Types of waterproofing strip foundation. Waterproofing strip foundations

The main enemy building structures- moisture. For foundations, both atmospheric and ground water are dangerous. Waterproofing strip foundation do it yourself prevents problems during the operation of the building.

Why Isolation Needed?

The concrete surface of the foundation must be protected from liquid exposure. This is necessary to achieve the following results:

preventing water from entering the basement or ground floor at home;
protection of concrete from washing out of particles and aggressive environment;
prevention of the harmful effects of cold.

Simultaneous action of water and negative temperatures hazardous to the material. Capillary moisture penetrates into the foundation and freezes there. Water is a unique substance, only it expands when it freezes. Thus, the pressure inside the underground wall increases, which leads to its destruction.

Types of waterproofing

Waterproofing of the strip foundation prevents the destructive effect of various types of moisture on the structure. A system of three types of insulation is used simultaneously:

Horizontal. Prevents capillary rise of moisture. The first layer is provided in the wall of foundation blocks just below the basement floor level. The second layer is performed above, along the edge of the foundation. It is designed to protect materials of different properties (for example, concrete foundations and brick walls).
Vertical. It can be external (in most cases) or internal (in the presence of special circumstances).
Blind area. It is necessary to drain rain moisture from foundations. It reduces the stress on the vertical insulation. Executed from various materials with observance of the slope. The recommended width is 1 m.

Waterproofing of a monolithic strip foundation implies a vertical protection device along the entire height. In this case, a horizontal layer at the level of the sole is not provided. To protect the base from moisture, use concrete preparation from lean concrete (class B7.5-B12.5).

An additional measure to protect the structure from moisture will be drainage. It plays the role of waterproofing the sole of the strip foundation and is provided 30 cm below the edge of the structure. The horizontal distance from the building is no more than 1 m. For drainage, pipes with a diameter of 110-200 mm (depending on soil moisture) are used, which are laid with a slope of 0.003-0.01.

All of the above methods are suitable for deep groundwater (more than 0.5 m from the bottom). If the groundwater level is high, it is worth considering the use of a different type of foundations, since measures to protect the structure in this case (dewatering, installation of a caisson) can be very expensive.

Building without basement

Insulation from moisture must be provided regardless of the presence of a basement. Here it is worth returning to the previous question "why is isolation necessary?" Its purpose is to protect concrete and extend the life of foundations, which is needed for buildings with and without a basement.

Waterproofing a strip foundation without a basement includes the following measures:

vertical insulation outside the building;
insulation between the edge of the foundation and the wall of the building;
waterproofing the floor on the ground, which is connected to the previous one (together they form closed loop);
insulation of the foundation pad (for prefabricated type designs).

When making a foundation from concrete blocks, the foundation pad is isolated from moisture using a reinforced concrete seam with a thickness of 50 mm. The use of other materials here will lead to deformation of the foundation.

Waterproofing materials

Depending on the location of the insulation, different materials... Liquid bituminous compositions are most often used as vertical protection. Such a coating waterproofing is applied in two layers and is used at low soil moisture. Differs in low cost and simplicity of technology. The disadvantages include fragility.

There are also other options for vertical insulation of foundation walls:

Plastering. Simultaneously levels the surface and protects it from moisture. Such insulation can last 10 years; over time, cracks appear on the surface, into which moisture penetrates.
Okalechnaya. Various roll materials are used. The most inexpensive and unreliable option will be roofing material. Also, among builders, more modern materials are common: technoelast, technonikol, linokrom and hydroizol. Effective membranes are used less frequently due to their relatively high prices. For reliability, the basement insulation is carried out in two layers.
Penetrating. This type of insulation not only increases the resistance of concrete to moisture, but also its strength and durability. The formulations are capable of penetrating to great depths and provide protection from water in all directions. This type has become widespread in the repair and restoration of old foundations.
Liquid rubber. It is applied to the surface by spraying. Differs in high elasticity and absence of seams. The disadvantage is the high cost.

At high ground level, the screen method of vertical isolation is used. For this, clay-based bentonite mats are used. Also in this case, an internal protection device is possible.

Horizontal waterproofing along the edge of the foundation is made of roll materials... The most common are roofing material, linokrom, hydroizol, etc. Laying roll materials at the level of the sole is not allowed. Instead, use:

reinforced seam 50 mm thick between the foundation pad and blocks in prefabricated technology;
preparation (from lean concrete) under the sole of the foundation in monolithic technology.

There are five types of blind area along the perimeter of the building. Depending on the material, a slope is selected in the direction from the foundation:

concrete 3%;
asphalt concrete 3%;
from crushed stone 5%;
from paving slabs 5%;
membrane (hidden) 3%.

The choice of material for the blind area depends on aesthetic considerations and financial possibilities. The most affordable option is considered concrete or asphalt concrete.

Competent waterproofing of the foundation protects it from premature destruction. To guarantee reliable protection, all measures are carried out in a complex.

How to protect a bathhouse from destruction as a result of the impact of groundwater? The answer to this question is simple - do-it-yourself waterproofing of the strip foundation will help solve this problem. It is necessary to protect from moisture not only the sole of the foundation, but also the basement and the basement. Knowing the rules for performing waterproofing of the strip foundation with your own hands, you can easily protect other elements of the bath. V high-quality waterproofing all parts of this building are needed - walls outside, floor, roof, window and door openings, with the exception of internal walls.

Features of waterproofing the bath strip foundation

The strip foundation does not always need protection from groundwater. This becomes necessary when the level of groundwater flow is too high or when there is a possibility of a seasonal rise in the level of groundwater, for example, during a spring flood. In case of poor-quality construction of the blind area or its destruction, groundwater falls on the foundation from outside... It is necessary to carry out isolation wherever there is a possibility of an increase in the amount of groundwater or its flow in places where hydrostatic pressure occurs. The waterproofing layer must be continuous and located outside the protected part of the building.

If The groundwater lie at a distance of no more than 1 m from the bottom of the base of the bath, the foundation needs waterproofing. In this case, the groundwater level can change. A distance of 1 m is the worst case, usually occurring during spring floods. The groundwater level can be equal to 2 m, which must be taken into account when deciding on the implementation of capital waterproofing of the base. In this case, to protect strip base enough from the negative effects of rising moisture coating waterproofing.

The next situation related to groundwater leading to the need for waterproofing - the possibility of changing the level of groundwater with annual fluctuations. The groundwater level may increase with increasing pressure on the soil during the development of the adjacent territory. Or when drainage is made in neighboring areas and water is discharged from drain holes in a body of water that does not have waterproofing. Such a body of water can affect the soil, even if it is located a kilometer from the foundation of your bath. In this case, you can get by with the implementation of waterproofing using coating materials. Regardless of the groundwater level, one condition must be met: the base of the foundation must be on sand pillow 10 cm thick and an appropriate layer of rubble. Such a cushion protects the foundation from capillary rise in the height of groundwater. The crushed stone layer should consist of 4-5 cm particles.

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In what cases do you need to waterproof the foundation with your own hands?

If the groundwater runs too high, then before building the foundation with your own hands, drainage is required. Only then can the base be waterproofed. In the absence of a drainage system, the water under the foot of the building generates hydrostatic forces that reduce the pressure of the building on the ground. Due to the uneven distribution of these forces, the structure can move, and the base left without load topple over. Only the drainage system can handle the hydrostatic pressure.

On clay soils, the strip foundation should be protected from surface and ground water. Water seeps into clay and loam very slowly, so it is directed towards the structure. Drainage is required in this case as well. In the presence of aggressive waters in the soil, in the absence of waterproofing of the base, concrete can collapse in the same way as metal. Chemically active groundwater is especially dangerous. Reinforced concrete foundations in such an environment should be made of concrete W4 or higher.

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Do-it-yourself waterproofing of the bath foundation using coating materials

To protect against seasonal rise in the groundwater level, you can use the most economical method of waterproofing with coating materials. Such insulation does not protect against aggressive waters. The bitumen mastic cannot withstand water pressure over 2 m. Such a coating is not resistant to tensile and displacement forces. To perform the coating waterproofing, you will need the following materials and tools:

Waterproofing material must be environmentally friendly and safe. Liquid construction bitumen is safe as long as it is not heated.

bituminous mastic;
geotextile;
shovel;
sand;
brush.

The mastic should be applied to a clean, dry, prepared surface. The mastic must be protected from mechanical stress when backfilling soil. In this case, dense geotextiles are used. When used for filling homogeneous soil, the waterproofing layer can be covered with wide strips of geotextile only in the corners of the structure. If the base is insulated to the level of freezing of the soil, the waterproofing will not need protection. To prevent it from appearing in the hardened bitumen, the corners of the base strip should be rounded.

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Do-it-yourself waterproofing of the bath foundation using roll materials

Usually used for heating construction hair dryer creating high temperatures... You can also warm it up with a gas lamp. These are the main steps when performing waterproofing of the base of a building with your own hands.

Roll waterproofing is used to protect the foundation from the destructive effects of groundwater.

There are 2 ways to roll the material. The first of them is a vertical, quite convenient method. Laying begins from the top of the foundation. After covering the vertical surface to the length of the sheet, it must be bent and laid on a horizontal plane. To the bottom horizontal surface it is not necessary to weld the material, it can be connected to concrete under soil pressure. The second sheet is overlapped.

When rolling horizontally, the roll is unrolled along the structure. First, the roll is rolled out on a horizontal plane without welding, the material is pressed by the soil. Then the material is glued to a vertical plane so that Bottom part This row was covered by the previously laid horizontal canvas by 20 cm. Not the entire canvas can be fixed, but only its upper edge. The material, together with the insulation, is fixed with bulk soil to the vertical plane, glued to it. The insulation work is finished with a sheet covering the upper horizontal surface.

This is a more difficult rolling option, which causes difficulties with heating. large sheets material. The foundation is covered with roofing material, having previously applied a heated bituminous mass to it. Roofing material is placed in 2 layers. Both materials must be applied on a flat surface.

Do-it-yourself waterproofing of the strip foundation should be carried out only by specialists and only in compliance with all building rules and regulations. There is an opinion that the basis of a capital structure is not subject to negative effects. This is not true. The base systematically lends itself to corrosion and decomposition after being completely poured and put into service. Waterproofing the foundation is extremely important, since without it, the structure will reduce its service life several times. The first to have a negative impact will be groundwater, which seeps into the walls and basements of structures. Systematic freezing of tape structures leads to a destructive character.

You can make waterproofing yourself, without contacting special specialized companies. First you need to calculate the amount of material, study the technology of laying, select the appropriate material. Well-laid insulation should be solid, without interruption, regardless of whether it is horizontal waterproofing or vertical waterproofing. So, how to make waterproofing.

Classification of materials by laying technology.

Lubricating material

The basis is bitumen, mastic. The view has a number of advantages:

Budgetary availability;
high rate of internal plasticity;
water resistance of the surface;
simplicity in work, there is no need to have special equipment;
good adhesion.

Disadvantage: short service life. As practice shows, the average resource is no more than five years, after which fragility and elasticity are lost. Cracks appear on the surface, the protection index is significantly reduced.

Recently, this type of product is gaining wide popularity, such as waterproofing materials with various additives on polymer base... Thanks to the introduction of the polymer, the level of elasticity, adhesion increases, the temperature spreads evenly over the entire surface of the material in the ground.

Procedure and technology

There is nothing particularly difficult, initially you need to conduct it with high quality preparatory stage... This is done like this: we clean the surface of all kinds of debris, moisture. Water on the walls is highly undesirable during installation. Next, we treat the surface with a special deep penetration primer. We are waiting for some time to dry, after which we apply the waterproofing itself. Waterproofing mixtures are recommended to be applied with a paint brush.

Roll material

The basis is determined by roofing material, which is used for the foundation. Alternatively, you can use helastopley, aquaizol, which have related characteristics. For processing a foundation without a basement, basement floors, upper floors, roofs, vertical, horizontal roll-type waterproofing is used.

Types of material:

Adhesive: glued to the work surface using special mastics or glue;
surface: sticks on its own when heated to the desired temperature. Needed special tool- gas-burner.

Advantages:

Ease of use;
the duration of the service life;
the strength factor is above average with an impermeability index of almost 90%;
reliability.

When choosing a subspecies of material, one should Special attention to give such an indicator as the degree of deformation. You can calculate it in a special table. The roll type of material can be perfectly combined with the coating type.

Technological process. Initially, we prepare the surface, clean it of foreign objects. Apply a small layer bituminous mastic... We wait ten minutes and glue the roofing material, heating it from behind gas burner... The overlap at the joints should be at least fifteen centimeters. We also process it with a burner, so that the material grabs, and water cannot penetrate inside. The roll type is suitable for both tape and monolithic types.

Sprayed material

The spray-on type is a novelty in the construction market. The material is used for a strip shallow foundation, when overlapping the roof, preventing the old layer of waterproofing. Among the pluses, there is one drawback - the high cost.

Advantages:

The duration of the service life;
high coefficient of adhesion;
ease of use;
lack of a seam;
speed of hardening;
harmless to environment, lands;
the minimum level of toxicity;
resistance to the negative effects of ultraviolet rays;
maximum elasticity.

Technological process:

Cleaning the surface with an antiseptic liquid;
spray liquid onto the coating;
if necessary, we will reinforce it with geotextiles.

Penetrating material

The latest word on the engineering market, but also the most expensive one. The basis of the material is cement and quartz sand... The application method is very similar to plaster. There are two types of material on sale: for spraying and for coating type. Due to this molecular structure, any external reagent such as water will repel and cannot perform the destructive effect.

The scope of application is wide enough, strip foundation or shallow, to protect food tanks, water structures, underground utilities, etc. If a horizontal type of waterproofing is used, then the foundation with high level groundwater (GWL) should overlap the protruding surface at least 30 - 35 cm from the ground.

Some features for waterproofing

Any type of waterproofing must be applied before the foundation is poured, at the latest. If for some reason you missed the opportunity to apply, then surface treatment after the construction of the structure will reduce the efficiency by 40 - 50%. The only thing that you can handle well is the base.

With regard to the use of the method, the most effective will be a combination of horizontal and vertical together. As practice shows, first one is applied first, and then the other.

Initially, the foundation is isolated, cleaned to the sole, and dried if necessary. It is strictly forbidden to use water for cleaning. We clean the remains of the soil from all the seams, after which we apply glue or a special solution of cement to them. The final phase is bonding with bitumen;
using a torch and a floating method, we glue roofing material. Press it tightly against work surface, carefully process the joints;
layers are fused in stages, one on top of the other with a mandatory overlay.

As you can see, there is nothing complicated when waterproofing a strip foundation. There is no need for special skills and abilities, the main thing is to follow the rules and recommendations described above. An important point: all corners must be wrapped roll method necessarily, and not otherwise. It is strictly forbidden to cut them off to avoid damage. The final point in the work is the drainage system. Do I need to do waterproofing, the affirmative answer is yes, it is. If the foundation is not dry enough or has residual moisture, then never rush to start pasting, as the effectiveness of such work will be reduced to zero.

Penetrating into basement and basements moisture creates unfavourable conditions in living quarters located on these floors. With capillary penetration into the body of a concrete monolith of a strip foundation, moisture in winter time, freezing and expanding at the same time, contributes to the destruction of concrete. The humidity of the foundation also leads to corrosion of metal reinforcement, which also does not contribute to the strength and reliability of the building foundation. For the full and long-term functioning of the underground part of the structures, it is necessary to ensure it even when laying the foundation reliable protection from the destructive effects of moisture, underground groundwater and the effects of moisture penetrating from upper layers soil.

Correctly executed waterproofing of the strip foundation is designed to protect it from moisture.

Types of foundation waterproofing

Waterproofing methods 2:

Horizontal is used when the groundwater is deep enough and there is no direct contact of the foundation with it. Serves to cut off the capillary rise of moisture from the foundation tape to foundation wall... Horizontal waterproofing includes different kinds drainage of water from the building - construction of a blind area and drainage.
The vertical one ensures the waterproofing of the strip foundation walls. Non-pressure vertical waterproofing protects against seasonal rise of groundwater and atmospheric precipitation; capillary - from moisture ingress into the concrete monolith; anti-pressure is designed to resist the hydrostatic action of groundwater.

Depending on the method of execution, they are divided into:

coating (mastic) - is performed in the form of coating with hot and cold bitumen or polymer compositions;
pasting - insulation with roll materials (geotextile, roofing felt, films);
spraying - spray coating;
impregnating - used in the processing of blocks and slabs with various compositions that penetrate into the porous structure of concrete and give them the necessary waterproofing qualities.

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Waterproofing the strip foundation when laying

When waterproofing under a building, it is performed in several stages.
At the initial level, for the waterproofing layer, it is necessary to make a cushion of sand-gravel mixture or a layer of lean concrete.

A mixture of sand and gravel is poured into the bottom of the trench dug under the foundation, carefully rammed and leveled. The layer thickness can be up to 20-30 cm.
A concrete screed up to 5-8 cm thick is laid on the sand layer. After the screed has dried (up to 2 weeks), its surface is treated with bitumen mastic or molten bitumen and a layer of roofing material is laid, bitumen is again applied and then another layer of roofing material. After that, make another 5-8 cm of concrete screed.
After that, the foundation is erected, its surfaces are insulated using vertical types of waterproofing.

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Waterproofing the foundation after its construction

Vertical insulation is possible both at the stage of foundation construction and after the completion of the construction. The most common method is to completely process the entire foundation strip with molten bitumen or ready-made mastic purchased from a hardware store. Bitumen penetrates the gaps concrete structure and, solidifying, creates a layer that protects the foundation from moisture penetration into the body of the monolith.

Vertical insulation can be done using roll materials or by spraying one- and two-component compounds such as Elastopaz or Elastomix, etc. materials from the category "liquid rubbers".

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Bituminous insulation

In order to make insulation with bitumen, you need:

Break a block of bitumen into smaller pieces and melt them in a refractory container (in a bucket above the fire) until liquid state... When warming up bitumen, you can add a little used oil (automobile) to it.
Hot bitumen can be easily applied to all surfaces of the foundation in several layers (2-4 is sufficient). Bitumen should not solidify in the container: when reheated, it loses some of its properties.

Among the disadvantages of bitumen can be noted fragility (5-10 years of operation) and low water resistance of bitumen insulation. When backfilling with soil, the insulation can be damaged.

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Roll materials

To protect the foundation of the building from moisture, first of all, it is necessary to make the so-called blind areas. cement mortar; 2 - broken brick, tseben; 3 - clay; 4 - soil; 5 - gutter groove; 6 - foundation.

How to protect the bitumen layer or how independent view waterproofing, you can make gluing insulation with roll materials glued to the surface of the foundation using mastic or bitumen:

Treat foundation surfaces with molten bitumen or mastic. Unlike coating type waterproofing, here it is not fundamentally a thorough application of the bitumen layer, since it serves as a layer that ensures the attachment of the roll material to the foundation.
Roofing material is heated by heating with a burner and applied to the hot layer of bitumen coating. The joints are overlapped by 10-15 cm and treated with a torch for joining. Instead of roofing material, modern materials are also used, deposited in several layers on the surface of the foundation. These are polymer films and polyester cloth with bitumen-polymer spraying such as Technoelast, Isoelast, etc.
If it is not possible to use the burner, special mastics with adhesive properties are used.

The durability of such waterproofing reaches 50 years. Waterproofing using roll materials is considered the most reliable today.

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Liquid rubber is a modern material

The composition is a polymer-modified dispersion of bitumen particles in water. Among the merits modern material: odorless, non-flammable, non-toxic. Liquid rubbers can be applied even to damp surfaces and have good adhesion with all the reasons. After drying, a waterproofing membrane forms on the treated surface.

The disadvantage of the coating is the same as with bituminous mastic: the surface can be damaged when. Therefore, after applying the composition with a spray gun or manually, it is recommended to additionally fix geotextiles or other material on the foundation (for example, expanded polystyrene for thermal insulation).

Applying a layer of liquid rubber requires pre-primer special composition or diluted water (1: 1) liquid rubber... After drying for 1 hour, 1-2 layers of liquid rubber are applied to the soil layer.

The strip foundation of your house should be “dressed” in waterproofing materials. Correct and reliable waterproofing strip foundations of your home is one of the primary tasks that you must definitely solve.

The belt is a reinforced concrete strip. It runs along all external dimensions of the structure and along the load-bearing internal walls.

We know from life experience that in order to maintain our health with you, we put on warm clothes in cold weather, put on shoes, respectively, in wet weather. We go fishing and hunting in special wading boots so as not to get our feet wet and not get sick. But many would-be builders think that a built house, in particular, its foundation, can be in a rather damp and cold environment - in the ground - without protection from this aggressive environment.

Therefore, so that the house you built:

gladdened you and more than one generation of your descendants;
was a “long-liver”, which is why you need to preserve the “health” of your home;
did not cause trouble from frequent repairs, alterations, reconstructions due to illiterate construction and subsequent operation,

definitely needed modern technology for isolation from groundwater.

With this important issue we must figure it out.

Strip foundations (diagram).

To create waterproofing that will serve you for many years, you need to use high-quality, specially designed material with certain properties and characteristics.

The material used must be:

Modern materials possess these properties and differ only in the greater or lesser degree of their manifestation.

Good drainage

Light soils - sands and sandy loams - are able to easily pass the emerging moisture into the lower layers of the soil. Water does not stagnate near the erected foundation, and therefore waterproofing can be slightly lighter compared to waterproofing devices standing on heavy, heaving soils- clay, loam.

As a rule, on heaving soils they arrange drainage system collection and removal of moisture from concrete foundation... For this, special drainage membranes are used, which are placed under monolithic slab, on which the strip foundation stands.

Drainage system diagram.

Under the sole of a reinforced concrete foundation strip, carried out in a trench (a house without a basement) along all external and internal load-bearing walls at home, with a depth of the base of the foundation 20-30 cm below the freezing point of the soil, a sand-gravel or sand-crushed stone pillow is required. Such drainage is capable of transporting moisture to the lower layers of the earth. The width of the filled and compacted cushion should be 20 cm greater than the width of the strip foundation. The cushion prevents stagnation of water and entrainment by silt or clay when the groundwater level rises and the surface of the foundation is damaged. vertical waterproofing... A vertically installed drainage membrane helps to drain excess water from the building, does not allow it to put pressure on the waterproofing itself and look for weak points in it.

Horizontal and vertical insulation

Horizontal waterproofing device diagram

Horizontal waterproofing is performed under a monolithic slab by laying a drainage membrane on a monolithic layer of lean concrete with a slope into the outlet pipeline, followed by installation reinforced mesh and pouring a monolithic foundation slab onto which a strip foundation is assembled or poured around the perimeter of the house.

Horizontal waterproofing is also done to separate the top plane of the strip and the incipient wall. It is carried out by spraying a suitable material or laying roll-up waterproofing materials.

All vertical planes of the strip foundation from top to bottom are covered with modern materials specially designed for this.

Several types of waterproofing

Non-pressure waterproofing protects the strip foundation from external atmospheric precipitation penetrating into the ground, and from the spring and autumn temporary rise in the groundwater level.

For reliable anti-pressure waterproofing of the basement, it is better to apply three layers of sludge.

After completing the vertical waterproofing, the foundation is backfilled. The best result is achieved with layer-by-layer backfilling with inert, highly water-conducting materials, such as quartz (river) sand with the least clay admixtures, gravel mass or earth. Backfill construction waste undesirable, since it is after this operation that the integrity of the waterproofing of the strip foundation may be damaged. On the surface of the earth, around the entire perimeter of the building, a blind area 1 m wide is made of concrete or asphalt.

Anti-pressure insulation, in turn, protects the base of the house from contact with constant nearby groundwater in the area where the foundation is located. For such purposes, coating, spray, painting materials are used. After the application of such insulating materials, a continuous layer of insulation is formed without joints and seams with good repelling properties.

Capillary waterproofing prevents moisture droplets from entering the concrete monolith. It gives the best results when impregnating concrete with compounds both from the inside and from the outside of the foundation tape. Impregnating compounds penetrate a few centimeters deep into the concrete, filling the smallest pores in the concrete, making the strip foundation practically airtight and able to withstand external moisture.

Junction diagram of horizontal and vertical waterproofing.

Sequence of work

Works on insulation of the strip foundation from external influence media must pass on a surface free of dirt.

First of all, it is necessary to choose the method of application, and at the same time the insulating material itself.

Lubricating waterproofing is carried out with mastic, bituminous compounds, liquid glass. In most cases, it is used as the first layer of insulation and as a bonding layer for gluing roll materials.

After this layer, the foundation is covered with roofing material or other roll materials in two layers, gluing the layers onto the mastic. The joints are made with an overlap of 20 cm.

Waterproofing is also possible with the use of spraying special formulations using a spray bottle.

After completing any type of waterproofing, it is advisable to mount a special roll-formed profiled membrane, which will protect the waterproofing from damage and help drain excess water from the foundation. The membrane is also rolled out with an overlap at the joints of 15-20 cm.