How to make slopes on the windows with plaster with your own hands. Plastering window and door slopes is a worthy tradition

Plastering is the most budget option arrangement of window slopes. This is not a difficult job, but, despite the extreme simplicity of execution, it is also necessary to prepare for it.

In the absence of experience in conducting such events, for starters, it is recommended to practice plastering more simple surfaces type of ceiling and walls. Having mastered the basic subtleties of the process, you can independently plaster window slopes no worse than a qualified craftsman.

Before starting work, prepare all the necessary tools for its implementation. It is better to collect all the required elements in advance, so that in the future you will not be distracted by the search for missing elements.

You will need:

When choosing building level pay attention to the length of the product - the tool should fit normally between the window sill and the window lintel. At the same time, the level should not be too short either - it is simply inconvenient to work with such a tool. The optimal length of the level is 100 cm.

Additionally, you may need various accessories, namely:

Before proceeding to finishing work, you have to complete several preparatory activities. Give them due attention. The convenience and speed of further finishing and, in general, the quality of the finished coating directly depend on the correct preparation.

It is better if the window sill is installed before finishing. Otherwise, in the future you will have to close the gaps that have appeared between the side window slopes and the mounted window sill.

First step. Provide reliable protection window sill from damage and contamination with mortar. For protection, it will be enough to cover the product with simple thick cardboard or drywall scraps of suitable size, if any.

Second step. Delete old plaster, paintwork and any kind of contamination from the opening surfaces, if any. The wall for laying the plaster must be clean and even, the presence of dust and any other contaminants is unacceptable.

Third step. close the double glazing plastic wrap. Just needs to be glued protective film to the double-glazed window with adhesive tape.

Handles, radiators and all other fittings also wrap with foil or thick paper.

Fourth step. If excess foam is found (assuming all gaps have already been filled with this material after window installation), carefully cut them off with a sharp knife.

Fifth step. Coat the surfaces of the opening with a deep penetrating primer. Such treatment will help improve adhesion (setting of the applied plaster mortar with the surface to be finished).

When choosing a plaster, be guided, first of all, by the material used to make the window opening. A consultant from a specialized store will help you choose the right mixture.

Sixth step. Set up a vapor barrier. To do this, seal the foam seal with a special film vapor barrier material or cover it with a frost-resistant silicone sealant.

Apply the sealant to a previously cleaned and dried surface. Dispose of excess sealant immediately. It is very difficult to remove the frozen agent.

Without the internal vapor barrier of the foam sealant, the foam will constantly get wet from the resulting condensate, lose its thermal insulation properties and break down. In parallel with the foam, windows and slopes will begin to get wet, a draft will appear in the room, etc.

Seventh step. Make a small one. It can also be bought at ready-made but doing it yourself will save you some money.

Malka is an ordinary template with which plastering is performed. Examine the window slopes. You will notice that they do not have a strictly even shape, but seem to expand slightly inward, due to which the dawn of the window is created. In order to qualitatively plaster such a surface, a small one is needed.

Video - Using Malka

For self-manufacturing Malki is easiest to use sheet plywood. The finished template will have a width of about 150 mm and a length of 50-100 mm more length slope. On one side of the template, you need to make a cut. You will move the side with the cutout along the window slope, and the second side along the pre-mounted beacon.

As a result, the finished surface will be as smooth as possible. Also in the template you need to make an additional cutout for the passage of window hinges.

The manufacture of Malka should be taken with all responsibility. The working surfaces of the template should be as smooth as possible.

Professional painters-plasterers use aluminum bevels in their work. These devices are usually made custom order, but also ready-made options can be found in specialized stores. At this point, make your own decision.

Of course, slopes can be plastered without a template, but in such a situation, the angles are unlikely to be the same.

What do you need to know before getting started?

To make the work as easy as possible, and the finished coating to be durable, beautiful and of high quality, remember and follow the following simple rules:

The procedure for plastering slopes

The process of finishing slopes with plaster does not differ significantly from plaster simple walls with an angle. However, as already noted, when finishing window slopes, it is strongly recommended to use a bevel.

First step. Determine the location of the slope angle.

Second step. Set the rule with the level to a certain angle and mark the position of the angle on the wall surface with a pencil.

Third step. Apply the starting plaster solution to the surface to be finished. The bottom layer of plaster should be thick enough.

Fourth step. Press the template against the sash and start slowly smoothing the plaster from the slope. Your task is to get correct angle and a smooth slope surface without irregularities.

Fifth step. Remove the rule by slowly moving the tool along the beveled corner.

Sixth step. After the bottom layer has dried, apply a finishing coat on the slopes. plaster mixture. Pre-place on the corners of the slopes special products called perforated angle. Such elements should be fixed in the starting layer of plaster that has not yet dried, slightly pressing them into the coating. Thanks to these devices, additional edge protection from various kinds of damage will be provided.

After a while, use the ironing board

Apply the final layer in the same order as the starting one. Make the second layer thinner than the first.

Level the plaster composition to obtain the most even and perfectly smooth finish.

In the case of slope finishing plastic windows ny structures, a number of separate rules must be observed.

The work is performed in the sequence described above. After making a slope in a plaster mortar that has not yet dried, it is necessary to cut a small groove with a spatula. Make it between the frame of your window and the slope itself. An indentation up to 0.5 cm wide will suffice. The finished indentation should be filled with silicone sealant.

PVC (the main material for the manufacture of the windows in question), especially if it is of low quality, expands noticeably when heated. In hot weather, plastic can expand so that cracks form at the junction points of the block with slopes. Silicone sealant has an elastic structure and will not allow the above problem to appear.

Now you know how to deal with plastering slopes on your own. Follow the instructions given and you'll be fine.

Successful work!

Video - Do-it-yourself plastering slopes

After the installation of windows or doors, the obligatory stage is the plastering of the slopes. Its task is to give them a neat, finished look, to prepare for subsequent operation. Plastering is traditional way finishing with cement or gypsum solutions. It allows you to eliminate damage to the walls resulting from installation.

improve heat and sound insulation;
protect the premises from external factors;
give an aesthetic appearance.

Applying plaster is a time-consuming process that requires the person performing it to have certain skills. In addition, you need to stock up on a set of tools. It includes a level, a tape measure, a ruler, a rule, a trowel or a trowel. To prepare the solution, a dry mixture is used. Laths, perforated corners, profiles will help to achieve the desired layer thickness. If the plaster layer is more than 30 mm, then a reinforcing mesh is used. It is best to use a steel mesh with 50 by 50 mm cells, fixing it with dowel-nails.

Preparation for work

More and more owners of apartments and houses seek to replace the old wooden windows for new ones. But as a result of the installation of window blocks, the integrity of the slopes is violated, cracks and damage appear. Before plastering, it becomes necessary to perform a number of preparatory work.

Upon completion of the installation of the window block, it is required to cut off the excess mounting foam so that it does not go beyond the plane of the window. It should be noted that the polyurethane foam used for sealing cracks is a vapor-permeable material. To prevent it from becoming a source of condensate, it is necessary to isolate it with acrylic sealant or a vapor barrier film. A thin layer of sealant is applied to the foam located indoors, allowed to dry well. After that, you can move on.

Plastering window slopes is a dirty job, accompanied by dust. Therefore, it is recommended to cover the radiator and part of the window block with cardboard or plastic wrap. The most difficult thing will be to wash the fittings, so it is closed especially carefully.

The surface of the slope must be cleaned of debris, dust. To remove particles of old plaster, mortar, weak areas, a stiff brush is passed along the slope. The final stage is priming, a means of deep penetration.

Slope plastering is traditionally performed with a sand-cement or gypsum mixture. The stores offer different types the choice is up to the customer. For finishing external slopes, it is recommended to give preference cement mortar with a ratio of 1 part cement to 3 parts sand. The sand should not contain clay impurities, it is better to use washed river sand.

The gypsum mixture does not tolerate high humidity, which is typical for areas near the window. For interior decoration it fits well: it dries quickly, acquiring a beautiful White color. The ideal option for plastering internal surfaces is a cement-sand mixture with a small addition of alabaster, which will accelerate setting.

Slope angle

It is necessary to pay attention to the position of the internal slopes in relation to the plane of the window. This angle is greater than 90 degrees. This arrangement improves the efficiency of the passage of light through the opening. Usually the deviation is 5-6 degrees, but it can be more. It all depends on the thickness of the walls and design solution. The lower, upper and outer slopes can be done at right angles.

To form a corner, you will need a pencil and a ruler. First, calculate the distance at which the edge of the slope should be located. The calculation is carried out on the basis that for every 10 cm of the slope from the edge of the window block, you need to retreat 1 cm. The resulting value is set aside on the windowsill.

Often the nearest edge does not fall on this line. This means that you need to make a thicker layer. To set its thickness, they stuff on the inside of the slope wooden slats. Then a beacon profile is installed on the solution, setting it according to the level and setting the required angle.

While creating door slopes the angle can be exactly 90 degrees. Therefore, no special preparations are required.

Solution application

Do-it-yourself plastering of slopes is most often performed in a common way “under the rule”. It is good in that it allows you to return the slopes to a neat look, regardless of whether it was performed overhaul Or just window replacement.

To align the slope plane, a beacon is installed in the corner. First, a solution is thrown into the recess, then I press the beacon into it, controlling the depth by level. Restrict outer corner rule will help. It is installed vertically, making a protrusion towards the window to the distance required to form the thickness of the slope. Then fix with dowels or screws. You can use a metal profile by leveling it and fixing it. Also prepare the upper slope.

Before applying the solution, you need to make sure that all the elements are located correctly. The plaster is performed in three layers: spray, primer, coating. The application of the solution begins with the upper slope, moving from its edge to the window. It is recommended to install a reinforcing mesh on the upper slope. The solution is applied to it by pressing and simultaneously gluing the mesh to the base.

A liquid solution is used for spraying. Its task is to create a reliable basis for the base layer and firmly tie it to the wall. The main layer - the soil - is performed with a solution, the density of which is similar to the density of good sour cream. They throw him on the spray and give him time to grab. Then the excess solution is removed, moving from the bottom up, with a trowel or a rule.

After finishing applying the primer, it is given time to dry. Carefully remove the rule, shifting it not on itself, but to the side. The remaining sections are rubbed with a solution, the corners are plastered. They can be started after the layer on the slope itself has dried. To do this, use the same solution, applying it with a trowel or trowel on a pre-moistened surface. The leveling of the mixture is carried out from the bottom up and to the sides, creating a single surface. The dried plaster is primed, puttied, using it instead of covering.

Plastering of external slopes is carried out similarly, and even a little easier. Usually the outer part is damaged much less than the inside. Therefore, first check the quality of sealing cracks, cut off the foam. After moistening it, cover the slope with a layer of plaster. Finishes painting.

Slope putty

The task of putty is to eliminate small scratches, cracks. Before puttying, the surface must be primed. The first layer is performed with a starting mixture. It contains larger particles that will fill in the bumps. After drying, it is sanded, primed again.

Finishing putty finishing mix. It will create a perfectly smooth and smooth finish, which, after grouting with sanding paper and applying primer, can be pasted over with wallpaper or painted.

How long does plaster take to dry?

This is far from an idle question, since it depends on how quickly you can move on to final finishing. The simplest way to calculate the drying rate takes into account that 1 mm of the plaster layer will dry for 1 day. This formula does not work for gypsum plaster. If an ideal temperature and humidity regime is created, then they take 2 mm per day. Ideal conditions include conditions under which the temperature is maintained within 10-25 degrees, and humidity - up to 8%.

It is impossible to accelerate drying artificially by increasing heating or ventilation. This will definitely lead to cracking of the surface. high humidity and low temperature slow down drying. Therefore, in rainy weather and a frosty day, it is better not to open the windows. But moderate ventilation does not hurt.

The drying time of the outer layer of plaster is not much different from the inner one. For cement-sand mixture It will take about a month to completely dry. A reasonable question arises, but how then to withstand the gap between the application of several layers? The answer is quite simple: you do not need to wait for complete drying before the next layer. It is enough to wait a day, and you can continue to work.

It is difficult to give an exact drying time. Visually, you can navigate by several indicators:

wet spots begin to fade;
the surface of the wall brightens.

Of course, you should pay attention to the standards specified by the manufacturer. They can be found on the packaging of the mixture.

The technology of plastering window slopes is not so complicated, everything can be done by hand and then the price will not be high. Today we will tell you how to plaster window slopes in different options. You can also watch the video in this article and photos that will help you do everything quickly and efficiently.

Plastering of window slopes is done in several stages. All of them are important and nothing should be missed. For work, buy only quality material. This is not worth saving. Plastering window slopes video will help in this matter. All work is done in the following order:

We select a tool

Here is a list of tools and accessories that you will need for high-quality slope processing:

Hammer drill (can be replaced with an impact drill)
An adapter from SDS+ to ½” and a drill chuck are needed to stir the mixture. It will help to get a uniform texture, avoid the formation of extra lumps in the mixture.
Hammer
Perforator drills (the most common diameter is 6 mm, but you can take any others)
Plastic dowels (suitable for size)
Self-tapping screws for woodworking
Screwdriver (preferably cross type)
Bubble level 2m
Rules made of aluminum in the desired length
Spatula (most best option 14 – 16)
Ironing paddle, this is - important element, please note that without it, at some stages, something may not work
Large volume capacity (you can take a bucket)
Nozzle - mixer
Primer based on acrylic, it is possible to use "betocontact"
Roller on a roller with a vessel or a large brush (you can take a wide paint brush)
Cotton gloves for skin protection
Stencil (template)
square

Mass of plaster bag kg

Prepare the surface

The technology of plastering window slopes begins with the preparation of the base plane. This is important, since the quality of the work as a whole, as well as the durability of the structure, will depend on it, so it can take a lot of time to complete high-quality preparation, but these costs are quite justified.

So:

The window sill is recommended to be installed before you start the plastering work. This will avoid the formation of cracks and gaps between the window and the window sill, the formation mechanical damage and also strengthen the structure.
Plaster for window slopes can be from any building mix. The main thing when kneading is to monitor its uniformity. For kneading it is better to use construction mixer or a drill with a nozzle.

Attention: It is best to protect the surface of the window sill from damage, because there is a high probability that a caustic solution will get on it, and, as a result, damage that can hardly be repaired, so you need to take care of protection in advance: cover the surface with polyethylene, put sheets of paper, and so on .

If there are traces of old plaster on the rim of the window opening, they must be removed (see How to remove old plaster from walls without problems), because the new layer should lie on a perfectly smooth surface that does not have bumps
It is preferable to cover the glass surface of the window with a protective sheet. If you are plastering in one step, you can simply glue it with pieces of adhesive tape. Remember to wrap pens and other items, if any, with paper or tape
After the surface has been cleaned, it is recommended to cut off excess pieces of foam with a knife.
To improve the contact of the solution with the surface, the surface should be leveled with soil material.
Carry out the steam isolation procedure. WITH inside foam needs to be fixed special film of the appropriate type, or apply a layer of frost-resistant liquid - sealant.

Plastering the slopes of plastic windows is very milestone any repair. After all, this is part of the opening, and if there is a gap here, then the room is unlikely to be habitable.

In general, it is difficult to underestimate the importance of windows. First of all, they are a source of natural light, and their role in the interior is also far from the last. And this applies not only to the windows themselves, but also to the slopes framing them, which can also give the room a unique look. They hide the mounting elements, and the whole structure acquires integrity and completeness.

However, the creation of the interior is far from the main function, although, of course, it should not be underestimated. In addition, the finishing of the slopes affects the thermal insulation of the room. After all, even a non-specialist knows that the greatest heat losses will always be in the area of windows and entrance doors. And in order to minimize them, it is necessary to carry out complex work on the installation of window sills, slopes, and their finishing. And only then the room will be cozy and warm at any time of the year. In addition, if you do not finish the slopes, then the dew point will be indoors, which will lead to constant fogging of the windows.

Choice of modern finishing materials simply amazes with its diversity, the leading positions among them are occupied by drywall, plastic, it has also become very fashionable to frame windows with very original slopes made of different breeds wood or cork. However, despite such a wide list, the oldest and most reliable method, proven over the years - plaster.

And all thanks to its advantages, firstly, it does not require any special knowledge, tools and skills. Although it will take some effort appearance slopes should be on highest level. Secondly, it is one of the cheapest methods. And, thirdly, it is also environmentally friendly, because all the components of the solution are natural. The choice of the type of solution depends entirely on the location of the slopes and on the humidity of the room.

For better insulation, you can leave a small distance to the window frame, which will be sealed with silicone.

But if everything is done in good faith, without missing a single step, the result will be excellent, the surface will turn out to be perfectly flat. In addition, it is this technology that allows you to apply very thin layers. But if you hurry and do not complete at least one stage, then all the time and money will be spent in vain. For example, without paying enough attention to insulation, you will eventually see cracks at the junction between the slope and the frame, which will worsen the thermal insulation properties. If you do not impose a grid, then horizontal cracks will go, which will greatly spoil the appearance of the room as a whole.

Do-it-yourself window slope plastering - instructions

We cannot underestimate the importance of slopes, but we must remember that their properties completely depend on the quality of the selected materials and, of course, the work carried out. From the foregoing, it can be seen that it is time to present the information to the reader on how to properly plaster the slopes on the windows.

How to plaster window slopes with your own hands - step by step diagram

Step 1: Preparation

First of all, it is necessary to fill all the gaps, for this it is used polyurethane foam, felt or tow. The first one is much more convenient to use, but if you decide in the old fashioned way to fill all the cracks with the other materials listed, then they must first be treated with a three percent sodium fluoride solution. Since these heaters are literally hammered into the gaps, this can lead to deformation. window frames, and in order to avoid such a turn of events, they must be wedged with wooden spacers.

Also, be sure to remove all traces of dirt, dust, paint, etc. from the surface. After cleaning the walls, the depth of the joints in brickwork or between the panel and the window should be about 10 mm. And in the case when it is necessary to apply a thick layer of mortar, this value can be more than 4 cm, and then you can not do without a reinforcing mesh, which is attached using special plastic dowels. Also, on a very smooth surface, the solution will not stick, because. he will have nothing to catch on, so notches must be made on such walls. Before you start directly plastering, you should thoroughly moisten the walls with water.

When replacing windows or performing repairs in the room, work with slopes is also necessary. Slope plastering is a very time-consuming and difficult task, so you can do it better only when you have at least initial puttying skills or experience in plastering works. Without experience, it is unlikely that it will be possible to perform high-quality plastering on slopes. However, if you have the desire and perseverance, you can do the job efficiently and pretty quickly.

Preparatory stage

Before starting work, it is necessary to prepare or purchase all necessary tools and materials. Some tools will be needed for sure, and the need for some is determined by the initial state of the slope and other factors. It is recommended to organize before starting work workplace. Near this workplace, there should be access to sockets in order to connect a mixer with which the plaster mixture will be kneaded.

In order not to stain the floor and surrounding surfaces, it is recommended to lay big piece thick oilcloth on the floor, and put all the tools and materials on it.

Thus, the room will be clean, and it will not be difficult to clean the workplace after the repair is completed.

Selection and preparation of instruments

What tools will you need exactly to level the slopes with your own hands:

Spatula in assortment (preferably several pieces - 10 cm, 25 cm, spatula, the length of which is slightly greater than the width of the slope).
Level, the length of which is slightly less height windows or doors whose slopes need to be processed. If only door slopes will be plastered, it is advisable to choose a level of one and a half meters, if both window and door ones, a level of 1 m will do. large area using a low level is not recommended.
Rule. Its length must be greater than the length of the slope. If there is no experience with the rules, it is better to choose aluminum, it is light and comfortable to work with.
Bucket for kneading and washing tools.
Cloths and brushes for washing tools.
A square designed to set the beacon at an angle of 90 °.
Rubber or rubberized gloves to protect hands.
Semi-terriers or trowels for convenient operation with slope.
A container for a primer (wide baths are convenient).
Brushes, maklovitsy and rollers for the primer.
Mixer for mixing the mixture and beaters for it.

Depending on the chosen sequence of work and the slope treatment method, the following tools may also be needed:

dowel;
self-tapping screws;
hammer;
borax;
etc.

Purchase of materials

To align the slopes on the windows or on the doors, you will need the following materials:

Primer. You can use quartz, or designed for deep penetration. It is not recommended to dilute the primer with water - when plastering, maximum adhesion between surfaces is needed.
Water. It is recommended to bring enough water to the workplace before starting work. The larger the layer of plaster will lie on the slopes, the faster the water intended for mixing the mixture will leave. It is recommended to have 2 buckets - one for mixing the plaster and the other for washing the tools.
Any starting gypsum putty (ideal for plastering door and window slopes. The mixture has high plasticity, it is easy to lay down, it is comfortable to work with. It does not dry too quickly, and it is also easy to wash and wash).

How is slope plastering done?

The technologies for how to plaster door slopes and how to work with window slopes are practically the same. Difficulties arise when working with the upper slope due to its extremely inconvenient location in space. After doing work with side slopes, it is easier to work with the top one. Firstly, there is already little experience in plastering slopes, and secondly, since the side slopes are adjacent to the upper one, part of the work on the formation of corners has already been completed.

Fasteners for lighthouses

Plastering of slopes is carried out according to the established guides. Such guides can be long rules, even and smooth wooden bars, long pieces of profiles and the like. It is much easier to carry out work relying on beacons. To install the guides on the side slopes, it is most convenient to use the starting mixture for plaster. Several spatulas of the mixture are applied to the wall, and the beacon is attached directly to the plaster. It dries up, and the slope is plastered over the lighthouse.

As for the upper slope, it is best to mount the beacon with brackets, profiles or dowel installations. This is more difficult, but more reliable. From the upper slope, a lighthouse that has not dried up can slide, and thus the plane will be plastered crookedly. The same rule applies when leveling slopes. doorways.

Thus, all planes will be processed sequentially. Having installed the beacon, you should make sure that it is set exactly. Since the lighthouse gives evenness to the plane, you should make sure that it is level. To do this, a level is applied to one of the sides of the lighthouse and the guide is aligned with the level. After that, they need to be left to dry against the wall. After about an hour, you can start plastering the slopes.

Slope preparation

Before leveling the slopes with plaster, look to perform several preparatory steps.

These include:

cutting with a clerical knife a protruding assembly or adhesive foam, which was used when installing the window;
pasting the window with masking tape and stretch film to prevent plaster from getting on it;
wiping dust from slopes (to improve adhesion), window sills and windows;
primer treatment of the entire slope.

All this can be done while the lighthouses are drying up. At the same time, it is recommended to organize a workplace, prepare a mixture for plaster, a spatula and other tools that will be needed when working with a slope.

Plaster preparation

Before mixing the mixture, be sure to read the instructions on the package. Manufacturers give different recommendations about mixing specific putty mixtures. Therefore, to achieve the best result and reliability, you should follow all the recommendations of the manufacturer. When mixing the mixture, it does not matter whether the door or window slope will be plastered. It is important that the mixture has a consistency due to which it will not drain or slide down the slope. At the same time, it will be comfortable to work with it and there will be time before drying to level the plane.

It is best to stir the plaster with a mixer. It is best to try what consistency it is with a small spatula - 10 or 15 cm.

Bucket in which plaster for slopes is kneaded front door, interior doors or windows must be clean. Before mixing a new portion of the mixture, the bucket should be washed with a brush and rinsed.

Leveling the slope plane with a mixture

When the surface is prepared and the mixture for plaster, they begin to apply it to the slope. The process of plastering door slopes does not differ from the processing of window slopes, the technology of work is the same. Using a spatula, the mixture is applied to the slope. It is recommended to process small areas, 20-30 cm.
First, a mixture is applied to them, and then it is leveled with a semi-terre or a wide spatula. Hold the spatula or trowel with which the slope is leveled should be at an angle of 90 ° to the slope plane, perpendicular. Thus, it will be possible to achieve an even and smooth slope.

The door itself will hinder movement while working with a slope, besides, it is highly likely to get dirty. It is best to work with slopes after installing the box.

Final work

After the slopes are plastered, it is necessary to wait for its complete or partial drying and remove the lighthouse. Whatever method it is attached to the wall, it should be removed in the direction from the slope to the wall so as not to damage the plaster layer. After removing the beacon, it will be noticeable that a small influx of plaster mixture has formed on the wall. His need to withdraw. If the layer of plaster is still soft, it may be possible to do this with a spatula. If not, you can use coarse sandpaper (numbered 40-80).

After the slopes are plastered, you can install perforated painting corners on them. Corners help to form an even corner, and also protect the wall from chipping pieces of putty. After installing the corners, you can putty the slope with a finishing gypsum mixture.

According to the above scheme, it is possible to align the jambs of doorways and window slopes. Working with plaster is quite dirty, so it is recommended to perform it in clothing that completely covers the arms and legs. After finishing work, all tools should be washed with a brush under running water and then wipe dry (excluding power tools). Thus, the tools will last longer.

Do-it-yourself plastering of slopes in the absence of any experience in repair work is recommended after watching the training videos.
Where possible, consultation should be sought with those involved in repair work or .