Characteristics of the main form of human labor activity. Classification of the main forms of human labor activity

The main types of labor activity are shown in the figure.

Labor activity can be divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical work – the fulfillment by a person of energy functions in the system “man - a tool of labor” requires significant muscle activity; physical work is divided into two types: dynamic And static. Dynamic work is associated with the movement of the human body, his hands, feet, fingers in space; static - with the impact of the load on the upper limbs, muscles of the body and legs while holding the load, while performing work while standing or sitting. Dynamic physical work, in which more than 2/3 of the human muscles are involved in the process of labor activity, is called general, with participation in the work from 2/3 to 1/3 of the human muscles (muscles of the body, legs, arms only) - regional, at local less than 1/3 of the muscles are involved in dynamic physical work (typing on a computer).

Physical labor is characterized primarily by increased muscle load on the musculoskeletal system and its functional systems- cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory, etc. Physical labor develops the muscular system, stimulates metabolic processes in the body, but at the same time it can have negative consequences, for example, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, especially if it is not properly organized or is excessively intense for the body.

Brainwork associated with the reception and processing of information and requires tension of attention, memory, activation of thinking processes, is associated with increased emotional stress. Mental labor is characterized by a decrease motor activity – hypokinesia. Hypokinesia may be a condition for the formation of cardiovascular disorders in humans. Prolonged mental stress has a negative impact on mental activity - attention, memory, and environmental perception functions deteriorate. A person's well-being and, ultimately, his state of health largely depend on proper organization mental labor and on the parameters of the environment in which human mental activity is carried out.

IN modern types labor activity, purely physical labor is rare. The modern classification of labor activity identifies forms of labor that require significant muscle activity; mechanized forms of labor; work in semi-automatic and automatic production; labor on the assembly line, labor associated with remote control, and intellectual (mental) labor.

Human life is associated with energy costs: the more intense the activity, the greater the energy costs. So, when performing work that requires significant muscle activity, energy costs are 20...25 MJ per day or more.

mechanized labor requires less energy and muscle loads. However, mechanized labor is characterized by greater speed and monotony of human movements. Monotonous work leads to rapid fatigue and reduced attention.

Work on the assembly line characterized by even greater speed and uniformity of movement. A person working on a conveyor performs one or more operations; since he works in a chain of people performing other operations, the time for performing operations is strictly regulated. This requires a lot nervous tension and, combined with the high speed of work and its monotony, leads to rapid nervous exhaustion and fatigue.

On semi-automatic And automatic production energy costs and labor intensity are less than on a conveyor belt. The work consists in the periodic maintenance of the mechanisms or the performance of simple operations - the supply of the processed material, turning the mechanisms on or off.

Forms intellectual (mental) labor diverse - operator, managerial, creative, work of teachers, doctors, students. For operator work characterized by great responsibility and high neuro-emotional stress. student labor characterized by tension in the main mental functions - memory, attention, the presence of stressful situations associated with control work, exams, tests.

Most complex shape mental activity - creative work(work of scientists, designers, writers, composers, artists). Creative work requires significant neuro-emotional stress, which leads to an increase in blood pressure, a change in cardiac activity, an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in body temperature and other changes in the body's work caused by increased neuro-emotional stress.

Labor is a purposeful human activity to satisfy one's cultural and socio-economic needs. The nature and organization of human labor activity have a significant impact on the change in the functional state of the human body.

Diverse forms of labor activity are divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical labor (work) is the fulfillment by a person of energy functions in the system "man - a tool of labor". Physical work requires significant muscle activity. It is divided into two types: dynamic and static.

Dynamic work is associated with the movement of the human body, his hands, feet, fingers in space; static - with the impact of the load on the upper limbs, muscles of the body and legs while holding the load, while performing work while standing or sitting. Dynamic physical work, in which more than 2/3 of the human muscles are involved in the process of labor activity, is called general, with the participation of 2/3 to 1/3 of the human muscles (muscles of the body, legs, arms only) - regional, with local less than 1/3 of the muscles are involved in dynamic physical work (for example, typing on a computer).

The physical severity of work is determined by energy costs in the process of labor activity and is divided into the following categories: light, moderate and heavy physical work.

Light physical work (category I) is divided into two subcategories: Ia, in which energy costs are up to 139 J / s, work carried out while sitting and accompanied by little physical effort; at which energy consumption is 140-174 J / s, work carried out while sitting, standing or related to walking and accompanied by some physical effort.

Physical work of moderate severity (category II) is also divided into two subcategories: II a, in which energy costs are 175-232 J / s, work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring certain physical effort; II b, at which energy consumption is 233-290 J / s, work associated with walking, moving and carrying loads weighing up to 10 kg and accompanied by moderate physical effort.

Heavy physical work (category III) is characterized by energy consumption of more than 290 J/s. This category includes work associated with constant movement, movement and transfer of significant (over 10 kg) weights and requiring great physical effort.

Manual labor is labor, which is based mainly on the expenditure of physical effort using the simplest hand tools.

Manual labor is due to the low mechano- and power-to-weight ratio of the labor of workers, the lack of effective means small-scale mechanization, the use of outdated technologies for the production of works, as well as the specifics of the industry associated with the features of the technology various works(for example, manual labor when assembling structures from a large number various elements with complex compounds).

Significantly increases the level of manual labor such a feature as the need to move large masses of goods and related to this various kinds of loading and unloading, transport, dismantling and assembly and assembly work. Manual labor is characterized by a heavy load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory, etc.).

It develops the muscular system, stimulates metabolic processes, but due to low productivity it is not socially effective. Associated conditions that worsen negative sides manual labor is that all these processes usually take place in the open air, in adverse climatic conditions and without a sufficient set of social services.

Manual labor takes place in the absence of mechanized means for work (the labor of a steelworker, loader, vegetable grower, etc.) and requires increased energy costs from 17 to 25 MJ (4000-6000 kcal) and more per day. It develops the muscular system, stimulates metabolic processes in the body, but at the same time it is not socially effective, has low productivity, and the need for long rest.

Mechanized labor is a type of labor activity that is characterized by a decrease in muscle loads, compared with hard physical labor, and a complication of the action program. Mechanized labor changes the nature of muscle loads and complicates action programs. The load on small muscle groups increases, the requirements for accuracy and speed of movements increase. Under conditions of mechanized production, there is a decrease in the volume of muscle activity, small muscles of the distal extremities are involved in the work, which should provide greater speed and accuracy of movements necessary for controlling mechanisms.

A typical example of mechanized labor is the work of a metalworking machine operator (turner, miller, planer). With these forms of labor, the energy costs of workers range from 12.5-17 MJ (3000-4000 kcal) per day. Professions of mechanized labor often require special knowledge and skills. The monotony of simple and mostly local actions, the monotony and the small amount of information perceived in labor lead to the monotony of labor. Programming (mental) labor activity is reduced to a minimum.

It should be noted that mechanization, regardless of the three features, makes it possible to improve technology, improve the quality and productivity of labor. At the same time, the maintenance of mechanisms requires knowledge of their design, a certain mental load. This significantly distinguishes mechanized labor from simple physical labor.

It should be borne in mind that the transition to mechanized labor may be accompanied by a simplification of labor functions and a decrease in the qualifications of workers. This is especially true for manual mechanized and mechanized labor, which has an auxiliary character.

Labor on the assembly line is a system of flow organization of production based on the assembly line, in which it is divided into the simplest short operations, and the movement of parts is carried out automatically. This is such an organization of performing operations on objects, in which the entire process of influence is divided into a sequence of stages in order to increase productivity by simultaneously performing operations independently on several objects passing through different stages. The pipeline is also called a means of moving objects between stages with such an organization.

Such a division of the production process into the simplest operations allows one worker to perform any one operation without wasting time changing tools and transferring parts to another worker, such a parallel production process reduces the number of working hours required to produce one product. The disadvantage of this system of production is the increased monotony of labor.

Work on the assembly line is notable for even greater uniformity and great speed. An individual working on an assembly line performs one or a couple of actions. Since he is a link in a chain consisting of other workers, his every movement must be made at a strictly defined time. It is not difficult to understand that this is very exhausting. Monotony and the enormous speed of work can also cause fatigue.

The conveyor form of labor requires the participants to work synchronously in accordance with a given rhythm and pace. At the same time, the less time an employee spends on an operation, the more monotonous the work and the simpler its content. Monotony is one of the negative consequences of assembly line work, which is expressed in premature fatigue and nervous exhaustion. This phenomenon is based on the predominance of the process of inhibition in cortical activity, which develops under the action of monotonous repeated stimuli, which reduces the excitability of the analyzers, scatters attention, reduces the reaction rate, and as a result, fatigue quickly sets in.

Labor in semi-automatic and automatic production expends less energy in connection with this, and the intensity of labor is less than in conveyor production. The work consists in the periodic maintenance of the mechanisms or the performance of simple operations - the supply of the processed material, turning the mechanisms on or off. Semi-automatic production excludes a person from the process of direct processing of the object of labor, which is entirely performed by mechanisms.

The physiological feature of automated forms of labor is the constant readiness of the employee for action and the speed of reaction to eliminate emerging problems. Such a functional state of “operational expectation” is different in terms of the degree of fatigue and depends on the attitude to work, urgency necessary action, responsibility for future work, etc.

Mental labor combines work related to the reception and transmission of information, requiring activation of the processes of thinking, attention, memory. Mental work consists in the processing and analysis of a large amount of various information, and as a result of this - the mobilization of memory and attention, the frequency of stressful situations. However, muscle loads are usually insignificant, daily energy consumption is 10-11.7 MJ (2000-2400 kcal) per day.

This type labor is characterized by a significant decrease in motor activity (hypokinesia), which leads to cardiovascular pathology; prolonged mental stress depresses the psyche, impairs the functions of attention, memory. The main indicator of mental work is tension, which reflects the load on the central nervous system. Forms of mental labor are divided into operator, managerial, creative labor, the labor of medical workers, the labor of teachers, students and students. They differ in the organization of the labor process, the uniformity of the load, the degree of emotional stress. Mental labor is expressed in the following forms.

Operator work. In the conditions of modern multifactorial production, the functions of management and control over the work technological lines merchandising and customer service processes. For example, the work of a dispatcher of a wholesale warehouse or the chief administrator of a supermarket is associated with the processing of a large amount of information for a short time and increased neuro-emotional tension. Operator work is associated with the management of machines, equipment, technological processes.

An operator is considered to be any person working in the "man-machine" system, in contrast to the "man-man" system. Operator professions are characterized by a high load on the visual analyzer associated with the perception of small sizes of objects of distinction, work with optical devices, video display terminals: reading and editing alphabetic, digital and graphic information on the screen. The load on the auditory analyzer depends on the intelligibility of words in the presence of auditory interference. The load on the voice apparatus is typical for such operator professions as telephonists, air traffic controllers.

Managerial work is a type of labor activity, operations and work on the performance of administrative and managerial employees of management functions in an organization. The professional characteristics of the work activity of executives indicate that this group is dominated by factors caused by an excessive increase in the volume of information, a lack of time for its processing, an increase in material significance and personal responsibility for making decisions.

A modern businessman and leader needs a large set of different qualities (organizational, business, personal), a wide range of knowledge of economics, management, technology, and psychology. This work is characterized non-standard solutions, irregular load, complex interpersonal relationships, the periodic occurrence of conflict situations.

Managerial work is extremely diverse, and therefore the operations and procedures that characterize the content of this work are difficult to clearly classify and typify. In addition, the range of management operations is constantly expanding, and the operations themselves are changing due, on the one hand, to the transformation of management methods and areas of their application, and, on the other hand, in connection with the increasing use of new technical means storage, transmission, accumulation, processing of information. Revolutionary changes in the content of operations, procedures of managerial work are introduced computer technology which makes it possible to introduce fundamentally new information technologies.

Creative work (scientists, writers, designers, actors, artists). The most difficult form, as it requires a large amount of memory, stress, attention. It leads to an increase in neuro-emotional stress, tachycardia, an increase in blood pressure, an ECG change and other shifts in autonomic functions.

The work of teachers, trade and medical workers, workers in all spheres of services, the work of students and students - constant contact with people, increased responsibility, frequent lack of time and information for acceptance right decision, which leads to high neuro-emotional stress. Daily energy consumption during mental work increases by 48% when reading aloud while sitting; 90% when lecturing; by 90-100% for computer operators. In addition, the brain is prone to inertia, because. after the cessation of work, the thought process continues, brainwork does not stop, which leads to greater fatigue and exhaustion of the central nervous system than with physical labor.

In conditions modern world with the advent of devices that facilitate labor activity (computer, Technical equipment) the physical activity of people has sharply decreased compared to previous decades. This ultimately leads to a decrease functionality humans, as well as various diseases. Today, purely physical labor does not play a significant role, it is replaced by mental labor. But physical labor, characterized by increased physical activity, may in some cases be considered with negative side.

In general, the lack of energy consumption necessary for a person leads to a mismatch between the activity of individual systems (muscular, bone, respiratory, cardiovascular) and the body as a whole with environment, as well as a decrease in immunity and a deterioration in metabolism. At the same time, overload is also harmful. Therefore, both with mental and physical labor, it is necessary to engage in wellness physical education to strengthen the body. In the process of physical and mental labor, a certain complex of emotions arises in a person. Emotions are a person's reaction to certain conditions. And the working environment is a complex of factors that positively or negatively affect the well-being and performance of a normal person.

MOSCOW HUMANITARIAN-ECONOMIC INSTITUTE

Tver branch

FUND LECTURE

By academic discipline

Life safety

Man and environment

L. V. Pyanova

Tver 2014

The stock lecture "Man and the Environment" was discussed and recommended for publication at a meeting of the Department of General Humanitarian Disciplines of the TF MGEI. Minutes No. 2 dated October 15, 2014.

Reviewers:

Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor

Mukhometzyanov A. G.

Pyanova L. V. Man and habitat: Stock lecture. - Tver: Publishing house of TF MGEI, 2014. 45 p.

The stock lecture "Man and the Environment" is intended for full-time and part-time students of the direction 0300300.62 "Psychology",

080100.62 "Economics", 080200.62 "Management", 030900.62 "Jurisprudence" to qualification (degrees) of a graduate bachelor of the Tver branch of the Moscow State Institute of Power Engineering and may be useful in self-study problems of labor protection, life safety, behavior in emergency situations,

L. V. Pyanova

Moscow Institute of Humanities and Economics

Introduction ................................................ ................................................. ....................4

1. Classification of the main forms of human labor activity ............... 6

2. The impact of negative factors on humans and the environment .............................. 14

3. Systems of perception and compensation of the human body .............................30

Conclusion................................................. ................................................. ..............41

Introduction

Human activity is manifested in various spheres of society, its direction, content and means of the infinite are diverse, which is due to the complexity of the system of motivating sources. Therefore, when classifying a set of activities characteristic of a person, they proceed from different signs: types and parameters of needs, objects of transformation, means and methods, results, and a number of others. Considering that any classification is conditional to a certain extent, we will consider only those types of activity that most researchers recognize as the main ones. These include: communication, play, learning and work, united on the basis of their participation in the formation and improvement of the personality. All these types of activity are included in the process of individual development of a person, and each of them acquires greater or lesser significance depending on the stage of ontogenesis. Starting from the moment of birth of an individual, the first type of his activity is communication, then follows the game, teaching and work. Of course, in real life such a strict stage-by-stage subdivision of these types of human social activity does not exist, but their close interweaving and interaction is observed.

It should be noted that different types Activities have their own subject - the object of the application of the activity. So, the subject of communication are people, animals; the subject of the game is the process itself and a certain result in a conditional field of activity; the subject of study is a system of specific knowledge; labor - created material or creative result.

Communication belongs to the basic categories of psychological science, which are of great theoretical and applied importance. Communication is a form of activity carried out between people as equal partners and leading to the emergence of mental contact, which manifests itself in the exchange of information, mutual experience and understanding.

The game accompanies humanity throughout its history,

intertwined with religious worship, art, sports, military affairs. Ethnography, pedagogy, psychology, management theory and whole line other sciences, each of which gives it its own definition. A game is a form of activity aimed at assimilating and recreating social experience by an individual.

Teaching as a kind of activity is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities.

Knowledge is reflected human consciousness objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality in the form of facts, figurative representations and scientific concepts.

Skills - brought to perfection by repeated repetition of the components of the activity (practical and theoretical actions).

Skills - mastered by the subject ways of performing certain actions that he can independently apply in various situations. Knowledge, skills and abilities are the main products of the individual's assimilation of the experience of previous generations. And in this regard, teaching as a process of mastering them acts as a means of contributing to the natural harmonious (physical and spiritual) development of a person, his formation as a social being.

Labor activity or labor is a purposeful human activity aimed at modifying and adapting natural objects to meet the many and varied needs of people. Labor is always aimed at achieving programmed, pre-expected results - its products that are useful not only for a particular subject of activity, but also for society as a whole. Even in those cases when a person does something for himself personally, he uses the experience of other people in his activities, applying the knowledge received from them. In other words, labor activity is social in nature, which is expressed in the joint production of a socially significant product by people. Thanks to

labor created all the objects of the material and spiritual culture of mankind, built a modern society.

Classification of the main forms of human labor activity.

Diverse forms of labor activity are divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical labor (work) is called the performance of a person

energy functions in the system "man - a tool". Physical work requires significant muscle activity. It is divided into two types: dynamic and static.

Dynamic work is associated with the movement of the human body, his hands, feet, fingers in space; static - with the impact of the load on the upper limbs, muscles of the body and legs while holding the load, while performing work while standing or sitting. Dynamic physical work, in which more than 2/3 of the human muscles are involved in the process of labor activity, is called general, with the participation of from 2/3 to 1/3 of the human muscles (muscles of the body, legs, arms only) - regional, with local less than 1/3 of the muscles are involved in dynamic physical work (for example, typing on a computer).

The physical severity of work is determined by energy costs in the process of labor activity and is divided into the following categories: light, moderate and heavy physical work.

I b at which energy consumption is 140-174 J / s, the work carried out

sitting, standing or associated with walking and accompanied by some physical effort.

Manual labor is labor, which is based mainly on the expenditure of physical effort using the simplest hand tools.

Manual labor is due to the low mechanical and energy intensity of labor of workers, the lack of effective means of small-scale mechanization, the use of outdated technologies for the production of work, as well as the specifics of the industry associated with the peculiarities of the technology of various works (for example, manual labor when assembling structures from a large number of different elements that have complex connections). Significantly increases the level of manual labor such a feature as the need to move large masses of goods and related to this various kinds of loading and unloading, transport, dismantling and assembly and assembly work. Manual labor is characterized by a heavy load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory, etc.). It develops the muscular system, stimulates metabolic processes, but due to low productivity it is not socially effective. Related

conditions that worsen the negative aspects of manual labor is that all these processes usually take place in the open air, in adverse climatic conditions and without a sufficient set of social services.

Mechanized labor is a type of labor activity, which is characterized by a decrease in muscle loads, compared with hard physical labor, and a complication of the action program. Mechanized labor changes the nature of muscle loads and complicates action programs. The load on small muscle groups increases, the requirements for accuracy and speed of movements increase. Under conditions of mechanized production, there is a decrease in the volume of muscle activity, small muscles of the distal extremities are involved in the work, which should provide greater speed and accuracy of movements necessary for controlling mechanisms. A typical example of mechanized labor is the work of a metalworking machine operator (turner, miller, planer). With these forms of labor, the energy costs of workers range from 12.5-17 MJ (3000-4000 kcal) per day. Professions of mechanized labor often require special knowledge and skills. The monotony of simple and mostly local actions, the monotony and the small amount of information perceived in labor lead to the monotony of labor. Programming (mental) labor activity is reduced to a minimum.

It should be noted that mechanization, regardless of the three features, makes it possible to improve technology, improve quality and

labor productivity. At the same time, the maintenance of mechanisms requires knowledge of their design, a certain mental load. This significantly distinguishes mechanized labor from simple physical labor.

fatigue.

The physiological feature of automated forms of labor is the constant readiness of the employee for action and the speed of reaction to eliminate emerging problems. Such a functional state of “operational expectation” is different in terms of the degree of fatigue and depends on the attitude to work, the urgency of the necessary action, the responsibility of the work ahead, etc.

(2000-2400 kcal) per day. This type of labor is characterized by a significant decrease in motor activity (hypokinesia), which leads to cardiovascular pathology; prolonged mental stress depresses the psyche, impairs the functions of attention, memory. The main indicator of mental labor is tension, which reflects the load on the central nervous system. Forms of mental labor are divided into operator, managerial, creative labor, the labor of medical workers, the labor of teachers, students and students. They differ in the organization of the labor process, the uniformity of the load, the degree of emotional stress. Mental labor is expressed in the following forms.

Operator work. In the conditions of modern multifactorial production, the functions of management and control over the operation of technological lines, the processes of product distribution and customer service, come to the fore. For example, the work of a dispatcher of a wholesale base or the chief administrator of a supermarket is associated with the processing of a large amount of information in a short time and increased neuro-emotional tension. Operator work is associated with the management of machines, equipment, technological processes. An operator is considered to be any person working in the "man-machine" system, in contrast to the "man-man" system. Operator professions are characterized by a high load on the visual analyzer associated with the perception of small sizes of objects of distinction, work with optical devices, video display terminals: reading and editing alphabetic, digital and graphic information on the screen. The load on the auditory analyzer depends on the intelligibility of words in the presence of auditory interference. The load on the voice apparatus is typical for such operator professions as telephonists, air traffic controllers.

Managerial work is a type of labor activity, operations and work on the performance of functions by administrative and managerial employees.

management in the organization. The professional characteristics of the work activity of executives indicate that this group is dominated by factors caused by an excessive increase in the volume of information, a lack of time for its processing, an increase in material significance and personal responsibility for making decisions. A modern businessman and leader needs a large set of different qualities (organizational, business, personal), a wide range of knowledge of economics, management, technology, and psychology. This work is characterized by non-standard solutions, irregular workload, complex interpersonal relationships, and the periodic occurrence of conflict situations.

Managerial work is extremely diverse, and therefore the operations and procedures that characterize the content of this work are difficult to clearly classify and typify. In addition, the range of management operations is constantly expanding, and the operations themselves are changing due, on the one hand, to the transformation of management methods and areas of their application, and, on the other hand, in connection with the increasing use of new technical means of storing, transmitting, accumulating, processing information. Revolutionary changes in the content of operations, procedures of managerial work are introduced by computer technology, which makes it possible to introduce fundamentally new information technologies.

The work of teachers, trade and medical workers, workers in all spheres of service, the work of students and students - constant contact with people, increased responsibility, frequent lack of time and information to make the right decision, which leads to high nervous

emotional stress. Daily energy consumption during mental work increases by 48% when reading aloud while sitting; 90% when lecturing; by 90-100% for computer operators. In addition, the brain is prone to inertia, because. after the cessation of work, the thought process continues, mental work does not stop, which leads to greater fatigue and exhaustion of the central nervous system than during physical labor.

In the conditions of the modern world, with the advent of devices that facilitate labor activity (computer, technical equipment), the physical activity of people has sharply decreased compared to previous decades. This, ultimately, leads to a decrease in the functional capabilities of a person, as well as to various kinds of diseases. Today, purely physical labor does not play a significant role, it is replaced by mental labor. But physical labor, characterized by increased physical activity, can in some cases be considered from the negative side. In general, the lack of energy consumption necessary for a person leads to a mismatch between the activity of individual systems (muscular, bone, respiratory, cardiovascular) and the body as a whole with the environment, as well as a decrease in immunity and a deterioration in metabolism. At the same time, overload is also harmful. Therefore, both with mental and physical labor, it is necessary to engage in health-improving physical culture, to strengthen the body. In the process of physical and mental labor, a certain complex of emotions arises in a person. Emotions are a person's reaction to certain conditions. And the working environment is a complex of factors that positively or negatively affect the well-being and performance of a normal person.

The most common forms of work are mental and physical.

A more detailed classification includes the following forms of labor.

Forms of work that require significant muscle activity and high energy consumption (4000-6000 kcal per day). This type of operation is used in the absence of mechanized means. Developing the muscular system and stimulating metabolic processes, intense physical labor also has a number of disadvantages. First of all, it is its inefficiency associated with low productivity and the need for recovery breaks. physical strength up to 50% of working time.

Group forms of labor - assembly line (3500 - 5000 kcal). The peculiarity of this form is the division overall process for specific operations, a strict sequence of their implementation, automatic supply of parts to each workplace using a moving conveyor belt. Conveyor work requires synchronous work of participants in accordance with a given pace and rhythm. At the same time, the less time is spent on the operation, the more monotonous and simpler its content. Monotony is one of the negative consequences of assembly line work, which is expressed in premature fatigue and nervous exhaustion.

Mechanized forms of labor (3000 - 4000 kcal). Mechanized forms of labor change the nature of muscular loads and complicate action programs. The processes of this type of labor often require special knowledge and skills. Under conditions of mechanized production, there is a decrease in the volume of muscle activity, small muscles of the limbs are involved in the work, which should provide greater speed and accuracy of movements necessary for controlling mechanisms. The monotony of simple and mostly local actions leads to the monotony of labor.

Forms associated with partially automated production. Semi-automated production excludes a person from the process of direct processing of the object of labor, which is entirely performed by mechanisms. The human task is limited to the maintenance of automated lines and the control of electronic equipment. Character traits this type of activity - monotony, increased pace and rhythm of work, nervous tension. The physiological feature of that form of labor is the need to be constantly ready for action and quickly respond to emerging problems. Such a functional state of "operational expectation" is different in terms of the degree of fatigue and depends on the attitude to work, the urgency of the necessary action, the responsibility of the work ahead, etc.

Forms of labor associated with the management of production processes and mechanisms. A person is included in the management system as a necessary operational link - the less automated the management process, the greater the participation of a person. From a physiological point of view, there are 2 main forms of production process control: in some cases, control panels require frequent human actions, and in others, rare ones. In the first case, the uninterrupted attention of the worker receives a discharge in numerous movements or speech-motor acts, in the second, the worker is mainly in a state of readiness for action, his reactions are few.

Forms of intellectual (mental) labor (2000-2400 kcal per day). Intellectual work consists in the processing and analysis of a large amount of various information, and as a result of this - the mobilization of memory and attention, frequent stressful situations. However, the muscle load is insignificant. The intellectual (mental) is characterized by hypokinesia, i.e. a significant decrease in motor activity, leading to a deterioration in the reactivity of the body and an increase in emotional stress. It is the cause of cardiovascular disease. Forms of mental labor are also divided into several types:

Operator work. Associated with the processing of a large amount of information in a short time and increased emotional tension (dispatcher of the wholesale base, administrator of the supermarket).

managerial work. It is characterized by an excessive increase in the volume of information, quick decision-making, increased personal responsibility, and the periodic occurrence of conflict situations (heads of institutions).

Creative work. It requires a significant amount of memory, attention strain, neuro-emotional stress, huge creative output (programmers, designers, scientists, writers, composers, artists, artists, architects, designers, teachers).

Labor of teachers, trade and medical workers, workers of all spheres of services. Is different permanent contacts with people, increased responsibility, often lack of time and information to make the right decision, which leads to a high degree neuro-emotional stress.

Work of pupils and students. Requires the tension of basic mental functions, such as memory, attention, perception; characterized by the presence of stressful situations.

Companies should be focused on achieving maximum effect with minimal losses. With planned maintenance on the basis of appropriate calculations, it requires the physical movement of various goods inside and outside the enterprise. Let us consider further how the organization of production activities is carried out.

general characteristics

Production and financial activities are presented in the form of a complex and multifaceted structure. It is in a state of continuous development and change. In this connection initial analysis The company's production activities should be based on the overall performance of the plan. Management at the enterprise is based on the principle of unity of command. The rights that belong to the company are exercised by its director. In the circumstances provided for by law, management is carried out jointly with the trade union committee.

Peculiarities

Production activity is a process that covers technology, equipment, specifics of operations implemented in the enterprise. To evaluate the company's performance, we use established by management means of control. The functioning of the company is accompanied by various costs of varying significance. Cost accounting is carried out in accordance with the accepted chart of accounts. This task can be accomplished in two ways. The first is considered traditional for the Russian economic sphere. It provides for the calculation of the cost of products by grouping costs into indirect and direct. The latter are directly related to the original price of the product. distributed by type of products in accordance with the methodology adopted at the enterprise.

Additional tasks

Production activity is a sphere within which not only the direct release of goods is carried out. It also includes payment for new items of labor, raw materials, materials and other things. Due to these processes, continuous production activities are ensured. This, in turn, has a direct impact on the company's profits. Payment for raw materials and other necessary items is possible subject to the availability of appropriate revolving funds. They consist of money, funds in settlement transactions and products.

Interactions within the enterprise

Production activity is a job that requires serious and stable support. Operation and performance of tasks officials companies are regulated by the relevant normative documents. Among them, in particular, various instructions and recommendations. management - control over the process of processing materials into products - are closely related to other administrative tasks. On industrial enterprise quite complex relationships are established between departments of different levels.

Guide Features

Management and activities are carried out by the chief. It is in charge of the relevant dispatching department. The tasks of this division include:

Development of production plans.
Control over the execution of assigned tasks.
Timely provision of workshops with materials.

Production units that carry out certain operations are led by chiefs, who, in turn, are subordinate to engineering and technical personnel. The director of the entire enterprise controls the work through the chief engineer. The shops, technical and other subdivisions directly involved in the production of products are subordinate to it.

Main goals

Within the framework of production activities, several important functions are performed. Among them:

Marketing.
Sales.
Financial security.
Output.
Logistics.
Control.
Personnel and innovation support.

Of all these tasks, production is considered the main one. Sales are next in importance.

Planning and forecasting

These activities are related to the assessment and anticipation of upcoming actions. Forecasting helps to determine trends and directions for the development of processes, the possible date of occurrence of certain events. For example, it can be the calculation of task execution time. With the help of planning, a dynamic, purposeful and proportional development of the company's production work is established and ensured.

Possible errors

In practice, there are cases when the results of production activities were extremely low. This is due to various reasons. The main mistakes of leadership include:

Incorrect application of the system of planning and organization of the production process.
Insufficiently clear formation of the wage fund.

As a result, the development of capacities is extremely slow at the enterprise, the number of defective products increases, the cost price and labor intensity of products are overestimated. In some cases, those forms of organization of the system of wages, labor and production, which are characteristic of mass-flow or automated and instrumental processes, are in fact groundlessly transferred to enterprises engaged in serial production of products. There are also reverse situations in practice.

Ongoing planning and evaluation

They consist in studying the possibilities of selling products, evaluating existing capacities, identifying suppliers, and determining the conditions under which an enterprise can consistently receive the resources it needs. Potential and Current state companies are evaluated on the basis of a qualified audit, a thorough inventory of funds, verification of the qualifications of employees, and so on.

Results of the work

Evaluation of the results of the company's activities allows you to establish the compliance of manufactured products with the requirements and standards in force on the market. The obtained indicators make it possible to investigate the relationship between the products of competitors and own products manufactured at the enterprise, at prices and quality characteristics. is inextricably linked with the requirements and conditions that exist outside the company. Interaction of the enterprise with external factors is embodied at the input in the form of costs and at the output in the form of products transferred to consumers. The financial results of the work are expressed in net profit. It is presented as the difference between revenue and expenses for the manufacture of products and their subsequent sale. As part of the financial result, a key place is occupied by such types of savings as turnover tax and profit.