Today, windows are made from a variety of materials and can have the most different shape. Based on this, you can ask the question: what are the windows? The correct answer to the question is the classification of products.

For example, they can be divided into types according to the material used to make them:

• PVC structures;
• wooden;
• aluminum;
• combination windows.

In addition to the material, the frame can be divided into groups according to the design:

• paired;
• separate;
• single.

Today, products can be with single glazing or with double-glazed windows.

Classification of windows by material

Today, systems are manufactured using very sophisticated technologies, which achieves excellent results in heat and sound insulation. PVC products are very popular today. But for those who prefer the classic version, wooden frames are also made using new technologies. As a result ready product radically different from the old wooden ones.

Metal-plastic.

Metal-plastic structures have been known to the world for over 50 years. On the territory of our country, they appeared much later. All products were imported from other countries, since domestic production was not established. Today, using the technology of leading brands, products are manufactured in the country. The metal-plastic device consists of:

• PVC profile;
• amplifier made of galvanized steel, which is located inside the profile chambers;
• high quality fittings;
• double-glazed window.

Using a PVC profile in a production environment, you can create a window of a completely different configuration.

Aluminum windows.

Many people associate aluminum with industrial buildings, offices, shops. It is in such establishments that aluminum window frames are most often used. Due to their strength, such frames are installed in houses where they will be subjected to intense loads. Also very often metal frames used for building winter gardens, balcony glazing. It is this frame that will allow you to create a large window.

Wooden windows.

Previously, only wooden windows were installed in houses, which deformed over time, cracks formed through which heat was lost and cold entered. Today, in order to create a wooden window, new technologies are used. For the manufacture of such windows, solid wood or a three-layer beam is used. It is the use of glued laminated timber that completely eliminates the possibility of any deformation. The glazing is modern double-glazed windows with one or two chambers.

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Combined type of windows

According to experts, such windows in the near future will take a leading position in the field of glazing. This is due to the fact that several materials are used in such windows, for example, wood and aluminum, wood and plastic, etc. Having absorbed the best qualities of the materials used, such windows will last a very long time without causing unnecessary trouble in their maintenance.

The most striking variant of the combined window is a design made of a three-layer profile. The first layer is decorative, made of wood. The second layer is made of metal, it protects the structure from impact. environment and also gives the frame rigidity and stability. The third layer is made of polyvinyl chloride, the main purpose of using this material is to significantly increase the thermal insulation qualities.

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Key Features

Windows are a source of natural light in the apartment and access to fresh air. This is especially important in apartments where ventilation systems don't work so well.

But at the same time, they create significantly greater heat losses in the cold season. It is through the glazing that the greatest amount of heat is lost. In order to significantly reduce such losses, it is necessary to choose the right profile, clarify the design of the double-glazed window, and check all the joints. Blinds and curtains can be additional measures to keep the heat in.

Double-glazed windows.

A very large role in the preservation of heat is played by the number of glasses in a double-glazed window. There are options for windows with one glass, but heat loss in this case will be maximum.

Double-glazed window, in which two glasses are installed, forms a certain air layer which will reduce heat loss. Modern double-glazed windows can have two or three sheets of glass. Additionally, the space between them is filled with dry air or gas.

All joints are closed with sealing profiles.

In addition to light through the windows, extraneous sounds and noise penetrate the room. Sound insulation will depend on the number and thickness of the glass. To minimize the passage of extraneous sounds, it is worth taking care of sealing all joints, not only the window structure, but also the junctions of the window with the opening.

When choosing a system, Special attention give the type of opening. Today, thanks to fittings, products can be:

• folding;
• rotary;
• swing-out;
• deaf;
• sliding.

Silent construction.

This design does not involve opening the valves. The product is much cheaper than other options, and is as reliable as possible. It is rarely used in homes, since it is almost impossible to wash it from the street if it is not located on the first floor. The only option may be to completely remove the double-glazed window and then reinstall it. Blind windows can be installed on the side walls of the balcony or in the entrances. They can also be installed in private homes as a source of natural light in a corridor or terrace.

Folding design.

If the window is equipped with hinged fittings, it can be opened to the ventilation position (vertical opening). Normal opening is not available in this case. Like a blind window, this design does not have access to the outside, which prevents the window from being cleaned. Such a window can be installed in a place where full opening cannot be carried out. This is possible if the layout of the house does not have enough space to allow the sash to open fully. But, unlike a deaf one, such a window makes it possible to gain access to fresh air.

Swing window design.

The swivel design opens in the traditional way. This method allows access to the outside and adjacent doors. This design is very easy and convenient to care for. The disadvantages include the need for free space, which will allow you to freely open the sash. Such elements are installed in almost any room.

Swing-out design.

The most popular and common type of opening. Those. allows you to open both in the classic version and leave the element in the ventilation position. They are also installed almost everywhere.

Sliding system.

Such a system for opening metal-plastic windows appeared relatively recently. This method of opening allows you to open all windows completely even in the most narrow room. Most often, such a system is used on loggias and balconies. The quality of windows with such an opening system is no different from the usual opening system. All joints are completely sealed and do not leak cold air inside.

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Shape, design and types of windows

1. Window shape

2. Classification of windows

3. Options for opening windows

4. Dimensions and arrangement of windows

5. Window design

6. Additional accessories for modern windows

7. Wooden windows

8. Aluminum windows

9. PVC windows

10. Fiberglass windows

11. Combination windows

12. Overlay windows

13. Skylights

Bibliographic list

1. window shape

Windows to some extent determine appearance buildings. Window non-standard forms decorate the facade of the house and can even give it some originality. The small single-leaf windows on the façade are despondent, giving the building the look of a prison.

Modern technologies allow creating windows of various shapes. It is possible to recreate windows of any historical style, while preserving the facades of buildings of historical value. Windows can be either simple rectangular or complex arched or gabled structures. On the gables of buildings one can often see round, square or triangular windows. The impression of a window is created by its single or multiple sash. Modern windows are decorated with overlays or decorative ornamental profiles, made in various combinations of color and decor. Transoms are used in window designs. A rectangular window may have bevels.

Windows are a necessary part of the interior to create comfort in the house, as well as to save money on heating. interior spaces. It follows from this that the shape of the window is related to the functional use of the room, as well as to the opening possibilities required from the window.

Any modern materials: wood, plastic, aluminum, fiberglass - allow you to create any shape of windows. But the more complex shape has a window, the more expensive it is to manufacture, which is associated with the complexity of technological processes.

Also, when choosing the shape and, especially, the size of the window, it should be remembered that open window sashes that are too large will exert an excessive load on the fittings and frame structure associated with the large weight of the sashes or double-glazed windows. In addition, open sashes, when opened inward, will occupy the interior space. Large window sashes are difficult to clean. The recommended sash dimensions are a rectangle 80 cm wide and 130 cm high.

2. Window classification

Windows are classified according to the following criteria:

materials of frame elements;

options for filling the translucent part;

appointment;

· design options;

architectural drawing;

basic performance characteristics.

The first two features are classified as features of the product type.

According to the materials of the frame elements, the products are divided into:

wooden;

polyvinylchloride;

· from aluminum alloys;

· steel;

fiberglass;

combined (wood-aluminum, wood-polyvinyl chloride, etc.)

According to the options for filling the translucent part of the product, they are divided into:

With flat glass

· with double-glazed windows;

· with sheet glass and double-glazed windows.

According to the purpose, the products are divided into those intended for use in residential, public, industrial and other types of buildings and structures.

According to the design options, the products are classified:

by type of construction: single, twin, separate, separate

paired;

according to the number of rows of glazing:

With single glazing (for unheated premises);

Double glazed;

With triple glazing;

With quadruple glazing;

according to the number of sashes in one row of glazing:

Single leaf;

double leaf;

Multi-leaf;

in the direction of opening of the valves:

Indoors;

Double sided opening;

left opening;

Symmetrical opening;

according to the ways of opening the valves:

With hinged opening - with the sash turning around the vertical extreme axis;

Suspended - with the sash turning around the upper extreme axis;

Folding - with the sash turning around the lower extreme axis;

Tilt and turn - with the sash turning around the vertical and lower extreme axes;

Medium-swivel - with the sash turning around a horizontal or vertical axis, offset from the edge of the sash;

Sliding - with horizontal movement of the wings;

Lifting - with the movement of the sash in a vertical plane;

Combined - with combination in one design different types sash opening;

not opening;

depending on the glazed elements:

With glazed sash elements;

With glazed boxes;

With combined glazing;

according to the designs of devices for ventilation and regulation of the temperature and humidity conditions of the room:

With vents;

With flaps with hinged (tilt-and-turn) adjustable opening;

With transoms;

With valve flaps;

With ventilation valves;

With climatic valves;

With self-ventilation systems;

on constructive solutions porch sashes:

With impost porch;

With a bezimpostny (stulp) vestibule;

according to the number and location of the seal contours in the porches:

With one sealing circuit (for unheated premises);

With medium and inner seal;

With outer and inner seal; with outer, inner and middle seal;

By types of corner joints:

Non-separable (adhesive, welded, pressed, etc.);

Collapsible (on mechanical connections).

According to architectural drawings, products are divided into:

Rectangular

figured (triangular, polygonal, arched, round, oval, etc.);

· with decorative bindings;

with a complex pattern (for example, arched with a slab binding).

Products are classified according to the main operational characteristics:

reduced resistance to heat transfer, air and water permeability,

soundproofing, overall coefficient light transmission, resistance

wind load, resistance to climatic influences.

3. Window opening options

Fixed (unopenable) or blind windows.

They are used in case of initial need to have a fixed window sash. In such windows, the glass itself can hold the frame itself. Blind sashes are mounted as an insulated element. In order to lighten the load on the window structure, a jumper is built in to a certain width above the window. When embedding the roller shutter box, it takes on the vertical load.

Fixed or fixed windows are often made round or triangular windows on the gable of a building.

A fixed or blind window can only be washed from the street.

Attention! When installing such windows, if they are the only ones in terms of opening options in the room, it is necessary to think over the method of ventilation of the room in advance. Ventilation valves are built into modern PVC windows.

Exposed windows.

Exposed windows are, in fact, fixed windows, the frame of which can be removed for, for example, cleaning and cleaning.

Swing or hinged windows.

Pivot or hinged windows can open both inside and outside the room, they can be both with an impost and hinged windows.

Swing or hinged windows are easy to clean. With the help of such windows, you can perfectly ventilate the room.

Hinged windows (with lower suspension).

Hinged windows open from above. Such windows are called transoms. They are used on flights of stairs, as the least safe, since hinged windows can be a source of danger for children without adult supervision. Hinged windows are installed in basements, industrial and other premises where open sashes can interfere. When installing this type of window, remember that they must be accessible for maintenance and cleaning.

For transoms, only a folding type of opening is suitable, and there are various options fanlight fittings that allow you to control the opening depending on the size and design features window.

Tilt and turn windows.

A tilt-and-turn window is called a window, the same sash of which, at a certain position of the same handle, can be opened either by turning around the vertical axis, at an angle of up to 160 °, or tilted on the lower suspension, resulting in a gap for ventilation. There are special fittings that allow you to fix the opening angle, protect the sashes from spontaneous slamming, etc.

Tilt and turn windows provide full ventilation of the room instead of traditional vents. At the same time, the installation of a window with a window makes the hinged opening option meaningless, which only leads to an additional rise in price compared to the usual rotary opening option.

Suspended windows.

Hanging windows can be classified as hinged. Their peculiarity is that the window is opened by turning around the upper extreme axis or from the upper suspension.

Mid-hung windows.

Center-hung windows - windows rotating around a vertical or horizontal axis located in the middle of the window vertically or horizontally, respectively.

Mid-hung windows are very easy to clean. They ventilate the room very well.

Sliding windows.

Sliding windows - windows, the sashes of which move parallel to the window installation plane, moving relative to each other or retracting into the walls.

Sliding windows save space. They are built into any design and even decorate it, but are more expensive than other windows due to the complexity of the design and the presence of additional fittings and mechanisms. Especially often sliding windows used for balconies and loggias.

4. Order system. architectural orders.

5. Basic requirements for buildings.

6. Unified modular system, unification, typification, standardization, normalization in construction

7. Space-planning solutions for buildings

8. The main types of load-bearing structures of buildings.

9. Architectural composition and its elements. Types of compositions. compositional means.

10. Physical and technical bases for the design of buildings and their enclosing structures. Elements of building heat engineering. Thermal calculation.

11. Elements of building lighting. Insolation. Noise protection.

14. Insolation of the territory. Ventilation of the building area. Noise protection. Improvement of territories. Providing public services.

15. The main types of residential buildings and methods of their space-planning solution. Apartment and living section.

16. Planning solutions for residential buildings

17. Communication rooms and transport devices in residential buildings.

18. Building systems of buildings and areas of their application.

19. Structural systems of buildings.

20. Structural schemes of residential buildings.

21. Principles of design of building structures. General design provisions. Features of the design of buildings from prefabricated elements.

22. Foundations. Base classification. Soil and their building properties.

23. Foundations. Foundation classification.

24. Foundation structures. Strip foundations.

25. Column foundations. Solid foundations.

26. Pile foundations.

27. Details of the foundation device. Foundations of adjacent buildings. Foundations on permafrost soils.

28. External walls and their elements. General requirements. Architectural and structural elements and wall details. Deformation seams.

29. Walls made of small artificial and natural stone materials

30. Designs of parts and elements of walls made of small stones.

31. Large-block walls. Walls made of large concrete panels.

32. Wooden walls.

33. Requirements for floors. Coverage classification.

34. Ceilings on wooden beams. Ceilings on steel beams.

35. Reinforced concrete floors. Prefabricated monolithic ceilings.

36. Floors, their types and designs.

37. Types of roofs and requirements for them. Bearing structures of pitched roofs.

38. Types of roofing and requirements for it.

39. Combined roofs. roof operation. Roof drainage.

40. Types, classification and breakdown of stairs.

41. Designs of stairs. Internal fireproof stairs. Steel fire and emergency ladders. Wooden stairs.

42. Windows. window classification. Window fill elements.

43. Doors, their types and designs. Gates.

44. Balconies, bay windows and loggias. Types and their constructive solutions.

45. Public buildings. Classification of public buildings.

46. ​​Structural schemes of public buildings. The main planning elements of public buildings.

42. Windows. window classification. Window fill elements.

Windows, which are the enclosing elements of the building, must not only provide the premises with natural light and ventilation, but also have the appropriate thermal and acoustic qualities.

Windows can be divided according to the materials used for the manufacture of window blocks into: wooden, aluminum, plastic, fiberglass and combined.

According to the type of glazing, windows are divided into: on glazed with single or double sheet glass and double-glazed windows.

According to the shape of the window there are rectangular, arched, lancet (a tribute to the Gothic style) and round.

Windows are also divided into several types depending on the way the sashes are opened:

Sash, in which window hinges are attached to the side surface of the sashes;

For hinged windows, the sash rotates around an axis at the bottom edge of the frame. This type of window is convenient for ventilation, as the upper part of the window opens and cold air does not blow on the floor;

Pivoting windows, in which the sashes rotate around their vertical axis, as well as sliding windows;

Unopenable windows, exposed and combined.

A window of any design includes:

Window block, which can be made of various materials;

Glass or a double-glazed window that allows the necessary amount of light into the room;

Accessories that provide the necessary type of opening;

Sealing gaskets sealing the joints between the frame and the sash;

Additional elements (drains, slot-like linings, mounting systems, etc.);

Micro-ventilation and room ventilation systems, mosquito nets, protective blinds, shutters and other accessories.

The composition of the filling of the window opening includes: window frame, bindings inserted into it, window sill and external drain. Window sashes, consisting of opening, blind or combined sashes, determine the type of window: one-, two- or three-leaf window or a window with a balcony door.

Binding - this is a frame with which window openings are filled and to which sheet glass and double-glazed windows are attached. Windows with opening sashes are called sash. Depending on the number of sashes, one-, two-, three- and four-leaf windows are distinguished. Casements, transoms and blind covers consist of strapping(bars of the outer contour) and slabs - narrow horizontal and vertical bars. Ventilation windows and opening transoms are provided for ventilation of the premises.

Bindings can be wooden and steel (in hot shops, with high humidity), aluminum alloys, reinforced concrete.

Reinforced concrete window casings are fire-resistant, durable, do not corrode and rot, are economical in operation, but labor-intensive to manufacture.

Steel bindings are both separate and in the form of large panels. Separate steel bindings are made from rolled or bent stamped profiles. Covers can be deaf and opening with the top and lateral suspension.

Window blocks of residential and public buildings denoted by a brand consisting of an alphabetic index and two two-digit numbers separated by a dot. Letter indexes designate: the window block with paired bindings - OS and separate - OR. The numbers indicate the size of the opening in height and width in decimeters. The numbers are followed by letters:

And when window blocks with equal wings, residential buildings do not have vents, and public buildings do not have transoms;

C- there is a window or transom; D- there is an upper and lower transom; E - there is a lower transom;

And - a three-leaf window with an upper transom for public buildings.

Window openings can also be filled with profiled glass, glass profiles, which are made of channel or box section.

In some cases, window filling is made of glass blocks that transmit light, but are not visible to the eye.

Glass blocks are mounted in the opening on cement mortar without dressing the vertical seams (the seams are reinforced with steel reinforcement) . Such filling window openings they are used in lobbies of public buildings, exhibition rooms, stairwells of residential buildings, windows of bathhouses and laundries, etc. Sometimes glass block panels are used to fill the openings.

Recently, three main types of windows have become widespread. Windows are wooden, plastic and aluminum. Each window type has its pros and cons. Next, each specific type of window will be considered in more detail.

Wooden windows. Wood is considered the traditional material for making windows. Since ancient times, almost all windows were made of wood. However, the old traditional windows had significant drawbacks. Due to insufficient processing, the wood dried up and deformed over time, which in turn affected both the thermal insulation of the window and the functioning of the mobility of the window structure. Modern wooden windows are made taking into account the characteristics and properties natural material. For production wooden windows hardwoods and conifers are used. In more expensive and high-quality modern wooden windows, precious wood is used. The material for the window is a carefully processed and prepared timber. The tree is dried to a certain value and covered with various compositions that allow it to withstand sudden temperature changes, precipitation and humidity. Such processing significantly increases the life of the window and gives it additional strength. More expensive windows are not made from solid timber, but from a material that is several layers of durable wood glued together. The strength of such material increases significantly and, accordingly, the service life of the window increases. It is worth noting that modern processing wood material allows you to equip windows with more functional fittings compared to traditional windows. The main advantage of wooden windows was and remains of course natural origin material. Moreover, modern wooden windows are equipped with high-quality double-glazed windows and have good thermal insulation. Accordingly, such windows have a rather high cost.

Plastic windows. Plastic windows have replaced the old wooden windows. Until recently, plastic windows were installed only by people with above-average incomes. However, the situation is changing and recently plastic windows have been successfully installed in private houses, in state and industrial institutions, that is, they become available to almost every family. Modern plastic windows meet all the requirements for thermal insulation, strength, and appearance. A plastic window is a frame made of a durable PVC profile, in which the sashes are fixed. Double-glazed windows are attached to the window sashes, which can have one or more chambers. Chambers in a double-glazed window are formed due to tightly fastened glasses. The unused space of the frame and sashes has air baffles, which in themselves are a heat insulator. The strength of the plastic window provides high-strength plastic or metal profile in the window frame. Windows with a metal base are also called metal-plastic windows. These windows are highly durable. Plastic windows have a beautiful appearance, suitable for any type of building. In addition, windows made to suit all requirements state standard they also have environmental and fire safety.

Aluminum windows. Some buildings successfully use so-called aluminum windows. The main material for such windows is aluminum. The main advantage of such windows is, of course, the high strength of the window structure. Moreover, these windows are highly environmentally friendly. This material allows you to make window structures of a wider size. However, these windows have one significant drawback, which is the high thermal conductivity of the material. For this reason, aluminum windows are not as widespread as other types of windows. However, there is a type of combined aluminum windows. These windows have an external coating of aluminum, but are supplied with various heat-insulating materials inside. In addition, aluminum windows require careful handling. Deformation or destruction of the outer coating of the material can shorten the life of the window, since aluminum is prone to oxidation.