Prepare with additional materials. Ways to strengthen natural and artificial soil

The base of the construction site is an array of soil that lies under the foundation, steadily perceives the entire load of the structure on itself. Soils that serve as the basis are divided into two types: natural, or natural and artificial.

thirdly, the soils must be without heaving qualities, when freezing, all such soils expand, when thawing, they decrease, which leads to a violation of the correct shrinkage of the structure and the formation of deformative cracks, gaps;

fourthly, soils must have the ability to withstand all kinds of influences groundwater, liquids.

They have the following building classification:

1. rocky- virtually non-compressible, not heaving at all, highly water-resistant (the best base). For example, Manhattan in New York.
2. coarse-grained, that is, pieces of rocky type (about 50 percent with a volume of more than two millimeters): gravel and gravel (a fairly good base);
3. sands- and the larger the particles, the greater their potential for construction. Gravel sand (large particles) under loads is significantly compacted, they do not show heaving (a fairly good base). And small, almost dust-like particles, when moisture enters, begin to swell;
4. clayey they take on significant loads in dry form, however, in the process of moistening, their bearing capacity is significantly reduced, they become heaving;
5. loesslike, that is, macroporous, usually have good strength, but in the process of moistening they often give significant subsidence, they can be used provided they are strengthened;
6. bulk- are formed when falling asleep pits, garbage dumps, channels. Have disproportionate compressibility (require hardening);
7. alluvial- are formed as a result of the purification of a dried-up river or lake. A good base from the ground;
8. quicksand- are formed by small particles of sand having silty mixtures. They are not suitable for natural substrates.

Strengthening methods:

Firstly, seal. Conventional pneumatic tamping or tamping with special plates, in some cases crushed stone is added. On the large areas rollers are used;

Secondly, pillow device. In cases where it is difficult to strengthen the soil, the layer of unreliable soil is removed and replaced with a more stable one (for example, sand or gravel). The thickness of such a pillow is usually 10 centimeters or more;

third, silicification- used for fine dusty sand. In such cases, mixtures should be injected into the soil liquid glass with various chemical additives. After the soil hardens, it will acquire a good bearing capacity;
fourth, cementation, that is, the feed under the base cement mixture in liquid form or a liquid mixture of cement and sand;

fifth, burning, that is thermal method, combustion of various combustible materials in the depths of wells. Used for loess-like soil types. Thus, the foundation of the soil will be reliable if all these requirements and conditions are met during construction.

The density of the bearing ground underneath and is critical to their safe and long lasting. In our country, cases when buildings, structures and roads are built on dense mainland soils that do not require additional strengthening are relatively rare, most often it is necessary to carry out a series of measures to strengthen the soil, most of which have a volume and final cost comparable to all subsequent construction.

There are only three ways to strengthen the soil, both natural and artificially poured. This:

1. Complete replacement of natural soil with low bearing capacity.
2. Physical compaction of natural soils.
3. Strengthening with additional materials

Complete replacement of natural soil with low bearing capacity can be carried out in two ways.

First: excavation of soil (usually fine-grained, dust-like sands, water-saturated gley soils at the site of former swamps) to the mainland base (usually it is either gravel), followed by backfilling the pit with gravel, crushed stone or solid concrete slab. Gravel and crushed stone are compacted with vibrorammers or heavy equipment, for example, road rollers weighing 10-15 tons.

Second: frequent pile driving in upper layer fragile soil to the continental base. Currently, they are used exclusively, although history knows other examples, for example, oak piles were used in the construction of St. Petersburg.

Soil strengthening with the help of additional materials became possible in last years when geotextile, better known as non-woven, appeared synthetic material. It combines several useful properties and forms a solid, non-rotting, permeable base on the soil surface. With it, you can strengthen the slopes of embankments or canals, make the foundation for footpaths and even highways. It is used both independently and as finish coat gravel or crushed stone bedding.

Physical compaction of bulk and natural soils is carried out in any case to form a denser "cushion". For such a process, only materials with a structure of medium discreteness are suitable - gravel, crushed stone (sand with natural stones), in rare cases is used . Depending on the scope of work and the size of the fractions of the material, they are used as light tool(vibrorammers), and heavy equipment.

Samarkand is a contemporary of Ancient Rome: the age of its cultural lower layers dates back to the 1st millennium BC.
At the turn of the XIV-XV centuries, a new flourishing of Samarkand began. This happened during the reign of the great conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), who decided to make Samarkand the capital of his empire. Timur wanted to make his capital unattainably beautiful and grandiose, surpassing all other cities in the world. Therefore, the villages around Samarkand received new names and henceforth were called like this: Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo - the greatest cities in the world had to seem like villages compared to the new capital of Timur. There were 13 gardens around Samarkand, the largest of them was so vast that one day (as the ancient chronicles say) the architect's horse got lost there and they were looking for it for a whole month.
The architectural ensemble of Samarkand, stretching from iron gate to the east in the form of a street, it was built on the sides with ceremonial tombs and religious buildings. On the outskirts of Samarkand, on the slope of the Afrasiab hill, the mausoleums of Shakhi-Zinda are located. No one planned or designed this magical street, the ensemble arose on its own, and it was built for hundreds of years - one mausoleum after another. "Shakhi Zinda" means "living king", whose cult existed long before the arrival of Islam.
Timur had many wives, but only one beloved - the beautiful Bibi-Khanym. The great ruler was on a long journey when she gathered the best architects of Samarkand, who, at the hour indicated by the stars, began the construction of the mosque.
The mosque was built by a young architect, who, captivated by the beauty of Bibi Khanum, became a victim of crazy and unrequited love. The slender walls of the mosque already shine with beautiful glaze, its dome already competes with the vault of heaven, it remains only to close the arch of the portal. But the enamored architect hesitates, because the completion of the work means separation from Bibi Khanym.
Timur himself is buried in the Gur-Emir mausoleum, which is located near small pond on Registan Square. At first, Gur-Emir was intended for the burial of Mukhamed Sultan, Timur's beloved grandson, but now Timur himself, his sons and another grandson, the great medieval scholar Ulugbek, are buried here, under whom the mausoleum turned into the family burial vault of the Timurids. The blue ribbed dome of the mausoleum rises to a height of 40 meters, wooden doors with inlay from Ivory they lead to the main hall... The rays of the sun, breaking through the marble bars, fall in stripes on eight tombstones, the graves themselves are below - in the dungeon.
The Registan is the central square of old Samarkand; streets approach it from all sides, radially crossing the territory of the Old City. In ancient times, a powerful channel flowed through the area, leaving a mass of sandy deposits. Sand deposits, probably, gave the name to this place, since "Registan" literally means "place of sand", "sandy field".
Until the 15th century, Registan was a large trade and craft area, but then its importance as a marketplace receded into the background. Under Khan Ulugbek, who was the ruler of Samarkand from 1409 to 1447, the Registan became a parade-official square: ceremonial reviews of troops began to take place here, khan's decrees were proclaimed, etc.
During the time of Ulugbek, Samarkand was the center scientific life Central Asia, famous mathematicians, astronomers, historians came here ... In the madrasah, for which Ulugbek personally selected teachers, and in its observatory, scientists touched the secrets of science. Merchants and artisans, pilgrims and poets, wanderers and diplomats - all aspired here, all roads led to the "precious pearl of the world" - the sparkling city of Samarkand.

Sections: History and social studies

The range of problems relevant to the current stage of development of the improvement of educational and educational system"museum - school" is great. In this sense, serious tasks are entrusted to the museum. The nature of interest in the museum has changed significantly - the museum is becoming one of the most powerful means of education, since the museum today is not a collection of exhibits, but a complex unity of architecture, science, and art. Constantly developing and improving, the “museum-school” system requires both teachers and museum workers to have appropriate professional knowledge and skills. Obviously, in order to intensify contacts between the school and the museum, it is extremely important guidelines and for the teacher who wants to use the museum for teaching and educational process, and for a museum researcher who is interested in using the experience of colleagues as widely as possible in his work. It is the fact of the merger of some sections of pedagogy and museology that has become a platform for the creation of "museum pedagogy", the need to use which in the work secondary school and the modern museum is dictated by time itself.

Some teachers think that a tour or a lecture at a museum can replace a lesson. But a visit to the museum should not repeat, but enrich the lesson. The help of the museum to the school is not in duplicating the lesson, but in expanding the children's understanding of the world around them, in the formation of aesthetic taste (Appendix 1). The museum exposition contributes to a special perception of the topic, a reliable assessment of the historical authenticity of an event or object. It is the object that is the object of comprehensive study by the museum, it is through the object as a monument of human culture that the museum communicates with the visitor. Therefore, one of the tasks of museum pedagogy is to create prerequisites and conditions for the activation of museum visitors, in particular, to improve contacts with museum objects, to organize the perception of the information contained in them.

At the heart of the work of any museum is the object. It is a carrier of social and natural-scientific information - an authentic source of knowledge and emotions, a cultural and historical value - a part of the national heritage. An important feature museum object, which distinguishes it from other sources, is the ability of the object to influence the emotional sphere of a person. It is no coincidence that all researchers, along with other properties of a museum object, such as informativeness, representativeness (reflection of reality), name the following: - expressiveness - the ability to influence a person through their signs, attractiveness - attracting attention, associativity - a sense of belonging, empathy (1, 89.). In addition, each item is a sign of its time, a reflection of the features of a particular era.

One of the main properties of the subject is informativeness. The use of various objects as visual material in the lesson has wide use and methodological strength. The main difference between a museum object and an ordinary visual aid is its authenticity, the function of historical memory that stores the experience of past generations. The museum item must be the primary source of social information, be authentic, be stored for a long time. No less important is the moral, aesthetic, memorial value of an object - everything that makes an object a cultural value.

Work on the basis of the museum allows you to collect a wide variety of sources in one space: written monuments, material relics, visual materials, photographs, archeological objects, numismatics, bonistics, philately, ethnography and many other materials. All this allows not only to show the variety of sources, but also to teach children the language of museum objects, to give them the basics of independent research work with sources. In modern families, there are few things that belonged to their ancestors, which would personify the “connection of generations”. Many children have never had the experience of studying ancient objects before visiting the museum. Therefore, one of the tasks is not just to draw attention to the museum object, but also to reveal its character, features, properties. This attention to the historical source is realized through a system of classes, one or another subject becomes the main character.

One of the main forms of museum educational work is an excursion. The basis of the tour is the presence of two elements: show and story. The excursion is the golden mean, where the guide needs a stable balance between showing visual objects and telling about them and the events associated with them. A show is an observation of an object under the guidance of a qualified guide. When shown, a person perceives not only appearance subject, monument, but also with the help of a guide distinguishes in it separate parts, takes part in their analysis, with the help of additional materials: auxiliary visual aids. The story during the excursion is an addition to the analysis of the visual range, it is especially necessary in cases where the visual material is poorly preserved or completely lost. But stories should not be abused. As a rule, everything that is discussed in the excursion should be presented in the visual range, which is observed by the tourists. If there are no objects that reveal the topic, there can be no excursion itself. (2.144)

An attempt to prepare an excursion along the street where the student lives, or any other street, microdistrict, settlement, is an excellent final task for consolidating at once a large amount of information received in museum lessons. As an option and result of an integrated lesson of local history and informatics using museum technologies - a virtual tour in multimedia performance.

Another way to show the result of a student’s research, local history activities through museum technologies is to organize an exhibition on a given topic, make changes to the exposition of the school museum, update and supplement it. This work, as well as the preparation of the excursion, requires a voluminous preparatory research work and consolidates the acquired knowledge in practice, in addition, it contributes to the development of aesthetic skills in children, artistic taste.

Currently, the issue of local history work at school is relevant. We consider the solution of this issue from the point of view of integration of local history with general educational disciplines (historical local history, geographical and natural history, literary, etc.). The use of basic museum technologies will effectively, for many teachers, organize the educational process in a new way. Custom Shapes and methods of studying school discipline, creative control tasks, of course, will contribute to the activation of the mental activity of the student, the development of his creativity, aesthetic perception and artistic taste. But most importantly, the totality of these innovations helps teachers of the school and the museum to solve one of the primary tasks of pedagogy - the upbringing of a sense of patriotism, which is achieved through knowledge of the history of the native land.

Extra-curricular activities should not be overlooked. Local history circles and sections, organization and maintenance of a school museum, active participation in local history competitions and olympiads is one of the important ways to conduct meaningful and interesting work with students, the main way to transfer knowledge and skills not provided for school curriculum. The strict scope of the lesson does not always allow answering many questions of interest to children, does not always provide an opportunity to help the child learn additional techniques and skills necessary for success educational process schoolboy. In this case, extra-curricular activities come to the rescue, in which students acquire the necessary knowledge.

The activities of the local history, museum circle are aimed at developing children the skills of independent search, research work in archives, libraries, museums, interviewing people of interest to the museum or researcher, etc. The cycle of classes should include an excursion visit to the above institutions, independent work to search for the necessary information given by the teacher, its processing, analysis of the work done during the meetings of the circle, further planning of the study, determination of goals and objectives. Mastering the above skills forms the student's clear orientation in the information space, which in the future greatly facilitates the work of preparing various kinds of essays, local history research work etc. In addition, members of the circle provide practical assistance to the school museum, thereby, delving into the essence of its work, realize the importance and significance of the existence of the museum business, and join its activities.

The most receptive audience is children, and it is on them, first of all, that the educational activities of museums are oriented; It is with children that the school works, giving education and raising worthy citizens of their country from the younger generation.

References:

1. Lebedeva P.G. The specifics of working with a museum object in the Children's Historical Museum // Museum of the XXI century: a dream and a reality. - S-P .: 1999.
2. Ivashina N.N. Methods of preparing an exit excursion.//Belgorod Local History Bulletin. - Belgorod, 2001.

The device of floors by combining floor coverings of different properties is one of the most popular design techniques, used, as a rule, for zoning space. The combination of laminate and ceramic tile floors within the same room allows not only to diversify the interior, making it brighter and more expressive, but also gives a significant gain in strength, durability and other performance characteristics. Most often, such solutions are found in the design of living rooms, kitchens and hallways and serve to divide the premises into living and working areas.

At the same time, joining laminate with tiles is a serious technical problem, which can be solved in various ways:

• without the use of additional materials;
• using construction foams, mastics and silicone sealants;
• using a cork capacitor;
• with the help of transitional thresholds.

Without the use of additional materials

This method is used to design single-level joints of complex configuration and requires a lot of patience and accuracy. First, careful cutting and cutting of materials is carried out according to pre-prepared templates.

Then they are fixed on the subfloor in compliance with general rules fasteners and careful grouting of the joints. Docking laminate with tiles without the use of additional materials allows you to beautifully design any curved joint, no matter how complex shape he was not.

With docking foams and polymer sealants

You can elegantly decorate butt joints of any shape, width and depth with building foams, mastics and silicone sealants. To do this, there is a huge range of improvised means and a wide choice. color combinations, however, this solution has a significant drawback associated with the peculiarity of laying the laminate.

Since the laminate needs some space to expand, the boards are not attached to the base during installation and can move, taking the optimal position for themselves. Building foams and sealants eventually harden and fix the joints tightly, which can lead to deformation of the floor.

With cork compensator

High-quality docking of laminate with tiles with the formation of a neat seam is carried out using cork expansion joints. The cork compresses perfectly and recovers on its own, so you don’t have to worry about the arrangement of technological gaps.

In order for the cork to lay down beautifully, the edges of the laminate and tiles along the cut line must be perfectly even, so the use of cork compensators places special demands on the quality of cutting the material.

To give the cork capacitor the desired shade, a special tinting is used.

With the help of transitional thresholds

Transitional thresholds not only allow you to beautifully join materials of various textures, properties and colors, they greatly facilitate the cleaning of the premises and increase the service life of floor coverings.

There are several types of sills:

• straight sills - used to design straight cuts of single-level surfaces;
• leveling sills - allow you to connect floor coverings located at different heights;
• finishing sills - used to decorate podiums, adjoining steps of stairs and edges of coatings.

Currently construction market offers a wide range of adapters made of different materials:

• natural wood thresholds look very nice and harmonize perfectly with furniture and laminate, but they are quite expensive and need to be special care– grouting scratches, polishing, painting and varnishing;
• metal sills or moldings - more durable, unpretentious and inexpensive, usually made of aluminum, stainless steel and brass, to protect against moisture and give the necessary color, metal sills cover protective films with a decorative pattern;
• laminated sills - completely repeat the structure and color of the laminate, so they are ideally combined with it, however, their performance characteristics strongly depend on the quality of the materials used and compliance with the manufacturing technology;
• plastic sills are the most common, inexpensive and technological type of design of butt joints, but rather short-lived.

The main disadvantage of transitional thresholds is that a small protrusion is formed at the joints. At the same time, the joining of the laminate with the tiles with the help of transition thresholds provides such advantages as:

• smooth transition;
• visual integrity of the coating;
• a wide selection of colors and shades;
• the possibility of designing curved lines;
• quick and easy installation;
• good protection of the joint from moisture and debris.

When installing thresholds, it is necessary to leave compensation gaps, not forgetting to take into account the dimensions of the fasteners, otherwise the coatings may deform and lose their attractiveness.

Video

This video will tell you about transitional thresholds for joints.