Font for design documentation. Drawing fonts
A font (from German Schrift) is a drawing, an outline of the letters of any alphabet, numbers and signs.
Drawing fonts (GOST 2.304-81) are intended for making inscriptions, drawing conventional signs and dimensional numbers on drawings. To make inscriptions in drawing, GOST is used. GOST establishes the numbers of drawing fonts (1.8; 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20; 28; 40) for Russian, Latin and other alphabets.
The first "Lettering Fonts" standard was developed and approved in 1919.
The font number corresponds to the height (h) of the uppercase letter. For example, font # 5 has a capital letter height of 5 mm.
The height of the letter is measured perpendicular to the base of the line. The font is made with a tilt of 75 ° (GOST is allowed to write in a drawing font without tilt).
For the convenience of writing letters of the drawing font, an auxiliary grid is built (Fig. 35), which is performed as follows. Draw the lower and upper lines of the line, the distance between which is equal to the height of the capital letter. Lay the width of the letters and the distance between them on the bottom line of the line (Table 3).
Using the angles of 45 ° and 30 ° of the squares, construct the slope of the letters in the line, equal to 75 °.
Consider the outline of the letters of the drawing font (Fig. 35-37). They differ in the presence of horizontal, vertical, oblique lines and roundings, in width and height. The figures show (arrows) the style of each letter.
Rice. 35. Inscription of capital letters, consisting of horizontal and vertical elements, and construction of the auxiliary grid
rice. 36. Inscription of uppercase letters, consisting of horizontal, vertical and oblique elements
Rice. 37. Inscription of capital letters, consisting of rectilinear and curved elements
Rice. 38. Inscription of lowercase letters, different from the outline of uppercase letters
As you probably already noticed, the styles of many lowercase and uppercase letters do not differ from each other, for example, K - k, O - o, etc. The style of some lowercase letters differs from the style of uppercase letters (Fig. 38).
When making inscriptions, it should be borne in mind that the lower elements of the capital letters D, Ц, Щ and the upper element of the letter Y are performed due to the distance between the lines.
3. Sizes of letters of the drawing font
Despite the fact that the spacing between letters is determined by the standard, it should change depending on what type of face they have next standing letters... For example, in the word WORK (Fig. 39, a) the distance between the letter P and A, T and A must be neglected (that is, the distance should be equal to zero), since their style visually creates a sufficient inter-letter clearance. For the same reason, the standard distance between the letters B and O, 0 and T should be halved. If such conditions are neglected, then the letters in the word will crumble, as it were (Fig. 39, b).
Rice. 39. Taking into account the inter-letter clearance when writing words: a - correct; b - wrong
Rice. 40. Numbers and signs
The outline of numbers and signs is shown in Figure 40. (When making drawings, select a font height of at least 3.5 mm.)
Under such a concept as “ font"Is understood graphic image drawing elements such as letters and numbers. This word is of German origin and literally means handwriting or an inscription, as well as its meaning that is usually used in everyday life.
The norms and rules for the preparation of technical documents and their design establish that they should use only the font that has some standard sizes... His distinctive features are rigor and clarity, which should be such as not to obstruct readability. The outlines of technical fonts are always straight, and therefore they belong to the class of them that does not imply the presence of any serifs, and in many respects for this reason, the most convenient for visual perception and reading. The technical type is applied in such a way that in relation to the base of the line it is located at an angle of about 75 degrees. At the same time, the currently valid rules and regulations allow the use of fonts and no tilt.
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In force today GOST 2.304 - 81 states that there are ten sizes for the drawing font, namely: 1,8 ; 2,5 ; 3,5 ; 5 ; 7 ; 10 ; 14 ; 20 ; 28 ; 40 ... In this case, the size means the value that determines the height of the capital (uppercase) letter. In this case, it is measured in relation to the base of the line, perpendicular to it. This parameter font denoted by the letter ( h) and is its size. As for letters like SCH, C, D, then their lower elements, as well as the upper element of the letter Th are performed due to the distance between the lines. |
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Line thickness is also one of the parameters that a drawing font has. The thickness of the lines is indicated by the letter ( d), and its size is 0.1h. . |
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Litera ( g) denotes the width of uppercase letters, and it equals 6d or 0.6h, and this size approximately corresponds to the value ( h), which has font nearest smallest number. This rule does not apply to letters such as NS, NS, C, NS, M, D, A... Their width is 0.7d... In addition, the exception also applies to letters B, NS, SCH, F, F for which this parameter is 0.8d as well as the letters WITH, Z and G whose width is even 0.5d. |
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For the vast majority of lowercase letters, the ( with), denoting their height, is equal to 0.7h... This size is approximately equal to that of font the nearest smallest number. For example, for the font that has the number 10 , the lowercase letter will be the height 7 millimeters, and the same parameter for a lowercase letter number 7 – 5 millimeters. As for the lower and top elements that have lowercase letters, then they have the size 3d which is done by line spacing. |
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The width of lowercase letters is denoted by ( g), and its value is 5d... The exception is letters a, m, c, b whose width is even 6d; for letters s,with- 4d; and for letters f, T, f, NS, SCH, NS, NS – 7d. |
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A special auxiliary mesh was developed so that beginner draftsmen can learn how to apply font manually. It is formed by thin auxiliary lines, between which letters must be inscribed. The step that the auxiliary grid lines have depends on the value of the parameter ( d) (that is, the thickness of the lines of the font itself). |
The table summarizes such parameters of the font as the height, thickness and width of its lines, as well as the minimum distance that should be between words and between letters.
| Font options | Designation | Relative size | Dimensions in mm | ||||
| 3.5 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | |||
| Height of uppercase letters | h | 3.5 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | |
| c | 0.7h | 2.5 | 3.5 | 5 | 7 | 10 | |
| Letter spacing | a | 0.2h | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.8 |
| The minimum distance between the bases of the lines | b | 1.7h | 6.0 | 8.5 | 12.0 | 17.0 | 24.0 |
| Minimum spacing between words | e | 0.6h | 2.1 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 6.0 | 8.4 |
| d | 0.1h | 0.35 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.4 | |
The graphic representation of letters and other characters is called a font. Together, they represent a single stylistic and compositional system that is designed to display information visually.
More expressed simple language, font is a set of numbers, letters and special characters that are uniform in terms of style and are made with strict observance of the proportions between their sizes.
Parameters such as size (point size), width (wide, narrow, normal), weight (bold, bold, light), typeface (italic, straight) are the main characteristics of fonts.
Additional characteristics of a typeface include legibility, capacity, contrast, legibility and legibility. They are also important.
Drawings, diagrams and other design documents contain the necessary inscriptions: product name, dimensions, material data, technical requirements, specifications. If the inscriptions are made carelessly, then in the manufacture of parts according to such drawings, errors are possible. Types and sizes of fonts, numbers, characters, etc. sets GOST 2.304-81.
Font size h- the value determined by the height of capital letters in millimeters.
Font line weight d depends on the type and height of the font
GOST sets the following font sizes: (1,8); 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20; 28; 40.
The standard established 2 types of fonts: type A and type B, each of which can be performed either without inclination, or with an inclination of 75 degrees to the base of the line. In educational practice, it is preferable to use a type B font with an inclination of 75 degrees.
Figure 7
Fonts are executed with the help of an auxiliary grid, formed by thin lines, into which letters are inscribed. The step of the grid lines is determined depending on the thickness of the font lines d (Figure 8).
Figure 8
Table 5 - Font sizes
The type B font style is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9
The spelling of numbers and the construction of some characters is given in Figure 10.
Figure 10
An example of the design of inscriptions (Figure 11)
Figure 11
To perform the exercise on writing letters and numbers, the grid layout should be performed in a simplified manner (Figure 12).
Figure 12
Table 6 - Dimensions of letters and numbers in mm.
1.8 Designation graphic materials and the rules for their application on drawings
In mechanical engineering, parts made from various materials... To give expressiveness and clarity to the drawings, conventional graphic designations of materials have been introduced. GOST 2.306-68. Graphic designations of materials in sections, depending on the type of materials, must correspond to those given in table 7.
Table 7 - Graphic designation materials in sections
Inclined parallel lines of hatching should be drawn at an angle of 45 ° to the contour line of the image, to its axis or to the line of the drawing frame (Figure 13).
Figure 13
If the hatch lines drawn to the drawing frame line at an angle of 45 ° coincide in direction with the contour lines or center lines, then instead of the 45 ° angle, an angle of 30 ° or 60 ° should be taken (Figure 14).
Figure 14
Hatch lines should be applied with an inclination to the left or right, but, as a rule, in the same direction on all sections related to the same part, regardless of the number of sheets on which these sections are located. The distance between parallel straight lines of hatching (frequency) should, as a rule, be the same for all sections of a given part performed on the same scale and is selected depending on the area of the hatching and the need to diversify the hatching of adjacent sections. The specified distance must be between 1 and 10 mm. Narrow cross-sectional areas, the width of which in the drawing is less than 2 mm, may be shown blackened, leaving gaps between adjacent sections of at least 0.8 mm (Figure 15).
Figure 15
For adjacent sections of two parts, you should take the slope of the hatching lines for one section to the right, for the other - to the left (counter hatching). When shading "in a cage" for adjacent sections of two parts, the distance between the hatching lines in each section must be different. In adjacent sections with hatching of the same slope, the distance between the hatching lines should be changed (Figure 16).
Date of introduction 01.01.82
This International Standard specifies drawing fonts to be applied to drawings and other technical documents all branches of industry and construction.
1. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
1.1. The font size h is the value determined by the height of the uppercase letters in millimeters. 1.2. The height of capital letters h is measured perpendicular to the base of the line. The height of lowercase letters c is determined from the ratio of their height (without branches k) to the size of the font h, for example, c = 7/10 h (Fig. 1 and 2).|
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2. TYPES AND SIZES OF FONTS
2.1. The following font types are installed: type A without slant (d = 1/14 h) with the parameters given in table. 1; type A with an inclination of about 75 ° (d = 1/14 h) with the parameters given in table. 1; type B without slope (d = 1/10 h) with the parameters given in table. 2; type B with an inclination of about 75 ° (d = 1/10 h) with the parameters given in table. 2.Table 1
Type A font (d = h / 14)
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Font options |
Designation |
Relative size |
Dimensions, mm |
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| Font size - | ||||||||||
| height of uppercase letters | ||||||||||
| height of lowercase letters | ||||||||||
| Letter spacing | ||||||||||
| Font line width | ||||||||||
table 2
Type B font (d = h / 10)
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Font options |
Designation |
Relative size |
Dimensions, mm |
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| Font size - | |||||||||||
| height of uppercase letters | |||||||||||
| height of lowercase letters | |||||||||||
| Letter spacing | |||||||||||
| Minimum row spacing (auxiliary grid height) | |||||||||||
| Minimum spacing between words | |||||||||||
| Font line width | |||||||||||
2.4. Limit deviations of the sizes of letters and numbers ± 0.5 mm.
3. RUSSIAN ALPHABET (CYRILLIC)
3.1. Font type A with a slant is shown in Fig. 5
3.2. Type A font without slant is shown in fig. 6.
3.3. Font type B with a slant is shown in Fig. 7.
3.4. Type B font without slant is shown in Fig. eight.
4. LATIN ALPHABET
4.1. Font type A with a slant is shown in fig. nine.
4.2. Type A font without slant is shown in fig. ten.
4.3. Font type B with a slant is shown in Fig. eleven.
4.4. Type B font without slant is shown in Fig. 12.
4.5. The types, shape and location of diacritics for non-oblique fonts of types A and B are given in the reference appendix. Diacritics for oblique fonts should be followed in the same way.
5. GREEK ALPHABET
5.1. Font type A with a slant is shown in Fig. 13.
5.2. Type A font without slant is shown in fig. fourteen.
5.3. Font type B with a slant is shown in Fig. 15.
5.4. Type B font without slant is shown in Fig. 16.
5.5. The name of the letters of the Greek alphabet shown in Fig. 13 - 16:
6. ARABIC AND ROMAN NUMBERS
6.1. Type A font is shown in the drawing. 17.
6.2. Type B font is shown in the drawing. eighteen.
Notes: 1. Roman numerals L, C, D, M should follow the rules of the Latin alphabet. 2. Roman numerals are allowed to be limited by horizontal lines.
7. SIGNS
7.1. Font type A with a slant is shown in Fig. 19.
7.2. Type A font without slant is shown in fig. twenty.
7.3. Font type B with a slant is shown in Fig. 21.
7.4. Type B font without slant is shown in Fig. 22.
7.5. The names of the signs are given in table. 3.
Table 3
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Character numbers in drawings |
Name of signs |
Character numbers in drawings |
Name of signs |
| 1 | Point | 25 | Percent |
| 2 | Colon | 26 | Degree |
| 3 | Comma | 27 | Minute |
| 4 | Semicolon | 28 | Second |
| 5 | Exclamation point | 29 | Parallel |
| 6 | Question mark | 30 | Perpendicular |
| 7 | Quotes | 31 | Injection |
| 8 | AND | 32 | Slope |
| 9 | Paragraph | 33 | Taper |
| 10 | Equality | 34 | Square |
| 11 | Value after rounding | 35 | Arc |
| 12 | Complies with | 36 | Diameter |
| 13 | Asymptotically equal | 37 | Radical |
| 14 | Approximately equal | 38 | Integral |
| 15 | Smaller | 39 | Infinity |
| 16 | More | 40 | Square brackets |
| 17 and 17a | Less than or equal to | 41 | Round brackets |
| 18 and 18a | More or equal | 42 | Fraction trait |
| 19 | A plus | 43 | Number |
| 20 | Minus, dash | 44 | From to |
| 21 | Plus or minus | 45 | Similarity mark |
| 22,23 | Multiplication | 46 | Star |
| 24 | Division |
