What is the name of the technique for making a paper pendant? Paper working techniques: types and descriptions, features, photos and examples of work

Today there are many techniques for working with paper. Some of them were created many centuries ago, others are forgotten and are experiencing a rebirth, and others have gained popularity quite recently. However, each of them teaches how to create unusually beautiful things, having only this material at hand. Further in the article we will consider the types of techniques for working with paper.

Historical data

The first mention of paper dates back to the 2nd century BC. e. It was invented in China by a court official and began to spread far to the West and Central Asia. In 793, it began to be made in Baghdad, and then further in the East. In the 14th century, paper mills began to operate in Europe.

By the middle of the 15th century, with the advent of printing, the demand for this material was rapidly increasing. The main raw materials for its production are cotton and linen. In the 18th century, with growing demand and a shortage of paper, the search began for other raw materials that could satisfy the needs of manufacturers. So, in the 19th century they began to make it from wood. During the same period, more modern equipment was produced, and new methods for producing this material were developed.

Today, the ancient craft is already a highly technical industry. While the manufacturing process has undergone many changes, the production of special varieties characterized by high strength is still based on the use of cotton or flax fibers.

Today it is impossible to imagine our life without paper. In addition to its main purpose, it is used to embody creative ideas, create compositions and decoration. However, even in ancient times, various figures were made using paper, pictures were painted, and homes were painted and decorated with it. Some techniques for working with paper have been known since ancient times.

Papier mache

WITH French this term translates as "chewed paper". In fact, it is paper torn into small pieces or strips of it soaked in glue. The finished mass can be poured into the mold. Objects are pasted over in separate pieces. After drying, the resulting products are decorated using various decorating techniques.

Initially, this type of art appeared in the Far East. The finished products were varnished and decorated with stones and paintings. Later this creativity developed in European countries. In the first half of the 18th century, using various techniques for working with paper, papier-mâché objects began to be made in France, then in England and Germany. By the end of the 19th century, this activity lost its popularity. However, due to its cheapness and simplicity, masks continue to be made in this way, Christmas decorations and mannequins.

Decoupage

This word is similar to the French decouper, which translates as “to cut.” Decoupage is a type decorative arts, which allows you to create images and patterns on surfaces using paper cutouts. It is a very interesting and fascinating technique for working with paper.

It appeared in France in the 17th century. Here it was most often used to decorate furniture. Almost a century later, the art of decoupage spread throughout Europe. Over time, the technique became so popular that they began to use it to create paintings specifically designed for decorating household items. And today, many needlewomen use decoupage to give a second life to old things.

Paper cutting

In ancient China, the art of carving from this material arose against the backdrop of making stencils that were used for embroidery. Their ornaments were distinguished by their complexity and originality. In Japan, stencils cut from paper were used to print images on fabrics.

Later, this technique of working with paper became known in Europe and was widely used by monks to design manuscripts. After the material began to be used almost everywhere, people began to cut out figures, people, animals and scenes from life to decorate their homes. And today, in some countries, competitions and festivals are held in this type of art, where you can see truly unique products.

Paper decoration

There are many known ways to finish this material. For many years, the main method of decoration was the use of stencils with outlandish patterns. Using paper decorated in this way, walls and ceilings of rooms, large and small objects were decorated. With the development of technology, a type of printing called stamping appears. It can be applied to any type of paper or paper products. Currently, such printing is considered one of the most accessible means for decorating paper. You can purchase ready-made stencils in specialized stores or make them yourself from available materials.

Making paper designs

By cutting, gluing and folding paper, you can make not only beautiful, but also useful items for home. To do this, you need to be able to use techniques for working with paper and cardboard. You can create not only simple compositions, but also complex volumetric figures.

Paper folding dates back to the more ancient art of fabric creation. The most popular is making paper structures using origami. This is a technique that allows you to create products from a simple airplane to complex geometric structures.

In the 19th century, in some European countries, folding figures from colored paper began to be taught in kindergartens.

Designs made from cardboard are no less popular. In the first half of the 20th century, it was used to make models for future sculptures and architectural structures. IN Lately this technique is widely used to create toy objects, including furniture from cardboard. It is worth noting that they are durable, environmentally friendly and cheap.

What is paper plastic?

This is a technique that is based on the ability of paper to take one form or another. This is a decorative art that allows you to create and model three-dimensional three-dimensional compositions and sculptures from paper.

Of all the different techniques known for working with paper, papermaking is considered the newest and most modern form of art. The first works performed by this method appeared at the beginning of the last century, and by the end of the 20th century the method was recognized as a separate type of creativity. Today, paper plastic has found its application in interior design, creating avant-garde fashion attributes and other areas.

Working in this technique is less painstaking than appliqué; the result is more reminiscent of three-dimensional objects created on a plane. Models, paintings and sculptures made in the style of paper plastic art are distinguished by their grace and realism.

Origami, modular origami, kirigami

These are some of the most exotic techniques:

Quilling

This name comes from the word quill, which means "bird feather". The paper quilling technique involves rolling long strips different widths into spirals and giving them a certain shape. Then three-dimensional or planar compositions are created from them.

The method originated in Europe approximately in the second half of the 14th - early 15th centuries. In the 20th century it was practically forgotten and only in last years began to gain popularity again. Despite the attitude towards paper as something fragile and short-lived, quilling makes you believe the opposite. For example, you can safely place a heavy object on a stand made using this technique without damaging any of the spirals.

Trimming

This decorative art belongs to non-traditional techniques of working with paper. Allows you to create unusual compositions of different types from it. Trimming is based on working with corrugated paper, in the center of which a rod is placed with its end and slightly twisted. The resulting trim piece is transferred to the outline of the drawing, glued and only then the rod is removed. Do the same with the following elements, attaching each part, it is important not to leave any voids.

Trimming happens:

Contour, that is, the trims are glued along the contour of the design.
Planar - occupies the entire surface of the image.
Volumetric - each part is glued at a special angle, which allows you to get a relief pattern.
Multilayer - the trim pieces are glued into each other.

Application

Of all the different techniques for working with paper, this is considered one of the most popular. This creative activity consists of alternately gluing pieces of colored paper, fabric, leather, cardboard, leaves, beads, plates and other elements to the base to obtain a complete composition.

Even children can practice appliqué younger age, it develops thinking and fine motor skills of the hands well. Elements of a future craft can be made in advance by an adult or entrusted to a child. The composition can be made entirely of glued elements or combined with drawn details.

Using this technique, entire paintings are created that reflect the mood, movement and character of their characters. To do this, silhouettes of people, animals, and household items are cut out. In the last century, still lifes and black and white illustrations were composed in this way.

What are the benefits of working with paper for kids?

According to child psychologists and teachers, teaching a child to be creative contributes to his comprehensive intellectual development. Working with pliable material allows you to create beautiful things yourself.

Teaching children techniques for working with paper makes it possible to interest children of any age. You can start with simpler applique and trimming, and end with quilling and origami. In the process of work, children gain confidence in movements, develop flexibility of fingers, strive to improve their skills and comprehend more complex types of papercraft.

An equally important component is the moral and ethical education of children. Making paper crafts allows you to develop such qualities as morality, willingness to help, collectivism, communication skills, support, joy for a friend, and solving assigned problems.

The creative process itself develops imagination, spatial and visual thinking, reveals the child’s personal potential and intellectual capabilities. Mastering more complex techniques prepares children for independent planning, monitoring and evaluating one’s actions, correcting mistakes and self-control.

If you use any of these methods, you should follow paper safety precautions. Where scissors are used, you must remember that this is a dangerous object and must be handled very carefully. Children must work with special tools with blunt ends. It is also important to remember that paper has sharp edges and can cause serious injury.

Paper is a material made from wood, clay, adhesives, minerals; The basis of the paper is plant fibers, which are connected to each other by various weaves.

Paper has played a huge role in human history. It is difficult to imagine our world without paper, which was and is used not only for storing and transmitting information, but also for finishing and packaging; making money, photographs, printed circuit boards and much more. Some types of fine art arose thanks to the advent of paper.

And, of course, paper is one of the most accessible materials for creativity.

Plain, colored, corrugated, velvet, wrapping paper; magazines, newspapers, boxes - all this goes into use in capable hands.

For work in technology cutting In addition to paper, you need scissors or a sharp knife. The history of paper scraps began in China, shortly after the invention of paper. Over time, cutting out paper decorations became one of the types of folk art - "Jianzhi". In Asia and Europe, carving became popular in the 13th to 15th centuries, and wide use in Eastern Europe this art received in the 19th century. Among the Slavic peoples, paper cuttings are called “vytinanka”.

For appliqués from paper you will need scissors and glue. Applique comes from the Latin word applicatio, which means “to apply.” In this technique, parts of the composition cut out of paper are glued to the background.

In technology weaving Strips are cut out of paper, which are then woven into the base (background) in a certain way.

Origami- “folded paper” is a technique that consists of folding sheets of paper in a certain way to obtain various figures. This art originated in ancient Japan, where gifts were brought to deities in folded paper boxes. In the 20th century, origami became widespread throughout the world.

A traditional origami product is folded from a square sheet of paper, without glue or scissors. In addition to classic origami, there are various directions and types of this art that use cutting and gluing (modular origami, kirikomi origami). It is believed that classes paper plastic have a positive effect on human emotions, which is why origami is used in art therapy.

Quilling, or paper rolling - another technique for working with paper. This is the art of decorating various objects with paper curls. Quilling requires narrow strips of paper that are wound around a thin rod. From the resulting spirals, various figures are formed and a composition is made from them, gluing them to the base. During the Middle Ages, quilling became widespread in Europe, and now throughout the world.

Paper painting - art that came from the East; in Japan it is called "chigire-e" (chigiri-e), in Korea - "handi-gyrim". The technique consists of tearing out pieces of paper using special tools, which will then be glued to the base. A sketch of the future work is applied to the base.

Paper modeling - creating models of various objects while maintaining proportions. The pattern of the model printed (drawn) on a sheet is cut out, folded and glued together.

Papier mache translated from French means "chewed paper". Glue, starch and minerals are added to the crushed paper or cardboard: gypsum, alabaster. The resulting paper pulp can be sculpted; it can be cast into molds and pressed. For different types of papier-mâché products - toys, sculptures, bas-reliefs, building materials - different compositions are used; and manufacturing technologies are constantly being improved.

Natalia Bogdanova
Non-traditional techniques for working with paper (consultation for educators...)

USAGE NON-TRADITIONAL PAPER WORKING TECHNIQUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN'S ARTISTIC CREATIVITY

It is known that children's creativity- a unique phenomenon. Children's creativity can be developed in various ways, including work with different materials, which includes various types of creating images of objects from paper, natural and waste material. Paper technique May be various: cut-out and cut-out, three-dimensional appliqués, mosaics, origami-style crafts, creating various volumes using paper-plastics techniques, paper spinning, trimming on plasticine.

Developmental educators and psychologists artistic creativity and children’s abilities, note that various types of productive activities, Job with different materials affects the development of abilities to creative activity. What methods can be used to develop children's creative activity?

Application is one of the simplest and most effective ways paper work. This technique based on cutting out parts, placing them on a background and securing them, especially suitable for activities with children preschool age, since their activities during this period are substantive in nature, that is, based on active interaction with various objects. Paper technique May be various: cut-out and cut-out applique, mosaic technique, crafts in technology"origami", creating different volumes using technique« paperplastics» , paper spinning. In creating crafts in integration with non-traditional paper techniques It gives children great pleasure when they succeed, and great disappointment if the image does not work out. In the same time brought up The child has a desire to achieve a positive result.

Origami - Japanese art of folding paper. It has attracted the attention of many Russian residents, including teachers, as it is not only an exciting way to spend leisure time, but also a means of solving many pedagogical problems, in particular the development of fine motor skills. By improving and coordinating the movements of the fingers and hands, origami affects the overall intellectual development of the child, including the development of speech. The Japanese believe that the art of ORIGAMI brings peace of mind and physical healing. It is very useful for creative and spiritual development children.

Origami looks like a trick - from an ordinary piece of paper paper in a few minutes a wonderful figure is born! Origami does not require large material costs; origami activities are absolutely safe even for the smallest children. With the help of origami, you can quickly and easily create a whole world that you can play with! No special abilities are required and everyone can do it! With the help of origami it is easy to make unusual and Original gifts and decorate the premises.

Age: from 4 years

Paper rolling(quilling)- based on the ability to twist strips paper of different widths and lengths, modify their shape and compose volumetric and planar compositions from the resulting parts. During classes paper rolling you can use double sided paper for origami or color for a printer, as well as multi-colored napkins.

Lessons during use unconventional techniques for working with paper:

They increase sensory sensitivity, i.e. they form a more subtle shape perception, texture, color, volume;

Develop imagination and spatial thinking;

Develops general manual skills, fine motor skills, and synchronizes work of both hands:

Form the ability to plan work to implement the plan, anticipate the result and achieve it;

If necessary, adjustments are made to the original plan.

But the most important and valuable thing is that paper rolling, along with other types of fine arts, develops the child aesthetically. Children learn to see, feel, evaluate and create according to the laws of beauty. A child who knows various methods of transforming materials can, in his activities, consciously choose the type of material and the method of its transformation, depending on the specifics of the intended craft and in accordance with its purpose, combine materials, choose means to realize the aesthetic requirements for the result work.

Norigami is a unique author's format paper design technique, which makes it possible to make paper, anything. Think about it - and it will be done. If you want, learn to come up with crafts yourself; if you want, learn to make them following the master. No other paper construction techniques you can’t make it so quickly, simply and recognizable even by Carlson, even by a Chinese dragon, a tank or a submarine, a zebra or an elephant, a giraffe, a horse, a cat, a princess, a castle.

Norigami - relative origami: also without patterns, also according to patterns, also from standard sheets with simple folds. But the difference is in cutting and gluing. Because nori is Japanese for “glue” - we fold it, cut it, and glue it. Children love it very much work with paper- it is available as a material and easy to handle. Working with paper the child masters various techniques and methods - bending sheets, gluing, cutting. Simple manipulations that are accessible to everyone, and the result is a unique creative craft that children take with them. This unusual handmade toy will be a wonderful decoration for your home. The boys are having fun build their favorite cars out of paper, tanks and planes and even dinosaurs. Girls are princesses, funny little animals. The age of children is from 5 years to infinity.

Kirigami

Age: from 6 years

This is the art of folding figures from paper. In a sense, kirigami is a type of origami techniques, but, unlike the latter, in kirigami it is permissible to use scissors and glue.

The name itself technology talks about it: it comes from two Japanese words:kiru - cut and kami - paper.

The basis of crafts in technology kirigami is a leaf paper. As a rule, creating a craft begins with folding a sheet paper doubling and cutting out various shapes. Shapes can be cut out as symmetrically:

both asymmetrically:

IN technology Kirigami make beautiful three-dimensional folding cards (in English they are called pop-up,

as well as entire architectural structures from paper.

Volumetric applique made of colored or white paper:

Age: from 5 years

Means of expression: silhouette, texture, color, volume.

Equipment: double-sided color and thick white paper, PVA glue.

Image acquisition method: the child tears off pieces of colored paper, crushes them or twists them, and then glues them onto a sheet of thick paper. Job must be done on a large sheet of paper paper.

Volumetric applique from paper napkins, painted with gouache

Age: from 4 years.

Means of expression: spot, texture, color, volume, composition.

Equipment: white napkins, sponges, thick colored paper, PVA glue, gouache.

Image acquisition method: the child twists pieces of white napkins into small flagella, and then glues them onto a sheet of thick paper paper. The twisting procedure is repeated until the space of the depicted object is filled with curled flagella. Now you can take gouache and paint the glued napkins.

Trimming is one of the types paper crafts. This technique can be attributed to both the application method and the type of quilling. With the help of trimming you can create amazing three-dimensional paintings, mosaics, panels, decorative elements interior, postcards. This the technique is quite popular, interest in it is explained by the unusual “fluffy” effect and the easy way of its execution.

You can also use other materials: straw, birch bark, fur, poplar fluff, paper, plasticine. For example, the applique can be made on cardboard covered with a layer of plasticine. And then press a wide variety of shapes from different cereals: peas, beans, rice, vermicelli, etc. You can pour sand, tinted semolina, buckwheat, etc. into a funnel on a sheet covered with plasticine or paste. You can also use fabric, eggshells, leather scraps, cotton wool and much more in the applique, all on that you have enough imagination.

Making toys and various crafts from natural and waste materials is painstaking, interesting and very enjoyable work. Try it and you won't regret it!

Paper was invented in the 2nd century BC. Chinese court official and gradually began to spread westward, reaching Central Asia in 751 AD e. In 793, paper was first made in Baghdad, during the golden age of Islamic culture. From there, the art of papermaking spread further east, and by the 14th century, several paper mills had appeared in Europe.

When printing began in 1450, the demand for paper increased dramatically. At this time, the main raw materials for paper production were flax and cotton, but it was not until the 18th century, when demand for materials exceeded supply, that the search began for a material that would be available in abundance. IN early XIX century the use of wood began.

Modern equipment and methods of paper production originate in the same 19th century, and now they have turned the ancient craft into a high-tech industry. The basic processes remain the same as before, however, for paper grades that have maximum strength, long service life and invariability, cotton and linen fibers and whole, sorted fabric scraps are still used.

All over the world, people have recognized the value of paper as an object for creativity, because it can be used to make products or use it as an element for decoration. They learned to create useful objects from paper, each with its own grace and beauty.

They also invented many ways to decorate with paper, by folding it or cutting it into intricate shapes, painting it in different colors, or using plain colored paper shapes or cut-out printed images to create paintings. In the Far East and Europe there is a particularly strong tradition of using paper as a raw material and recognizing its decorative potential.

Papier mache.

Papier-mâché (which means "chewed paper" in French) is actually shredded paper or strips of paper mixed with glue. Paper pulp can be cast into various shapes to create hard or fragile items that can then be creatively decorated.

Centuries before the craft arrived in Europe, it was an art form in the Far East, where carefully crafted items were exquisitely decorated and varnished. At the beginning of the 18th century, papier-mâché products began to be made in France, and later in England and Germany, where several different manufacturing processes were used.

One of them was to create trays and furniture panels from pressed sheets of paper glued together. Although the production of papier-mâché products fell somewhat in Europe in the 19th century. Papier-mâché was still a popular material for making toys, masks and various types of mannequins. Being one of the cheapest and simplest materials, today papier-mâché is experiencing its rebirth.

Decoupage.

The word "decoupage" comes from the French verb decouper, which means "to cut." Decoupage is a type of decorative art in which paper cut-outs are used to create pictures or patterns on various surfaces.

Decoupage as an art form was influenced by the Siberian art of felt appliqué and ancient Chinese and Polish folk art using paper cuttings. It first appeared in France in the 17th century as an art for decorating furniture. A century later, decoupage became a popular activity throughout Europe. It became so fashionable that specially printed pictures were produced to be pasted onto various household and personal items such as hairbrushes, hair dryers and screens.

It has recently seen a resurgence of interest as a way of bringing a variety of items to life, such as wastebaskets, lampshades, screens, trays and boxes.

Many of today's decoupage designs feature lush floral motifs. Victorian era, but this does not mean at all that this is exactly what modern decoupage should look like.

You can use any kind of paper with different images. You can even use black and white or tinted photocopies to create your own designs. At the end, each work must be covered with several layers of varnish for protection.

Paper cutting.

The art of paper cutting originated in the Far East. In China, where at first paper stencils used as embroidery patterns, their patterns were extremely complex and intricate. In Japan, they were originally used as stencils for printing designs on fabric.

Eventually this art form traveled along the trade routes of the Middle East to Europe, where it was used by monks to decorate manuscripts. Thus, the first secular examples of paper-cut-outs in Europe were on religious themes, but as paper became more widely used, people began to carve scenes from Everyday life. Polish folk artists have become famous for their charming and colorful pieces depicting rural life.

German and Swiss paper cut-outs were intricate, folded stories called scherenschmitte. This tradition of creating symmetrical images, white on a black background, was subsequently adopted and continued by early European settlers in the New World.

In Great Britain and France, a continuation of the German style was the creation of portraits by cutting out paper silhouettes. The first images of silhouettes were created in life-size - the mannequin's head was illuminated with candles and the shadow was redrawn on paper. The image was then painted over black, cut out and pasted onto white paper.

As the fashion for cut-out paper ornaments spread, well-bred ladies who had a lot of free time realized that their small craft scissors - perfect tool for cutting out intricate lace symbols of love or Valentine's Day cards and keepsakes for family occasions. Traditional paper cutting art festivals still take place in Denmark, Mexico and the USA. Depending on the type of paper used, the number of folds and the style of the image, you can create a huge variety of products.

Paper decoration.

Exist various ways decorating paper to improve the appearance of paper products or plain paper or cardboard. Various decorative effects can be achieved using stencils. For centuries they have been used to decorate interiors with repeating patterns.

They can also be used to decorate small or large items, from homemade wallpaper to wrapping paper and office supplies.

Stamping, actually a type of printing, is another excellent way to decorate paper. It can be applied to any kind of paper or paper products. Today, applying patterns using stencils and seals (stamps) is used as a simple, inexpensive, but at the same time, expressive way to decorate or add originality to any surface.

There are ready-made stamps and stencils on sale, but you can make them yourself to your liking. You can cut stencils from waxed stencil card or acetate film, and stamps can be cut from potatoes or a household sponge.

Paper designs.

By cutting and folding paper, you can create an amazing variety of items for your home - boxes, mobiles and lanterns. The art of creating decorative and useful products by folding paper several times goes back to the even more ancient art of creating such products from fabric. The pinnacle of this art is the Japanese art of origami, where paper folded several hundred times is used to create three-dimensional objects and animals.

Any object from an elephant to a vase of flowers can be made without using glue or tape. Traditions of creating paper designs by folding paper also exist in Spain and South America. In Germany in the 19th century, they began to make crafts from folded colored paper in kindergartens, and later, the Bauhaus, the famous German design school, opened courses on how to create structures from paper folded several times.

Typically thought of as just packaging material, cardboard can also be used to create many functional and decorative items. At the beginning of the 20th century, cardboard began to be used in the manufacture of models for sculptures, furniture and in architectural projects.

Some imaginative designers have even made various pieces of furniture entirely out of it, which is proof of its inherent durability. Cardboard became a popular craft material during World War II, when it was widely used for packaging.

Craftsmen immediately found a use for this new waste product, but their enthusiasm soon waned as more interesting materials became available in the post-war period. However, recently there has been a renewed interest in cardboard as a creative material, and many craftsmen have begun to use it in new ways to create a variety of amazing items from toys and handbags to chairs and tables.

Corrugated cardboard With its multi-layer structure, it is especially suitable for creating cardboard structures.

2. Paper plastic art is very similar to sculpture in terms of creativity. But, in paper plastic, all products inside are empty, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462

3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of a technique for making products in which tubes of corrugated paper are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper onto a stick, pencil or knitting needle and then compressing it. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for design and use.
Examples:

4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil “bird feather”) - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges onto the tip of a bird's feather, creating an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples:

4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Kirigami is a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and cutting paper in the process of making the model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole direction in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutting and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and cards folded into a flat figure.
Examples:
- Kusudama (literally “medicine ball” in Japanese) is a paper model that is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that the body is spherical forms. Alternatively, the individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued rather than sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached to the bottom.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dried petals; perhaps these were the first real bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of two Japanese words, kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Nowadays, kusudama are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested inside each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples:
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually the folded pieces are then glued together into an applique.
Examples:
- Modular origami - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - was invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.
Examples:

5. Papier-mâché (fr. papier-mâché “chewed paper”) - an easily moldable mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Plasters are made from papier-mâché , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mâché blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples:

7. Embossing (another name is “embossing”) - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymer material or plastic, foil, on parchment (the technique is called “pergamano”, see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which a relief image of a convex or concave stamp is obtained on the material itself with or without heating, sometimes with additional use foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on binding covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and during processing it becomes convex and turns white. This technique produces interesting postcards, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage page.
Examples:
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliché onto a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to imitate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern imitating crocodile skin, etc.)

*Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove a dwelling from long flexible branches (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, boxes, carts, scoops, baskets) and shoes. A man learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for use appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything you come across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers.... Weaving techniques such as wicker weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, knotted macrame weaving, bobbin weaving, bead weaving, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chainmail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave many beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples:

1. Beading, like beads themselves, has a centuries-old history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave beaded threads into necklaces, thread bracelets, and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century the real flourishing of bead production began. For a long time The Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Masters and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, wallets and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglass cases, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, indigenous people began to use them instead of traditional Indian materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hair net, earrings, snuff boxes...
In the Far North, fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harnesses, leather sunglasses were decorated with bead embroidery...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets there are amazing items. Brushes and covers for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen and pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples:

2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese handicraft. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creation has been preserved to this day. beautiful flowers for decorating the altar.
The ganuteli uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wrap the parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers turn out graceful and light.
In the 16th century, spiral wire made of gold or silver was called “canutiglia” in Italian, and “canutillo” in Spanish; in Russian, this word was probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples:

3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.
The technique of this knot weaving has been known since ancient times. According to some sources, macrame came to Europe in the 8th-9th centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples:

4. Weaving lace with bobbins. In Russia, the Vologda, Eletsky, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky fisheries are still known.
Examples:

5. Tatting is a woven knotted lace. It is also called shuttle lace because this lace is woven using a special shuttle.
Examples:

*Techniques related to painting, various types painting and image creation:

Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on any surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), primarily from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting is a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images through the application of paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are those made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Painting also includes images made with paints on decorative and ceremonial vessels , the surfaces of which can have a complex shape.
Examples:

1. Batik - hand-painted fabric using reserve compounds.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as artists say, “reserve” from coloring individual areas of fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, knotted, free painting, free painting using saline solution, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word “ba” means cotton fabric, and “-tik” means “dot” or “drop”. Ambatik - to draw, to cover with drops, to hatch.
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples:

2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the main material. The history of stained glass begins in ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions, panels made of colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass appeared.
Examples:

3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern juice straws are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic designs from a small amount liquid paint on a sheet of paper.

4. Guilloche - the technique of burning an openwork pattern onto fabric manually using a burning machine was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires careful work. It must be done in one color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of the given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more, whatever your imagination suggests, will decorate any home!
Examples:

5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or a sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (to prevent it from blurring, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples:

6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way of creating an image from small elements. Assembling a jigsaw puzzle is very important for a child’s mental development.
Can be made from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small pebbles, shells, thermal mosaic, Tetris mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (scales of cones, pine needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples:

7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, united and tupos - imprint) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth glass surface or thick glossy paper (it should not allow water to pass through), a drawing is made using gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed to the surface. The resulting print is a mirror image.
Examples:

8. Thread graphics (isothread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isographics or embroidery on cardboard. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. The threads can be ordinary sewing, wool, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples:

9. Ornament (lat. ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both externally and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples also the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples:

10. Print.
Kinds:
- Printing with a sponge. Both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable for this.
Examples:
As source material For stamping using a cliche stamp, a piece of wood is usually used so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables, etc.
Examples:

11. Pointillism (French Pointillisme, literally “pointing”) is a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, counting on their optical mixing in the viewer’s eye, as opposed to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives significantly greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing of colors to form shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a distance distances or in reduced form.
The founder of the style was Georges Seurat.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from the Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples:

12. Drawing with palms. Small children find it difficult to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills, and give the opportunity to discover new and Magic world artistic creativity is drawing with palms. By drawing with their palms, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples:

13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the vein side. The paper on which you are going to make a print can be colored or white. Press the colored side of the sheet onto a sheet of paper and carefully remove it, grasping it by the “tail” (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over again. And now, having completed the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples:

14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art exists a large number of varieties of this type of decorative and applied art.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting is an ancient Russian folk craft that arose at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. in the area of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting is an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and also, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting, silver tin powder is applied to the wood. After this, the product is covered special composition and processed three to four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, giving a light wooden utensils massive effect. Traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberries, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and animals are often found.
Examples:

15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paint. Painting is done with melted paints (hence the name). A type of encaustic painting is wax tempera, characterized by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique.
Examples:

*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and fabric use:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb “to sew”, i.e. something that is sewn or stitched.
Examples:

2. Patchwork, Quilt, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts art with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of colorful fabrics or knitted elements in geometric shapes to join together in a blanket, blouse or bag.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to artichoke fruits. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By by and large in this technique, it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, create (pasting) various panels of a round (or multifaceted) shape on a plane or in volume.
You can sew in two ways: direct the edge of the blanks to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with the tip towards the narrower part. The folded parts are not necessarily cut in the shape of squares. These can be rectangles or circles. In any case, we encounter the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the family of patchwork origami, and since they create volume, then, therefore, to the “3d” technique.
Example:
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this type. In my opinion, this is a multi-method.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:

3. Tsumami Kanzashi. The Tsumami technique is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the artist takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
The hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave its name to a whole new type of decorative and applied art. This technique was used to make decorations for combs and individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of different accessories.
Examples:

* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools by hand (a crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples:

1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way of crocheting using a special device - a fork curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of manually making fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, relief patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations loops and posts. The correct ratio is that the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples:
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples:
4. Tunisian long crochet (both one and several loops can be used at the same time to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Loin knitting – imitates loin-guipure embroidery on a special mesh.
7. Guipure crochet (Irish or Brussels lace).

2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your life and home with products convenient for everyday life self made or children's toys, you experience joy from the appearance and pleasure from the process of creating them.
Examples:

3. Carving is a type of decorative and applied art. Is one of the types artistic treatment wood along with sawing and turning.
Examples:

* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Applique (from the Latin “attachment”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, seed beads, woolen threads, embossed metal plates, all kinds of material (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive capabilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples:
There are also:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - the new kind arts and crafts. It represents the creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. At its core, this is a rarely seen, very expressive type of painting.
Examples:
- Application from “palms”. Examples:
- Broken applique is one of the types of multifaceted applique techniques. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples:

2. Assemblage (French assemblage) - a visual art technique related to collage, but using three-dimensional parts or entire objects, applicatively arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows for artistic additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, since the terminology of the latest visual art is not completely established.
Examples:

3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique can be clearly seen from English name tunnel - tunnel - through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” that are put together conveys the feeling of a tunnel well. A three-dimensional postcard appears. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because... is aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel dates back to the mid-18th century. and was the embodiment of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or are sold as souvenirs to tourists.
Examples:

4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples:
Cut out of paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, birch bark, plastic bottles, from soap, from plywood (though this is already called sawing), from fruits and vegetables, as well as from other various materials. Various tools are used: scissors, breadboard knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetrical structure, with curved contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another, are cut out by eye. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive; they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples:
- The cutting is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of a sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey it in applications external features objects in a stylized form.
Examples:
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since paper was invented in China. And this type of cutting became known as jianzhi. This art has spread throughout the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples:
- Carving (see below).

5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “that which is cut out”) is a technique of decoration, applique, decoration using cut out paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the 12th century. They began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this equipment also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence another name - “napkin technique”. The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, boxes, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, plaster - must be plain and light, because... the design cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples:

6. Carving (from the English carvу - cut, carve, engrave, slice; carving - carving, carved work, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking is simplest form sculptures or engravings on the surface of fruit and vegetable products, such short-lived table decorations.
Examples:

7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - glued paper. Very quickly this concept began to be used in an expanded meaning - a mixture various elements, a bright and expressive message from scraps of other texts, fragments collected on one plane.
The collage can be completed with any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples:

8. Constructor (from Latin constructor “builder”) is a multi-valued term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. that is, parts or elements of some future layout, information about which was collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). When different types of elements are combined, interesting designs for games and fun are created.
Examples:

9. Modeling - giving shape to a plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) using hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is intended for mastering the primary principles of this technique.
Examples:

10. A layout is a copy of an object with a change in size (usually reduced), which is made while maintaining proportions. The layout must also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique piece you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). This can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples:
Type of layout - model - is a working layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is concentrated on certain aspects of the modeled object or, to an equal degree, its detail. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a maritime or aviation club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, plaster, papier-mâché, salty dough, paper, polystyrene foam, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples:

11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials to obtain the main component of soap.
Examples:

12. Sculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional form and are made of hard or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - modeling, carving, casting, forging, embossing, carving, etc.
Examples:

13. Weaving - production of fabric and textiles from yarn.
Examples:

14. Felting (or felting, or felting) – felting wool. There is “wet” and “dry”.
Examples:

15. Flat embossing is one of the types of decorative and applied art, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
Processing of the material is carried out using a rod - a hammer, which stands vertically, the upper end of which is hit with a hammer. By moving the coin, a new shape gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:

In conclusion, it should be noted that the division (combination according to any criterion) of most techniques is conditional (subjective), and many techniques of applied creativity are multi-techniques, i.e. they combine several types of techniques.

Happy creativity everyone!
Your Margarita.