components that complement the cleaning system. The use of devices with a biofilter (colonies of anaerobic organisms) allows you to do without connecting to the electrical network. Microbes can get the energy they need by breaking down organic matter without oxygen. Carbohydrates and various amino acids contained in sewage are broken down into low-molecular compounds that are safe for the natural environment. An anaerobic biological filter is made as a plastic container, divided into fragments of a certain type.

A biological purifier necessarily contains an inert material with a large specific area, which makes it possible to combine the development of microbial colonies and additional mechanical filtration. Organics breaks down when passing through a biofilter into the simplest soluble substances and silt deposits. The sludge will have to be removed, but in many cases it is used as fertilizer.

Typical fillers:

expanded clay;
plastic brushes or nets;
granular polymers of a strictly defined fraction.

Typically, the distribution of microbes in biological filters is made uniform over the surface, and if they are replenished in a timely manner, it will be possible to ensure stable operation throughout the year. Such filtering does not require any complex technical skills to operate. Systems operate for a long time and odors do not penetrate outside. Security is fully guaranteed.

In addition to organic filtration, septic tanks are often equipped with a grease trap. In gravity sewers, fatty deposits become a serious hazard, increasing the likelihood of blockages and traffic jams. Fat traps must be installed at production facilities and in places where many people live. Private homeowners do not have such regulations, but it is better to protect your system in advance before problems arise. The design and principle of operation are quite simple.

When water penetrates into the inlet pipes, the filling of the first chamber begins. As this fills up, the fat particles rise to the top as they are lighter than water. Further, the fat reaches a special tray, where it gradually accumulates. The liquid released from it moves to another compartment, which provides residual breakdown of fats. For this purpose, the most powerful and effective methods are used, and when the equipment finishes its work, water flows into the sewer.

The first sector is saturated with water-insoluble particles. Therefore, the grease trap will need to be removed, washed and cleaned regularly. Industrial appliances are easier to clean; there are special drain pumps or shut-off valves in the bottom for this purpose. Placing a coarse delay filter in front of the catcher helps reduce the chance of early fouling of the catcher. Traps are most effectively used, if the fat is heated more than water, then it will dissolve in it and float.

Waste separation is sometimes carried out by a physico-chemical method. The bottom line is the use of special reagents that can bind single particles into large collections. Such agglomerates can be more easily removed from the liquid by mechanical filters. But even with sedimentation cleaning in special chambers or settling tanks, chemical pre-treatment helps to improve the result. The flotation method involves the use of special compressors that supply air bubbles to the cleaning chambers.

Fats, in contact with air bubbles, form special films. Bubbles go up. This technique helps best with significant heating of effluents in which the fat is practically dissolved. The mechanical technique consists in the use of special membranes with finely dispersed cells. The pace of work is too low, the filter is rapidly becoming dirty with a powerful intake of fats.

But on the other hand, the overall efficiency of extracting fats will be very high. The solution is suitable for filtering effluents, regardless of their temperature and degree of dissolution. The coalescent approach relies on the ability of fats to contract into certain structures and settle. The emulsified fat in the filter chamber is subjected to gravity and surface tension, is collected on the surface. At this point, mechanical devices (manual or automatic) can collect it.

There is another approach - the use of centrifuges. Differences in the molecular weight of water and fats cause an unequal moment of inertia. Therefore, during rotation in the centrifuge, the separation of various substances occurs. The body of any grease trap is sealed, but it can always be disassembled. The device is connected to the inlet and outlet pipes.

The lid is made in a removable or opening version, this allows you to:

maintain the system;
remove fat;
assess the performance of the system.

The housings are divided into at least two segments, which allow you to receive drains, filter them and give out a clean liquid into the sewer. Regardless constructive solution use mechanical filtration, intake apparatus and liquid level indicator. Manual collection accumulated pollution is practical for a private house, where high performance is still not needed.

Plastic grease traps are used when it is necessary to neutralize a small amount of wastewater, and therefore they are ideal for domestic purposes. Perfect environmental safety and ease of maintenance allow you not to encounter problems.

Casting and molding plastics give a wide range of possible forms. Fastening is made to the pipe itself (in a compact version). For maximum efficiency, stand-alone devices are well suited, they are easy and comfortable to use. In addition, in autonomous devices, the capacity of the dirt compartment is larger. Fiberglass products are similar to simple plastic ones in their structural diversity.

The susceptibility to all the main reagents found in everyday life and in drains is very low for fiberglass. The special composition does not affect the lightness, however, the rigidity to mechanical damage is very high. Grease traps made of stainless steel are considered the most durable and stable, effectively counteract chemical and physical destroyers. Such equipment is mainly in demand in the industrial sector, because it tolerates strong heat well. Disadvantage - it is impossible to make a steel fat trap with streamlined contours or with a non-standard configuration; payment for metal appliances higher than other options.

There is one more question - is it worth choosing a two-chamber or single-chamber septic tank. Not a single such device is able to work on its own; additional cleaning in the ground is required. These are the instructions building codes and rules adopted in the Russian Federation. Septic tanks perform mechanical cleaning of sediment, ferment the sediment itself, make it mineral composition suitable for fertilizing farmland. The water will be accurately purified in the necessary way, either in one or in several chambers.

But the handling of sediment is a more subtle matter. In the only section, the sedimentation of suspension occurs inhomogeneously; closer to the inlet, this process is more intense. When the septic tank is divided into several sectors, this allows you to collect the key mass of the substance in the very first compartment. Then clogging of water in subsequent parts will be excluded and the cleaning process will be simplified. In addition, the environmental characteristics of the final flow will be the best.

The more sections, the more gentle will be the operation of the filter well, underground filtration fields and cleaning trenches.

It is almost impossible to clean the soil filtering complexes, you will have to spend a lot of money on their renewal. Therefore, the increase in the complexity of the septic tank has a positive effect on the convenience and comfort of consumers. It is important to consider that the equipment of a septic tank with microbiological cleaning forces the use of only detergents that are safe for microorganisms. In addition, at temperatures of 4 degrees and below, microbial activity is zero, and therefore the cleaning efficiency drops sharply.

When choosing the point where the treatment plant will be installed, a number of sanitary restrictions must be taken into account.

You can not bring them closer to 5 m to the bases of a residential building. The gap to the foundations of non-residential buildings and their ground structures is at least 1 m.
Distance to a well or replacement well drilled in clay soil, is at least 20 m. If the ground is composed of sandy rocks, this gap increases to 50 m.
You can bring the septic tank closer to the road by at most 5 m, and at least 100 cm should remain before any type of fence.

It is very important to prepare the place in such a way that a car with a pump can drive there. As an option, it is practiced to equip the tank with a fecal pump. The extracted sludge can be used as garden and horticultural fertilizer. A capacity of 150-200 liters per occupant allows you to confidently use bathrooms and toilets, washing machine, wash up.

The gap from the cover to the wastewater mirror should be the same as the depth of soil freezing. The entire estimated volume must be placed below this mark. The higher the temperature, the better the sewage will be processed by microbes. The geometric shape of the septic tank does not really matter; it does not affect the level of work efficiency and the quality of wastewater treatment. But there is another consideration - round equipment allows you to save structural materials.

When using brick, a round structure will help to use 10-15% less blocks. Rounding allows you to better transfer the load that occurs when the ground moves. It is advisable to make monolithic two-chamber systems in the form of a square or rectangle. Such forms make it easier to obtain formwork where concrete should be poured. Filling elements can be made with your own hands, and this is only a little more expensive than simple brick elements.

When plank boards are placed on both sides, the pits must be made 0.4 - 0.5 m wider than the size of the tank (together with the walls). If it is planned to pour the solution into the gaps of the soil and formwork, digging a pit is carried out according to the external dimensions of the septic tank. When calculating the cost of work, it is necessary to take into account the payment for the removal of the extracted land. Planar reinforcement is quite possible to do. But volumetric reinforcing frames will be completely redundant for a septic tank, they will only complicate installation and increase its cost.

How to make a septic tank in the country with your own hands, see below.

practical and good option a sewerage device on its site - a septic tank - is a type of treatment plant that allows you to clean and dispose of wastewater. How to choose the right septic tank for a private house? The owner of a country dwelling usually, when choosing a design, pays attention to its price and performance. The last factor will determine how effectively the product will cope with its intended purpose. The variety of these treatment facilities on the modern market will make even the most sophisticated consumer in these matters confused. Local installation, included in the sewer system and used to collect, settle and purify polluted water from the home. For an ordinary country house, they are of the following types:

Filling type - the structure can be made independently using concrete rings, eurocube, etc.;

Settling tanks with post-treatment through the soil;

Installations for deep cleaning.

When choosing the best option the septic tank should also pay attention to the material of its manufacture, the type of soil where it will be installed, the purpose of the dwelling (for stationary or seasonal residence).

Types of septic tanks for a country house

Previously, when the production of plastic septic tanks was not so massive, reinforced concrete structures were more popular, which were assembled in stages. Cleaning systems made of metal were also used. Today, wastewater treatment most often occurs with the help of ready-made plastic installations. These products are reliable and durable. A high level of sealing ensures the environmental safety of the installations. Depending on the performance characteristics, they are classified according to different criteria.

By type of filtration
By material
By shape
By location

What to consider when choosing a septic tank

In order to choose the right and buy a septic tank for a country house or a dwelling located in the private sector, you should take into account the purpose of the premises itself.

Best option: resume

To correctly choose a septic tank for a country house, you should take into account all the recommendations and make the necessary calculations. The current budget also matters, because some types are more expensive, but are not always an appropriate construction option in a particular situation. The optimally selected design model will be the guarantor environmental safety and cleanliness of the soil, and timely maintenance of the tank and pumping out wastewater (if provided for by the instructions) will extend its service life for a long time. The best option for a sewer tank will allow you to build a high-quality sewer system on the site and significantly improve living conditions in a private house.