A project about education in different countries. Education systems around the world

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "ORLOV STATE UNIVERSITY"

FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM AND CO

abstract

"Education systems around the world"

Classical education in Great Britain

United Kingdomrightfully has a reputation as a country of high-quality classical education, the history of which goes back more than one hundred years. The issued diplomas are quoted all over the world.

The UK has an extensive system that allows you to get a good education and professional training at any level. There are about 30 thousand schools in the country, of which 2500 are private, and more than 170 are higher educational institutions... One of the country's traditions is the openness of the education system for foreigners. Of the 2 million students, 214 thousand are people who have come from abroad. According to the British Council, as of September 12, 2001, 13,400 Russian citizens were studying at various educational institutions in the UK. 1360 of them are university students.

The education system is built in such a way that a foreigner can “enter” it at almost any stage. But the requirements are high and not easy to do. In addition, it should be taken into account that the Russian matriculation certificate is not recognized as equivalent to the British one (to obtain it, you need to study 11 years in a Russian school, and 13 years in a British one).

Schools. English children start school at 5 and finish at 16 with a General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). Until the age of 14, they study basic general education subjects according to the compulsory unified state program. Then, within two years, there is a preparation for the GCSE exams in 6-10 subjects. After passing these exams, the compulsory secondary education program is considered complete. But this is not enough to enter the university. It is necessary to study for another two years on the A-level program, which provides for an in-depth study of three to six subjects. The results of the A-level exams serve both the British and foreigners as a "ticket to life" to continue their education: according to the certificate competition, you can enter a university.

For a child from Russia to receive a quality English education, it would be nice to start right from an English school. More than 90% of high schools in the UK are public and free. However, as a rule, foreigners are not accepted there, so it remains to enter private school... Although they are attended by only about 6% of all students, private schools provide about 50% of those entering the elite Oxford and Cambridge. In general, 90% of graduates of English private schools easily enter the leading universities in the UK, USA, Canada. Private schools accept foreigners from 8 to 18 years old, boarding schools - from 7 to 16 years old.

Colleges. English youth receive secondary and special education in colleges. Foreigners are also accepted there. You can enter an English college after graduating from a Russian school. Colleges provide vocational training and represent an intermediate step between school and university.

College curricula are focused primarily on practical training to professional activity. But more and more often they are used for university preparation, and the highest of the qualifications they assign is equivalent to the A-level certificate of maturity. In fact, these colleges allow students to complete a two-year A-level program at an accelerated pace - in a year.

Foundation preparatory courses operate on the basis of a number of British colleges and universities. Their duration is one year, the program includes in-depth study of the English language and basic majors.

Universities. Higher education institutions in the UK are divided into three types. There are colleges (Colleges of Higher Education) that, like universities, award academic degrees (only bachelor's level) and issue higher education diplomas. But unlike universities, they are highly specialized educational institutions in areas such as painting and design, music, theater, education. There are polytechnic institutes where engineering specialties are usually acquired. There are university colleges, which are usually part of universities. Finally, there are classical universities, which, as before, remain centers of academic education and scientific work.

Language schools. In the UK, there are about 1,500 educational institutions that teach English to foreigners, about 800 of them are private specialized language schools. More than 370 schools are accredited by the British Council, which means that they meet strict quality standards and are recommended for international students.

Ireland's education system

Ireland has more than 3000 primary, over 800 secondary, more than 150 language schools, 14 institutes of technology, several private pedagogical and business colleges, and seven universities.

All educational institutions are controlled at the state level by special bodies that monitor compliance educational process accepted standards.

Rich traditions and high quality of education, the opportunity to legally earn extra money attract many foreigners to Ireland. More than 150 thousand students come to Irish language schools every year. The proportion of international students at Irish universities varies from five to ten percent, depending on the institution.

High schools in Ireland are public and private, mixed and separate, day and boarding schools. Most of the secondary schools in Ireland are private. Children from abroad are admitted to both private and public schools. In the latter case, the fees are very moderate and lower than in private schools. After 6-8 years of study in primary school, a test is usually carried out for general development and knowledge of the main subjects of the school curriculum. At the age of 12, an Irish child goes to high school, where he studies English and Irish languages, mathematics, economics and science for six years.

Those wishing to get higher education must spend another three years at school. Over the past two years, Irish schoolchildren have been studying 6-8 subjects for which they pass exams to obtain a certificate of complete secondary education - Leaving Certificate.

Boarding schools for Russian schoolchildren available already at the age of 9-12 years.

Colleges. The specificity of Ireland lies in the fact that colleges and universities in its educational system do not separate, considering that they together form the so-called "third level". Therefore, many undergraduate programs are college-based.

Professional education can be obtained from institutes of technology and private independent colleges. They can study information technology, hotel management, accounting and other areas of applied nature.

Universities. There are seven universities in Ireland, and most of them are built according to classic model, i.e. offer bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in a wide range of disciplines.

Scientific research is being actively carried out on the basis of universities. Within the framework of the "Program advanced technologies»Financed scientific projects in the field of biotechnology, optoelectronics, information technology and telecommunications.

Teachers' colleges train primary school teachers. In them, you can get a bachelor's degree in three years. High school teaching requires a university degree or diploma, so many colleges are either affiliated with or have agreements with Irish universities.

The second option is the preparatory departments (Foundation), which first appeared in Ireland not so long ago. This program is accredited by the NCEA and is recognized by both Irish and overseas educational institutions.

Language schools. The backbone of Irish education are schools that are members of the MEI-RELSA (Marketing English in Ireland - Recognized English Language Schools Association), created to strengthen the prestige of Irish education abroad. Quality control and accreditation of schools is carried out by the Advisory Council for English Language Schools (ACELS).

The United States ranks first in the world in terms of the number of institutions of higher education and, consequently, the number of students receiving education in them. More than 15 million people study in American universities, 500 thousand of whom are foreigners. They are attracted by a high standard of living, a huge selection of study programs, and a decent quality of academic training.

Education in the USA

educational training college university

It is believed that the United States - the best option for graduate and doctoral studies. Many American universities play a primary role in research projects having international significance... Their level is determined by an excellent laboratory and technical base, easy access to all imaginable college sources (scientific periodicals, library funds, etc.) and the presence of world-renowned teachers.

Schools. American children go to school at the age of 6 and study until the age of 18, i.e. 12 years. Schools are divided into public and private. Due to the lack of a unified nationwide curriculum, secondary school graduates have different level preparation. The best knowledge is gained by students of prestigious private boarding schools.

Preparation for admission to the university is carried out in the upper grades of the American high school, where a wide range of general subjects is studied - English and foreign languages, history, natural sciences, etc. Many private schools offer an international Bachelor's degree program as an alternative.

Colleges. A characteristic feature of the American education system is a developed system of colleges. There are more than 3,000 colleges in the United States, which are divided into several main types: two-year technical, local and four-year colleges, which are equivalent in status to universities. The latter can be both independent higher educational institutions, as well as be part of other universities.

Foreigners often prefer Community Colleges because they are easier to enroll in. These educational institutions not only teach professions, but also offer academic training programs corresponding to the first two courses of the university. Local colleges usually have student transfer agreements with their state universities.

Universities. American universities are subdivided into private and public ones. Both those and others can be of different levels: along with the brilliant Yale and Harvard, there is whole line small and unremarkable educational institutions. Science course they are much cheaper, but the diploma is quoted much lower.

Obtaining a bachelor's degree requires four years of study. The curricula of American universities is distinguished by the opportunity to combine the subjects of choice as widely as possible.

International students prefer to study business administration, management, economics, i.e. disciplines in which Americans are the undisputed leaders in the world. MBA programs from American business schools are very popular.

Language classes. One of the main requirements for those who are going to study in the United States is excellent knowledge of the English language. You will have to take the TOEFL test of English as a foreign language, and it requires a long special preparation. The test is aimed at testing the ability to understand oral and written speech, formulate your thoughts and write an essay. Usually, for admission to the university, you need to score 550-600 points.

All major international linguistic centers - LAL, Aspect, EF, International House, Regent, etc. - have their branches in different regions USA. Many branded language programs combine study with vacation in American resorts.

Education system of Canada

Canada is one of the countries whose diplomas are quoted all over the world. This is not surprising: Canada spends more money on the development of the education system than many other developed countries.

Canada is one of the world leaders in high technology, aerospace and microelectronics. As a result, all these areas are taught here at a very high level. Canada's engineering education, business and life sciences programs have a strong reputation. Canadian diplomas are recognized throughout the world. All these advantages attract more than 100 thousand foreign students to Canada annually.

Since there are two foreign languages ​​in Canada - English and French, a foreign student can study at a university where teaching is in any of them. English is more widely spoken (in Quebec - French).

Among the Canadian educational institutions there are both public and private. The quality of education they provide is about the same. But the content of the curriculum in a particular province may differ slightly, because According to the Canadian Constitution, education issues are in the competence of local authorities.

Schools. More than 5 million students study in schools in Canada. For foreigners, tuition is paid. The amount of payment is determined by the educational institution itself. Private schools offer paid programs. The choice of such schools is very large - with separate or joint education for boys and girls, with full board or only daytime education.

There are relatively few private schools in Canada and they have a fairly high competition. On average, private boarding schools are better equipped than public ones. Graduates of renowned Canadian private schools easily enroll in leading Canadian universities in the UK, USA and Canada.

Children go to first grade at the age of 6. Education in primary and secondary schools is conducted in one of the official languages ​​of the country - English or French. In most of the provinces, a complete secondary education, which opens the way to a university, takes 12 years, then those who want to prepare for entering a university study for another 2 years in a preparatory department at a college.

Colleges. There are approximately 175 public and private colleges in Canada. In system vocational education about 300 thousand people are trained. The quality of training is monitored by representatives of the ACCC (Association of Canadian Community Colleges).

Canadian colleges are subdivided into community, technical, and the aforementioned CEGEP colleges. The main task of colleges is to prepare professional personnel for industry and business. In particular, technical colleges are something like Russian vocational and technical schools, whose students acquire a profession in a short time. There are usually two years in college, and most of the class time is spent not in classrooms, but in laboratories and workshops. Upon graduation, students will receive certificates and professional diplomas.

Many colleges have bachelor's degree programs with universities. Graduates of such a college are immediately enrolled in the second year of the partner university.

Universities. There are no private higher education institutions in Canada (with the exception of a few closed religious institutions), all of which are financed by two-thirds from the state budget and public funds. All universities are members of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC).

Canadian universities are equipped with modern material and technical equipment and have good libraries. The strength of Canadian higher education is the close relationship between science and practice. University clinics are considered the best in the country, and business schools are actively involved in advising entrepreneurs and taxpayers. According to official statistics, Canadian university science creates 150-200 thousand jobs in the country annually.

In total, more than 1.5 million students study at universities in Canada, including about 30 thousand foreigners. Students from abroad make up approximately 5% of the total student population. But among graduates of such educational institutions as Windsor University and New Brunswick University, one in four is a foreigner.

Study in Australia

Australia in recent decades has become one of the leaders in the international educational market. Studying on the "green continent" has many advantages: English as the state language, a high standard of living, the opportunity all year round enjoy all the pleasures of the warm climate. Therefore, more than 160 thousand students from abroad come to this country every year.

Today in Australia there are about 10 thousand schools, more than 300 public colleges and 40 universities, two of which are private. All educational institutions - both public and private - are under the control of the Ministry of Education, comply with state standards and guarantee high quality education.

The education system differs slightly from state to state. On average, Australian children go to school from the age of 6. Until the age of 12, they study in the first stage, until the age of 16 - in the second, and up to 18 years - in the third stage of secondary education. In general, it is designed for 12 years, which is why the Russian certificate of secondary education is not recognized as equivalent to the Australian one.

There are not so many foreign students in Australia - they make up about 5% (about 15 thousand). Boarding schools are most suitable for children coming to Australia from overseas. The overwhelming majority of foreign students are concentrated in the last two graduating classes. Their goal is to obtain an Australian Higher School Certificate and enter the university on a general basis.

A foreigner wishing to receive an Australian education must provide completed questionnaires, a certificate of grades in a Russian school, and take an English proficiency test. The most prestigious schools sometimes require tests in basic subjects as well.

Colleges. Australian colleges provide professional training in a wide range of areas. Colleges are divided into public and private. State ones, united in the TAFE (Technical and Further Education) system, are considered more prestigious.

A typical set of college offerings includes a program in business, management, marketing, accounting, information technology, secretarial, design, tourism and hotel management. The training has a pronounced practical focus. In a number of specialties, you can take an internship (most often paid).

Universities. Australia's universities have a leading position in the Pacific region with degrees recognized worldwide. More than 680 thousand students study at the country's universities. The list of only bachelor's programs includes more than 2000 positions.

For foreign applicants, there are preparatory courses (Foundation). They are designed for an average of 24 weeks of training. Successful completion of the Foundation program guarantees a place in the first year.

New Zealand education system

Before 1907 New Zealand remained a British colony, so the English influence is felt here in everything, even in the education system, built on the British model.

Foreigners like to study in this country. Every year about 30 thousand students from abroad come here. In New Zealand, they are attracted by safety, a high standard of living and an excellent ecology.

Schools. There are about 440 schools in New Zealand, about 20 of which are private. As in many European countries, schools are of a separate (girls only or boys only) and joint type. Most of them are state-owned, therefore, free, but they, as a rule, do not accept foreigners. Along with public schools, there are private boarding schools, access to which is open to schoolchildren from abroad. These schools offer foreigners a very good education and basic training, with which you can easily enter the best universities in English-speaking countries.

They usually go to school from the age of 5-6. Primary school education lasts 8 years - from the first to the eighth grade. At the age of 13, children transfer to one of the secondary schools, which are sometimes called "colleges" or "upper secondary schools." In grades 9-13, children are prepared for entering the university and polytechnic institutes. In high school, schoolchildren will have to choose 6 major subjects. Full list disciplines has up to 30 positions and is approved by the New Zealand Organization for the Recognition of Qualifications (NZQA).

At the end of grade 11, students who successfully pass the exams receive a certificate of secondary education. The 12th grade ends with exams for the Sixth Form Certificate, and at the end of the 13th grade, students take final exams, which are also entrance exams to universities. In these exams - in fact, they are analogous to the British A-level - knowledge is tested in 4-6 major subjects.

Colleges. Vocational educational institutions - "polytechnics" are very popular among young people in New Zealand. They provide professional qualifications or bachelor's degrees.

The study lasts from six months to two years. Classes are held in small groups. After passing each stage, the student receives the corresponding document: a certificate, professional diploma or bachelor's degree (the latter is issued after the completion of a three-year program). The programs are structured in such a way that students, after completing one year, can go directly to the second year of a university that has partnerships with the institute.

In addition to traditional programs in hotel management, tourism, information technology, some educational institutions offer less common options. For example, at the Eastern Technological Institute you can take a course "Viticulture and winemaking".

Universities. The total number of students in New Zealand universities exceeds 110 thousand, 3-10% are foreigners. The first universities in New Zealand appeared about one and a half centuries ago. The British model was adopted as a basis for their creation.

Since the duration of study in a Russian secondary school does not correspond to that adopted in New Zealand, it is not yet possible to enter a university in this country with a Russian matriculation certificate. As a rule, applicants need to complete one or two courses of a Russian university or to study in another city in New Zealand - at the preparatory department or at a vocational school. Another way is to graduate from New Zealand High School.

Tuition fees in New Zealand are significantly lower than in Europe and Australia. At the same time, diplomas from New Zealand universities are recognized in most countries of the world (70% of graduates work outside New Zealand). Anyone who likes life in New Zealand has the opportunity, after three years of study, to receive permission to stay here to work in the acquired specialty for a period of two years.

Language classes. In New Zealand, there are both language centers organized at schools and universities, as well as separate private language schools. In New Zealand language schools, English + sports programs have become widespread. The variety of sports that can be played in New Zealand all year round is amazing: skiing, scuba diving, mountaineering, sailing, golf, horse riding.

Education is one of the most important components of our world, because without proper education, our new generation will not have a future, because without it they simply cannot survive in this complex world. Surprisingly, it would seem that the importance of this is obvious, but in different countries the education systems are not identical. There are countries in which education is a priority sphere of life, and there are those where they do not pay attention to it at all.

A good education is the best investment in the world, it comes back to the owners very slowly, but when the time comes, it, in fact, will not only pay off, but also make a profit. A good education system does not mean tough discipline, the main quality is here. All developed countries can boast of quality education, which is the key to their success. The rest of the countries are still working in this direction, but in some of them it is impossible not to notice the success in the educational sphere.

TOP-10 countries, whose education systems are recognized as the best in the world

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10

Poland

It is the first country in the world to have its own Ministry of Education, which still operates in the best and most appropriate manner. This is reflected in many educational successes, but the country has received the highest awards in mathematics and other fundamental sciences more than once. Poland has a high literacy rate.

Polish higher education is recognized in many countries thanks to its stable high quality learning. This country is also the best choice for foreign students. The history of education in Poland dates back to the 12th century. 70% of students in this country are taught in English.

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9

The education system in Ireland is considered one of the best, since education in this country is completely free. Note, free at all levels, including college and college. Therefore, Ireland's success in this area is recognized all over the world, and it takes its place of honor on our list. The emphasis in education has now shifted towards learning and teaching in the Irish language.

In this country, education is compulsory for all children, all educational institutions, including even private ones, are fully funded by the government in order to provide free and high-quality education at all levels to all residents of the country. This is why in Ireland about 89% of the population has compulsory schooling.

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8

The population of this country is the most literary educated in the world, which reflects the quality of education in this region. And this is another country with free education at all levels, but some private schools still require payment.

A feature of the education system here is that up to the age of sixteen, students are required full day devote to learning. Further, adolescents have the right to choose - whether they want to study full or part-time, to enter further or not to higher education. Educational institutions in the Netherlands are divided into religious and public.

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7

Canada is known for the fact that, due to the high quality of education, many students from different countries prefer this particular country for higher education.

The rules of the education system differ from province to province, but one thing that is common to the entire country is that the government of this country places great emphasis on the quality and standards of education, which is why Canada has a much higher percentage of schooling. But there are significantly fewer people willing to study in higher educational institutions than in previous countries. Education is mainly funded by the government of each individual province.

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6

United Kingdom

This is a country that is well known throughout the world for its quality of education, not only at the school level, but also at the level of higher education. Oxford University is the number one university in the world. Great Britain is also known as a pioneer in the field of education, because the history of educational institutions and the formation of the education system as a whole have passed here for a very long period.

But, surprisingly, the UK does not pay much attention to the quality of education at primary and secondary levels, although tertiary education scores excellent in all respects. Therefore, this country is in sixth place on our list. It is worth noting that the UK education system ranks second in Europe.

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5

This country is known for providing maximum freedom to schoolchildren and students. Education here is completely free, meals are also paid by the school administration if the student is present at the school full time. Despite this, great attention is paid to attracting students to higher education institutions.

Therefore, this country is also known as the leader in the number of people who complete any form of education consistently. A fairly large budget for education is allocated here. It is equal to € 11.1 billion, which allows the country to have quality education from primary to higher levels. Finland has almost 100 percent literacy, which also indicates a high level of educational system.

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4

This country was included in our list due to the fact that according to research, the population of Hong Kong has the highest IQ level on the planet. In terms of the level of education and literacy of people, this country surpasses many other countries. The great advances in technology have also come from an excellent education system. So this country, which is also called the business center of the world, is well suited for higher education. However, they want to achieve high standards for development in all areas of education. 9-year school education is compulsory for everyone.

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3

Singapore

Singapore is another leader in the average IQ of its population. Here is given Special attention both the volume and quality of education, and the schoolchildren and students themselves, who study and receive certificates. Singapore is not only one of the richest countries, but also one of the most educated. And it is education that plays a key role in the country's success.

It is indicative that the country spares no money on the quality of education. Every year, $ 12.1 billion is invested in this area, so the literacy rate here is over 96%.

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2

South Korea

You will be very surprised by the fact that even ten years ago, few people in the world spoke about the education system of this country. But South Korea is developing rapidly, and already last year it ranked first in a similar list. The country is leading in the number of people with higher education. And this is not only because learning is popular.

Education is the basic life principle of the population. This country is far ahead of the rest of the world in terms of technology development, which has been achieved thanks to the education system and government reforms. The annual budget for education in this country is $ 11.3 billion, so the literacy rate here is 99.9%.

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1

The most famous country in the world for the level of its technology ranks first on this list thanks to its reforms of the educational system. They managed to completely change the education model and create an effective control system in this area. After the complete collapse of the economy of this country, education became the only source of development for Japan. This country has a very long history of education, the traditions of which are preserved to this day. The literacy rate of the population is also 99.9%, although only primary education is compulsory.

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Conclusion

This article was about the countries with the best education systems in the world.

The public education system in Great Britain began to take shape in 1870, and in 1944 a system of free compulsory primary and secondary education was established. Public schools in England are publicly funded and run by local educational organizations. Private schools in England are also called "independent" and "public". They exist exclusively on the money that parents pay to educate their children.

The national program is developed by the state and is compulsory for all schools. Most private schools adhere to a national curriculum, but have the right to vary the teaching of subjects. The national program includes the following subjects: · English · Technology and design · Geography · Mathematics · Informatics · Music · Natural history · Foreign languages ​​· Art · Phys. Preparation History

School education in England includes two modules: Primary - for children from 4 to 11 years old (up to 7 years old - in a school for toddlers, and from 7 to 11 years old - in a primary school) Secondary - for children from 11 to 16 years. There are three main types of junior high schools: "grammar" schools "modern" schools "United" schools

The academic year is from September 1 to August 31. As a rule, the academic year is divided into semesters: autumn (before Christmas), spring (until Easter) and summer (until the end of June). Schools work, as a rule, from 9.00 to 16.00, the school week is usually 5 days. There are no parenting meetings. Each child's parents are given 5-10 minutes for one-on-one communication with the teacher. Mandatory school uniform Much attention is paid to charity in educational institutions. From an early age, children are taught to help those who need it. Students in many UK schools are required to study social work at gas stations or nursing homes, for example.

In the United States, there is no single state education system, each state has the right to determine its structure independently. School boards set school programs, hire teachers and determine funding for programs. States regulate education within their borders by setting standards and examining students.

Preschool institutions where children aged 3-5 are brought up; primary school (grades 1-8), in which children aged 6-13 years old, secondary school (grades 9-12) with the task of teaching boys and girls aged years; educational institutions of the last level of education that are part of the higher education system.

An elementary school is an independently existing educational institution, where one teacher teaches all classes with the class, but often there is also a teacher's assistant. Characteristic for elementary schools is the completion of classes according to the students' abilities. After the definition of "i-qu", groups A, B and C appear - "gifted", "normal" and "incapable" and learning is differentiated.

Secondary school in the United States is usually divided into two levels - junior and senior, each for three years. There is also a four-year secondary school, based on an eight-year elementary school. In the 8th grade, a system of selection of subjects appears. Secondary schools are of different types: "academic", "professional" and "multidisciplinary".

A - 15% of students - a constantly high level of readiness, deep knowledge and originality (excellent). B - 25% of students - a level that is frankly higher than the average (good). С - 35% of students - average level of assignments (average). D - 15% of students - the minimum level of knowledge (below average). F - 10% of students - unsatisfactory results or complete ignorance of the educational material.

The school year continues in the American School of Days; children study 5 days a week. The duration of training sessions per day is 5-6 hours (from 8.30 to 15.30). The composition of the class changes every year to make them approximately the same both in gender and race, as well as in the level of training, knowledge, skills and behavior of students. Teachers are narrowly specialized: a 1st grade teacher teaches only 1st grade children throughout his professional life, a 5th grade teacher only teaches 5th grade children, etc.

Graduates must receive credit for 16 academic courses in their last four years of study. Each such course consists of one lesson daily for 18 or 36 weeks. For the last four years, compulsory study of modern achievements of five "basic disciplines" is recommended: English (4 years), mathematics (3 years), natural sciences (3 years), social sciences (3 years), mastering computer literacy (0.5 years) In addition, students wishing to continue their studies in higher education must complete a 2-year foreign language course.

In these countries, the state guarantees free secondary education. All school systems are divided into several stages: primary school, basic and high school. However, the distribution of study time is different In Russia there is state standard education, the UK has a national program, and the United States does not have a unified state program. However, in all countries there is a compulsory list of subjects for study In all countries school education ends with written examinations Along with public schools there are private ones, where training is carried out on a paid basis.

Comparative characteristics of education systems in Russia, USA, Germany and Japan.

Any society to ensure progressive development must implement the function of education. For this purpose, it creates an educational system, i.e. complex of educational institutions.

According to their organizational and legal forms, educational institutions can be:

State,

Municipal,

Non-governmental (private, public and religious organizations).

V Of Russia educational institutions include the following types:

Preschool;

General education (primary general, basic general,

secondary (complete) general education). The secondary school has three stages: Stage 1 - primary school (3-4 years); Level 2 - Basic School (5 years); 3rd level - secondary school (2 - 3 years) .;

Special (correctional) for children with developmental disabilities; institutions

add. education; institutions for orphans and children left without parental care; other institutions.

V USA there is no single state education system, each state has the right to determine its structure independently.

The US education system includes:

Preschool institutions where children aged 3-5 are brought up;

Primary school (grades 1-6) for children aged 6-11;

Secondary school (grades 7 - 12) with the task of teaching boys and girls aged 12-17; educational institutions after the secondary level of education that are part of the higher education system.

Study in Germany starts at the age of six in a single primary school (grades 1-4), and then continues in one of three types of schools:

Basic school (grades 5-10),

Real school (grades 5-10 or 7-10),

Gymnasium (grades 5-13 or 7-13).

School course in Of Japan takes 12 years, and half of it falls on primary school (grades 1-6). Secondary school consists of two levels: compulsory junior high school (7-10) and optional senior high school (11-12). Vocational primary and secondary education is given mainly in secondary general education institutions and partly in special schools.

Preschool educational institutions in Of Russia(kindergarten, kindergarten, gymnasium, children's development center, etc.) are created to help the family to raise children from 1 to 6 years old.

Education and training carried out in preschool educational institutions are the preparatory stage of primary education. Such a characteristic of preschool education can be given not only to Russia, but also to all other countries; there are no significant differences in the principles of teaching at preschool age in Russia.

In schools Germany education starts at the age of 6 and is compulsory for all children. The preparedness of the future student is determined not by school commissions, but by doctors and social psychologists.

German elementary schools are organizationally and administratively independent institutions. Training in them lasts 4 years. From grade 3, progress is assessed on a 6-point scale. Highest marks "1" and "2" ("very good" and "good"), marks "5" and "6" are considered unsatisfactory.

Upon graduation from primary school, students receive diplomas with grades in all subjects, characteristics and recommendations for continuing their education in a particular type of high school: gymnasium, general or unified school, real school, basic school. Parents' opinion also plays an important role in choosing a school.

School course in Of Japan takes 12 years, and half of it falls on primary school due to the exceptional complexity and laboriousness of learning the native language. Initial education in Japan starts at the age of six. In the initial

school (grades 1-3), the bulk of the study time is devoted to Japanese and arithmetic. Students must learn 1850 hieroglyphs - the minimum established

Ministry of Education (but even to read books and newspapers you need to know

much more - up to 3 thousand). Half of this hieroglyphic minimum

you need to master it already in the lower grades. Every day after regular school, children go to non-compulsory school again, but extremely

necessary for the transition to the next stage of secondary school and in

university.

Primary school Of Russia lays a solid foundation for the general education required for a graduate to continue education, its full inclusion in the life of society. Basic school is compulsory. Graduates of basic school continue their education in secondary school. They also have the right to continue their education in vocational schools. of various types and a profile with different periods of study, in evening and correspondence secondary general education schools.

high school USA(college of secondary education) usually consists of two links: junior and senior. In junior high school (junior high school) (grades 7-9), one third of the study time is devoted to the general program for all, and the rest for the study of elective subjects. Senior high school (senior high school) (grades 10-12) usually offers a compulsory set of five subjects and a variety of academic and practical study profiles.

The main way to assess and control knowledge in an American school is tests. Grades are given according to five-point or one hundred-point systems: A (93-100) - excellent; D (65-74) - bad; E (0- ^ 64) - does not count. The upper secondary school is a general education institution. Students usually leave school at 17-18 years of age.

Germany. On average, about 20% of students admitted to grade 5 make it to the Abitur. Many schoolchildren for whom gymnasium education turns out to be beyond their strength or their plans change, finish their studies in grades 10-11, or even earlier move to other types of schools. V

in real school and ordinary (non-gymnasium) classes of a comprehensive school, education continues until grade 10, after which students take exams for a diploma of secondary education.

Real and general education schools are the most common types of schools in Germany.

The shortest path to obtaining a profession is considered to be the basic school (Haupt-schule), in which students study until grade 9 or 10. With a certificate of completion of the Hauptschule, you can subsequently acquire a profession that does not require high qualifications.

In grades 5-8, core subjects for all students

are religion, German, one or two foreign languages, geography, mathematics, biology, music, art, sports, history, physics. In grade 9, students can refuse to study some subjects, while taking one or two additional subjects of their choice.

In addition to the core subjects, elective grades are included in the Mittlere Reife high school diploma.

In the gymnasium, starting from the 11th year of study, schoolchildren are already studying completely according to individual plans, and the organization of classes resembles that of a university. There are no classes, there are only groups that are formed freely. Students draw up a curriculum independently, but according to certain rules. All subjects are divided into three groups: philological (German and

foreign languages), natural science (mathematics, physics, chemistry,

biology, informatics), social science (history, social science,

geography, religion, ethics or pedagogy). Until the end of schooling, basic subjects (German language, mathematics, etc.) remain for all students.

In primary and secondary schools Of Japan a five-level

rating scale: S (very good), A (good), B (satisfactory), C

(bad), D (very bad). In secondary school, when assessing knowledge, it is used as

and in American high schools, the credit system.

Professional educational institutions in Of Russia are created

for the implementation of professional educational programs of primary, secondary and higher vocational education. Initial vocational education can be obtained in vocational and other schools.

Secondary vocational education is aimed at training middle-level specialists, meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education.

Higher vocational education has the goal of training and retraining specialists of the appropriate level, meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general, secondary vocational education. His

can be obtained in educational institutions of higher professional

education (higher educational institutions) - universities, academies,

institutes, colleges. Persons with primary and secondary vocational

education of the appropriate profile, can get higher

vocational education on a shortened, accelerated program.

Postgraduate vocational education provides

citizens the opportunity to improve the level of education, scientific and

pedagogical qualifications based on higher professional

education. To obtain it, institutes, postgraduate studies,

doctoral studies, residencies, postgraduate studies at educational institutions

higher professional education and scientific institutions.

Additional educational programs and services. additional education can be obtained at advanced training institutions, courses, etc.

In many schools USA time to obtain a matriculation certificate,

spent on learning cooking and driving is equivalent to

by the time allotted for the study of mathematics, English, chemistry,

history, biology. In most schools, teaching skills for independent work is ignored and many, after graduating from high school and going to college, do not know how to work independently, systematically mastering knowledge.

The Commission for the Advancement of Education recommended

high school graduates in the last four years of school

compulsory study of modern achievements of five "basic disciplines" that make up the core of the modern school curriculum: English, mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences, mastering computer literacy.

In addition, students wishing to pursue higher education

educational institution must complete a 2-year foreign language course.

Particular attention should be paid to further development

computer information base, in particular, computers of the latest generation,

library fund, laboratory equipment, etc.

It should be emphasized that in the United States, the professional average level in

the education system is not allocated. This level is integrated into the system

higher education. Higher education in the United States is characterized by significant

a variety of curricula, courses and disciplines studied, representing

is a single social institution that carries out important economic,

social and ideological functions.

In vocational training Germany there is an apprenticeship system at enterprises with simultaneous attendance at professionalized educational institutions for two to three years. There are also advanced vocational schools - specialty schools designed for one to four years of study. Introduced the following organization of professional

training: one day at school, four days at the enterprise.

In secondary vocational education, there has been a shift from narrow specialization to

broad qualifications covering several specialties.

The training is paid for by enterprises at the expense of their own funds and state subsidies.

V Of Japan higher education institutions include

universities, as well as junior and technical colleges. Universities give,

first of all, academic education. Junior and technical colleges

pay great attention to professional and practical activities.

The considered educational systems of Russia, USA, Germany and

Japan is certainly similar - the upbringing of a personality, a developed personality. Education in these countries is designed to give children knowledge, skills and abilities for later life in society.

EDUCATION ABROAD

I. MAYBUROV, Associate Professor, Ural State Technical University

The importance of the contribution of higher education to the reform of society is confirmed by world experience. It shows that all countries that have successfully overcome the transition to modern market relations (for example, post-war Germany and Japan, the United States of the 60s) considered the field of higher education as a priority and proceeded from this in their investment policies.

The political elite in these countries formed a kind of cult of education, supported by regular meetings of the heads of state with the best students, graduate students, teachers and presenting them to the public as the "intellectual value of the country." Currently, the United States has a program called National Education Goals, which emphasizes that “education is the main indicator of the quality of life. It is the core of economic power and security, creativity science, culture, art. Education is the key to making America competitive in the 21st century. ”

The intensified competition between states in the field of higher education is, in fact, an economic competition, because education in modern conditions has become the main source of economic growth. According to American scientists studying the problems of education economics, the latter accounts for 15-20% of the growth of national income. except

Higher education in developed countries Oh

Moreover, from 20 to 40% of growth is provided by the improvement of scientific knowledge and their application - a process in which the leading role belongs to higher educational institutions, and it is there that the overwhelming part of fundamental research is concentrated in all Western countries.

To understand the nature and driving forces of the development of higher education in post-industrial countries, it is necessary to consider the general factors of a socio-economic and scientific and technical nature, which predetermine its rapid quantitative and qualitative growth. These factors include:

1. Sustainable development of the economy, the rapid growth of knowledge-intensive industries, which is ensured by personnel, half of which are persons with higher or specialized education. This factor mainly determines the pace of development of national systems of higher education.

2. Priority of state educational policy. Deep understanding of society and political elite in post-industrial countries, the fact that the successful development of higher education is one of the most important factors in increasing the national security and well-being of the country, the well-being of every citizen, an effective means of socio-economic, scientific, technical and cultural progress.

3. Intensive growth in the volume of scientific and technical information, which

has doubled in the last 7-10 years, rapid technology change and the priority introduction of science-intensive technologies. This factor makes it necessary for specialists to have the ability to quickly master new technologies, self-education skills and their mandatory involvement in the system of continuous education and advanced training.

4. Constant and steady growth of labor productivity in industry and agriculture, leading to a decrease in the share of the population directly engaged in material production, and an increase in the number of people engaged in intellectual labor and work in the service sector. Today, in developed countries, about 60% of workers are engaged in mental work in the field of information and services, and only 15-25% in the manufacturing sector. This factor predetermines the need for the accelerated development of the university sector of higher education, where the training of the scientific, economic and managerial elite of society is currently concentrated, while the training of specialists for production begins mainly by educational institutions of the non-university sector of higher education.

5. Increasing role and practical relevance scientific research carried out at the junction of various fields of science, which requires the higher school to train specialists in intersectoral, integral and dual specialties, a shift in emphasis in teaching students towards an increase in the volume of fundamental knowledge and universalization, i.e. expanding the profile of specialist training.

6. Development of powerful external tools for program thinking, leading to automation and increased productivity

mental work. This factor leads to an increase in demand for specialists capable of creativity, with the skills of independent research, design and inventive activity.

7. An increase in the welfare and monetary incomes of the population, contributing to the growth of effective demand for educational services and a gradual shift in the center of gravity of the investment financial burden from the state to the private sector.

Which countries' educational experience deserves preferred study?

The answer seems to be on the surface. We should be interested in any experience that allows us, to one degree or another, to trace the methodology of solving the problems that have arisen in the field of higher education in the last 10-15 years. With all its diversity and specificity in different countries- due to the interdependence of nations at the turn of the century and the similarity of the forward movement of all countries towards the transformation of their economies into a "knowledge economy"

A number of identical problems arise. The ways to solve them are important and instructive for us - both positive and negative, in order to take into account the experience of others and avoid repeating other people's mistakes.

But education systems, in contrast to the types of economies, are so diverse and specific in different countries of the world that considering them is an impossible task, therefore, a reasoned choice is needed: whose experience deserves attention in the first place?

It seems to us that in this regard it is interesting to turn to the educational systems of economically developed countries: the USA, Great Britain, France.

tion, Germany, Japan, Canada, Switzerland and Australia.

Let us dwell on some of the basic laws of general secondary education in developed countries:

The duration of education in a complete secondary school, with rare exceptions, is 12 years;

The complete secondary school is predominantly divided into 3 levels: elementary, middle and senior;

It is compulsory to study only in secondary school, after which the student chooses a further path of education: academic - for the purpose of entering a university or professional - for receiving secondary specialized education;

About in high school (this is, as a rule, 10-12 grades), training is profile

With the number of areas of specialization from two to four;

About the number of required academic disciplines in high school, it significantly decreases, as a rule, to 58, on the study of which the emphasis is placed during the subsequent period of study;

In some countries, for example, in the UK, France, not all applicants receive a high school diploma (diploma, certificate);

In most countries, admission to a university takes place through a competition of certificates (diplomas, certificates) or according to the results of testing, uniform for the country or individual for universities, based, as a rule, on measuring the level of the applicant's abilities.

USA

In terms of the number of institutions of higher education and the number of students studying in them, the United States undoubtedly ranks first in the world. In 1995, there were 3501 universities in the United States, including 1548

state and 1953 non-state.

Borrowing the European education system at the end of the 19th century, the United States transformed, modernized it and created its own multi-level, mainly university system of higher education. The US education system is shown schematically in Fig. 1.

The lowest level of tertiary education in the United States is two-year colleges, corresponding to the level of Russian secondary educational institutions. There are 1382 such colleges, including 958 state and 424 non-state. Two-year colleges are of two types: Technical, the so-called Junior Colleges, and the more popular Community Colleges. Local colleges, unlike technical colleges, not only teach professions, but also offer academic training programs corresponding to the first two courses of the university. Associate Degree graduates from local colleges have the option of transferring to a university with credit for college courses through the Academic Credit Accumulation System.

The average level of higher educational institutions is four-year colleges, the so-called general education colleges, which in general can be equated in status with our institutes. There are 1963 of them, including 496 state and 1467 non-state.

The leading type of higher educational institutions is universities, there are 156 of them, including 94 state and 62 non-state. The university sector of higher education enrolls 40-45% of all students.

The US higher education system, unlike the Russian one, is completely decentralized. An organization similar to the Ministry of Education

Kindergarten

Professional

education

Primary School 6-12 years old grades 1-6

Junior high school 13-15 years old grades 7-9

Senior high school

16-18 years old grades 10-12

Colleges: Technical and Local 2 Years Associate Degree

Four-year colleges Bachelor's degree

Universities Bachelor's degree (4 years) Master's degree (+2 years) Doctor's degree (+3 years)

Rice. 1. Diagram of the US education system

niya, developing uniform educational programs and standards for universities, regulating the rules and conditions of admission, is not there. All these issues are regulated by the universities themselves, including the criteria for the selection of incoming applicants, decisions are made on the allocation of financial assistance to those in need, etc. As a result, there is a very high degree of autonomy of universities.

In the United States, high school education lasts 12 years. Schools do not have a unified national curriculum, as a result of which the level of knowledge of graduates from different schools varies greatly. The best knowledge is gained by graduates of prestigious private boarding schools.

Graduates can enter universities

high school graduates with a high school diploma. Enrollment is made based on the results of passing the system various tests, school grades are taken into account, including GPA ( average score on the subjects studied). The recommendations of teachers who personally know the applicant are of great weight. The testing system is quite diverse. So, applicants for a bachelor's program, as a rule, need to pass the TOEFL test of English proficiency with a score of at least 500,550 points and a test to check basic knowledge of the main subjects SAT (Standardized Aptitude Test) with a score of at least 700-800 points. Applicants for the master's program must pass the GRE (Graduate Record Examination) test.

Education in American universities is conducted at three main levels: bachelor's, master's and doctoral studies.

Education at the first stage, completed by the assignment of a bachelor's degree (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Bachelor of Science, BSc), is designed for 4 years and is conducted, as a rule, without focusing on any professional occupation. Usually awarded a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree. Although it is possible to obtain a bachelor's degree with a professional orientation.

Education for a bachelor's degree is conducted in three groups of courses: basic courses providing general education in various subject areas, basic courses and elective courses. During the first two years of study, students study mainly basic courses: foreign languages, humanities, natural sciences, etc. recent years students master the core courses, as well as a number of elective courses that complement or deepen their knowledge of the core courses. For four years of study, a student must master about 30 disciplines and gain a specified number of "credits", and sometimes - have an average mark in the subjects studied (GPA) not lower than a certain value.

An important feature is that, entering a university, a student is not enrolled in a faculty or department, but in a bachelor's program. He will be able to choose his specialty only after the first year of study, when he will gain about 30% of the "credits" required for the diploma, but they will not rush the student with the choice.

Education at the second stage of higher education (Graduate Level), completed by the assignment of a master's degree, is calculated on average for 2 years for persons

with a bachelor's degree, and is conducted in programs focused on specialized practical activities in different areas. The Master's program is even more personalized than the Bachelor's program. About half of the time is also left here for elective courses, but already within the framework of this specialty. During the training, the student must study a certain number of disciplines, pass exams, write a thesis and, as a result, gain a certain number of "credits".

Education at the third (highest) stage, culminating in the assignment of the highest scientific degree in the United States - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), is designed on average for 3 years for masters and 5 years for bachelors. Doctoral studies involve the specialized study of relevant courses with the passing of qualifying exams, independent Scientific research in the chosen field of knowledge, compulsory writing and defense of a thesis. American universities graduate approximately 38 thousand specialists with a Ph.D. degree a year.

A characteristic feature of the American system of higher education is the gradual transition from the didactic system of the educational process, when the teacher traditionally acts as the main and almost the only source of knowledge, to individualized training of the student, when the main emphasis is on instilling the skills of independent work, self-study, and necessarily taking into account individual natural abilities. For this, individual curricula, programs for gifted students, study of elective subjects, possible

the ability to study at the same time at two faculties or in two universities, the ability to quickly change the profile of training, faculty, university, generous priority state support for gifted students, and not mediocre ones. As a result, in the learning process, the already axiomatic formula is realized: "A capable person does his job better than others, a talented person hits the target when others cannot do it, and a genius hits the target when others do not even see this goal."

The control of students' knowledge is also quite rationally organized, which is multi-stage and, as a rule, includes:

1) short polls 4-6 times a semester in seminars;

2) written exams 2-3 times a semester, conducted with streams in lectures;

3) final semester exams.

The mark for the passed course is set taking into account all forms of intermediate and final control as a weighted average. This form of knowledge control stimulates the student to rhythmic lessons throughout the semester. The American rating scale is built on the principle of our five-point rating. The highest mark is "A", the next positive marks are "B", "C",<Ю», а непроходной (неудовлетворительной) оценкой является «^». Процент неудовлетворительных оценок достаточно высок. Что касается обязательного посещения лекционных и практических занятий, то этот вопрос решается каждым вузом автономно. Как правило, большинство вузов требуют от студентов обязательного посещения занятий и принимают соответствующие меры к прогульщикам, в то же время ряд вузов практикует и свободное посещение занятий.

Honors diplomas are not issued

all universities. To obtain it, in addition to excellent studies, it is necessary to study also some courses, which are specially announced as courses for honors degrees. For example, at the University of Berkeley, to receive an honors degree in physics, it is necessary to study a course in theoretical physics at a graduate level.

The structure of faculty positions in the United States is four levels. The first level (graduate-assistants) is an instructor position, to which graduates from universities with a master's degree are appointed for a period of one year and with the right to be reappointed. The next level (assistant-professor) is the position of assistant professor, to which individuals with a doctoral degree are appointed for a period of three years and with the right to reappointment. The second three-year term for this post is the last. If the further work of an assistant professor is recognized as unpromising, he is offered to look for another job, but if the assistant has established himself as a good teacher and an active researcher, he is appointed to the next position - associate professor. After approximately ten years of successful work, an associate professor can be promoted to the highest level of the career ladder - the position of full professor.

A characteristic feature of the American faculty structure is the forced stimulation of the intensification of teaching and research activities by limiting the length of stay and the selective selection of teachers at the first two levels and

position in the positions of the third and fourth levels, which determines the independence of the life position at the top of the job ladder. In general, the system functions in such a way that the teaching staff is distributed over all four levels, and therefore, by age, absolutely evenly, with possible variations of 3-4%.

Higher professional education in the United States is rated as one of the most effective in the world. At the same time, according to a number of indicators (UNESCO data), education in the United States lags behind education in France, Germany, Great Britain and Japan. Higher education in the United States, in contrast to European countries, has a strong market orientation. The problem of state control over the quality of education has not yet been resolved; non-governmental organizations, for example, the Accreditation Commission of US Colleges and Universities, are engaged in accreditation of universities.

In the public mind, American universities are not subdivided into private and state ones, but into prestigious and non-prestigious ones. The stratification of universities according to the degree of their prestige is very great: out of 3501 universities in 1995, only 104 universities were considered elite, i.e. about 3%. The elite nature of a university affects absolutely all aspects of its functioning. There are no less than 10-12 people per seat for such universities. The cost of studying in them can be several times higher than the cost of completing a similar program at a regular university. They account for the majority of scientific research and doctoral degrees awarded. The level of state funding for educational programs and scientific research is also differentiated depending on the degree of prestige of the university. Diploma received,

for example, at Yale, Harvard or Princeton Universities, it gives their owner not only a one hundred percent guarantee of further employment and respect in society, but also increased income in the future.

United Kingdom

Great Britain has a reputation as a country of classical university and vocational education, which has not undergone radical reforms for many centuries. The UK education system is schematically shown in Fig. 2.

The duration of secondary education, which makes it possible to enter a university, is 13 years.

To obtain a GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) certificate, children study 11 years old at school from 5 to 16 years old. During the first nine years, they study basic general education subjects according to the compulsory unified state program. During 10-11 years of study, preparations are underway for passing GCSE exams in 6-10 subjects. After passing these exams, the compulsory secondary education program is considered complete.

But this is not enough for admission to a university. The results of passing exams at GCSE predetermine the possibility of further education. Students who successfully pass the exams receive a general education certificate of the ordinary level, which allows them to continue their free education at school or college in a two-year A-level program (completely Certificate of General Education Advanced Level), which provides an in-depth study of four to six major subjects. And only the successful passing of the A-level exams allows the student to become the owner of a general education certificate

higher level. According to the competition of such certificates, admission to the university takes place. Acceptance of applications for bachelor's programs at all universities is carried out centrally through the UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service). By submitting an application to UCAS, applicants are waiting for the decision of the universities, because the system of centralized admission allows you to apply for admission to six universities at the same time. Having received several positive decisions on admission consent, the applicant informs about his choice of UCAS, after which he receives a confirmation of admission.

To enter an English university for foreign students, for example, Russians or Americans, who have diplomas of complete secondary education, it is also necessary to first complete a two-year A-level program. Also, a system of preparatory courses (Foundation) has become widespread on the basis of British colleges and universities, the annual program of which includes in-depth study of the English language and basic majors.

There are 30 thousand schools in the country, of which 27.5 thousand are public and 2.5 thousand are private. The quality of education in private schools is incomparably higher than in public ones. This is proved by the fact that graduates of private schools make up half of the student body of the elite universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

Secondary and special education English youth receive in colleges of further education (Colleges of Further Education) and colleges

Kindergarten up to 5 years

Primary School

5-11 years old grades 1-b

Secondary School 12-16 Years Grades 7-11 Certificate of Secondary Education

High School 17-18 Years Grades 12-13 Advanced General Education Certificate

Colleges:

continuing education and sixth grade

Colleges, university and higher education Bachelor's degree (3-4 years)

Polytechnic institutes Bachelor's degree (3-4 years) Master's degree (+1 year)

Universities Bachelor's degree (3-4 years) Master's degree (+1 year) Doctor's degree (+3 years)

Rice. 2. Diagram of the UK education system

zhakh sixth grade (Colleges of Sixth Form). There are about 550 of them in the UK. They are an intermediate step between school and university. These colleges offer vocational training or A-level training.

Higher education institutions in the UK are divided into four types.

1. Colleges of Higher Education, teaching students only under the bachelor's program. Moreover, unlike universities, these universities are highly specialized in areas such as painting, design, music, theater, education, etc.

2. Polytechnics, teaching students across the entire spectrum of engineering specialties.

3. University Colleges, which offer students a variety of bachelor's programs and are usually part of universities.

4. Universities, which are centers of academic education and research. The stratification of universities in terms of their prestige is even more contrasting than in the United States. In the minds of the British public, all universities are divided into four categories, reflecting a kind of "table of ranks".

Classic (oldest) universities appeared in the Middle Ages and are still the legislators and guarantors of the traditions of English higher education. The most prestigious

This is, of course, Oxford and Cambridge.

The so-called "red brick" universities were founded in the 19th century in London, Manchester and Liverpool.

The so-called "glass" universities that appeared after the Second World War in Nottingham, Keele, Exeter, Sussex, Warwick, Kent, Essex and other cities.

"New" universities, formed from polytechnic institutes by giving in 1992 33 best

to our institutes of the status of universities.

In total, there are more than 170 higher education institutions in the UK, including 102 universities, the vast majority of which are public.

Undergraduate courses for a bachelor's degree - either ordinary or with honors (BA / BSc with Honors) - are designed for 3-4 years. Degrees in the UK, unlike a number of other countries, are not awarded by universities, but by a special body - the Council for the Award of National Academic Degrees.

Education for the first academic degree of bachelor of arts, sciences, technology, etc. does not have a narrow subject specialization and is conducted in one of the following broad areas of knowledge: humanities, social, natural or applied sciences. Most students study one core subject from their area of ​​expertise and a number of courses in related areas of that subject. There is a wide range of training courses at the choice of students. To obtain a bachelor's degree, a student must collect 360 "credits" during the period of study. In UK universities, along with traditional teaching methods such as lectures, seminars, practical and laboratory classes, one-to-one classes with students are very widely used. The independent work of students is extremely important, as a result, the number of classroom lessons is relatively small. Typically, one-hour lectures address only the key questions of the subject. In Great Britain, the system of tutoring (from the English tutor) classes is widespread. In general, these are training sessions, with

leading a lecture or seminar in which a tutor (curator, usually a senior student) deepens the content of a lecture or seminar for junior students. Often in such classes, joint preparation is carried out for the upcoming control events. Unfortunately, in Russian practice, this form of study is almost never used, although English teachers note tutoring as the most effective form of individual student work.

To obtain a second academic degree (master's degree), it is necessary to collect another 180 "credits", study a number of courses with a narrower practical focus, prepare and defend a master's thesis or submit an examination paper. In most universities, master's degree seekers do both. Studying for a master's degree usually takes 1, sometimes 1.5 years.

To obtain the next academic degree - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) - it is necessary to complete an appropriate training program, as a rule, with the implementation of a written examination paper and with the mandatory writing and defense of a doctoral dissertation. Both holders of a master's degree can enter doctoral studies, while the study period will be 2 years, and holders of a bachelor's degree, in this case they will have to study in doctoral studies for 3 years.

The highest academic degree in the UK is the Doctorate of Science. This degree is awarded to applicants who, as a rule, have a doctorate in philosophy, from among the teaching staff for a number of published serious scientific works and authority in scientific circles in the country and abroad.

The modern education system in France, schematically shown in Fig. 3, has evolved over the past two centuries and is today considered one of the most advanced in the world. Its most important virtue is the predominance of state educational institutions and the free higher education for all, except for the purely symbolic fee of $ 150 per year levied by state universities. In private educational institutions, education, of course, is paid. Another important feature is the almost equally high quality of education both in the capital and in the provinces. As a result, there is a lack of an official rating of universities and a significant stratification of them in terms of the degree of prestige.

The development of the education system in France is a top priority. About 21% of the state budget is spent annually on education, which is more than on defense and the army. More than half of all civil servants are employed in the French education system. A period of unprecedented investments in higher education in France is coming to an end: in more than 8 years, four million square meters of educational space worth about 35 billion francs were commissioned, eight new universities were opened, and the existing teaching and laboratory base of universities was modernized. Currently, France has approved a program for creating a university for the third millennium (i3M).

The French educational system is characterized by the presence of a pronounced national specificity: its own system of diplomas and academic degrees, a special division into cycles, a special attitude to state diplomas.

professional education

Mother school 3-5 years

Primary school 6-11 years old

College (junior high school) 12-15 years

Compulsory secondary education

Lyceum of professional g 1

education - *

16-17 years old 4

Profile training

Lyceum of general education (complete secondary school) 16-18 years old Certificate of secondary education (BAC)

Competition of certificates (BAC)

establishments

Higher Schools Universities

1 cycle of study (2 years) Diploma of general or scientific and technical education

2nd cycle of study (+2 years) Licentiate diploma (1st year)

Diploma "matriz" (2nd year)

3rd cycle of study (+1 year) diploma of special higher or advanced education

doctoral (+ 2-4 years) doctorate degree

Rice. 3. Diagram of the French education system

educational institutions (they are much more prestigious than diplomas of private schools and universities).

The secondary education system adopted in France differs markedly from the Russian one.

It is divided into three cycles: primary school (5 years of study), college (4 years) and lyceum (3 years). The first two cycles are mandatory for all. The duration of complete secondary education is 12 years. Colleges in their traditional understanding - as secondary vocational educational

institutions - in France do not exist. Therefore, the French college as the second stage of secondary school is not an analogue of the college in other countries.

The lyceum is the final link in the secondary education system. There are two main differences between French lyceums and Russian secondary schools: firstly, specialization already begins in this cycle of education, and secondly, very high requirements for obtaining a secondary education certificate BAC (Laca1airea1). Not all lyceum graduates receive this certificate, but on average only 80%. There are two types of French lyceums:

general and professional education. In vocational training lyceums (analogs of our vocational schools), schoolchildren acquire a working specialty in 2-3 years. In lyceums of general education, for 3 years, as a rule, schoolchildren are studying who are going to enter further universities. The certificate of secondary education (BAC) in accordance with the chosen specialization was

There are three types: with a specialization in literature (L), natural sciences (S) and economics (ES). A narrower specialization in natural sciences is also possible: natural sciences and technology in services (STT), natural sciences and industrial technology (STI), natural sciences and laboratory technology (STL), natural and social sciences (SMS).

The demand for higher education in France is constantly growing: if in 1980 the number of university students was 1.2 million, in 1997 - 1.550 million (this was 258 students per 10 thousand of the population), then by 2001 the student population was exceeded the two million mark and has a tendency to further increase. There are 80 universities (universites) and about 300 higher schools (grandes ecoles) in the French higher education system. There is no significant difference between universities and higher schools in France, the existing gradation is rather determined by the historically established types of higher educational institutions. The existing differences between universities are determined more by their size: small universities and higher schools, as a rule, do not have a pronounced specialization and are characterized by a predominance of students of the first cycle of study, while large universities in France are distinguished by a rather narrow specialization and the dominance of students of the second and third cycles. The prestige of diplomas from such higher schools as the School of Mines, the Royal School of Bridge and Road Construction, the Higher School of Agronomy, etc., is even much higher than the diplomas of major universities.

Higher education in France is divided into three cycles (stages), at the end of each of which

The dentist receives an appropriate diploma, while he can continue his education at a completely different university.

The first cycle is the initial stage of higher education, in which general scientific training is carried out. It is designed for two years of study and ends with an exam for a diploma in general (DEUG) or scientific and technical (DEUST) university education. These diplomas, in spite of the name, are, in the generally accepted sense, rather evidence of the passage of the initial stage of higher education. Despite this, some students stop at this particular stage of education, but the overwhelming majority of students who have successfully completed this cycle of study continue their education at a higher level.

The second cycle of higher education is designed to prepare students for active professional activity. It is also designed for two years, while it consists of two more consecutive one-year steps. At the end of the first year and successfully passing the exams, a license diploma is issued, and the second year ends with a maitrise diploma.

Education at the licentiate level is of a general fundamental nature without elements of deep specialization, or it combines a combination of fundamental and professional training with the prevalence of the former. As a rule, only those holders of licentiate diplomas who choose the prospect of further scientific or teaching activities are registered for further education. Education at the “materis” level is in the nature of fundamental scientific or scientific and technical training in the chosen specialty. Therefore, change

on the profile of training in the transition from the level of licentiate to the level of "mat-rise" is already difficult. Requirements for obtaining licentiate and materisses diplomas are the same across the country for all universities and specialties (analogous to our state educational standards) - compulsory study of disciplines according to the established list with an annual volume of 350 to 550 academic hours with examinations at the end of the year.

The third cycle of higher education presupposes an in-depth study of the chosen specialty and is accompanied by obligatory research work, the topic of which must be formulated by the holders of the maitriz diplomas in the relevant specialty even before entering the last cycle of study. The course of the year culminates in a Specialized Higher Education (DESS) diploma in the case of a specialization program, or an Advanced Diploma in Education (DEA) in a research program.

Thus, it takes a total of five years of study to complete all three cycles of higher education.

The highest scientific degree in France is the doctorate. As a rule, graduates of universities with a diploma of advanced education are admitted to doctoral studies with a duration of study from 2 to 4 years. In the process

During all training, doctoral students are required to pass theoretical exams in their specialty, conduct scientific research on the chosen topic, present and defend a thesis.

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schools and scientific and technological safety in the territories of the Ural Federal District / Ed. S.S. Naboichenko, A.D. Vyvarts, I.A. Mayburova. - Yekaterinburg, 2002.

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research and innovation processes in the systems of higher professional education in developed countries: USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain. - M., 2001.

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education in the context of the intellectual potential of the future: comparatively - pedagogical aspect // Alma Mater.- 2001.- №7.- P. 41-44.

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