Winter plaster: from old-fashioned methods to modern technologies. Is it possible to plaster walls in winter At what temperature it is impossible to plaster walls
For those of us who have been building our own home on our own, one of the biggest challenges is winter work. At what temperature can you plaster outdoors? We will find the answer to this question.
The main requirements for plastering work are prescribed in SNiP 3.04.01-87 "Insulating and finishing coatings" and SP 82-101-98 "Preparation and use of building mortars", which stipulates what is the permissible temperature for plastering.
The air temperature below +5°C makes it possible to use solutions only with antifreeze additives - chemical hardeners, which enable the plaster to gain design strength at a minus. Chlorine water, potash and ammonia water are recommended as such additives.
Chlorine water
A solution mixed with chlorine water can be used up to -25 ° C. An additive is prepared as follows: bleach is added to water heated to 35 ° C in a ratio of 15 kg / 100 or stirred until final dissolution. The composition is defended for 1–1.5 hours, poured into a resealable container, used as needed. Cement and complex plaster solutions are prepared on chlorine water, brick, concrete, and wood are plastered.
IMPORTANT: it is necessary to work with chlorine compounds in a respirator and complete set overalls, including rubberized insulated gloves and boots.
Potash
Potash solution is used for cement, cement-clay and cement- lime mortars. The volume of the modifier in the solution is calculated from the temperature of the air: above -5°C potash add 1% of the volume in dry form; at -5 - 15 ° C, 1.5% is required; if the temperature is lower, 2% of the modifier is added.
A mixture of cement, powdered clay and sand is prepared in a ratio of 1:0.2:4 to 1:0.5:6. The finished composition is closed aqueous solution potash.
The proportion for the composition of cement and lime is 4: 1 by weight.
The cement mortar is prepared in a ratio of 1:3. The mixture is produced in an aqueous solution of salt of potash at a temperature of ≥+5°C.
IMPORTANT: The solution is used within an hour, stored in an insulated container. Work in a respirator and a full set of overalls!
ammonia water
The additive is produced industrially, in construction conditions it is diluted with water to the desired concentration, at a temperature of water and modifier not higher than +5 ° C, in order to prevent evaporation of ammonia. The finished solution should have a concentration of 6%, for this, 3.16 liters of water are added per liter of the factory 25% composition, 1.5 liters of water are diluted with a 15% composition.
Ammonia water is used as a modifier with cement and cement-lime plaster.
IMPORTANT: It is forbidden to use ammonia water as a modifier for compositions containing gypsum, clay and pure lime.
When working on concrete take cement mixture composition 1:2 - 1:4; on brick, cinder concrete and wood, they work with a cement - lime - sand mixture with a composition of 1: 1: 6 - 1: 1: 9.
To dissolve lime, the temperature of ammonia water should not be lower than +5°C. Depending on the temperature of the medium, the temperature of the solution is changed: at -15 ° C - solution +2 - + 3 ° C; at -25°C solution ≥+5°C. It is possible to plaster with compositions modified with ammonia water up to a temperature of -30°C.
In addition to these three modifiers for winter work, potassium chloride and sodium chloride are also used, but their use can lead to efflorescence after defrosting. The above methods for preparing winter plaster have been tested by time, but it is difficult to apply them to small areas of an individual house: the process is busy, it is difficult to maintain the required proportions of solutions.
Modern materials
Agree, with modern technologies, we often use ready-made building mixtures: it's easier, faster, more economical. The construction industry is experiencing a need to extend the period of finishing work for winter period.
Ready-made dry building mixes for sub-zero temperatures are the answer to this request. Foreign and domestic companies produce many plaster compositions for the winter, and the list is regularly updated. Companies HENKEL, VETONIT, BERGAUF, TERTA, REMIX in the product line have mixtures for work at temperatures up to -10°C. These frost-resistant plasters with different composition combine several positive characteristics:
- Durability (manufacturer's warranty for 10 years).
- Waterproof.
- Temperature mode of use in the range from -50 to +70 °C.
- High maturation rate.
- Elasticity.
- No efflorescence.
TO negative qualities we can attribute the severity of the finishing layer (above standard), the complexity of the work; a small number of surface designs: as a rule, these are “bark beetle”, “fur coat” and two types of pebble plaster with small and medium grains. Questions: is it possible to plaster in winter, at what temperature it is possible to plaster on the street - they do not stand with new products.
Wall preparation
What determines the durability of winter plaster? When plastering the facade in winter, high-quality preparation facade wall plays a huge role. The base must be thoroughly cleaned of ice, residues masonry mortar and efflorescence, degrease and dry.
Do not use water for cleaning - in the cold it will freeze and become ice. When conducting masonry with filling the joints with mortar (not “wasteland”), it is necessary to make notches on the facade. The prepared surface is primed to increase adhesion, and some primer compositions do not require, as noted in the material passport.
Plaster work in winter
The temperature range of water for mixing the plaster mix is from +20 to +35°С. It is forbidden to prepare the solution at temperatures above +15 and below 0. Before preparing the plaster, the mixture is heated to a temperature above zero.
The solutions set quickly, so the plaster composition from ready mixes cooked as needed, avoiding cooling below +5. The rules for mixing the mixture and working with plaster compositions may vary in accordance with the manufacturer's technology. The rules prescribed in the instructions for the material must be strictly followed if you want to get a high-quality coating.
Summary
To the question: is it possible to plaster the walls in winter, we answer with confidence - it is possible. But work in winter conditions requires additional efforts and financial costs. If we are talking about the construction industry - yes, working with winter mixtures prolongs the construction season, it is especially beneficial in the northern regions with a short period of positive temperatures.
If we are talking about an individual developer in middle lane Russia - yes, in winter it is easier to find a team of builders to perform turnkey finishing, the cost of work will be somewhat lower. But, if you do not have the skills of a builder, and want to do the plastering in the winter on your own, think about whether it might be better to wait for spring or entrust the work to professionals?
Starting repairs in a house or apartment, one of compulsory works walls will be plastered. Often, repairs fall in the winter, so the owners need to know at what temperature the walls can be plastered.
You will also need to learn how to properly carry out the work so that the solution does not crack or simply fall off. The article will provide all the rules and recommendations for temperature conditions for work and conditions for applying plaster.
Preparation and conditions
The easiest way is to finish the walls with plaster in a warm and dry time of the year In summer, the procedure for plastering walls inside the building is greatly simplified, since the humidity is low, and the temperature allows the mortar to dry quickly and not deform.
In winter, you will need to follow certain rules.
Firstly, the humidity in the room where the repair is being carried out should be no higher than 8%.
Secondly, the temperature of the solution itself should be at least +8 degrees.
Plastering the slopes on the openings, the corners of the building, you need to know that they are most exposed to cooling, so work is best done before the start of the winter period.
Excessively high room temperatures will lead to improper drying of the mixture and the appearance of defects. If there are no windows and doors, then they need to be inserted. After that, insulation work should be carried out. Working in the living room, you need to remove the old Decoration Materials, if necessary, remove part of the old plaster.
In addition, it should be noted that it is possible to putty walls in winter if the temperature near the floor is not less than +8 degrees, and near the ceiling no more than +30 degrees.
If the room is more than 30 degrees, then the solution will dry quickly and dry out as a result. Due to this, the strength of the plaster is lost, it begins to crack and may fall off after a while.
Heating and drying
Gypsum plasters dry for a long time, within 2 weeks Any putty requires thorough drying after application, and different types building mixtures the composition includes various binders that need to be dried under certain conditions.
For drying and hardening of lime-based plaster, a small amount of carbon dioxide. Dry the solution fast method is prohibited, since the solution will lose its elasticity and give a lot of cracks.
Lime, and also completely dries out for 2 weeks. At this time, the building should be ventilated 2-3 times a day. Drying is carried out not after a separate area has been plastered, but when work has been carried out in the entire room or along the entire wall.
If the composition contains cement, then such mixtures will dry faster, in just a week. When using materials with cement, there is no need to ventilate the room, since cement needs moisture that is in the air.
After the layer of putty has dried, the room must have a constant temperature of at least 8 degrees. At home, the best heating for drying walls after plastering is stove heating or central heating. If the opportunities to use such heating systems no, then it is necessary to make a temporary heating of the room.
For these purposes, air heaters are used and heat guns. With such equipment, the solution on the walls will dry out for a week if the room temperature is 25-30 degrees.
After drying heating elements can be removed, but make sure that the temperature in the building is at least 8 degrees Celsius. This allows the walls to remain warm and not stained with moisture. Detailed Process see in this video:
Heaters can be used as heating devices.
Those who plaster the walls in a room where there is no heating, and it is winter outside, you need to add special additives that allow you to apply the mortar and retain its properties even in negative temperature.
You can get acquainted with the additives and the scope of their application according to the table:
| Additives | Description | Cooking Method | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorine water | It is more often used for outdoor work, but walls can also be puttied inside the building. Plaster with such an additive can be used at -25 degrees. | To make an additive, you need to heat the water to 35 degrees, then put bleach at the rate of 100 liters of liquid 15 kg of the mixture. Water is stirred until the mixture is completely dissolved in it. Further, it is left for 1.5 hours to infuse. After a while, the additive can be poured into a container and used in the amount that is required. It is forbidden to warm the composition by more than 35 degrees, otherwise the chlorine will evaporate. | It is forbidden to use unsettled water with chlorine, otherwise the plaster will crack. With the additive, cement-based solutions are created, which are used for application to walls made of brick, concrete, wood. For a quality solution, you need to mix 1 part of cement, 1 part of the resulting additive and 6 parts of sand. It is necessary to work with the additive only in a respirator and gloves. After drying, chlorine evaporates and has no effect on humans. |
| Potash | A solution with the addition of potash is used for plastering mesh elements, fittings and other metal parts. Potash will not allow the metal to corrode. The additive is used for cement mortar, possibly with the addition of clay and lime. | For the preparation of plaster, it is allowed to use cement of a low grade. The amount of potash itself depends on the temperature in the room. If the room temperature is up to -5 degrees, then potash is added in the amount of 1% of the total amount of dry mixes. If the temperature is lower, then you need to add 1.5% and 2% at a temperature lower than -15. Clay should initially be dried a little, then mixed with sand and cement, then water with potash is added. | A ready-made solution with potash is used for an hour. During application, the mixture must lie in an insulated container, and the person performing the work must use appropriate protective equipment. |
| ammonia water | The additive is produced at factories, in the form of a finished liquid in a sealed container. When diluted, the temperature of the additive and water should not be more than +5 degrees, increasing the temperature, ammonia will evaporate. | To make an ammonia additive, you need to add 3.16 liters per liter of solution (25%) plain water. If another solution (15%) is used, then 1.5 liters of ordinary water is needed per liter. An additive is added to cement mortar to which sand and lime can be added. Do not use ammonia with gypsum or clay. | The finished solution can be applied to very cold walls, the room can be up to -30 degrees. It is recommended to work on beacons. |
Knowing what additives are used, it is possible to plaster the walls indoors even at sub-zero temperatures. The solution will hold well and not lose its properties. For more information about additives, see this video:
Everything sets quickly, so you need to prepare the solution in the amount that will actually be used for an hour. The mixture itself should be at least +5 degrees.
Having become acquainted with the temperature at which walls can be plastered inside the house, the work will be simplified, and time, labor and effort will not be spent in vain.
Indeed, often from ignorance of temperature indicators, the plaster begins to crack, various defects appear, or simply fall off in pieces.
"Nature has no bad weather," I would like to say the same about construction and repair. To date, there are many technologies and tools that will help to make repairs at any time of the year, and plaster in winter, not an exception. Next, we will look at questions such as: is it possible to plaster the walls in winter? What is needed for this and what rules to follow?
Let's start with some general information
Before starting work, you need to determine the degree of humidity of the surface on which the work will be carried out. According to SNiP ( building codes and regulations), surface moisture should not exceed 8%. subject to cooling, so winter plaster and is heated and insulated, and it is better, of course, to plaster them before the cold weather.
Plastering walls in winter when it comes to outdoor plaster, must be carried out at a temperature not lower than -5°С. If the temperature is still lower, then the plaster is mixed with additives that will help you work calmly in the cold.
Little secrets: a solution with fine slaked lime will also help; wall heating with hot water, is not allowed because, as indicated above, the walls should not be wet, and it will take a very long time to dry them completely.
Plastering walls in winter requires preparation
All cracks must be caulked, regardless of whether it will pass outside or inside the building. Doors and attics should be tightly closed and insulated. Glaze window frames.
I hope you no longer have the question: is it possible to plaster in winter ?, the answer is so clear - "It is possible", and below you will learn how to do it.
The plaster will dry faster at a temperature of +4-10 °C. If the temperature at the ceiling is more than + 30 ° C, then it will begin to dry and become covered with cracks. The plaster will begin to fall off in the spring if it was applied to frost-bitten walls in the winter. When thawing, moisture will collect, and this is an enemy for plaster. So that this problem does not take you by surprise, before applying the plaster, remove the adjustment, and warm the room to the desired temperature.
Heating and drying
Remember the saying "Hurry up, make people laugh"? so, quick drying is unlikely to lead to desired result, plaster simply does not easily lose strength and crack. Plaster with the addition of lime dries for about 10-15 days, and this is provided that the room is ventilated 2-3 times per hour!
In general, when drying, pay attention to the binder. Well, if there is an opportunity to warm up the room with central or stove heating, well, a temporary one will also do. If the room is large, and accordingly the amount of work, then you can resort to water heaters. With the help of them, the plaster will dry in 7 days.
Calorific stops are also a way out of the situation. After drying, it is important to monitor the temperature in the room, it should be + 8 ° C. Important detail if you resorted to using a heater and there are workers in the room, then carbon monoxide must be removed using a special tube.
Antifreeze additives
Here chlorinated water is used, solutions are dissolved in it. What is great, you can plaster with such solutions even at a temperature of -25 ° C, and even warming up after plastering is not needed. To prepare chlorinated water, you need to dilute about 13 hours of bleach in 100 liters of water heated to + 35 ° C, and place until completely dissolved.
We defend it for about 1-1.5 hours, the sludge is drained into the tank and now it will come in handy in preparing the solution. If this procedure is not carried out, then cracks will appear in the plaster, so observe all the nuances.
Now you will have no doubt whether it is possible to plaster in winter, because in order to plaster in winter did not bring you any trouble, there have long been methods and secrets that you now know and can put into practice.
Igor Serba, member of the editorial board of the Sobcorrespondent of the online publication "AtmBud. Construction Bulletin"
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At what temperature can you plaster?
Increased volumes construction works when erecting buildings, sometimes they are not allowed to complete the construction cycle in warm time. As a rule, in the summer they manage to build a foundation, erect a building frame and install a roof. Developers have a question at what temperature it is possible to plaster on the street and indoors. To ensure the quality of the plaster, a number of requirements must be met. They are associated with the performance of work at a certain temperature and humidity, as well as the use of antifreeze additives. Let's dwell on these issues in detail.
Plastering walls in the cold season - defining parameters
The quality of plastering activities performed in winter depends on compliance with special requirements:
- degree of air cooling indoors and outdoors;
- permissible level of moisture concentration in the air;
- preparation of the treated surface of the walls;
- application of special drying or heating conditions;
- the level of heating of the applied cement mixture;
- humidity of the walls to be plastered.
The requirements are subject to change. It depends on where the plastering is done.
In winter, it is necessary to plaster, observing a number of additional requirements
With year-round implementation of construction activities, plastering work can be carried out in various conditions:
- inside the building site. The plaster is applied to the previously prepared inner surface of the main walls and partitions. Finishing work produced in heated and cold rooms;
- from the outside of the building. Plastering in winter bearing walls the front side of the building is made, as a rule, in windy weather, cold and high humidity air.
Depending on where the plastering works are performed, the conditions that guarantee the quality of finishing activities are changing. We will figure out at what temperature it is possible to plaster the walls inside the building, as well as to plaster the facade of the building.
Plastering in winter in an unheated room - conditions for performing work
As a result of finishing activities carried out in winter time indoors, can be achieved high level quality.
Determining factors:
- the minimum air temperature in the room is +8–+10 ⁰С. Performing work in frost slows down the hydration of the cement, and can also cause cracking of the plaster when water crystallizes;
Premises requiring plastering are prepared in advance
- the maximum air temperature is not more than 30 ⁰С. The application of plaster with increased heating of the air causes the formation of cracks, drying out and loss of its strength;
- the maximum permissible level of relative humidity is not higher than 70%. The intensity of water evaporation during the hardening of the plaster, as well as ensuring the adhesion of the composition, depends on the concentration of moisture in the air;
- the temperature of the plaster composition is at the level of +5–+8 ⁰С. This is ensured by preparing the plaster mixture in rooms equipped with heating devices, as well as by adding hot water when preparing the plaster composition.
When deciding on the possibility of plastering indoors, it is necessary to control the temperature of the following areas:
- next to the outer walls at a distance of 0.5 m from the level of the base;
- in the ceiling of the room where the heated air rises.
Plastering indoors can be carried out regardless of the time of year. It is important to ensure the maintenance inside the building necessary conditions. Attention should be paid to the preparation of premises where workers perform plastering.
Expert opinion: The temperature when you can plaster on the street
Plastering outside the premises can be carried out without the use of special chemical anti-frost modifiers only up to zero degrees. Plastering the ceiling in summer is quite difficult, since at a ceiling temperature above + 30⁰С the solution becomes fragile and cracks. The ideal temperature for applying plaster is considered to be + 5 ... - + ... 15⁰С, so if time permits, it is better to carry out work in compliance with the temperature regime.
Dmitry Orlov
You need to do the following:
- seal gaps around the perimeter of window and door frames;
- thermal insulation and plaster slopes;
- glaze window openings and install doors;
- ensure a snug fit of frames and door panels;
- insulate floors between floors;
- block the path of cold air from the attic.
In winter, you can plaster with average temperature in the rooms at external walls at a height of 50 cm from the floor level, not less than +8 °С
If these conditions are observed, it is possible to ensure normal hardening of the composition and to heat the room with minimal heat loss.
Heating methods to ensure plaster drying
To maintain the temperature required for drying internal plaster, use various options air heating:
- central heating;
- furnace heating.
Favorable temperature conditions can be created by providing temporary heating using the following equipment:
- heaters;
- air heaters.
Depending on the binder used in the composition of the plaster, the drying conditions and the duration of hardening change:
- compositions containing lime and gypsum filler dry for two weeks. Airing the room must be done several times during the day;
- cement mixtures are characterized by an accelerated hardening period and become hard at high humidity for one week.
Application various ways heating of the room provides favorable conditions for drying the plaster, which in warm conditions acquires operational performance.
The room is not ventilated, because the solution needs wet air
Winter plaster - facade finish using anti-frost additives
PLASTERING IN WINTER
GENERAL INFORMATION. PREPARATION AND DRYING OF ROOMS AND SURFACES
General information. In winter, plastering work is carried out in compliance with a number of additional requirements. Humidity of brick or stone walls to be plastered should not exceed 8%. The degree of humidity is determined by the laboratory. Those building structures (window and door slopes, niches) that are exposed to rapid cooling, must be finished before the onset of cold weather. If they are finished after the onset of cold weather, then measures are taken to protect the plaster from premature freezing: the plaster is insulated, heated. Preparation, storage, transportation of plaster solutions should be organized in such a way that the solution delivered to the place of work, at the time of its application, has a temperature of at least + 8 ° C. This can be achieved when the premises, bunkers, mortar pipelines are insulated and the temperature in the room is not lower than
10°C. Mortar pipelines located outdoors or in unheated rooms must be insulated. Performing outdoor plastering works at air temperatures below -5 ° C, it is allowed with solutions containing chemical additives that give the solutions the ability to harden in frost and achieve the required strength. It is also allowed to plaster with solutions with ground quicklime.
stone and brick walls, folded by freezing, it is allowed to plaster when the masonry has thawed from the side of the plastering to a depth of at least half the thickness of the wall. The use of hot water to accelerate the heating of frozen walls or to remove frost from them is not allowed. Training. The building as a whole or its premises to be plastered are prepared in advance. First of all, they caulk the gaps between the walls, door and window frames and plaster the plugs and window slopes. Inserted window sashes are glazed. The doors are tightly closed. Attic and interfloor ceilings
insulate. By specifications plastering work is allowed to be carried out in winter at a stable average temperature inside the premises near the outer walls at a height of 0.5 m from the floor level, not lower than +8°C. To speed up the drying of the plaster, it is recommended to increase the temperature to 4-10-16°C. At the same time, the temperature at the ceiling should not exceed +30°C. With more high temperature plaster quickly dries up, becomes covered with cracks, loses strength. It is forbidden to work in rooms where the temperature is below +8 ° C, since the plaster dries for a long time and, in addition, applied to frozen walls, it can peel off in the spring, as the walls, when thawing, release moisture and it breaks the adhesion of the plaster to the wall. Wooden, fibrolite, reed and straw surfaces under these conditions are highly saturated with moisture, swell and increase in volume. When dry, they warp and tear the plaster. Before plastering, it is necessary to remove frost from the surfaces and then warm the room well. Heating and drying. Plasters on various binder materials are dried in different ways. For example, for a normal drying and curing process lime plasters some carbon dioxide is required. Drying lime plasters in an accelerated way does not give good results: the plaster is fragile and cracks badly. Lime and lime-gypsum plaster is dried on average for 10-15 days, airing the room two to three times an hour. Cement and cement-lime plasters are dried for 6-7 days without airing the premises, because moist air is required during their hardening. When drying plaster from a complex solution, it is necessary to focus on the main binder. Frozen wet plaster should be immediately thawed, loosened areas removed, repaired and then dried. The best heating when drying a piece ^ Turks - central. If there is no central or furnace heating Arrange temporary.
For large volumes of plastering work, air heaters are used. These installations dry the plaster for 6-8 days at an air temperature of +30°C. As soon as the plaster dries to the required humidity (8%), the drying is stopped and the room temperature is maintained at + 8 ° C so that the walls do not cool down and damp spots do not appear on them. Heaters are also used to dry large plastered surfaces. The unit includes a heater with a furnace, a blower unit with a centrifugal fan that blows hot gases through air ducts (pipes), a set of pipes and additional fan, blowing air. Air ducts are passed into the building through window or door openings. If there are workers in the room, then only hot air, and outgoing carbon monoxide taken outside. The electric heater has a cylindrical casing made of sheet steel, in which heating elements are placed on stands. Air is forced into the electric heater by a fan from the electric motor, where it is heated and supplied outside. Heat generator TG-150 is designed for use in areas with air temperature from - 35°C. It runs on liquid fuel. The infrared burner is designed for drying plaster in buildings under construction and renovation, subject to air exchange at least twice per hour, which ensures the timely removal of combustion products.
PLASTERING WITH SOLUTIONS WITH ANTI-FROST ADDITIVES
solutions in chlorinated water. In unheated rooms, in rooms with partial heating, as well as in cold weather, plastering work is carried out with solutions with chemical additives.
For external plastering work, chlorinated solutions are used (solutions mixed with chlorinated water). Such solutions can be used to plaster surfaces at temperatures down to -25°C without subsequent heating of the plaster. To prepare chlorinated water, water is poured into the boiler, heated to + 35 ° C, then bleach is put into it (12-15 hours of bleach per 100 liters of water). The solution is stirred until the lime is completely dissolved. The resulting chlorinated milk is put for 1-1.5 hours to settle, after which the sludge of chlorinated water is poured into a supply tank and used to prepare a solution. Chlorinated water should not be heated above +35°C, as the chlorine will evaporate and the water will lose its activity. It is strictly forbidden to use unsettled chlorinated water, because if silt or turbidity gets into the plaster, cracks appear in it.
On chlorinated water, you can prepare complex or cement mortars, which are used to plaster wooden, brick or concrete surfaces. Other types of solutions should not be prepared with chlorinated water.
The following compositions of chlorinated solutions are recommended - cement: lime dough: sand (1: 1: 6) or cement: a mixture of clay with ground slag: sand (1: 1.5: 6). These compositions of solutions are used for plastering brick, cinder block and wooden surfaces. concrete surfaces plastered with cement mortars of composition from 1:2.5 to 1:3. The temperature of chlorinated water for the preparation of solutions must be at least + 10°C, the temperature of the materials depends on the outside temperature (see page 138). The lower the air temperature, the higher the temperature of the solutions should be, and in windy weather it is higher than in quiet weather. The temperature of the plaster solution, regardless of the outside temperature, must be at least +5°C at the time of application and grouting. Chlorinated solutions are applied manually or by mechanized methods. Each subsequent layer of the solution should lie on the thickened previously applied layer. After setting, the coverings are grouted. Insufficiently dried are common? plasters applied in winter are covered with frost, which reduces their strength. The strength of chlorinated plasters in the cold increases. Chlorinated solutions can be painted with alkali-resistant and light-resistant mineral paints (earthen), for example, mummy, ocher, iron minium. Workers who prepare chlorinated water or mortar and use chlorinated mortar directly on plastering work must be instructed in safety. To work with these solutions, they are required to wear canvas overalls, a rubberized apron and gloves; You need to wear rubber boots. Work with chlorinated solutions is possible only in a gas mask or respirator.
Plastering with chlorinated solutions indoors is not allowed. As an exception, it is allowed to plaster niches under the radiator, provided that the windows are open.
After drying, chlorinated plasters are harmless, since chlorinated solutions completely set on the eighth day, and during this time chlorine evaporates from them. Solutions with the addition of potash. Solutions with the addition of potash do not give efflorescence, do not cause corrosion damage to the metal, so they can also be used when plastering mesh-reinforced structures. Cement-clay, cement-lime and cement mortars are prepared on an aqueous solution of potash. Colored solutions are prepared using alkali resistant pigments. For the preparation of the solution, Portland cement of low grades is used. The amount of potash is taken depending on the outside temperature. So, for example, at an outside temperature of up to -5 ° C, potash is taken 1% by weight of the dry mixture, at an outside temperature of -5 to - 15 ° C - 1.5%, at a temperature below - 15 ° C - 2% . Potash is added to dry plaster mixture in the form of an aqueous solution. Cement-clay mortars are used in the following compositions: from 1:0.2:4 to 1:0.5:6 (cement:clay:sand). To prepare the solution, dried clay is mixed with cement and then closed with an aqueous solution of potash. Clay can be preformed into dough and then mixed with cement and sand.
Cement-lime mortars should contain no more than 20% lime by weight of cement. Prepare them in the usual way. Cement mortars should be low-fat, composition 1:3. Potash salt is dissolved in water, on which a solution is prepared from a cement-sand mixture or this water is added to thick solutions. For work it is recommended to use preheated solutions up to +5-M0°C. The solution must be used within an hour of its preparation. The solution is stored in an insulated container. Prior to plastering, the surfaces are cleaned of snow, ice and pollution. Stamps and lighthouses are made from a solution with which I plaster surfaces. Spraying during plastering at low temperatures is not applied to the surface, but a creamy solution is prepared and immediately applied to the base in layers 10-12 mm thick. The soil is leveled, scratched, and a coating 7-8 mm thick is applied over its thickened layer. The coating is leveled and rubbed without wetting with water. A worker preparing a solution with the addition of potash should be dressed in the same way as working with chlorinated solutions. solutions in ammonia water. Solutions prepared with ammonia water do not give efflorescence. Ammonia water is obtained from the plant, at workplaces in the solution units it is diluted to the required concentration. The temperature of ammonia and ordinary water for its dilution should not exceed + 5 ° C, since ammonia evaporates at a higher temperature. If ammonia water has a 25% concentration, then to obtain ammonia water of 6% concentration, 3.16 liters (rounded 3 liters) of ordinary water are added to each liter of it. If ammonia water of 15% concentration is imported, then 1.5 liters of water are added to 1 liter of it. Ammonia water, delivered from the factory or diluted at the workplace, is stored in hermetically sealed containers, preferably in glass bottles with ground stoppers. Cement and cement-lime mortars with sand are closed with ammonia water; lime, lime-gypsum and cement-clay mortars must not be mixed with ammonia water. When grouting concrete, it is recommended to use a cement mortar with a composition of 1: 2-1: 4 (cement: sand); for plastering brick, cinder-concrete and wooden surfaces - cement-lime-sand mortars of compositions 1: 1: 6-1: 1: 9 (cement: lime paste: sand). Lime dough is diluted with ammonia water, the temperature of which should not be lower than + 5 ° C. The temperature at the heating solution depends on the outside temperature. If the outside air temperature is up to -15°C, then the temperature of the solution at the workplace should be + 2-3°C. At an outside air temperature of up to -25°C, the solution temperature should not be lower than + 5°C. Plastering with ammonia water solutions is permissible at air temperatures down to -30°C. To obtain solutions of the specified temperature, the materials included in them are heated. After mixing, the temperature of the lime paste and ammonia water should not exceed + 5°C. Solutions must be supplied to workplaces in insulated boxes, closed with lids with soft rubber gaskets, which prevents ammonia from escaping and retains heat. Plaster on ammonia water after freezing has high strength, the surface film does not peel.
