Cover types. Cover requirements

An obligatory structural element of any house or structure is the ceiling. Both load-bearing loads and the function of floor separation are assigned to this component of the building frame. Actually, thanks to the overlap, the formation of a multi-storey building or the separation of the main space of the building and the attic is ensured. Builders use different materials in order to obtain suitable overlays for specific tasks. Types of floors also differ in the type of purpose, design and other operational parameters. To determine the design that best meets the needs of the project, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the existing types of floors, as well as the requirements for the power loads of this element.

Classification by purpose

When choosing the type of overlap, you should first of all start from its future application. As a rule, experts distinguish three directions for the use of such elements.

1. Plinth. This group includes types of floors at home, which provide separation of rooms in the lower part of the building. In this case, the structure is used, for example, to separate the first floor from the basement.
2. Intermediate zone. The most common option, in which the overlap is arranged between floors.
3. Attic. Provides separation of the attic or attic and the living room.

In each case, their functional tasks are imposed on the floors, which may depend both on the location of the structure and on the materials from which other elements of the building are made. Based on these parameters, specific types of floors are selected that can endow the "skeleton" of the house with strength and durability. For example, in a private wooden cottage, a lightweight floor system can be used to equip the attic, and in a multi-storey brick building not to do without high-strength reinforced concrete structures.

Overlappings of monolithic type

One of the most difficult floors to perform, which also provides the highest strength to the building. Such structures are created on the basis of reinforced concrete using pouring technology. First of all, formwork is formed, for which reinforcing bars corresponding to the design requirements are preliminarily selected. Next, a concrete base is poured, the thickness of which can vary from 8 to 14 cm. The main advantage that almost all types of monolithic floors have is the ability to endow the future structure with any shape. This applies to traditional options for reinforced concrete floors, and to cast-in-situ prefabricated systems, which, however, have some limitations.

Varieties of reinforced concrete floors

Thanks to their technical qualities and performance characteristics, reinforced concrete structures are quite popular in construction. Also, their prevalence is facilitated by a simple, albeit time-consuming, manufacturing technique. Considering the types of reinforced concrete floors, it is immediately worth noting that they are all divided into factory-made and products made right at the construction site.

Finished floors are more often used in the construction of cottages. Since reinforced concrete as such has a fairly significant mass, its installation is simply impossible without the use of truck cranes. For this reason, it is recommended to mount directly "from the wheels". That is, special equipment delivers the plates and installs them on site. If the chosen method self-manufacturing such plates, then you should take care of the workplace (solid metal or plank surface) and consumables, which usually also have a factory origin.

A modern filigree type plate also includes iron in its group. concrete floors. The types of floors of this family are distinguished by the presence in the structure of metal factory plates, the thickness of which does not exceed 6 cm. A base of reinforcing bars is integrated into the prepared formwork, after which it is poured with concrete mixture.

Frequently ribbed floors

This option is more often used in the construction of small private houses. The design of the often ribbed floor is based on beams and hollow blocks that fill the free space between the frame elements. The most common prefabricated types of floors, the installation of which consists in mounting elements on a previously prepared site and creating concrete screed. Among the advantages of often ribbed models, their refractory properties, rather high reliability, noise absorption, as well as the possibility of installation without the use of special equipment are distinguished.

It is worth noting that overlaps made from a prefabricated type have similar qualities. Their installation usually does not cause any particular difficulties, but in some cases the involvement of trucks and cranes is still required.

Beam ceilings

Usually wooden beams are used. With their help, they create floors in brick and wooden structures. The design is a base of laid out beams and a plank floor, which will later be used for decorative coating. Traditional types of wooden floors provide for a scheme for forming joints between boards through grooves. The beams used can have the following dimensions: 10-20 cm in width, up to 40 cm in height and up to 15 cm in length.

Despite the fact that the structure is made of wood, the step between the carriers can reach 150 cm. The structurally flexible system of beams allows you to lay in it and Wooden floors are also convenient in decorative design. On the upper side, almost any coating can be laid on them, and on the lower side, a suspended ceiling can be installed.

Types of beams

Two types of beams can be used for wooden floors. These are elements from a whole solid wood or glued products. In the production of the former, hard varieties of trees are usually used. It is important to take into account that in interfloor systems, solid elements can only be used if the length of the room is not more than 5 m. Glued types of floor beams make it possible to use them more widely, since their manufacturing technology gives the material higher strength.

In addition, glued beams can be produced with a length exceeding any analogues from solid wood. In practice, elements of this type are able to withstand heavy loads and cover spans up to 20 m long. It is also important to note the aesthetic properties of glued beams, due to which there is no need for their special processing after installation.

floor slabs

To provide an interfloor partition, this is an ideal option - the main thing is to decide on the choice of a specific type of structure. On the this moment The following types of floor slabs are common, suitable for various construction purposes.

1. Ribbed. Due to the peculiar profile, they cope well with bending loads. Usually used in the arrangement of attics and basements.
2. Void. The advantages of such ceilings include high heat and sound insulation, as well as low weight, which allows them to be used in buildings for various purposes.
3. Monolithic. They have the greatest strength, which determined their main direction of use - in high-rise buildings.
4. Solid. Due to the high bearing capacity, such ceilings are successfully used in the construction of industrial facilities.

Klein Overlap

This type of flooring is not as common in Russia as the same monolithic reinforced concrete slabs, but earlier its representatives were popular among developers, and today there are many adherents of this technology. Kane's structure can be included in floor views of beam-based buildings. Only in this case, not wooden, but steel I-beam elements are used, the height of which can be from 8 to 24 cm. The beams are laid at a distance of approximately 160 cm from each other. ceramic brick. The slab is also reinforced with metal strips or rods, the thickness of which varies from 0.6 to 0.8 cm. If necessary, the bearing potential of such a design is increased by strengthening the brick filling or I-beams.

Installation of a monolithic ceiling

Ready-made ceilings based on reinforced concrete products look like a solid slab up to 15 cm thick. The same channel elements or I-beams act as load-bearing components of the structure. With their help, it is possible to cover spans with large distances - even they will provide high strength, as well as protection against fire and decay processes, which almost all concrete floors have. Types of floors on a wooden basis in this lose to reinforced concrete counterparts, although with proper processing they serve for quite a long time.

Along the entire perimeter of the site for overlapping, it is necessary to arrange a wooden formwork. In the future, it will act as a kind of "bottom" of the structure. Formwork is made of plywood sheets, which are placed under racks, tripods, iron and wooden beams. It is necessary to lay a reinforced frame on a metal base, in which rods were used, with an approximate thickness of 1 cm. Then the prepared structure must be poured with concrete. It is preferable to use the M200 brand. The overlap made in this way will be distinguished by a high degree of strength and durability.

Installation of prefabricated monolithic ceilings

The prefabricated monolithic structure is formed by the types of floor slabs corresponding to the characteristics and For the installation of such a floor, it is necessary to lay a plank covering on the span, which will serve as a supporting structure for the beams. Installation is carried out on the walls, while hollow blocks must be laid between the beams. Next, the created frame is reinforced and poured with cement mortar. Concrete milk will begin to impregnate the pores of the blocks and form an integral structure of hollow elements and metal beams. Such floors meet modern standards, in accordance with which houses are being built. In particular, they provide strength, sound insulation and durability, while remaining in an inexpensive way covering devices.

Repair and reinforcement of the floor

In this case, repair operations mean the replacement or strengthening of individual fragments of the floor. Types of floors based on beams are the most suitable for the possibilities of technical strengthening of the structure. Work begins with the installation of racks, which later act as supports. Strengthening wooden floors usually involves replacing beams with analogues with a large cross section or increasing their number. The need to repair reinforced concrete structures, as a rule, arises due to the appearance of traces of rust. Concrete is beaten off around the affected areas, after which the bare reinforcement is painted. Next, the restoration of the previous state of the ceiling follows.

Ceilings are special structures that separate floors. They can be made from various materials and be of a wide variety of types. Custom construction is becoming more and more popular. A large number of urban residents dream of getting out of their apartments and becoming the owner of a spacious house. In order for the construction to be of high quality and reliable, it is necessary to consider the types and features of the overlap.

The device of overlappings in a private house

The ceiling structure has various variations, but there are rules that work in relation to each option: the floor must be rigid, reliable and be adapted to the intended load.

Overlapping is a structure, the purpose of which is the separation of adjacent zones in height. We can say that this is a ceiling space that separates the living area from the roof area and the basement. The main requirement is assigned to this design - strength, due to the fact that bulky objects will be installed on it and the inhabitants of the house will move. There are certain construction parameters for floors: for the upper, attic floor, the load weight should not be more than one hundred kilograms per square meter, as for the floor between floors, it must withstand a load of up to two hundred kilograms per square meter. The second, no less important condition put forward for overlapping is rigidity. It should not "play" from loads and bend.

You should also think about soundproofing when building such a ceiling yourself. This can be achieved by sealing cracks and gaps at the junction. Those structures that will differentiate residential and non-residential areas require the use of an additional layer of heat-insulating materials.

Do-it-yourself ceilings in a private house

In a private dwelling there can be a variety of floors, which can be grouped as follows:

• basement - share non-residential unheated premises;
• basement - in fact the floor of the first floor;
• attic - serve to protect residential premises from high and low temperatures attic space;
• attic - divide structures in height.

The main requirements for floors were listed above: strength, rigidity and a high level of sound insulation. In addition, the following features can be noted:

• fire resistance - in the event of a fire, it is necessary to have a margin of time for evacuation;
• heat-saving qualities - it is necessary to lay a vapor barrier, as a barrier to the formation of condensate;
• waterproofing - necessary condition provided that the overlap borders on non-residential premises;
• resistance to fungus and mold.

The structures that are erected are of two types: prefabricated and monolithic. Or another name for structures - beam and beamless. The beam version consists of a lag and filler, and the beamless version consists of tile or panel components.

Installation of ceiling in a private house

Before erecting a ceiling in your own house with your own hands, you should treat the wood with a special solution that will prevent the development of microorganisms and mold. Provided that the beams will be inserted into concrete walls or stone, the edges of the tree should be carefully wrapped in roofing material. The so-called nest is prepared in advance, where the beam will be inserted. It should have a bevelled edge. After installation, the nest with the beam is filled with mounting foam.

In a private house, the construction of a ceiling involves the manufacture of rolling. These are the bars that are necessary for the future ceiling covering.

The issue of sound and thermal insulation deserves special attention. Two goals can be achieved at once with such materials: sand, slag, expanded clay, foam plastic, mineral wool, sawdust. Not all of the materials listed are ideal, as they "do not breathe." by the most best material mineral wool is considered as an option that perfectly passes air through itself.

On the coast, they are first located waterproofing materials, after which there is a layer of thermal insulation.

Floor options in wooden houses

There are such types of overlaps:

• wooden;
• reinforced concrete;
• metal.

But in modern designs there are such options for overlapping:

• beamless;
• coffered;
• prefabricated monolithic;
• aerated concrete.

For some flooring options, it is necessary to use horizontal logs, others require factory floor slabs, which are laid using special lifting equipment. Monolithic ceilings are poured in place. Prefabricated monolithic structures- a combination of a concrete monolith with beam supports. Caisson floors in own houses almost never used.

Beam ceilings in a private house

In beam structures, the basic foundation is beams that are installed at an equidistant distance. Filling materials are placed on them. It can be wood, reinforced concrete or metal.

In your own private dwelling, floors made of wooden material are most often used, it is used for:

• interfloor ceilings - when the span is five meters;
• attic floors - when the surface size is more than six meters, as for metal beams, they have no restrictions and can be used with an arbitrary span width.

At the heart of the wooden floor, light tree species are used. The construction of the beam ceiling includes the following elements:

• beams;
• rolling;
• gender;
• insulation.

The main advantage of using a wooden floor is the fact that it is mounted quickly and easily, without the use of special tools. Construction equipment is not needed, and the coating itself is inexpensive and light.

disadvantages wood flooring there is the fact that the tree is a fire hazardous object, is attacked by microorganisms and is prone to the formation of mold.

Do-it-yourself interfloor ceilings in a private building: monolithic, reinforced concrete and aerated concrete

Monolithic floors have a large number of advantages: a flat surface that does not have joints and seams. For the construction of such ceilings do not need special equipment. The procedure for pouring floors is complex and requires skills. To carry out such a procedure, it is necessary to prepare such tools and things:

• high quality cement;
• gravel or slag;
• sand;
• fittings made of high-quality metal;
• reinforcing mesh;
• wooden boards;
• formwork supports.

First, vertical supports are set up, plywood or similar material is laid on top for pouring the mortar. It is necessary to make formwork and pour concrete. Due to its complexity and labor intensity, this option is almost never used in multi-storey private buildings.

Reinforced concrete slabs are another option for flooring. These are factory materials nine meters long. Their support is bearing walls. Correct installation is very important to avoid distortion. Plates are of two types:

• hollow;
• flat voidless.

The slabs are laid on a liquid mortar that adheres well to the slab. The gaps must be carefully sealed, and then the entire surface should be sealed with a screed.

If private ownership is low-rise and is made of a gas block, a structure made of aerated concrete is considered a convenient and high-quality way of overlapping. They can be ordered according to the required size directly at the enterprise. When mounted together, the blocks are linked using special connectors or clamps. To transport the material, you need to hire a car. As a result, the idea will be expensive, in addition to paying for the material ordered by size, it is necessary to pay for transportation, unloading, lifting and installation. It is cheaper to install the floor with your own hands during the construction of the building.

Metal ceiling in a private house

Undoubtedly metal beams are a more durable material and can serve without the limitations and problems that arise with wooden structures. Due to the strength of the material, you can save space by making an overlap minimum thickness. But with all the attractiveness and advantages, metal floors are used infrequently. The most commonly used wooden version.

The gaps between the beams are filled concrete mortar or wooden shields. The final weight of the structure will be as follows: a square meter of overlap will have a weight of about four hundred kilograms.

Metal beams can cover spans of considerable size. The advantage of such structures is their fire resistance, immunity to microorganisms, mold, termites.

The disadvantages of this kind of structure is that areas in contact with moisture are subject to corrosion. To avoid this, problem areas are wrapped with felt.

Most often, a rolling profile is used for such structures. During installation, reinforced concrete slabs are laid between the beams, and they are covered with a layer of slag or reinforced concrete material on top.

For this type of overlap use:

• metal corners;
• reinforced concrete slabs;
• plaster mesh;
• materials for waterproofing;
• plank flooring.

A noticeable disadvantage of this option is the need to use special equipment.

What to make a ceiling in a private house

After analyzing everything possible options manufacturing floors in a private dwelling, it can be argued that a wooden floor is rightfully considered one of the most optimal for a private building. This design is based only on wood: load-bearing beams and floor boards. A solid bar or board goes into the load-bearing beams. The material is affordable and can be applied to any walls: aerated concrete, brick or timber. Most home craftsmen use this particular material.

Speaking of wooden floors, the main characteristics of such a design should be highlighted:

• cost - the price of a tree is affordable;
• durability - depends on the quality of service and conditions of use, as a rule, it is from thirty to fifty years;
• manufacturing complexity - is considered an average degree of complexity, but does not require special equipment;
• fire safety - one of the most flammable materials, but the degree of risk can be reduced by treating the wood surface with flame retardants;
• weight - the design is considered light, the approximate weight of one square meter- forty kilograms;
• maintenance - it is necessary to use protective compounds: from microorganisms, mold, fungus.

Among the positive aspects of a wooden floor are:

• profitability - the price is much less than other overlap options;
• light weight - light weight compared to metal;
• no need for finishing;
• ease of installation - no equipment or special knowledge is needed for self-installation;
• universality - the ability to use such a design for a building made of any material;
• the ability to hide the insulation - thermal insulation is hidden behind the sheathing boards.

But wood flooring also has its downsides. Let's dwell on them:

• creak - after some time of operation, the wooden structure will begin to creak;
• high fire risk wooden materials subject to combustion, quickly light up and support the process;
• the need for additional service- for the design to serve maximum amount time to process protective equipment and mixtures;
• low mechanical strength- the material is susceptible to impact and can be partially deformed;
• complexity in the construction of large spans - it is impossible to apply this design on surfaces of more than five meters.

If you have any questions about installing the ceiling in a private house with your own hands, you can watch the video at the end of the article. There you will find answers to all questions on the topic of overlapping in a private house.

The tendency to increase the number of floors of private houses forces us to solve the problem associated with the construction of floors. The level of modern building technologies allows you not to be tied to certain conditions that are associated with the configuration and size of the premises of the house. This expands the possibilities for the implementation of plans and facilitates the work. Before you start building floors, you need to thoroughly understand how this is done. In this article we will describe in detail how and from what to make floors between floors.

Basic requirements for floors between floors

Overlappings form the number of storeys of the building

Overlapping is a structural element of a building that divides the building in a horizontal plane with the formation of floors, and also separates them from the attic and basement. The share of costs for the construction of this structure is about 20% of the construction estimate. Overlapping refers to critical structures, therefore, at the design stage, one should adhere to the basic requirements that apply to them:

1. Strength indicators should be at a level that allows you to withstand the load, which consists of its own weight and the mass of structural elements, objects and people. The strength of the overlap increases with a decrease in the level of its location.
2. The stiffness parameters are directly dependent on the strength and width of the structure. For wooden structures, bending is allowed within 0.5-0.7% of their width, for steel beams - 0.25%.
3. The ceiling must provide sufficient sound insulation, at which the noise level is within the limits sanitary norms. The improvement of this indicator is achieved by increasing the tightness of the joints.
4. The structure must have adequate thermal insulation. If it is located between rooms with a temperature difference of more than 10 degrees Celsius, it is required to implement side events for keeping warm.
5. To achieve the required fire safety, the floor material must have a certain fire resistance. This concept refers to the degree of protection of premises from the effects of fire for a certain time.
6. The combination of weight and thickness of the structure should be optimal.

How are floors classified?

Depending on the level at which the floors are located, the requirements for them differ.

The cover is:

Roof construction is serious business.

Interfloor ceilings: manufacturing options

In construction, there is a wide variety of solutions for organizing floors. They may be:

1. Beamless: prefabricated, monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic.
   
2. beamed: wooden, metal, reinforced concrete.
3. Wooden.
   Wooden floors

   This design is the most common in the construction of country houses. This is due to the possibility of creating the overlap yourself. In addition, the material is affordable and has good sound and heat insulation properties.

4. Metallic.
   This flooring option is usually used in the organization of the basement and basement. Metal constructions have high reliability and long service life, as well as their dimensions are smaller with the same bearing capacity.
   Metal products do not have sufficient thermal insulation and are subject to corrosion. The structure can be constructed from channels or I-beams, which are laid at a distance of 500-1500 mm from each other. They are used to install reinforced concrete slabs of small sizes.
5. Reinforced concrete.
   The use of this option necessitates the use of lifting equipment, since the mass structural elements significant. In addition, the foundation is subjected to heavy loads, which should be taken into account when designing.
   Reinforced concrete floors

   The indicators of sound and heat insulation of the material are at an average level, reinforced concrete is difficult to process and has increased labor costs during installation.

6. Coffered, arched and hipped.
   Ceilings of caisson and tent types are a kind of ribbed panels. They are used in the construction of large facilities with complex architectural forms. Such ceiling structures are not relevant in the construction of private houses, as well as arched ceilings.

Overlapping on wooden beams: features

The construction of interfloor floors made of wood has several advantages:

• the design is simple in execution, it can be done with your own hands. Installation does not take much time. The cost of work is significantly reduced, due to the absence of the need to use special equipment, and activities for lifting and moving material can be carried out with one or two assistants;
• availability of wood. For the manufacture of beams, coniferous trees are used, which are widespread;
• relatively low weight, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the mass of the structure as a whole. Thus, the cost of construction is reduced;
• ease of installation of sound insulation improves the comfort of living in the house;
• wooden structures have a lower cost, which in general gives significant cost savings;
• the speed of creating the floor is comparable to the installation of the floor with slabs and is carried out in a day. In this case, the crane is not needed.

Ceilings on wooden beams

The disadvantages of wooden floors include:

• the existing length limitation (4.5 m) does not make it possible to construct ceilings over rooms with a greater length without additional support;
• high fire hazard of wood requires special processing of parts;
• the tree is exposed to a number of biological factors, which is prevented by appropriate processing;
• relatively low strength.

Monolithic flooring on corrugated board: what to look for

The difference between creating a ceiling on corrugated board and concrete is the fact that in the first case, special formwork is not required, and as a result they have a finished ceiling. In addition, the technology using corrugated board does not need to be finished or improved.

The profiled configuration of the material creates the necessary strength and rigidity of the floor, thereby reducing the need for reinforcement and concrete. This is possible due to the fact that the solution fills only the voids of the ribs, and does not occupy the entire surface of the sheet.

To create such an overlap, it is important to use only sheets intended for roofing.
The essence of the technology is the use of corrugated board as a formwork, which is not dismantled after pouring concrete. The resulting structure has a special structure as load-bearing supports, consisting of metal columns, beams, logs. As a result, the load is redistributed from the ceiling to the supports, while the walls are not loaded. Such constructive solution makes it possible to carry out lightweight walls.

Overlapping on corrugated board

In addition, the organization of the support system allows instead of expensive strip foundation use a glass type support. This will significantly reduce the construction cost.

Overlapping with slabs between the first and second floor: reinforced concrete

Slabs made of reinforced concrete are widely used. According to some parameters, when compared with the monolithic execution of the ceiling between the first and second floors, they have the best performance.

The organization of such an overlap requires a powerful foundation and involves the construction of walls from durable materials. As a rule, floor slabs are used for high-rise buildings.

Structures made of reinforced concrete slabs are reliable, durable and have a long service life. The magnitude of the loads that concrete can withstand is colossal. It is characterized by the property of increasing strength characteristics over time. In addition, the material fully meets the requirements for heat and sound insulation, and also have sufficient fire safety. The process of installing a ceiling from slabs does not require much time using special equipment and is not difficult.

The main disadvantages of reinforced concrete products include their significant mass and the need to use special equipment during the installation. In addition, such overlaps require the creation of a screed so that the load on them is uniform.

With all the shortcomings, reinforced concrete floor slabs are successfully used in the construction of private houses.

The overlap of a private house is a horizontal building element that separates the building in height. At the same time, it is the floor of the upper floor and takes on its load along with the environment and people. Overlappings provide the structure with the necessary rigidity, therefore, their construction is very demanding. Structures separating residential floors from attic and basements also perform the function of energy saving. Which is better to choose a floor for a private house from foam blocks? How to mount it yourself? Let's deal with the issues together.

Types of floors

According to the technical solution, interfloor vaults are conditionally divided into 2 groups:

• - floors made of homogeneous elements;
• prefabricated - structures from beams and filling.

In the production of monolithic structures, concrete is used, which is poured into the formwork right at the construction site. The thickness of the plates must be at least 150 mm. These covers are durable and bearing capacity. In addition, they can be given arbitrary geometric shapes.

The bearing part of prefabricated options are beams. They are wooden, metal, reinforced concrete. Beams are evenly distributed over the top of the floor. Filling elements are laid between them, which serve as a fence.

1. Ceilings from wooden beams.

This is the most popular material for the construction of wooden and frame structures. The basis of the floors is glued laminated timber of coniferous and hardwood. It is lightweight, simple installation and low cost. The whole structure consists of wooden beams, insulation, rolling and floor. It can be used in rooms up to 5 meters wide. The disadvantage of a wood frame is an increased flammability, as well as the likelihood of decay and damage by pest beetles.

2. Metal floors.

Channels No. 12-36 and above are chosen as the carrier base. To prevent corrosion, they are covered with soil. Lay on top wooden logs, and the resulting voids are filled with insulating materials with sound insulation. Wooden shields, rolls, inserts made of lightweight concrete are well suited for this. Unlike wood, such floors are more reliable and durable. They have less thickness, which saves living space. The big disadvantage of metal options is the complexity of installation, so they are rare in private houses made of foam concrete.

3. Overlapping from reinforced concrete beams.

Products are manufactured at the factory in an industrial way. This is the most popular option used in the construction of cottages. The structure is made up of rolled profile beams and hollow reinforced concrete slabs with a thickness of 90 mm or more. Interfloor ceilings are 1.3-7.5 m long and 1-1.5 m wide.

• fast installation;
• high bearing capacity;
• good thermal and sound insulation;
• acceptable price.

The disadvantages include the need to involve special equipment during installation. The massiveness of the structures requires additional reinforcement of the walls in the form of reinforced strapping. In addition, finished reinforced concrete slabs have fixed dimensions, which limits the architectural possibilities of a private house.

Cover requirements

The slabs separating the floors must be strong enough to support their own and useful mass (people, furniture, Appliances, interior items). The size of the payload per square of the floor area is determined depending on the purpose of the room and the nature of the objects located in it. So, for interfloor ceilings, the allowable indicator is no more than 210 kg / m2. More information about floors different types can be found.

The plate must have good rigidity, which will not allow deflections under the influence of loads. The permissible thickness of floors between residential floors should be no more than 1/250 of the span dimensions.

To ensure reliable sound insulation, all cracks in the joints of building elements are carefully closed. Any overlap cannot withstand strong and long burning. For each type of material, the maximum fire resistance time is calculated:

• 60 min - reinforced concrete slabs;
• 45 min - wooden structures with backfill and plaster on the lower surface;
• 15 min - wood floors with plaster;
• less than 15 minutes - wooden beams not protected by refractory materials.

Ceilings that separate living rooms from a cold attic or basement need additional thermal insulation.

Do-it-yourself laying of reinforced concrete floors in a private house from foam blocks

Reinforced concrete slabs are a strong and reliable foundation for buildings made of cellular materials. However, they have a large mass, which must be taken into account during masonry work. In order for the weight of the floor to be distributed evenly over the floor and not to violate the integrity of the walls, it is better to make an additional device in the form of a reinforcing belt.

Option I:

• Mount a concrete tape measuring 150 × 250 mm along the perimeter of the cottage wall. It is reinforced with a steel bar with a diameter of 10-12 mm and poured with M200 concrete.
• Lay the floor slab on a frozen monolithic belt, leaving a gap between the end and the wall of 10-20 mm.
• Fix sheets of extruded polystyrene foam 50 mm thick on the plates. This will help eliminate cold bridges.

The insulation of the ceiling and the reinforcing belt does not seem to be a difficult process. Therefore, in order to save money, this work can be done by yourself.

Option II:

• Reinforce wall blocks with reinforcement. To do this, deep grooves must be drilled along the perimeter of the room, reinforcing bars should be laid in them and fixed with cement mortar.
• Make a fired brick distribution tape, placing it above the fittings. It consists of three rows interleaved with masonry mesh.

The overlap of the first floor should go 130-140 mm deep into the wall, observing a temperature gap of 10-20 mm. This arrangement provides stability and rigidity. building structure. Brickwork is the most popular type of spreading belt. Its device does not require the construction of formwork and reinforcing cage which greatly simplifies and reduces the cost of work.

Technology of installation of wooden floors between floors

According to construction experts, timber is the preferred option for a private house 1-3 floors high from light cellular blocks. The mass of the wooden floor is much less than the reinforced concrete counterpart. It exerts reduced pressure on load-bearing walls, so it looks simpler in design.

• Before laying the floor, build reinforced belt around the perimeter of the walls. To do this, screw steel bars into the foam blocks every 150 mm and fix them with cement mortar.
• Wooden logs are best covered with a special protective compound. This will protect the wood from fungus, mold and increase its service life.
• At the ends of the beams that will rest on the walls of the cottage, wash down the end part at an angle of 60 degrees. After that, wrap it well with a layer of roofing material.
• Fix a mineral insulation with sound insulation 50 mm thick in the recess of the wall.
• Lay wooden logs into the wall to a depth of 140-150 mm. Between the insulation and the end of the beam, it is better to leave a gap of 20 mm in case of thermal expansion.

A wooden floor, together with transportation and installation, is much cheaper than a reinforced concrete structure. In addition, many of the installation work can be done independently.

Expert advice

• In the device of cottages from foam blocks, one cannot do without reinforcing bars fixed with anchors. The most long length bar (75 mm and above) is required for reinforced concrete slabs.
• In prefabricated ceilings, slag and concrete screed are used to connect the elements.
• technological feature cellular concrete is its relative softness. Therefore, interfloor ceilings made of reinforced concrete beams cannot be laid directly on foam blocks. Massive slabs are mounted on a reinforced belt made of heavy concrete or silicate brick.
• The device of a reinforced concrete strapping circuit around the perimeter of the ceiling enhances the rigidity and strength of the structure. With a section width of 100 mm, its height must correspond to the thickness of the slab.
• Ceilings between floors are laid only on the main load-bearing walls. It is better to make internal partitions a little lower.

Ceilings are called horizontal elements of the building, dividing its internal space into floors and perceiving static and dynamic loads from people and equipment. Covers must be:

• - durable, i.e. must safely bear the corresponding normative loads;
• - hard, i.e. should not have deflections above the established limits or vibration when technological processes;
• - soundproof, i.e. do not transmit industrial or household noise between floors;
• - industrial, i.e. not expensive to manufacture;
• - economical, i.e. should have the lowest cost, labor intensity, minimum height and weight per 1 m 2 of the covered area.

Covers must have a high degree prefabricated, least labor intensive, manufactured using local materials and unified factory products.

Types and designs of floors

According to the types of structures are distinguished beam ceilings, where the load-bearing element is beams on which slabs, floorings, rolls and other floor elements are laid, and slab floors, consisting of load-bearing slabs or flooring, based on the vertical bearing supports of the building or on crossbars, girders. There are also beamless ceilings, consisting of a slab connected to a vertical support by a bearing capital (Fig. 2.26).

Figure 2.26 Monolithic beam slabs (a) and beamless slabs (b): 1-ribbed; 2- caisson; 3- column; 4- capital

By appointment, interfloor, attic and lower floors are distinguished. According to the material, the floors are distinguished: reinforced concrete, stone, wooden, along steel beams.

Ceilings made of reinforced concrete flooring (Fig. 2.27) are used of several types: multi-hollow flooring - with round, oval and vertical voids (vertical voids have a round transverse section with a rectangular insert), ribbed, with ribs in two and one directions and solid - one-, two- and three-layer concrete of various strengths and bulk density.

decking

decking called reinforced concrete floors, made up of identical elements stacked close to each other, having a relatively small width and mass.

Ceilings made of reinforced concrete panels are arranged with floors of a multilayer structure or separate floors are used with air gap between floor panel and ceiling panel.

Hollow core panels with prestressed reinforcement are made of cement or silicate concrete. Such panels find application along with multi-hollow flooring.

Solid panels are made of reinforced concrete flat slabs 8-14 cm thick.

Ribbed panels have ribs at the top or bottom of the panels. More efficient are panels that have a frequent arrangement of ribs in both directions (along and across the panel).
Consider in detail the different types of floors.

Separate ceilings - constructions consist of interconnected plates, one of which is turned with ribs down, the other - up. The upper and lower plates of small spans have the same cross section.

Overlappings with a split ceiling increase the soundproofing qualities of the ceiling and create a smooth ceiling. Separate ceilings are suspended or self-supporting, transferring the load to vertical load-bearing elements.

Figure 2.27 Ceilings: reinforced concrete flooring: a - with round voids; b - with oval voids; c - with vertical voids; g - flat; e, e - ribbed; g - overlapping of a separate structure of often ribbed panels with ribs in two directions; h - the same with ribs in the same direction; and - panel ceiling with false ceiling; k - interfloor overlapping on reinforced concrete beams; l - the same for wooden beams; m - prefabricated monolithic ceiling; 1 - top panel; 2 - bottom panel; 3- elastic pads; 4 - suspended ceiling; 5 - plank floor (thickness 29 mm); 6 - logs 40x70 through 500 mm; 7 - elastic gasket; 8 - sand; 9 - only; 10- slabs of rolling (gypsum concrete); 11- grout; 12- parquet on paper; 13- pastille from boards 37 mm thick; 14 - logs; 15 - plaster; 16 - linoleum on mastic; 17 - black floor along the lags; 18 - monolithic overlap; 19- concrete stone

Dropped ceilings

Suspended ceilings are arranged from frame panels or shields (wooden or other sheet material). The composition of the ceiling structure may include soundproof and vapor-tight layers. To improve the acoustic properties of rooms, the surface suspended ceilings it is advisable to arrange from perforated sound-absorbing plates. Separate floors are economical; their mass is only 200 kg/m 2 with low labor input.

Ceilings on reinforced concrete beams (Fig. 2.27). In civil buildings, T-beams are used, which are supported by load-bearing longitudinal and transverse walls or girders. rectangular section span equal to the distance between the supports. The cross-sectional dimensions of the runs are determined by calculation.

The distance between the beams is 60, 80 and 100 cm.

The gaps between the beams are filled with hollow stones made of lightweight concrete or slabs of lightweight or gypsum concrete. Bearing plates are arranged with reinforcement, non-bearing - with a wooden rack frame.

Slag, slag wool or calcined sand are used as sound insulation of floors.

Wooden floors are used to a limited extent, mainly in low-rise construction and in forest areas. Wooden floor beams can be solid - from beams and composite - from boards. filling between wooden beams serve as wooden boards of rolling, lightweight concrete and gypsum concrete slabs.

Monolithic reinforced concrete floors subdivided into beamless, ribbed and coffered.

Beamless floors are a smooth reinforced concrete slab with a thickness of 60-100 mm. The reinforcement is located in the lower zone and is bent upwards on the supports. The span of the slab is usually taken as 3 m, but it can be increased to 5-6 m.

Beamless ceilings can be made in the form of slabs resting at four corners on columns with upper broadenings - capitals.

Ribbed floors consist of slabs, secondary and main beams. The main beams rest on the walls and columns, the secondary beams on the main beams. The main beams can be located along or across the building. The distance between the secondary beams is 4-6 m, between the main beams is 6-9 m.

cofferedfloors arrange at the same distance between the columns (5-7 m). Caissons are formed by ribs located in mutually perpendicular directions every 1-2 m. Caissons, i.e. recesses in the ceiling, improve the interior of the room.

Prefabricated monolithic ceilings arrange using inserts made of lightweight concrete ceramic hollow and other lightweight stones that fill the space between the ribs.

Features of the structures of floors above boiler rooms, basements, in bathrooms and wet rooms. The design of the ceiling separating the living quarters from the boiler room in the basement must meet the requirements of sufficient sound, heat and gas insulation.

Ceilings separating heated rooms from cold passages, basements and other unheated rooms are thermally insulated. The vapor barrier is located on top of the thermal insulation.

The constructive solution of floors in bathrooms and in wet rooms of baths and laundries includes waterproofing from a two-three-layer roofing felt carpet, smoothly bent 100-150 mm onto the walls. Instead of roofing material, it is possible to use a synthetic film. A fairly simple solution is waterproofing from a waterproof greasy cement-sand mortar.

Attic floors. To protect the heat-insulating layer from moisture from below, a vapor barrier is arranged from roll material or lubrication with bitumen. Insulation in the ceilings can be: expanded clay, slag, tuff, pumice, artificial natural expanded materials - perlite and vermiculite, mineral wool glass wool materials, as well as other materials with a small bulk density (100-400 kg / m 2).

Any floor structures perceive the calculated vertical and horizontal loads (Fig. 2.28.). According to the impacts of the structure, the floors must meet the requirements of strength and rigidity of fire resistance, sound insulation (for interfloor floors), thermal insulation (for attic floors, above undergrounds and driveways), a number of requirements regarding the hygienic properties of the floor covering material and general requirements economic efficiency. According to the requirements of rigidity, the permissible value of the deflection of the floors is from 1/200 to 1/400 of the span, depending on its value. In accordance with the requirements of fire resistance, the bearing part of the floors of civil buildings is usually made of reinforced concrete.

Figure 2.28 The main impacts on the structures of coatings: a - attic; b - interfloor; in - basement; 1- vertical loads; 2 - horizontal force impacts; 3- heat flow; 4 - diffusion of water vapor; 5 - airborne noise; 6 - impact noise

Technical and economic assessment of the overlap

The cost of floors in the total cost of a residential building is 12-18%, in production building- up to 40%. Rational floor design can have a significant impact on reducing the cost of the building as a whole.

Overlapping, if necessary, must also meet special requirements: water tightness, gas tightness, anti-rot resistance. Sometimes floors are involved in ensuring the stability of a multi-storey building. At the same time, the ceilings themselves must have the necessary rigidity and transmit horizontal forces to stable elements located in the middle part of the building, for example, stairwell boxes, elevator shafts, etc.
For a comparative assessment of options for interfloor floors, indicators of cost, labor intensity, reduced thickness and consumption of basic materials are used (Table 2.5).

Table 2.5. Comparison of interfloor options

floor structure	Reduced thickness in cm	Material consumption
		Steel in kg	Cement in kg	Forest in kg
Prefabricated from hollow core panels	11	5,4	35	-
Prefabricated from solid panels	14	9,4	54	-
From prefabricated reinforced concrete beams with rolling from gypsum concrete slabs	-	7	12	-
Wooden beams with gypsum concrete boards	-	-	-	0,33