ROOM AIR

Due to the increased metabolism, the growing body of the child needs an increased delivery of oxygen to the tissues. The amount of air passing through the lungs of a one-year-old child in 1 minute per 1 kg of weight is 220 ml, while in an adult it is only 96 ml.
By the end of the first year of a child's life (with a minute volume of respiration equal to 2600 ml), about 4000 liters of air pass through the lungs per day, and in older children even more.
Breathing in children has features associated with the incompleteness of the formation of the respiratory apparatus. It is more shallow and the baby breathes frequently to meet the oxygen demand. The younger he is, the more often his breathing.
So, in 1 minute, a 5-6-year-old child makes 25 respiratory movements, a one-year-old - 30-35, a 6-month old - 35-40, and a newborn - up to 40-60.
All this indicates that for the normal functioning of the child's body, it is especially important that the surrounding air has the necessary chemical composition, physical properties and was free from harmful impurities. Fresh atmospheric air satisfies these conditions.
As for the air in closed rooms during the stay of children in them, it largely loses its positive properties.
As a result of human activity, harmful substances released by the skin (sweat, the decomposing surface layer of the skin - the epithelium), intestines, dirty clothes, food debris and waste, etc. enter the air of living quarters.
The deterioration of air quality in residential premises is usually judged by the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) in them, which increases simultaneously with others. harmful substances... Based on research, it has been established that air should be recognized as harmful to people in the room if the content of carbon dioxide in it exceeds 0.1%.
Children during their stay in a closed room in one hour emit: heat (up to 30-50 calories), moisture (about 20 g), carbon dioxide (10-12 liters). As a result, the temperature and humidity of the air rises in children's rooms, and the concentration of carbon dioxide increases.
The electrical state of the air also changes, in particular its ionic composition, which is considered as a kind of criterion for the good quality of the air environment.
It is known that the cleaner the air, the more light negatively charged particles of air ions and the less heavy positive ones. Clean country air usually contains about a thousand light ions in one cubic centimeter and about the same number of heavy ions. In the polluted city air, the concentration of heavy ions reaches tens of thousands, and the concentration of light ions is incomparably lower (150-200).
The presence of children in a closed room increases the number of positively charged ions adversely acting on the human body and decreases the number of positively acting negatively charged ions.
Indoor air often has a specific, often bad smell due to the presence of gaseous organic substances in it. The reasons for their appearance may be poor care of unkempt children, drying of contaminated children's clothes and linen, as well as wet outerwear after walking, drying rags after cleaning. Air infiltration from a poorly maintained toilet, nearby laundry room, kitchen can also cause air pollution. organic matter and significantly reduce its quality in children's rooms.
In gasified buildings, the microclimate of children's rooms can deteriorate due to the products of incomplete combustion of gases and the formation of carbon monoxide. This happens when the layout of the children's rooms is incorrect (their proximity to the kitchen) and the absence of full ventilation in the places where gas appliances are installed.
Research has established (M.N. Troitsky) that a three-hour combustion of one gas burner in a kitchen with a cubic capacity of 21 m3 increases the content of carbon dioxide in the air to 5% o and carbon monoxide to 0.1 mg / l (the permissible concentration of carbon monoxide is 0.002 mg / l).
With faulty ventilation, the carbon monoxide content reaches 0.3 mg / l. The number of heavy horses in the air increases many times over. Such a deterioration in the air environment in gasified kitchens is reflected in the air quality of nearby premises, including children's ones.
To maintain full air in gasified kitchens, you must constantly use exhaust ventilation, arrange wall fans that are mounted directly at the openings of the exhaust ventilation ducts, and regularly ventilate the kitchen.
It is advisable from a hygienic point of view to arrange improved gas burners and stoves in children's institutions with the removal of gas combustion products.
There is always dust in the indoor air. Distinguish between easily visible dust, consisting of large dust particles, which quickly settle when the air is calm, and fine dust that remains in the air even when it is calm. The length of time that dust remains in the air depends on its particle size, temperature, humidity and air velocity.
Dust particles, together with the air, enter the child's respiratory tract and mechanically irritate their mucous membrane, which is more delicate than that of an adult; therefore, the dustiness of the premises is more dangerous for children. A large accumulation of dust in the air can cause painful processes in the lungs.
The vast majority of microbes in the indoor air are harmless to humans, but there are also pathogens.
The degree of insemination of air and household items by microorganisms is in direct proportion to the number of children and the duration of their stay in the room.
An outbreak of influenza causes an increase in the number of germs in the air. V kindergarten during an outbreak of influenza, within 2 days the number of microorganisms in 1 m5 of air increased from 6460 to 9072. After the cessation of the disease, the number of microbes in the air gradually decreased.
Microbes that have not entered the respiratory tract settle on surrounding objects and, drying out, form bacterial dust, which again easily rises into the air when it moves. It has been established that some pathogenic microbes are capable of fairly long survival.
After removing the patient with streptococcal infection, viable microbes were found in the dust of the room and on the clothes of children within 4-5 days. Consequently, germs can persist indoors even in the absence of sick children. This should be taken into account by employees of child care facilities.
One of the conditions for providing children with full-fledged air is the rather large size of children's rooms. In a group room, 2.0-2.5 m2 is allocated for one child, and 50 m2 for a group of 20 people, with a wall height of 3.0 m.
But it is not enough to provide children with the required amount of air, it is necessary to take care of its quality.
The air temperature should help maintain the thermal equilibrium of the child's body.
The incompleteness of the thermoregulatory apparatus makes the child more susceptible to overheating and hypothermia; therefore, in childcare facilities, significant fluctuations in room temperature are highly undesirable.
In the heat exchange between a person and the environment, humidity and air movement are of great importance. High humidity of cold air in a room enhances heat transfer, and a person experiences a feeling of chilliness. The increased humidity of the air at its high temperature sharply disrupts the transfer of heat, and the body overheats: the body temperature rises, the pulse quickens, and profuse sweat appears.
A favorable temperature is that at which children, both at rest and in motion, in the usual clothes adopted in children's institutions, feel good, that is, such a temperature that does not cause significant tension in the thermoregulatory mechanisms.
Observations of the physiological reactions of children showed that the most favorable air temperature in children's institutions for infants is +21, + 22 °, for children 2-3 years old - from +19 to + 20 °, for children 3-7 years old - from + 18 to + 20 °.
The given air temperature standards are not fixed once and for all. They are indicative to some extent and can change mainly due to the expansion of the adaptive capabilities of the child's body as a result of its training and hardening. However, the group may include children with an eating disorder (malnutrition) and patients with rickets. In such children, heat exchange is somewhat impaired: therefore, they overheat and cool faster. Such children need special attention on the part of adults.
It is also necessary to take into account the content of water vapor in the air. For humans, the most favorable relative humidity is 35-65%. High air humidity has a negative effect on the human body. With a constant high humidity, the walls in the room become damp and cold, fungi develop, destroying wooden walls and equipment.
The reasons for the appearance of dampness in the building are very diverse: a damp area, defects in construction (for example, poor insulation of the soil water station), malfunctioning of water supply, drainage or heating pipes, improper use of premises (cooking, washing and drying clothes in living quarters), irregular heating premises, insufficient ventilation.
To avoid high humidity air in children's rooms, you should first of all pay attention to their correct operation. It is necessary to ensure that in the group rooms do not dry baby clothes, diapers, as well as clothes and shoes (coats, leggings, mittens, boots, felt boots after a walk for children). For this purpose, childcare facilities should have drying cabinets or dedicated special rooms(away from the place where children stay).
An effective measure to combat dampness is a combination of good heating and ventilation. It is more difficult to deal with dampness when it is caused by deficiencies in the construction of the building. In these cases, the intervention of construction organizations is necessary.

HEATING

In preschool institutions can be used different systems heating. However, any of them must not only maintain the desired and uniform temperature in the room, but also satisfy other, including hygienic, requirements.
In childcare facilities, both local and central systems heating. In local heating, the combustion of fuel and the transfer of the resulting heat into the air of the heated premises are structurally combined in one heating device.
Local heating is carried out mainly heating stoves with high heat capacity. With this type of heating, the air should not be contaminated with dust, soot, soot, smoke, as well as harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide. The latter can occur from improper oven design and premature closure of the views. When firing stoves, fire safety rules must be observed.
Stove heating is allowed temporarily in cases where other types of heating are not applicable for technical and economic reasons. At the same time, furnaces of large heat capacity are installed, providing daily temperature drops of no more than 2-5 °.
In rural settlements, stove heating is allowed in one-story buildings of nursery gardens with a number of places not exceeding 50.
With stove heating, the device of furnace holes in children's rooms, toilet rooms, dressing rooms is not allowed. Stoves are heated in the morning, before the arrival of the children. If there are 24-hour groups in the children's institution, it is prohibited to heat the stoves at night.
In cities, most of the children's institutions have central water heating. The advantages of central heating over local heating are obvious. The operation and maintenance of central heating appliances is incomparably easier and requires fewer people.
The best type of central heating for childcare is water heating low pressure... Such a system consists of a boiler located in the basement of a building and pipelines connecting the boiler with heating devices located in the heated rooms.
The water in the boiler is heated (up to 70-90 °) and is directed through pipelines to the radiators, the heating of which to 60-70 ° is sufficient to maintain a uniform air temperature in the premises. With this system, it is possible to reduce or increase the water temperature in the boiler and thereby regulate the air temperature in the rooms.
To maintain a normal air temperature in the premises, it is necessary that the temperature of the water in the boiler and the outside air be in a certain ratio.
In those preschool institutions that still use a different, less convenient type of local heating, for example, stoves, it is possible to recommend converting the heating system to the so-called local water heating for apartments.
With this method, a small cast iron boiler produced by our industry is installed. Hot water is supplied from the boiler to heating devices (radiators such as "Moscow-132" and "Moscow-150") through pipes laid along the top of the wall, and then back to the boiler through pipes in the lower part of the wall (near the floor).
High heating capacity of the boiler, long-term combustion of fuel (up to 8-10 hours between loads), the ability to burn various types of fuel, which is 45% less than the furnace labor cost for the device and operation of this type of heating, as well as great sanitary and hygienic and fire safety advantages allow you to recommend it instead of stove heating.
Radiators, sheathed convectors and tubular heating elements built into concrete panels are used as heating devices.
To protect children from injury, it is necessary that heating devices in children's rooms have removable fences that do not retain heat.
V Lately in construction practice, panel heating is widely used. With this type of heating, instead of radiators, they use massive heating panels that are part of the structure of the floor, ceiling or walls. Hot water flows through tubular coils or registers embedded in the building envelope (ceiling, wall or floor).
Sometimes heated air is used as a heat carrier, circulating through a heater and panels in a closed system of channels located in the thickness of the enclosing structures. Panel heating gives a more even distribution of warm air in the room and maintains a comfortable environment even at low air temperatures.
Therefore, with such a system, it is possible to use more intensive ventilation. With panel heating, the location of the heating panels is of decisive importance to create a favorable microclimate.
According to D.I. Ismailova (1970), the most favorable microclimate conditions are provided when the heater panels are located in outside wall(external-wall heating system) or with a contour-partition system. It is unacceptable to place heating elements in partitions of internal walls, as this creates an uneven temperature in the room, does not make it possible to conveniently place furniture, interferes with the correct use of the room for rest and study, etc.
The design temperatures of the heating surfaces for panel heating are set as follows: at ceiling system radiant heating, the ceiling temperature should be 28-30 °; at floor level - 25-27 °; with wall - 40-45 °.
In children's institutions, it is especially important to warm up the premises in the area where children are staying. This can be achieved with a radiant floor heating system in combination with another, such as a wall panel heating.
In kindergartens with a common residential buildings heating system, uniform terms of the heating season are established. If there is an unexpected cold snap in spring or autumn, the temperature in children's rooms drops below normal, and this can affect the health of children. For fear of more more cooling ventilation stops.
Therefore, it is desirable that the heating of preschool buildings does not depend on the heating system of residential buildings. It is allowed to design built-in boiler rooms as a source of heat only for buildings of children's institutions. To create a stable climate in children's rooms, it is good to provide for an automated supply of hot water to the heating network of the required temperature, corresponding to the season and weather conditions.

Ventilation of the room

To maintain a normal air regime in a room, it is important to regularly remove poor-quality air and replace it with outdoor air, which is close to atmospheric in its composition. This is achieved by ventilating the room. A constant, but insignificant flow of outside air into the room occurs through the walls (through the pores of the building material), through closed windows and doors.
This is the so-called natural ventilation. It arises, on the one hand, under the influence of the wind, on the other hand, due to the difference in air temperatures outside and inside the room. However, this kind of ventilation is absolutely inadequate. Under these conditions, a single exchange of air in the room takes a long time - 6-9 hours. If the walls are completely covered with oil paint, natural ventilation through them stops, since the pores of the building material become impervious to air. But keeping the indoor air clean is only by natural ventilation ineffective.
To enhance natural ventilation, they resort to airing through windows, transoms, vents. In order for this to be a good result, their size should be at least 1/50 of the floor area of ​​a given room. Glasses and vents should be in the upper third of the window, since the higher they are located, the more air is set in motion and exchange takes place. The vents and transoms located in the lower part of the windows (at the height of the child), in addition, make it difficult to ventilate the premises in the presence of children in the cold season.
The most suitable for ventilation in the cold season are transoms, designed in such a way that air enters from below through their outer sash, and then passes upward through the inner sash.
Outside air, getting into the room, in its mass rushes upward, mixing with warm air, heats up and fills the room. To avoid cold air flowing downward, side shields are made on the inner sash of the transom. Such a device makes it possible to widely use the transom not only for periodic, but also for constant ventilation of the room in cold weather, even with children.
In order for the airing of children's rooms to be regular, you need to carefully monitor the serviceability of the devices that serve to open and close the transom. During the repair of children's institutions, it is also necessary to fix transoms, arrange convenient devices for them, levers for opening and closing instead of the currently used cord, stick, etc.
The most convenient mechanism is mounted on a vertical bar of the middle blind sash of the window. The transom opens by turning the handle downwards; when turning upwards, the transom closes tightly. The manufacture of such devices is highly desirable not only for the construction of new, but also for existing children's institutions.
According to building codes, in all rooms, upper folding transoms with lever devices are provided for at least 50% of the windows.
In the absence of transoms, children's rooms are most often (especially in cold weather) ventilated through the vents, less often through an open window. If their area is sufficient, the difference in temperature between the outside air and the room is significant, and the wind moves towards an open window or window, a full exchange of air in the room will be provided rather quickly.
However, in the absence of the listed conditions, a complete replacement room air outdoor will take a very long time. For constant flow fresh air in children's rooms you can use an attachment window. It is attached to the inner window frame and provides long-term or even round-the-clock ventilation of the premises during the cold season.
The outside air flow entering through the open window, passing through several hundred holes (5 mm in diameter) of the attachment attached to the internal window, breaks up into many small jets and quickly mixes with warm room air.
It is not allowed to glue vents and transoms for the winter. In addition, one window in each room should be left unsticked in winter. In the nursery-gardens, designed for areas with an estimated outdoor temperature of -40 ° and below, windows and balcony doors with triple glazing. During warmer months, transoms, vents and windows should be kept open throughout the day.
It is necessary to provide for such a trifle: hooks should be attached to the vents and sashes of the windows, which, in case of gusts of wind, would protect them from slamming.
Ventilation of premises, and even more so a constant flow of fresh air, significantly improves air quality, in particular, reduces its bacterial contamination and, therefore, is one of the effective means for the prevention of airborne infections.
Observations carried out in a childcare facility showed that airing for 30 minutes through a window at an outdoor temperature of +8 to + 10 ° reduces bacterial contamination of the air by 40%, and at an outdoor temperature of -3 to -9 ° - by 65%.
By opening the sash of the window, the area of ​​which is 4 times larger than the window, it is possible, within 10 minutes at an outside air temperature of +8 to + 10 °, to reduce the bacterial contamination of the air in the room by 70%, and in 30 minutes - by 85%.
As mentioned above, the ionic composition of indoor air can also serve as an indicator of the good quality of the air, at the same time determining the effect of ventilation.
Long-term (2-3 hours) ventilation combined with careful wet cleaning premises had a different effect depending on the season and the type of ventilation associated with it (open windows or vents).
In all cases, the number of heavy air ions indicating air pollution, as a rule, decreased, while the number of light air ions increased, but with the windows open, the effect was greatest.
A quick and complete change of air in the room is achieved by through ventilation.
It is impossible to open the vents, transoms, windows in the restroom. To ventilate the latrines, enhanced exhaust ventilation is provided, and the inflow of fresh air occurs through the adjacent rooms. An open window in the restroom will cause the movement of air (and with it the smell) into the corridors, group rooms.
Air renewal with through ventilation in winter through the vents occurs 5-7 times faster than with one-sided ventilation.
Through ventilation is possible if the windows are on two opposite walls or at an angle. If the windows are located on one side of the room, then through ventilation can be applied by opening the windows and the door to adjacent rooms: to the reception (dressing room), lobby, to the veranda.
The duration of the through ventilation depends on the outside temperature, the strength and direction of the wind. On cold winter days, short-term end-to-end ventilation is sufficient to completely change the air in the room.
At very low outdoor temperatures (below -20 ° C), in order to avoid hypothermia of the room, through ventilation is applied for two to three minutes. During the transitional season, it lasts at least 10-15 minutes.
In bedrooms, in the absence of children, it is advisable to keep the vents and transoms open throughout the day; in the cold season, you should close the vents and transoms 30 minutes before going to bed, and in warm weather it is recommended to sleep with wide open windows.
In the summer, it is common practice to curtain open windows to protect from the sun. This makes it difficult for fresh air to enter the room. For this purpose, it is better to use such sunscreens as awnings, visors, blinds, preferably with a mechanical regulator (lift-and-turn). Their use reduces the air temperature in the room and does not impede the access of fresh air.
Note. Building codes (1972) in nurseries-gardens, designed for construction in a hot climatic region, south of 45 ° north latitude, in rooms for long-term stay of children provide for sun protection devices (blinds, visors, curtains, etc.).
Sun protection devices are allowed in the rooms of group, play-dining rooms, bedrooms, on the verandas of nursery gardens designed for construction in other climatic regions. No combustible polymer materials are allowed for sun protection devices.
To protect group rooms from overheating, open windows on the side that is not illuminated by the sun.
Very often in children's institutions, to fight flies in the summer, window openings are tightened with fine metal mesh or gauze. This leads to a sharp slowdown in air exchange, in hot weather - to the cessation of the supply of fresh air.
To change the air through the window of the room where the children are, does not cause a sharp drop in temperature and tangible currents of cold air, on frosty days and in strong winds, you can allow ventilation through the window covered with gauze.
At a distance of 1.5 m from the window, the speed of air movement during aeration through a window covered with gauze is three times less than during conventional ventilation. The air temperature during ventilation through gauze all the time is kept almost at the same level: +20, + 20.5 °. If the window is not covered with gauze, then the temperature drops from + 20.8 to + 18.8 ° in 30 minutes.
Tightening the vent with gauze reduces the efficiency of air change; therefore, in the absence of children, even on frosty days, gauze should not be used when airing.
The greatest air pollution, especially in the cold season, is observed after a long stay of children in the room, that is, after classes, lunch, daytime sleep, by the end of the stay of children in a child care facility, in the bedroom after a night's sleep.
Therefore, during these hours, you should most intensively ventilate the children's rooms in the absence of children (going for a walk, home) or take the children out for a short time to another room, for example, to the reception (dressing room).
In one of the kindergartens in Moscow, constant ventilation of the group premises was organized - in winter through 1-2 transoms and in spring - through transoms and windows.
Under these conditions, we observed natural fluctuations in air temperature in the group room and the thermal reactions of the children in them. The average monthly air temperature in the group room of the kindergarten at the level of 1.5 m from the floor (at the generally accepted height for a room thermometer) averaged 19-20 °. The air temperature at the level of 1 m of the floor (the approximate height of children of this age), as a rule, was lower.
When at the height of an adult's growth the air temperature was + 18 °, the average air temperature at the height of a child was + 16.5; therefore, the difference was 1.5 °.
The data we have obtained indicate that it is incorrect to assess the air temperature of children's rooms only from the readings of a thermometer located at the height of an adult's height, as is usually done.
Determination of the air temperature and recommendations for the temperature standards of children's institutions, especially with constant ventilation, should be carried out at a level of 1 m from the floor.
Our data suggests what is most appropriate for most children before school age air temperature +18, + 20 ° at a relative humidity of 40-60%. At the same time, the majority of children have a favorable thermal state.
Constant ventilation in the presence of children not only supplies the room with fresh atmospheric air, but also contributes to the systematic hardening of the body, increasing its resistance to fluctuations in ambient temperature.
The number of colds in children in cold weather with constant ventilation of the room did not increase.
This means that with good heating and proper ventilation, it is possible to provide a constant flow of fresh air into the room where the children are in cold weather.
However, it should be remembered that in windy weather, children should not be allowed to stay near open transoms for a long time.
Indoor air exchange is also carried out using a central artificial ventilation... There are three types of central ventilation: supply, exhaust and combined - supply and exhaust.
In children's institutions, it is advisable to use only central exhaust ventilation, so that used poor-quality air is removed through it. The flow of clean atmospheric air into the room is provided through windows, transoms, vents.
The central exhaust system should have separate shafts for removing spoiled air from latrines, kitchens and isolation rooms, and one common shaft for all other premises of the childcare facility. On the upper part of the wall there are exhaust vents: two for each group room, kitchen, hall and one for the rest of the rooms. Each exhaust outlet is equipped with louvers to regulate the air flow from the premises. The switch for switching on the central exhaust system is located in a locked cabinet in the corridor or on the staircase.
The artificial ventilation device is based on the difference between the internal and external air pressure. From the room, air flows through a duct into a ventilation chamber located in the attic, which has a thermal stimulator that draws air from the room into the duct.
Wind energy is also used for ventilation. In this case ventilation ducts they are brought out to the roof in the form of a pipe, special nozzles (weathercocks, deflectors) are put on it, which, in any direction of the wind, suck air from chimney and by this they induce draft from the room. The effectiveness of this ventilation method is reduced by the fact that its use is limited and depends on the wind.
The advantages of the first two types of artificial ventilation, therefore, are that they use special stimulators and can act constantly and evenly, regardless of fluctuations in the outside air temperature, strength and direction of the wind. With the help of artificial ventilation, you can adjust the rate of air removal from the room.
In the autumn-winter period, with the beginning of the heating season and before the onset of warm days, central exhaust ventilation is used to remove stale air. In spring, summer and early autumn arrange wide ventilation through open windows, vents, transoms, which sufficiently ensures a constant flow and exchange of air in children's rooms. For the correct functioning of the central exhaust ventilation, the personnel of the child care institution need to learn how to use it.

LIGHTING

In the improvement of preschool institutions great value has lighting - both natural and artificial. Daylight - necessary condition normal life of the body. If a person is on for a long time deprive of natural light, then the body's defenses are weakened, mineral metabolism is disturbed, functional disorders of the nervous system are observed.
At the same time, the sun's rays, penetrating into the room through the window, give, although insignificant, but a bactericidal effect.
The correct light regime contributes to better visual perception, prevents the development of myopia in children.
In preschool institutions, systematic classes are held, children play with large and small toys, look at pictures, draw - all this causes significant eye strain and is closely related to general body fatigue.
Physiological studies (E.D.Demina) show that classes in kindergarten at low levels artificial lighting affects the functional state of the central nervous system and the visual apparatus: visual acuity decreases, the speed of discrimination decreases.
Good lighting makes children active and cheerful. In a bright room, disorder, pollution of the room, furnishings and clothes are more noticeable, there is a need to constantly maintain cleanliness.
There should not be a single dark, insufficiently lit corner in the premises of children's institutions.
The norms of natural lighting are expressed not in absolute, but in relative values: the ratio of indoor illumination to simultaneous outdoor illumination is taken into account. This ratio is expressed as a percentage and is called the Natural Light Ratio (KEO).
According to sanitary norms and rules, the coefficient of natural illumination of the premises is currently: in group rooms, bedrooms, an isolation ward and a sick child's room, in the hall - 1.5%; in the waiting room and dressing room - 1.0%.
The quality of natural lighting in childcare facilities depends on many reasons, primarily on the size of the windows. It is normal for the ratio of their glazed surface to the floor area (light coefficient) in children's rooms to be 1: 4. Windows should be wide, with small walls. The deeper the room, the higher the height of the windows should be.
In order to increase the illumination of children's rooms, small bindings should not be made near the windows; the distance from the ceiling to the upper edge of the window (most useful in terms of lighting) should be minimal (15-25 cm). The height of the sill above the floor is 60 cm. This will allow children to look into the distance from time to time and rest the tired eye muscles.
To create a normal light regime, the location of children's rooms is of great importance. The best orientation is the southern one.
In rooms with a south orientation, the most uniform illumination prevails.
In the northern regions, this will make it possible to increase the duration solar lighting, very important for this climatic zone.
In the south, during the hottest hours of the day, the sun is at its zenith, and its rays do not penetrate deeply into the room, but only glide over the surface of the building, so there is no overheating of children's rooms.
Note. When orienting the bedrooms-verandas to the north, additional natural lighting should be provided from the east or west side.
It is important that sunlight not only penetrates into the room, but also is not absorbed. It largely depends on the color of the ceiling, walls, furniture. They should be coated with light-colored paints that give highest coefficient reflections of light rays.
So, the reflection coefficient of the ceiling painted in White color, is equal to 70% and even 100%; walls painted in light yellow, cream, pale pink give a reflectance of 60-75%, light yellow floors - 25-30%; light wood floors - 15-30%.
In addition, correctly using the combination of colors, you can make the room for children elegant and cozy. And vice versa, randomly selected, ill-conceived colors create variegation or gray, unsightly atmosphere. The color combination should take into account the purpose of the room.
Bindings of windows, window sills, doors should be covered with white oil paint. It is also advisable to paint furniture in light colors.
Do not obscure window openings with curtains, tall flowers; be sure to regularly wash the glass. All this will contribute to the greatest reflection of light rays and the best illumination of the room.
Artificial lighting must meet the following requirements: to be sufficient, uniform, not flickering, without harsh shadows, not to worsen the air with combustion products, be safe in terms of fire.
With artificial lighting, it is possible to normalize not only the quantity, but also the quality of the illumination.
Artificial lighting is created using incandescent or fluorescent lamps. The norm for artificial lighting in group rooms is 100 lux when using incandescent lamps and 200 lux when using fluorescent lighting. Conducted by the Institute. FF Erisman's research (E. M. Demina) allows us to conclude that it is advisable to increase the specified norms.
In this regard, in group rooms for preschool children, you need to have 8 electric bulbs, 200 W each; for young children 6 light points, 200 W each. In both cases, for incandescent lamps, this amounts to about 25 W per square meter floor area, for fluorescent lighting - 50 W per 1 m2.
With kerosene lighting, which is still used in some children's institutions in the countryside, only pendant lamps (at least 2 m from the floor) are permissible, mainly with a round burner at the rate of 3 lines per 1 m2 of floor. This norm does not provide good conditions lighting, but it is impossible to increase the number of lamps, as this produces excess heat and carbon dioxide, which are harmful to health.
In addition, kerosene lighting is fire hazardous.
Lighting fixtures should provide uniform diffused light; therefore, in preschool institutions it is recommended to use ring-type lamps SK-300 or lamps of the KSO-1 type; milk balls with a diameter of 350 mm are also allowed. Lucets and lamps, open from below, not protected by fittings, are not allowed, as they cause rapid eye fatigue. Usage wall sconces as well as chandeliers is strictly prohibited.
For fluorescent lighting, it is better to use white (BS) and warm white (TBS) lamps.
When using fluorescent lighting, lamps of the SHOD type (diffuse school general lighting) are used. Fluorescent lamps glow along their entire length and create even illumination. Its spectrum is close to natural light.
In some cases, for example in the Far North, under polar night conditions, ultraviolet deficiency is observed, which leads to a disruption in the formation of vitamin D in the body, which causes rickets in children. In these cases, artificial lighting of a different type is required.
V last years Soviet engineers designed an erythemal fluorescent lamp. It is arranged like a fluorescent lighting lamp, and its inner surface is covered with a special compound that emits ultraviolet rays of low intensity compared to a mercury-quartz lamp.
Irradiation of school-age children with erythema lamps has a beneficial effect on their health, vital functions of the body; children gain weight, get sick less.
E.M.Demina (FF Erisman Institute) carried out observations in a kindergarten in Moscow, where this type of artificial lighting was installed. Luminaires and erythemal irradiators were used (4 fluorescent lighting lamps and 2 erythemal lamps), and they were mounted so that they could be used jointly and separately. This made it possible, in conditions of good natural illumination, to turn on only erythema lamps, which give an ultraviolet beam of rays.
From November to April, children were irradiated daily. At the same time, they did not undress, but only wrapped up their sleeves and pulled down their stockings. Irradiation of the naked surface of the arms, legs, head and neck for 4-5 hours in the group room turned out to be sufficient, the children received the necessary amount of ultraviolet rays.
Compared to the children of the other group of this kindergarten, who were not exposed to radiation, the state of health and physical development the exposed children were much better.
According to A.M. Vorobieva, daily prophylactic ultraviolet irradiation with erythemal fluorescent lamps at the rate of 1 / 8-1 / 6 of the erythemal dose per day increases the ability of the body of preschool children to assimilate nutrients (calcium by 9.3-20.3% and phosphorus by 6.3-17.5% of the introduced amount).
Lighting using erythema lamps is currently recognized as the most effective. Such lamps are highly desirable for all kindergartens, but they are especially needed in the Far North, where it is important not only to provide full artificial lighting, but also to improve living conditions during the long polar night.
In areas north of 65 ° N. sh. Provides for sources of ultraviolet radiation (ESW, etc.) in the general lighting system of the rooms of group, play-dining rooms, bedrooms, in the wards of the isolation ward and rooms for sick children, or in photoaria.
Artificial lighting can be used in two types: general and combined (when combining general and local lighting).
Local lighting is provided in reception rooms, dressing rooms, bedrooms, in the medical room, in the office of the manager, in washing rooms. In other premises, the use of one local lighting is not allowed.
In the bedrooms, bedroom-verandas, the room of sick children and the isolation ward, emergency (night) lighting with a voltage of not more than 36 volts, connected to the emergency lighting network, is provided.
For emergency lighting, lamps with glass should be used of blue color and a shielding grille, installed at a height of 0.3 m from the floor, near the entrances to the premises.
All kindergarten rooms are equipped with plug sockets to connect local lights and sweepers.
In group rooms, the hall, sockets and switches should be installed at a height of 1.8 m from the floor.

WATER SUPPLY

For the correct sanitary maintenance of preschool institutions, the nature of the water supply plays an important role, in particular the quality and quantity of water. Where there is urban and rural water supply, it is easier to ensure the correct water supply.
In cases where there is no central water supply, but in the microdistrict there are enterprises, institutions provided with a local water supply, and if the supply of water and sanitary conditions allow, the buildings of preschool institutions must be connected to this water supply system.
Where there are no specified conditions, a local water supply must be provided for the children's institution. When installing a water supply system, the choice of a water source and the amount of water in it must comply with GOSTs.
If it is completely impossible to provide a preschool institution with a water supply system, it is necessary to take water directly from underground ground and artesian sources, for example, from wells, the design and maintenance of which must meet basic sanitary requirements.
The best type of local water supply should be considered bore wells, in particular artesian. The water in them is not polluted from the surface of the earth, and its quality is usually quite satisfactory.
If it is impossible to have drill wells, you can use dug (mine) wells, subject to the established sanitary requirements.
The well should be laid no closer than 25-30 m from the sources of soil and water pollution (residential buildings, uncanalized latrines, cesspools, cesspools, old, abandoned wells, barnyards, etc.). Wells should not be built in low-lying and wetlands flooded with rain and melt water.
The inner surface of the well should have a dense concrete, brick or wood sheathing. This will protect it from contamination, as well as from water seepage through the walls of the mine from the upper layers of the soil.
The ground part of the well frame should be 0.8-1 m high. clay castle, for which it is necessary to remove the soil around the log house by 0.5 m in width and 1.5-2 m in depth, and fill the resulting depression with mint clay. There should be a slope from the well for the outflow of water. The opening of the log house should be kept closed at all times.
To protect the upper hole from debris and foreign objects entering the well, they arrange hinged cover, or even better, a closed booth with a pump handle and a drain pipe neck leading out. The door to the booth must always be kept locked.
For taking water from a well, it is better to have a pump, gate or "crane" with a firmly attached bucket. Drain pipe must be equipped with a hook for hanging the bucket. The use of individual buckets should be strictly prohibited to avoid contamination of the water.
The area near the well must be kept clean at all times. You cannot rinse linen in the immediate vicinity of the well, wash various objects, allow cattle and vehicles to reach it. It is necessary to make a fence around the well. Periodic cleaning of the well is required.
It is unacceptable to supply children's institutions with household drinking water from open reservoirs (river, pond, lake, dam storage facilities, etc.), since the water in them does not have the required physicochemical and bacteriological composition. In addition, their pollution or contamination is always possible (discharge of industrial or sewage-fecal waters, washing away by rainwater from the banks of all kinds of litter, watering and grazing of animals, etc.).

SEWERAGE

It is most advisable to connect children's institutions to the city or village sewerage system, and in the absence of it, use the local sewerage system (by agreement with the nearest enterprises or cultural and social institutions). If there are no other possibilities, a local sewerage system is arranged for the children's institution in accordance with the rules for the design of these structures, provided for by the current norms of the State Sanitary Supervision Authorities. In case of emergency, it is allowed cesspool with the device of backlash closets in outdoor latrines (the latter - in warm and hot regions of the country).
According to the sanitary standards, it is allowed to design nursery-gardens buildings with a capacity of up to 50 places in unanalyzed areas without internal sewerage. In these conditions, hygienic and anti-epidemic requirements must be especially strictly observed. The arrangement of latrines is carried out no closer than 25 m from the building, with convenient approaches to them.
The most important in sanitary part of such a lavatory is a sink for sewage. The ridge should be insulated from the soil as tightly as possible.
The device of absorption wells, allowing the seepage of liquid into the soil, sanitary regulations is strictly prohibited.
To avoid soil contamination and groundwater, the walls and bottom of sewage receivers (as well as receivers for liquid waste) must be watertight - made of stone, brick, concrete, reinforced concrete. The outer part of the cesspool has a double cover. Toilets should be cleaned daily, in particular the toilet seats and the floor should be rinsed. hot water with lye.
Backlash closets should be arranged outside the main building, in the form of a one-story extension connected by a warm passage to the main building. The backlash closet consists of a lavatory and an airlock with an oven. The airlock has natural light and can be ventilated. The furnace firebox goes out into the airlock. The cesspool of the backlash closet is located on the shady side of the building, but not under the windows of the children's rooms.
For disinfection of latrines, it is recommended to use a 10% clarified solution of bleach, which is used to moisten toilet seats and the lower parts of the walls. Seats, handles, floor, walls should be wiped with 1% bleached bleach solution.
In the warm season, the contents of the receptacles must be disinfected with dry bleach. For cleaning the cesspools, appropriate transport should be provided (bulk barrels filled with buckets or pumps, tank cars).
In winter, when some of the liquid waste and sewage freezes, they need to be gouged out and taken out in special rattle cars, upholstered inside with galvanized iron and closed with lids.
It is necessary to remove liquid waste at least once a month, while preventing overflow of the cesspool by more than 3/4 of its volume. If necessary, the period for removing waste can be shortened.

Control over the conditions of keeping children in kindergartens and schools is carried out by state regulatory bodies. Their main task is to comply with the norms established by regulatory documents. According to government decrees, special documents have been developed that define acceptable conditions in institutions for children.

Permissible and recommended norms for keeping children in educational institutions that got into the regulatory documents were established several decades ago. The norms have been determined on the basis of scientific research. Normative conditions are most conducive to child health. The correctness of the requirements of regulatory documents has been confirmed by a long history of observations; when deviations from the norms in individual institutions, a surge in morbidity is inevitably observed in children visiting them. Thus, any childcare institution should strive to adhere to the established norms as much as possible.

The most important indicators that must be monitored in childcare facilities are:

• air temperature in the interior of kindergartens;
• air humidity;
• freshness of the air.

It should be noted that the norms for these indicators are approximately the same throughout the territory of the former Soviet Union... This is a consequence not only of the general physiology of children, but also of the fact that the new states inherited all the normative documents of the Soviet Union, since then there has not been any special correction. Thus, this article is relevant for the entire CIS and several other countries as of this year and the next 2019.

Kindergarten performance requirements

For kindergartens, the norms are as follows: in playrooms, the temperature should not fall below 21 degrees Celsius, the recommended temperature is 24 degrees. In bedrooms, a lower temperature is permissible, up to 18 degrees, it is recommended to bring the temperature to 22 degrees Celsius. The indicated temperatures are mandatory for areas with average temperature in January below -14 degrees Celsius.

From what you read, you might get the impression that the higher the temperature in the interior of the kindergarten, the better. In fact, temperatures that are too high can be even more harmful than too cold. So, if temporary and minor deviations towards lowering the temperature below the recommended level are allowed, then the reverse deviations are extremely undesirable. The maximum allowable temperature for playrooms is 24 degrees Celsius, and for bedrooms it is 22 degrees.

There are clearly defined standards for air humidity, its value should be between 40% and 60%. In practice, the correct value of this indicator is not always monitored. This is unfortunate because moisture meters are not difficult to access or difficult to handle and use. Nevertheless, it is necessary to monitor the humidity of the air, maintaining an optimal level of humidity has a good effect on the body's resistance to diseases, and unfavorable humidity increases the risk of getting sick with various ailments, especially the respiratory tract.

For the freshness of the air, exact quantitative norms are not indicated, however, it is noted that ventilation should be carried out regularly. It is ventilation that is the main and only actually available in most kindergartens way to maintain an acceptable level of freshness.

According to the standards, ventilation should be carried out periodically throughout the day. One-sided ventilation is also allowed in the presence of children in the room. Double-sided ventilation, that is, by a draft, should be carried out during the absence of children. In winter, before a quiet hour in the bedrooms, through ventilation ends half an hour before the arrival of a group of children.

It is recommended to carry out one-sided ventilation during the quietest hour, when the air warms up after two-sided ventilation. However, it is important to remember that end-to-end ventilation should be stopped half an hour before the start of a quiet hour, and unilateral ventilation should be stopped half an hour before its end. In the warm season, unilateral ventilation is carried out constantly both during the day and at night.

Unfortunately, the norms for the state of air in the interior of kindergartens are systematically violated in most institutions. In fact, no one monitors the humidity of the air, ventilation is carried out with different frequencies, but almost always with insufficient frequency. Indoor temperatures are usually much higher than recommended standards, often above 30 degrees Celsius and rarely below 28 degrees.

The high temperature and the episodic airing lead to a strong drying out of the air in kindergartens. The latter circumstance is not of much concern to the management of the institutions, if only because it does not monitor the humidity indicators at all. It is very rare to find a hygrometer (a device for measuring the level of humidity) in a kindergarten. Too low humidity in kindergartens constitutes big problem, which contributes to the high incidence of colds.

Interestingly, the management of child care institutions often uses the air temperature exceeding the norm as a means of combating the incidence of diseases among children. In fact, temperatures higher than recommended, drying out the air, only increase the incidence. The recommended temperature is quite sufficient for a comfortable state of the child's body, but low air humidity dries out the mucous surfaces of the respiratory tract. The mucus in the respiratory tract performs an important function, it provides local immunity. If it dries up, the body's vulnerability to disease will increase dramatically. Dried mucus loses its immune properties, at the same time it is an excellent breeding ground for the development of various microorganisms, including pathogens. On the contrary, it is difficult for pathogenic microbes to gain a foothold on the airways moistened with mucus, even if they can catch on, they will immediately be exposed to local immunity.

It is especially important to maintain optimal humidity during the cold season. At this time, children spend most of the day in closed and heated rooms. Consequently, a large number of children concentrated in one place create excellent conditions for the spread of diseases transmitted by airborne droplets, that is, through the respiratory tract. Do not underestimate the danger of dry air, according to scientific information, it is insufficient air humidity that is one of the main causes of the following diseases:

1. Sinusitis.
2. Tonsillitis.
3. Bronchitis.
4. Otitis.
5. Pneumonia.
6. Allergic respiratory diseases.

Thus, dry air can lead to asthma and other unpleasant diseases in a child.

An additional complication is that children are much worse tolerant of heat than adults. Metabolism and, accordingly, heat production in children is more intense, while the transfer of heat to the environment occurs mainly through the exhalation of air.

Thus, the comfortable and safe ambient temperature for children is lower than for adults. High ambient temperatures lead to excessive sweating, blood thickening, unfavorable conditions work of internal organs. Since heat transfer occurs mainly through exhalation of air, the airways in children dry out even more than in adults.

It is important to know that most infections that cause ARVI tolerate cold air very poorly, especially if the temperature change occurs quickly, they feel great in dry and warm atmosphere... Thus, the hot and dry environment in kindergartens encourages the spread of airborne infections. On the contrary, frequent ventilation humidifies the air and reduces the concentration of pathogens in the air.

Ways to achieve ideal parameters

However, not all ventilation increases air humidity. The colder the air, the less moisture it contains, so ventilation during the cold season cannot always help maintain the optimal humidity in the room. In order to create optimal conditions for children, it is necessary, first of all, to have a thermometer and a hygrometer in each room. Kindergarten staff should monitor their readings.

The air temperature must remain optimal, then the air humidity will not drop too much. You can additionally increase the humidity using a humidifier - a special device that saturates the air with water. Preference should be given to ultrasonic devices, steam humidifiers are not approved by specialists. It is advisable to restrict air access to the heating batteries; for this they should be covered with a special screen or casing.

It is not always possible to maintain ideal air performance. However, it is worth striving to achieve the greatest correspondence between real and recommended indicators, the closer the real indicators are to the reference ones, the lower the incidence rate in the institution will be.

The project of heating and ventilation of a kindergarten for 160 places of heating. + section of the substation TM

Dwg format

The documentation has passed the examination

In this section of the project, the issues of heating, ventilation, heat supply to heaters and air conditioning for a Kindergarten for 160 places are resolved

The heating system is two-pipe, vertical. Trunk pipelines are laid in the basement. Heating devices - bimetallic radiators RBS "Santekhprom-BM" and registers from smooth pipes. Install thermostatic valves RTD-N on the connections to the heating devices; on the connections to the registers made of smooth pipes, double regulation taps are provided.

Within the group heating devices and pipes, in order to avoid the possibility of injury, are closed with protective screens (wooden crate), the material of the screens should not show harmful effects per person. In the group rooms on the 1st floor, heated floors are provided, the heat supply of which is carried out through adjustable pumping and mixing units. Heat carrier for underfloor heating 40-30 C.

The temperature of the floor surface is taken as 23С. In the locker rooms there are Zavalinka heater benches for drying street clothes. Balancing valves are provided for hydraulic adjustment on branches and heating pipes. Removal of air from the heating system is carried out from the upper points through air collectors and air vents. Drainage of the heating system is carried out from the lowest points through the drain taps.

The pipelines are taken from steel water and gas pipes. The pipelines are painted with oil paint in 2 times. All pipelines of heat supply systems and main heating systems should be thermally insulated with 30mm thick Rockwool mineral wool cylinders. At the intersection of ceilings, internal walls and partitions, pipelines should be laid in sleeves, followed by sealing the gaps with non-combustible materials.

Basic solutions for ventilation and air conditioning.

The ventilation of the kindergarten premises is designed for supply and exhaust with mechanical and natural impulses. Supply and exhaust mechanical ventilation is provided for the premises of the catering unit, the laundry block, for the recreation of personnel with places for eating, for the wardrobes of workwear, for administrative premises, in which one worker accounts for less than 40m3 of the room volume. The project provides for NED supply units, located in the ventilation chamber at an elevation of -3,000 and behind the suspended ceiling in the corridor of the 2nd floor. The supply units include: - outdoor air damper, filter, water heater, fan and silencer.

The P5 unit is adopted with an electric heater. Roof fans "Klimatventmash", installed on the roof on special mounting glasses SKSh with soundproof walls, were taken as exhaust fans. duct fans by NED, household fans from the Era factory. Air exchanges were determined by the frequency rate and by the assimilation of excess heat in the hot shop. According to the technological assignment, local suction from equipment in the hot shop was performed, as well as exhaust hoods were designed above the sinks in the egg processing room and in the washing room.

In rooms with hoods above sinks, as well as in the ironing room, air exchange is adopted according to local suction. In administrative offices, with a room volume of 40m3 or more per one working person, ventilation is carried out by periodic ventilation through opening transoms and vents. Calculation of air exchange rates by frequency is presented in Appendix No. 2, for assimilation of heat and moisture surpluses - in Appendix No. 3. Air in the premises is supplied to the upper zone through adjustable supply grilles, and is removed from the upper area through adjustable exhaust grilles. The gratings were adopted by "Arktos" of the "Arktika" company. Trunk air ducts are laid in corridors under the ceiling. Insulate the supply chambers up to the air heaters and the air intake duct with Rockwool rockwool plates.

In the air ducts of general ventilation systems, in order to prevent the penetration of smoke into the premises during a fire, it is planned to install fire-retardant valves when the air ducts pass through fire barriers and structures. The dampers are intended for systems serving industrial premises and warehouses of categories B2, B3, when a prefabricated floor duct is connected to a vertical collector. The fire resistance limit of the valves is not lower than: -E1 90 when crossing the fire barrier REI 150 and more; -E1 60 when crossing the fire barrier REI 60; -E1 30 when crossing the fire barrier REI 45 (EI 45); -E1 15 when crossing the fire barrier REI 15 (EI 15);

Fire dampers are available with manual, automatic and remote control, with Belimo actuators. Places of passage of transit air ducts through walls, partitions and ceilings are filled with non-combustible material, providing a standardized fire resistance of the structure to be crossed. In case of fire, everything ventilation systems automatically shut off.

Conditioning.

According to the technological assignment, in a number of rooms to absorb excess heat and increase comfort, the installation of wall-mounted split systems is provided. Outdoor units are installed on the roof. Copper pipes in thermal insulation K-FLEX ST are used as cold supply pipes.

Exhaust.

Smoke removal directly from the premises is not provided, since in the premises categorized by fire hazard there is no permanent stay of people, there are no high-rise storage rooms. In public premises with an area of ​​50 m2 or more people less than 1 person per 1 m2, also in all these rooms the condition of natural ventilation is fulfilled (openable window openings with a width of at least 0.24 m per 1 m of the length of the outer fence, the maximum distance from the internal fences is less than 20 m)

Three smoke exhaust systems from the corridors of the 1st and 2nd floors without natural ventilation or with a natural but insufficient area for the emission of combustion products have been fixed. Fans for smoke removal are roof-mounted, with a fire resistance of 2 hours / 400 ° C. The smoke from the corridors is removed through the KLAD-2 smoke exhaust valves with a fire resistance rating of EI 90 (the required limit when removing combustion products from the corridor EI 30). The smoke exhaust ducts are made of dense tightness class B, 0.8 mm thick, with a fire resistance limit of EI 30. The roof within a radius of 2 m from the smoke emission is non-combustible.

Expertise questions and answers to them :

Fresh air is a necessity for young children, it gives them the opportunity to grow, ensures the full functioning of all organs, helps to prevent the occurrence of allergies and respiratory diseases. Therefore, the authorities and supervisory authorities make high demands on institutions in which young children are kept and stay for a long time. According to them, strict, scientifically based standards are developed so that nothing threatens the health and safety of babies. Kindergartens should keep the incoming pupils in conditions that fully comply with the rules - in particular, they need to take care of timely and high-quality ventilation.

Kids spend a lot of time in kindergarten. They gather in groups, sometimes quite large, and ensuring the quality of ventilation is an important and time-consuming task. Air characteristics (cleanliness, humidity, temperature) are key factors in maintaining the health and activity of children. Heating and ventilation of the kindergarten, adjusted in accordance with the norms, help to maintain immunity, contribute to the tempering of the body and allow:

• to reduce the level and frequency of diseases caused by viruses and infections;
• to ensure the inflow and circulation of fresh air flows saturated with oxygen;
• create a favorable microclimate;
• eliminate air pollution;
• normalize indoor humidity;
• minimize the cost of heating and air purification.

We offer ready-made solutions for ventilation of kindergartens and schools

Parameters and restrictions for air ventilation complexes in kindergarten

A kindergarten ventilation project is always carefully designed. At the initial stage, engineers collect all information about existing restrictions, norms, requirements. It is contained in special tables (for design temperatures and air exchange), which are formed in sanitary authorities, and take into account seasonality, regionality and all other factors.

The ventilation mode of kindergartens provides for many restrictions:

• it is impossible to seal the openings of the natural inflow in the vents (their presence on every window is required);
• after children leave the bedrooms, study or sports premises, they need to be intensively ventilated;
• if the outside temperature is not higher than + 20 ° C, then it is impossible to keep the windows open for longer than a three-minute period;
• in rooms where children are, there should be a pair of holes for natural air extraction (along the upper edge);
• the area of ​​the ventilation openings (together with the vents) should relate to the floor area as 1/50;
• ventilation in utility rooms (laundry, toilet, kitchen) should not pass through children's rooms.

Kindergarten ventilation standards are developed in detail and are regulated by SNiP P-L No. 3-71. One child should be served at least 50 m3 / h per hour.

Organization of ventilation in preschool institutions

The main type of ventilation used in kindergartens is supply and exhaust ventilation. In all rooms where children spend a lot of time, it is necessary to provide a favorable microclimate. It is permissible to remove polluted air through adjacent rooms, for example, from the bedroom through the playroom.

Ventilation in the kindergarten catering unit must be organized especially carefully. It is impossible for ducts and exhaust air vents to pass through rooms where children are for a long time, play, eat lunch and sleep. The same applies to the washroom and washroom areas.

With the arrival of autumn, the beginning of the heating season is approaching. In this regard, all state enterprises must be notified of the exact timing of the start of connecting additional heating. This is especially true of children's educational institutions, since the body of children is extremely vulnerable to change. temperature regime.

In Russia and other CIS countries, certain norms are officially in force, according to which special documents have been developed that regulate permissible conditions for a comfortable stay of children in kindergartens and schools.

It is known that the heating season begins in mid-autumn, when weather conditions deteriorate markedly and cold and rainy weather begins. However, despite the generally accepted norms for the inclusion of heating in children's educational institutions, the government allows regional authorities to regulate the timing of the inclusion of the heating season in individually... This is because in each region the weather conditions may be different, so in one part of the country a cold snap may come much earlier than in another.

What determines when the heating is turned on according to the norms in kindergartens

For several decades in a row, the government of Russia and other CIS countries has been guided by certain rules, according to which the temperature regime for children's state institutions, such as, for example, kindergartens, is regulated. They have been designed specifically to make your children as comfortable as possible in kindergartens.

In the course of scientific research, it was found that the norms for kindergartens are as follows: in playrooms, the temperature should not fall below 21 ° C, the recommended temperature is 24 ° C. In bedrooms, a lower temperature is permissible, up to 18 ° C, it is recommended to bring the temperature to 22 ° C. The indicated temperatures are mandatory for areas with an average temperature in January below 14 ° C.

It is known that too high a room temperature can make the surrounding air drier, which negatively affects the general health of children. However, cold air can also cause various inflammations in young children. In addition, the following diseases are possible:

1. Sinusitis.
2. Tonsillitis.
3. Bronchitis.
4. Otitis.
5. Pneumonia.
6. Allergic respiratory diseases.

Proven that the most important and significant indicators which should be taken into account when providing children's educational institutions with certain temperature conditions, such as humidity and freshness of the air.