Make wiring in a log house. Hidden wiring in a wooden house - how appropriate is it? Basic requirements for electrical installation

All electro assembly work demand from the contractor accuracy, increased attention, strict adherence to technical rules and established standards. When planning and conducting electrification wooden house you need to get the advice of a qualified electrician, get acquainted with the regulations, basic requirements and the sequence of laying the electrical wire.

Requirements for electrical wiring in a wooden house

The installation of electrical wiring in wooden houses has some differences and features from the electrification of stone houses. Safety should be a priority in design and cabling. There are a number of basic rules that must be strictly followed:

Careful insulation of conductors electric current by means of non-combustible materials (NYM, VVGng, VVGng-LS).
Aluminum conductors must be replaced with copper conductors with a cross section of at least 16 mm sq. The cable must enter the house through a metal sleeve. The transition of a wire from one room to another is carried out through a rigid metal pipe.
It is advisable to carry out electrification of a wooden house using an "open" method.
It is necessary to make an accurate calculation of the cable thickness, leaving a margin of at least 30%.
Special attention should pay attention to the quality of the materials used. Choose a cable with non-flammable insulation.
If it is necessary to install hidden electrical wiring, it is imperative to use a metal pipe. It is prohibited to lay the cable in corrugated pipes.
Installation of an RCD, a ground loop and a lightning rod is required. In this case, not only electrical appliances are subject to grounding, but also metal pipes in which the cable is laid.
Input node - the switchboard should be insulated as much as possible from the wooden structures of the house. Sometimes you have to build brick wall, and floors are made of cement / concrete screed.

Wiring options in a wooden house

Installation of electrical wiring in wooden house do it yourself, namely cabling, can be done in three ways:

Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house: diagrams

According to current regulations, when electrifying a private house without installing a transformer, the power consumption cannot exceed 15 kW. This indicator is calculated by summing the power of simultaneously turned on electrical appliances. If the result is less than 15 kW, then an input machine is installed at 25A, otherwise a transformer is additionally required.

When developing a wiring diagram, connection points are divided into different groups consumption. For example, lighting devices are powered from one machine, a separate device is required for outlets, and an additional one for street lighting.

It is advisable to equip personal machines and a separate power supply branch for powerful electrical equipment: an electric stove, a boiler or an electric boiler. Separate power supplies are also required for detached outbuildings.

Important! For safety reasons, it is better to increase the number of branches of the power supply - this measure helps to reduce potentially dangerous areas of the connection.

Below is the approximate diagram do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a private wooden house.

Some nuances when developing a circuit:

An introductory machine and a power supply organization meter must be placed on the street for the convenience of controlling electricity consumption.
For outdoor placement, the meter and the circuit breaker must be in a sealed case that prevents moisture, dirt and dust from entering. Boxing protection class - not less than IP-55. Requirements for boxes installed inside wooden structure slightly lower - IP-44, the main condition is the execution of a metal case.
For an emergency shutdown of electricity, it is necessary to place an RCD - the device will work in the event of a short circuit in the network.

Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house: step by step instructions

Power supply project development

To develop an individual project in the power supply organization (RES), it is necessary to obtain technical specifications, which will become the basis for further work.

The design of the power supply of a wooden house is carried out in the following sequence:

When organizing power supply and drawing up a project, one should be guided not only by personal wishes, but also by certain requirements:

Only vertical or horizontal arrangement of wires is allowed.
All turns of the wire are performed strictly at right angles.
Sockets, switches and junction boxes must be freely accessible.
According to the rules, the installation of switches is carried out at a distance of 0.6-1.5 meters from the floor level, the cable is fed from above.
The optimal placement of the sockets is 0.5-0.8 m from the floor, the recommended number of outlets is 1 pc. by 6 sq.m. In rooms with big amount household appliances sockets will be more.
Do not run wires closer than 10 cm from door / window openings. It is necessary to exclude contact of wires with metal elements and nearby wires (the minimum allowable distance is 0.5 cm).

Selection of equipment and cables

To avoid complex calculations to determine the correct cable, you can use the electrical engineering handbook. The cross-section of the wire core directly depends on the expected loads.

The power consumption of equipment and electrical appliances is indicated in the technical passport or operating instructions. Based on these values, a wire with cores of the required section is selected. To determine the size of the lead-in cable, it is necessary to summarize the power of the installed electrical appliances.

Advice. For a wooden house, you should choose a cable marked "NG" (do not support combustion) and "LS" (reduced smoke emission). Usually, wires with a cross section of 2.5 mm and 1.5 mm are used for internal wiring.

Introductory circuit breaker is selected with a rating sufficient so that at maximum load the power of the house does not turn off, but an open circuit occurs, preventing a short circuit.

For single-phase power supply, the circuit breaker is selected as follows:

When choosing switches and sockets, some parameters are taken into account:

the amount of current for which the equipment is designed;
installation option: external / hidden wiring;
number of keys - for switches, number of places - for sockets.

Household appliances with high power (electric stoves, washing machines, boilers, fireplaces, refrigerators, etc.) must be grounded. In such situations, it is advisable to use sockets with a lug to connect the ground wire.
Tees should be avoided. To connect several electrical appliances at the same time, a group of outlets or dual models are installed.
The choice of switches is determined by the lighting mode. To simultaneously turn on several light sources or one lamp, set the switch to one key, for different modes - two- and three-key.

Installation of the machine and power supply

According to the developed scheme, junction boxes are installed, the attachment points of switches, sockets and lighting devices are marked. In the designated place, the electrical panel housing is mounted and the following actions are performed:

Installation in the housing of the meter panel.
Installation of an introductory machine on a metal profile (din-rail). Supply to a two-pole automatic phase and neutral.
The terminals (output terminals) of the meter are connected to the input of the input machine.
Plant the cable into the house and connect it to the input terminals of the meter.
A voltage relay, an RCD, automatic devices for different groups power supply (lighting, sockets).

Cable entry into the house is carried out underground or over the air. The second option will be cheaper, but such a supply is considered less reliable. Self-supporting insulated wires are used for air inlet. The main condition is the installation of a fireproof sleeve at the entry site in the house.

With the underground method, a metal pipe is used for input, which protects the supply cable from various influences. Laying the cable in this way must necessarily be coordinated with the distributing power company.

Cable laying, installation of switches and sockets

The wire of the selected section is laid in a closed or open way according to the layout plan.

Do-it-yourself internal wiring technology in a wooden house:

Let's consider step by step how to carry out electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands using wall cable channels:

Important! The number of connections affects the ability of the system to carry loads - the more there are, the worse the load capacity.

RCD and grounding

Arrangement of the ground loop involves the following actions:

Prepare metal rods diameter 3 cm / length 3 m.
Digging a trench 30 cm deep in a triangular shape, where the length of each side is 1 m. Place metal rods at the corners of the formed triangle.
The connection of reinforcement to each other with metal corners by welding.
Weld an eyelet (loop) to one corner and fix a steel bar 1 cm thick on it.
The rod is laid so that it is connected to the grounding conductor in the electrical panel. Insulation of grounding conductors of cables is yellow-green.

After the metering device, it is advisable to place an RCD in the dashboard. This device will protect a person from electric shock if it leaks onto the equipment case. The RCD parameters are selected based on the value of the rated current in the network. Such protective device especially important for rooms with a high level of humidity (bathroom, sauna, swimming pool, etc.).

Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house: video

Common Beginner Mistakes

The electrification of a wooden house is a responsible event. According to statistics from firefighters, most wooden structures catch fire primarily due to faulty electrical wiring. Some novice masters may ignore the advice of professionals and make a number of gross mistakes:

Hiding wiring under timber ceiling structures.
Laying cables under the skirting board.
Use for laying corrugated wire PVC pipes... Despite the practical qualities of the material and the convenience of its installation, PVC pipes are prohibited from using for the electrification of wooden buildings.
Arrangement of the insulated cable in the groove without the use of a metal pipe.
The use of plastic boxes for sockets and switches.

Wooden houses are chosen as dwellings for many reasons: some are contraindicated to live in concrete "boxes", others like beautiful log cabins. However, living in them is closely related to such a concept as safety. That is why electrical wiring in a wooden house is considered one of the key aspects.

We will tell you how to correctly make the wiring of power supply in a wooden house. We will show you what circuits, consumables and wiring accessories are used in laying lines along walls from a bar or log. With our advice, you can create a secure and trouble-free network.

Even if all logs, beams and boards are treated with fire retardants, they remain vulnerable to accidental fire. For this reason, the stages of the electrical system arrangement - from design to the installation of sockets and switches - must be known both by skilled "home-made" people and by the owners who control the work of hired builders.

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, for residential buildings with a power consumption of no more than 15 kW, the drawing up of a project for power grids is not required. But the company supplying electricity must be provided with a diagram and data on the total power consumption. This is necessary for calculating the allocated power on the line and installing the meter.

Some electricity supply companies, when concluding a contract, still require a project that includes, in addition to the internal wiring diagram, the installation points of sockets, switches, junction boxes, an electrical panel with a meter

In the process of developing a project, you need to take into account all the nuances: the exact location of electrical installations, the choice of cable and wiring method, the need for grounding, etc. How the project is drawn up and preparation for installation work, we will consider in more detail.

Step # 1 - drawing up a diagram and work plan

Designing can be done independently, if there is experience in such work, or with the help of specialists, by concluding an agreement with a design organization.

A professionally written document contains the following points:

electrical panel diagram;
electrical installation plan;
calculations for the installation of the ground loop;
conclusions outside the house, if any - autonomous sources of electricity;
equipment installation plan with specifications;
if approval is pending - a package of permits;
explanatory note.

But first, you should contact Energosbyt to obtain TU - technical conditions, which are signed according to SNiP.

The least amount of paperwork will have to be collected by owners making connections with a capacity of less than 15 kW. They need to write a list of electrical appliances and calculate their total power. If the power consumption is more than 35 kW, a linear power supply scheme is required. For 380 V networks, a three-line diagram is drawn up.

Why is the idea of building a wooden house attractive? This is the ecological purity of materials that can provide a comfortable and healthy microclimate in the premises of the home and, of course, the desire of homeowners to follow the traditions of Russian architecture. The modern building materials market allows you to build a house made of profiled and glued beams, as well as rounded logs. In contrast to all the advantages inherent in houses made of wood, there is a problem with the arrangement of electrical wiring. The option of open wiring laid in cable channels does not always meet the requirements attractive design interior decoration premises, the homeowner is faced with the question of how to make hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house with his own hands. We will talk about this further.

Benefits of hidden wiring

The indisputable advantages of installing hidden wiring in a wooden house are:

The absence of cable channels on the walls, which have a detrimental effect on the premises and significantly complicate the process of applying wallpaper.
Minimizing the risk of mechanical damage to cables and wiring wires.
Possibility of replacing the cable laid in the pipe.
A high degree of electrical fire safety, subject to correct installation work in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents.

Special requirements for safety

Hidden installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house is very difficult, it requires strict compliance with anti fire safety, requirements of PUE and compliance with GOST R50572 1-93. A person who does not have experience in electrical installation should not try to do this work with his own hands. The homeowner who has invited specialists for the arrangement needs to know the basic provisions on the installation methods in order to control the performance of work and in no case should this material be taken as step-by-step instructions.

When designing a home electrical network, the main emphasis is on ensuring fire safety, even if it goes against the aesthetic component. The finished project must be coordinated with specialists. The hidden wiring diagram should provide for a minimum of turns of the electric line. Given the high likelihood of a fire in wooden structures, the wiring should be laid in such a way that even a tiny section of the electric highway does not come into contact with the wood. The cable should be laid in steel or copper pipes. It is allowed to lay electrical wiring in a corrugated metal hose, as well as in PVC corrugation, provided they are protected with plaster or asbestos gasket.

The diameter of the pipe is selected taking into account the fact that the pipe laid in it hidden wiring should occupy 40% of its internal cavity, the thickness of its walls should correspond to the cross-section of the conductive conductors. Pulling the electric line through pipes can cause mechanical damage to its shell, therefore, after each such operation, it must be performed. Special requirements are imposed on the brand of the cable, its sheath must be made of a non-combustible three-layer material, and the marking of domestic samples must necessarily contain the alphabetic characters "NG". For example, VVGng-p. The imported analogue is NYM cable.

The pipes must be securely threaded, welded or brazed. Places of interroom transitions, as well as points of installation of wiring elements should be equipped with metal boxes or glasses wrapped in asbestos and fixed with alabaster plaster. In more detail, we talked about it in a separate article.

Installation features

The most time-consuming operation when laying hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house is the installation of pipes in the body of the wall. The process is quite laborious, requiring the greatest possible accuracy and precision. The production of these works will require special practical skills and a special high-tech tool.

To penetrate the walls of insulating pipes into the walls, drilling will be required, both horizontally and vertically. Vertical holes are drilled during the laying of the log house, horizontal holes when the walls have already been erected. After the pipes are fixed in the body wooden walls, a wire is wound up in them, which will serve as a conductor for pulling the wire. The seats are carefully cut to fit the dimensions of the wiring elements, insulating metal boxes are attached to them.

Alternatively, floor wiring. Is it possible to avoid such a laborious process associated with placing pipes in the walls? Many homeowners, when arranging a hidden electrician in a wooden house, practice laying wiring along the ceiling in the attic. The fire safety requirements for this method of wiring remain the same, the electric line in the attic is insulated with metal pipes or trays, only descents to switches and sockets are carried out along grooves or vertical drills in the walls, as shown in the photo below:

Another option is hidden wiring in plaster. You can take the simplest route and lay electrical wiring between layers of plaster. The method is primitive and not expensive, but not very safe. The plaster actively absorbs moisture, and also cracks over time, which is why it loses its insulating properties.

Useful information

For the laying of hidden wiring on wood, experts recommend a product developed in Germany with three-layer insulation made of non-combustible material... The casing is so strong that it can be installed without PVC corrugation.

The household electrical network must have a TN-S or insulation system that makes it possible to ground metal pipes, trays, ducts and boxes.

It is better to equip electrical equipment at home, providing protection against currents short circuit, as well as having the functions of an RCD.

Now you know how hidden electrical wiring can be done in a wooden house with your own hands. We hope our advice on installation, as well as the rules and requirements provided, have helped you understand the whole essence of the work!

Materials (edit)

Installation of equipment in a panel

After completing the external electrical installation of a wooden building, it is customary to bring the lead-in cable through a metal sleeve into the room. To receive electricity and distribute it in the house, an introductory distribution board is used, which must be installed in safe places to ensure free access.

The shield cannot be installed in rooms with high humidity

Residual current devices and circuit breakers are installed in the shield. Particular attention is paid to the selection of automation. It is recommended to use products from only well-known and reliable manufacturers.

Internal network laying

Internal wiring in a wooden cottage is considered a guarantee of the safety of residents. Improper electrical installation very often causes fires. There are two methods for installing wiring inside a wooden building - open and hidden. By these names, the appearance of these transactions is clear.

Open way of installation

Of the two ways, open electrical wiring in a wooden house is safer. In addition, such electrical work will be cheaper. Wires are laid along the inner surface of the building, attached to ceilings, walls and other structural elements. You can hide the cable in various ways: by decorating it with a retro cable or placing it in a PVC box.

Open wiring in a wooden house: the cable is placed in self-extinguishing channels

The wiring is laid in self-extinguishing channels. The modern assortment of such products allows you to choose the desired color of the box, which imitates wood, for any design. Such boxes are usually used in houses made of clapboard and rounded logs, where the walls have a flat surface.

Wiring in a cottage with a retro-braided cable is another outdoor application. The cable looks like a coiled cord and is fixed on ceramic insulators. This installation technique is considered safe, because the cable has an outer insulation of natural silk and two of PVC plastic. The main advantage is the clearance between the surface and the cable. In addition, this type of wire can decorate any log house.

Features of hidden wiring

Concealed installation of electrical wiring is characterized by sufficient inaccessibility of wires in the event of modernization and renovation of housing, higher prices for services and much greater required time spent on work. However, the lion's share of customers prefer this technique, citing aesthetic appeal. The owners of wooden cottages do not want to spoil the interior and expensive type of finishing of their homes with electrical panels and wires.

Hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house is usually laid during the assembly phase of the house. To comply with all safety standards, the cable must be enclosed in a painted metal or galvanized pipe. All climbs to lighting fixtures, switches and sockets are made in special holes.

Concealed wiring in a wooden house - a very complicated and expensive process, justified only by aesthetics

When installing electrical networks in wooden houses, it is recommended to comply with certain requirements and use special materials in order to ensure maximum safety and protection from fires. In the floors of a wooden building, the cable is placed in pipes made of non-combustible plastic, and it is made sure that no mechanical stress is exerted on the pipe and cable.

Concealed electrical wiring can be located in grounded metal hoses and metal pipes. Log houses are subject to "shrinkage", therefore it is recommended to take this into account, not allowing the logs to affect the wiring in the metal hoses. The passage of the wire through the wall is carried out through special metal sleeves. Both methods of wiring installation have advantages and disadvantages, therefore, a combined wiring technique is often practiced.

Marking of devices, dashboards, cables

After completing the power supply project, you need to mark the cable lines and places for the location of switches, sockets, dimmers, shields and lamps. Carefulness must be approached to the markup so that you do not have to redo the work performed in the future. Wiring in a wooden house should be planned so that cable routes do not interfere with the installation of furniture in the future.

The most harmonious and aesthetic will be the wire in cable channels. You can pick up any drawing, any shade of wood. For such channels, you immediately need to buy tees, plugs, adapters. And although the price of these parts is twice as high as the boxes themselves, it is not advisable to save money, since no one will perfectly fit the inconsistent places of the boxes.

When buying channels, you should pay attention to the thickness of the walls and the lock of the box. Carrying out work on the installation of wires in miniature boxes, which have thin walls and double locks, electrical companies do not think that in most situations, maintenance of electrical wiring in such boxes provokes the locks to break if the channel cover is opened.

To add a cable to the box, you will have to buy new channels and re-wiring the electrical wiring and boxes. A double lock requires the use of a specialized tool that can open the lid, but absolutely not all electricians think about it. It is better to choose a box with a technologically consistent profile geometry, large walls and a single lock.

When the wiring diagram in a wooden house has been studied, and the marking of cable lines has been completed, you can start wiring switches and sockets. All switches, dimmers and sockets, the bases of sconces and lamps must have a metal platform for attaching an electrical installation product to the ceiling or wall, because wiring electrical equipment on metal sites is the most fire-safe option.

After installing all sites, you should start installing cable boxes. No matter how accurate a specialist has an eye, it is necessary to carry out all electrical work using a level.

Passage through wooden surfaces

All wiring passes through wooden walls, partitions, bases must be made through pipes made of metal, which are called bushings. Before proceeding with the electrical installation of the wires through the combustible walls, it is recommended to drill them, then insert a metal sleeve into the hole so that its edges protrude from both sides of the combustible base by at least 1 centimeter.

It is recommended to pay special attention to the fact that such sleeves along the edges are equipped with plastic bushings that can protect the wire from cuts during installation and further operation of the power supply system, in other words, they will preserve the cable insulation from damage. After that, the cable duct must be installed in such a way that the end of the metal sleeve fits into the box.

How to choose an electrical cable

The installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house requires a certain cable. A wire for power supply of a private house should be bought with the index "NG", which means "a cable that does not support combustion" and with the designation "LS", which stands for "reduced smoke emission". It is preferable for wiring in a wooden building to choose a wire that meets all existing fire safety requirements, and also has all the necessary quality certificates.

The choice of wiring cross-section depends directly on the power that it consumes electrical equipment... Designers usually lay 3 by 1.5 millimeters for lighting in their power supply projects, and 3 by 2.5 millimeters for outlet groups. To organize the power supply of electric stoves, you need a wire whose cross-section is at least 6 square millimeters. It is better not to save on the cable. Outlet lines must be calculated with a minimum number of outlets that are located on the same group. If a wire is laid from the shield to a block that consists of 4 sockets, then it is not recommended to connect anything else to it. Only then will the electrical wiring last for many years. The link between the cable cross-section and the power of electrical appliances can be found in the corresponding tables.

After doing such work as installing electrical wiring in a wooden house, you need to immediately measure the insulation resistance of the wiring.

This manipulation is done to make sure that the conductor insulation is not damaged during installation work. It is recommended to carry out such electrical measurements every 3 years to protect the wooden house and its easily combustible bases from short circuits in the wiring.

Video about an electrician in wooden houses

Thus, the problem of installing electrical wiring is as follows: often inexperienced craftsmen believe that the cable in a wooden structure should be the same as in a simple apartment. This is unacceptable, because the wiring of a wooden structure must have increased fire safety characteristics. If you complete the installation work according to the above instructions, the wiring in your cottage will serve for many years.

A log cabin or a cottage made of timber: any building made of wood, regardless of the impregnation of the material with fire retardants, is fire hazardous, and many owners are wondering whether hidden wiring in a wooden house.

Is hidden wiring possible in a wooden house?

In an apartment of a high-rise building, in order to lay the electrical network in the premises, concrete walls are subjected to chipping, that is, shallow grooves are drilled. Brick is often easier to do, simply by hiding the wiring under a thick layer of plaster. In buildings made of logs or timber, the situation is somewhat more complicated. Even the best quality cable can easily burn out due to an accidental short circuit, which is why there is a high probability of a fire. Of course, there is an optimal way out - to lay the network so that all the wires are in plain sight. But many will find this option unaesthetic.

Is hidden electrical wiring permissible in a wooden house? Quite if you use special channels that must fit into the walls. The main requirement is to exclude the contact of the cable with wood.... The fact is that even without short circuits, the metal core, hidden in the insulation, tends to heat up at a high load on the network, which occurs when several household appliances are turned on. Care must be taken in advance that the wooden walls do not heat up from the wiring, and this is achieved with the help of special boxes, sleeves or pipes laid in the walls.

Choosing a channel for pulling the cable

So, in order to hide all the wires in the thickness of the walls, you will have to hollow out recesses, grooves, cavities in logs or a bar, through holes etc. However, as already mentioned, even an insulated cable should not come into contact with wood. As a precautionary measure, many use metal hoses, which are completely unsuitable for this purpose (due to poor thermal insulation properties), they are designed to pull the external network. For laying cables inside wooden walls, special metal tubes are intended, in extreme cases - non-combustible or plastic ones, which tend to fade without external interference. Let's consider both options.

Metal cable ducts are preferable for the simple reason that they are completely immune to fire. In addition, account should be taken of the wall shrinkage due to which plastic pipes, unlike copper ones, they are easily deformed. On the other hand, the channels must bend in the corners, in which case, if you are working with copper, be patient. The fact is that first a wire is pulled into the tube, after which it should be carefully bent on a special pipe bending device. In this case, the place of bending must be with a certain radius, otherwise there is a possibility of damage to the cable.

Plastic ducts are less preferable, although they are more profitable in cost and allow you to save a lot of money when laying the electrical network. It is best to simply place them in the grooves knocked out in the ends of the logs that limit the doorway, in a pinch, use them to pull wires through walls. It is better not to lay plastic pipes in the thickness of the partitions between the rooms, remembering the shrinkage of the crowns. The grooves with cable channels are closed with plugs cut from a board or bar, which are subsequently closed with platbands or masked using a special putty for wood, followed by grinding the surface, as well as stain and varnish.

What is the easiest way to hide the power grid in a log house

It is best to do the routing around the premises not along the walls, but either under the flooring or under the ceiling sheathing. Since such an arrangement of cables is considered hidden, we lay copper pipes along the logs (or under them, if on the floor), connecting in special junction boxes, which in no case should come into contact with the tree. It is advisable to separate such intersections of highways from the sheathing with asbestos or metal sheets. In the wall, at the end of each groove for the branch of the network, we gouge a recess for the mounting box, on top of which the socket or switch is mounted. The diameter of the pipe and the thickness of its wall are selected depending on the cross-section of the wire.

Wire strands, even if covered with junction boxes, should be insulated with caps, especially in areas where wood is located in the immediate vicinity. If you plan to sheathe the walls with clapboard, you can run cable channels directly on their surface without gouging grooves. In this case, non-combustible plastic pipes are most appropriate, and, regardless of the material, the wires must be completely hidden in them, especially at the junction boxes. Alternatively, a combined scheme is possible, when the highways are hidden in metal gutters and pipes under the cladding of the walls, floor and ceiling, and the wiring to the points is carried out half-open, in boxes.

Open wiring in a wooden house as part of the design

It is not at all necessary to hide the cables, if the walls are not planned to be hidden under the crate, followed by finishing with plaster or wallpaper. It will perfectly match with log partitions between rooms; in a wooden house, this solution can become part of the design. However, if it seems to you that the power grid stretched along the walls and ceiling will not be combined with paintings and rugs, you can put it in plastic boxes that will fit into any environment.

It is also allowed to lay cables in special channels. decorative skirting boards, which is convenient for renovation, when you don’t want to make an apartment look like an office using boxes. Some homeowners use plastic corrugated tubing, which is flexible but does not provide any protection or aesthetics for the wiring. In non-residential premises, cables are often installed using metal brackets; this option is appropriate in a bathroom or in a bathhouse, as well as in a workshop, garage, in a cellar or in a shed.

An external power grid is convenient in that it is easy to find and fix damage caused by a short circuit or for another reason.

The most interesting is the open one, made in the "retro" style, when copper insulated wires twisted in a pigtail are pulled straight along the wall, secured with ceramic insulators. In stores, you can often find models of sockets and switches in the style of the 30s and 40s, with massive cases (although there will almost certainly be a ground contact in the outlets). The only condition for organizing such a network is to maintain a gap of 10 millimeters between the cable and the wall. However, this type also has disadvantages, in particular: open access of children to wires (and suddenly they want to cut them with scissors), as well as the high cost and shortage of ceramic rollers for fastening two-core twisting.

Despite chasing modern technologies, in recent years, some industries have returned to their roots. The most striking example is the construction industry: people are much more likely to give preference to the construction of suburban wooden houses... This is facilitated by a number of reasons, ranging from lightness and economy to the environmental friendliness of the final product.

Wood is a natural anti-allergenic material. Thanks to the latest innovations, 100% natural substances are used in the construction of such buildings. Wood has its drawbacks, and the main thing is the increased level of fire hazard. Therefore, the wiring in a wooden house must comply with all recommendations, installation and operation rules. And it doesn't matter if you lay it yourself or turn to professional specialists for help.

What electrical wiring is suitable for a wooden house

Not a single modern residential building, made of wood, concrete or adobe blocks, can do without electricity. Depending on what building materials were used to erect the building, the organization of electrical wiring will have different features. The main nuance of wiring in a wooden house is an increased risk of fires and higher requirements for the quality of wiring.

Open or closed

There are two main types of electrical wiring: open and closed. In the first case, the cable is located in an open place: it is attached to the walls, laid on external shelves, and so on.

The process of conducting a cable by an open method in a wooden house can be performed in one of two main ways:

With the use of boxes, corrugated pipes or cable channels. The option is appropriate for houses with flat walls, which, for example, are finished with clapboard. The key advantage of this approach is the availability of the cable, the possibility of prompt repair or replacement, arrangement of an additional branch. Since the wires are exposed, they are perfectly cooled, which eliminates the possibility of overheating or fire. For better ventilation the cavity of the cable channel should be filled with wires to 60% or less.
For a wooden house made of rounded logs installation is suitable cables with insulators. First, ceramic rollers, which are excellent dielectrics, are fixed, then cables are fixed to them. This technology is outdated and rarely used even today. Ideally, multi-colored twisted pairs should be used.

Installation on staples. Alternative method, which is suitable in case of impossibility of laying the cable in boxes or fixing on insulators.
Retro wiring that allows you to mask the cable fixed on the walls and under the ceiling in the most effective and unusual way.

Concealed installation of electrical wiring is appropriate and desirable in all situations where external walls, the floor and ceiling of the house have not yet been covered finishing materials... For wooden houses, cables should be hidden in metal or corrugated pipes. The use of plastic cable channels is strictly prohibited. The method requires large investments, but it allows you to ensure high-quality and safe installation, hiding the cable from the eyes.

It is impossible to say unequivocally which: hidden or open electrical wiring is better or worse for a wooden house. It all depends on individual preferences, operating conditions, the presence or absence of a suitable tool and other factors. For example, the walls were already finished in the house, so you don't want to rip off the lining to perform hidden laying. In such a case, the surface mounting method is chosen.

Basic requirements for electrical wiring in a wooden house

Above, we determined that wood is the most dangerous and flammable building material used as a basis for the construction of residential buildings.

We list the basic requirements that must be followed when organizing electrical wiring in a wooden house:

Increased level of electrical and fire safety. Make sure that cables and wires are laid in such a way that will minimize the possibility of overheating of the insulation and subsequent ignition, prevent the spread of open flames to other parts wooden structure... In the design process, you need to achieve full compliance technical parameters and the performance characteristics of the wires and products used to the peak load for a specific section of the circuit. To reduce the likelihood of overheating, empty cavities are left in cable channels and metal corrugations, and the wire cross-section is taken with a margin of 20-30%. To increase safety, it is advisable to choose exactly open way gaskets, allowing you to monitor the condition of the wires throughout the entire service life, perform timely diagnostics, identify and quickly eliminate damage.

High quality insulation. The electrical panel must be reliably insulated from any wood products. Ideally, you should choose rooms with a partition made of non-combustible materials.
Reliable guide. It is best to use three-core copper wires with high-quality non-combustible insulation. Avoid routing the cable through PVC corrugation.
Working automation. Each group of working devices in the electrical circuit must be supplemented with an automatic switch. The response threshold of this product depends on the current carrying capacity. Try not to overestimate these values, otherwise the conductor will overheat.

Regulations

All requirements and rules for installing electrical wiring in a wooden house are clearly spelled out in three documents:

PUE, edition 7. The main document that guides in the design of electrical networks of residential buildings. Here you will find basic guidelines for the selection of cables, distribution equipment, automatic protection devices and lighting devices.
SNiP 3.05.06-85. The organization of electrical wiring in old and new buildings is described. From the document, you will learn the main ways of connecting and entering wires into living rooms.
SNiP 31-02. Additional rules and recommendations that are important to consider when laying cables in a residential building.

These SNiPs contain many technical terms and parameters, so an inexperienced person will not understand this language. Thus, it is enough to study the corresponding edition of the PUE.

Drawing up a diagram

Building a wiring diagram - preparatory stage prior to any cable installation or replacement work. Only a competent and technically correct project guarantees a high-quality installation of a reliable and safe electrical circuit that complies with the rules and regulations.

When drawing up a diagram of future electrical wiring, follow a number of recommendations:

Important electrical assemblies, including shields, meters and sockets, must be placed in accessible places. You must be able to get to such a unit at any time in order to carry out prompt repair or replacement, eliminating the possibility of fire or short circuit.
Place the switches in open places so that they are not obstructed by furniture. This mistake was often encountered in Soviet time even today, hidden switches can often be found in the homes of parents and grandparents. The ideal height for any switch is at least 50 cm from the floor.
When choosing the location of future outlets, think in advance where all household appliances should be located. Try to install as many outlets as is sufficient to operate the devices without extension cords. The height from the floor for sockets should be 25-50 cm. In theory, it is enough to have one outlet for every 6 square meters. m. However, if the situation requires it, then their number can be increased.

Twists and frequent bends of the electric cable are excluded. It is desirable that all lines on the diagram are at right angles to the floor, ceiling and walls - horizontally or vertically. The bottom or top electrical wiring is used: the cable is placed at a distance of 15 cm from the floor or ceiling, respectively.
It is important to use metal junction boxes for connecting wires. The use of plastic or wood products is not permitted.

Preparation of a home power supply project

Before starting the design of wiring for a wooden house, you need to contact your electricity supplier to obtain technical specifications. It is from them that you need to build on when doing this work. First, you should calculate the total power consumed by all electrical appliances in the house, including lighting sources.

Further development of the project is as follows:

Build technical scheme residential building. Indicate on the plan all the places where sockets, switches and light sources will be located. Add electrical devices to the diagram that require a separate connection.
The type of cable is selected depending on the characteristics of the electrical point. For example, for two-button switches and grounded outlets require a three-wire cord.

Indicate the location of all junction boxes. In a pair of adjacent rooms, you can use one common room.
Add the capacity of all individual fixtures to the plan. If the device is equipped with an electric motor, the starting power of the unit must be indicated.
The devices are divided into different groups: one includes lighting products, the other includes powerful boilers, boilers and electric stoves... Switching should be carried out through differential automata, which should be indicated in the diagram.
Note the distance between cable and door / window openings, electrical points, and floor / ceiling.

Important! Any rotation of the cable must be done at right angles (90 degrees).

At the end of the work, the maximum power is calculated, which will be required when all electrical devices in the house are turned on. This allows you to determine the level of load on the input machine.

Selection of cables and electrical devices

For the selection of a cable, any table is suitable, which indicates the ratio of the cross-section of the wires to a certain load. You can use a special electrical reference. The cable cross-section is selected depending on the power electrical appliances and their number in a separate group. You can find out the level of the consumed load from the data sheet of the equipment or by studying the label on the product (packaging). To determine the cross-section of the input cable, the powers of all electrical appliances are summed up, and a small margin of 20-30% is taken.

For wooden houses, NYM copper wires are popular. This product has an additional insulating shell, is durable and easy to use. If applicable aluminum cable then try to avoid frequent bends. In addition, it often breaks during the cutting process.

Three-core cables are used for sockets and lighting fixtures, increasing the safety of the equipment. It is imperative that grounding is required when operating any powerful equipment, including for street floodlights.

The choice of sockets and switches is based on the current load, the type of electrical wiring (open or hidden), the possibility of switching the whole unit and the switch in one frame.

Selection of the lead-in cable and circuit breaker at the input

After calculating the rated load of the devices, select a suitable cross-section for the lead-in cable. In case of an upgrade of the electrical wiring and the need to replace internal cables and automatic devices to increase the power, it is imperative to replace the lead-in wire.

Changing the wiring in the house, installing strong machines, you may encounter another problem: a lack of a cross-sectional margin for the input cable, which will further provoke a fire. It is forbidden to change the lead-in cable on your own, so the only way out is to contact the electricity supplier with a corresponding request.

For three-phase electrical networks, a three-pole circuit breaker must be connected. Single-phase networks are more common and for them one- and two-pole differential automata are used to break the phase with a neutral.

Advice! When choosing a differential circuit breaker, consider a power rating that will be sufficient to break the circuit and prevent a short circuit, and not completely turn off the power in the house when the maximum load is reached.

Rating and type of machine for single-phase power supply

When choosing a circuit breaker, they are guided by the following formulas:

The total power of all electrical devices and the maximum permissible current load: I (max) = P / U * cosA, where cosF is equated to 0.8. The resulting current value is corrected with a correction factor of 1.1. As a result, a current will be obtained, upon reaching which this device will operate. A 25 A circuit breaker is usually sufficient for the cable entry at home.
To determine the type of machine, you must calculate the minimum value of the short-circuit current. For a single-phase network with a voltage of 220 V, it is used simple formula: I (kz) = 3260 * S / L, where S is the cross-section of the wire in square millimeters, and L is its length in meters. This formula is relevant for an extended section with small wires.
The ratio of short-circuit current to maximum current is the most important parameter of a circuit breaker. For wooden houses, type C differential circuit breakers are more often chosen, suitable for mixed load power grids.

An introductory circuit breaker for a private house is placed after the electric meter. This device together with the metering device and the RCD are fixed in a special shield fixed on a metal profile.

Do-it-yourself electrical wiring installation in a wooden house: step-by-step instructions

The process of installing electrical wiring in a wooden house is divided into several stages:

placement of the power lead-in cable;
installation of a switchboard;
installation of cable lines;
fastening switches and sockets;
switching contacts;
network health check.

These works will require a variety of tools, including an electric drill with a crown, a screwdriver with various attachments, an indicator and rubber gloves for protection against electric shock.

Installing the switchboard

The lead-in cable from the nearest electric pole is laid into the house. Any branching off before it ends up in the main distribution board.

The shield includes several important components:

Plastic or metal housing. For wooden houses, the second option is preferable. There is no strict regulation regarding the size of the box, so proceed from individual fixtures and make a stock. Please note that in the future, it may be necessary to modernize the electrical network.
Electricity metering device with a seal.
Automatic switch at the input. A device with two or three poles is selected. The electricity supplier puts a seal on this equipment.

Additional single-pole circuit breakers mounted on DIN rails. The number of such devices is not regulated in any way. The home electrical network is divided into several sections, so a separate machine is installed for each. One zone can be allocated to illuminate the courtyard and buildings near a residential building, another - rooms, and so on. The power of the machine will be calculated individually for working area... The main condition in the calculations is timely response due to overload in weak areas. For example, if the permissible current load for the outlet is 15 A, then the machine should operate at the slightest excess of this value.
A residual current device (RCD) is expensive and ignored by most homeowners. The device cuts off the power supply when a leak is detected. This will prevent electric shock. Only a qualified specialist will be able to select a device with suitable technical and operational parameters.

Cabling

The wiring is hidden in cable ducts or under skirting boards. The work consists of several stages. At the first, the wire is cut into pieces, the number of which depends on the number of sockets and switches. The length of a single wire is equal to the distance between the socket and the switches with a margin of 15-20 cm.

Next, the installation of cable channels is carried out, which are fixed strictly vertically or horizontally. To ensure that the boxes are level, use building level... At the end of work electrical wire fits inside the cable channels, but do not rush to close them.

Electrical installation of junction boxes

A junction box should be installed wherever the main cable branches off to connect outlets or switches. The device is used to separate the power line and further distribute to other parts of the room.

In the box, the cable is secured using one of the following methods:

With the help of PPE caps, which differ in size and color. For installation, the end of the wire is stripped by 30 mm, twisted, then passed through the cap and twisted. The twisted ends of the two sections are hidden in the distribution box so as to exclude contact with other twists.
Special wagi. This product is selected according to specific dimensions. Fixtures differ in the number of wiring holes and cross-section. For switching, the ends of the wires are stripped by 10-15 mm, after which they are placed in the holes until they click. The ends of the cables are run in different directions, excluding contact and short circuit.
Twist with electrical tape. After stripping the ends, the two wires are twisted together and then covered with electrical tape. The insulated strand is located inside the junction box.

Installation of switches and sockets

Sockets and switches are attached directly to the wall. Before installation, aluminum or asbestos insulation is laid. The sockets are twisted as tightly and firmly as possible to prevent loosening. When connecting a three-core cable, the yellow-green wire is used for grounding.

Installation of lighting fixtures

Lighting fixtures in a private residential building are divided into three main categories:

built-in;
waybills;
street.

It is important to use metal mounting pads wall lamps, sconces and similar ceiling products, which will increase fire safety. The luminaire is switched to the network according to a simple scheme using yellow-green wires. Each product is equipped with contacts for connecting to a three-phase network.

How difficult is the job of replacing the wiring

Replacing the wiring in a wooden house does not present any difficulties for experienced craftsmen... Especially easy process will be in the event that an outer gasket is used. After turning off the power supply, all old cable lines are removed at the input machine and a new wire of a suitable section is laid in their place.

If there is hidden wiring in the house, it is absolutely not necessary to destroy all the walls. You can disconnect the old wiring from the input machine, connect a new cable to it and install it with an open method.

Grounding device and RCD installation

For grounding, the PE bus is used, which is connected to the grounding device. It is installed in the ground near the wall of a residential building. Externally, such equipment consists of several metal sticks with a diameter of 1.5-2 cm and a length of up to 3 m, they are connected by a common metal strip.

For switching the grounding device and the bus, a single-core wire of the same cross-section as the input cable is suitable. After installation, the resistance of the grounding device is measured. V single-phase networks it should be 8, three-phase - 4 ohms.

Installation errors

The occurrence of fires in wooden houses is often associated with violations of safety rules during the installation or operation of electrical wiring.

Let's list the main mistakes that are made in both cases:

Installation of hidden wiring under the ceiling. Often the electrical wire is placed in the floors, forgetting about additional insulation measures. This puts the cable in close proximity to the wooden surfaces. In the case of an incorrectly selected cross-section, the cable line will begin to overheat, which will gradually lead to a fire.
Cable routing under the skirting board. There is little space underneath, which is not enough to create a "safe air barrier". Because of this, the wire constantly comes into contact with wood or plastic skirting board, which leads to overheating and fire. The gaps in the plinth must be at least 10-15 mm.

The use of corrugated PVC pipes is strictly unacceptable when installing electrical wiring in wooden houses. Replace products with standard metal or corrugated cable ducts.
The location of the cable in the groove without insulation. When choosing a hidden laying method, it is permissible to use prepared grooves - a groove. However, even in this case, it is not necessary to lay a bare cable in the strobe, but a metal corrugation or a steel tube.
Installation boxes for sockets and switches must be made of metal. The use of plastic structures is unacceptable.

Fire protection measures

To provide high level fire protection needs to take into account a number of basic factors:

Select and install an RCD with suitable parameters.
Install a ground loop of a modular pin type and appropriate resistance, depending on the number of phases in the network.
Ensure the performance of the potential equalization system.
Ensure ground continuity at every point in the circuit.
Install only surface-mounted sockets.
Realize hidden installation using metal cable channels and pipes.

Following the listed rules, recommendations and norms, you can organize safe electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands or make sure of the competence of the called specialists. And this is very important, since the risk of fire in these residential buildings is much higher.