Insulation for the wall in 1 5 bricks. How to properly insulate sand-lime brick? Multi-row dressing is done like this

Good afternoon.

Region: Kirov region, Kirov.

Consultation of specialists is required. I plan to build a house, foundation ( monolithic slab, 300 mm high) filled in August. According to the project, a house from gas silicate block D 500, thickness 400 mm + vent. gap + 120 mm facing ceramic brick. According to the project, the foundation was: reinforced concrete monolithic piles (diameter 350 mm, depth 2500 mm) with a monolithic reinforced concrete grillage strapping.

I did not do geological surveys at the site, level groundwater high (the groundwater level is high not only on my site, the neighbors have the same story, who have basements or cellars in the house, everyone has water in the basements and cellars). The soil on the site is the following cake: a fertile layer, 70 -80 cm sand with a small presence of clay, then there is dense clay (I don’t know how it is called cleverly).

When they began to make the foundation, they made two test wells 2.5 m deep along different angles perimeter of the house, at a distance of 2-3 m. from the border of the foundation. In one well, as soon as they drilled it, water began to flow from the very bottom. In another, at a distance of about 60 - 80 cm from the earth's surface, a liquid mass of sand and mud from the wall of the pit began to drain into the well, more than half of the well was filled in about 30 minutes. The builders contacted the designer, consulted and decided to make a monolithic slab.

The composition of the slab is as follows: 22 - 25 cm sand, spilled and tamped, then a technical film, as waterproofing, and so that cement milk does not escape when pouring concrete, then 50 mm polispen insulation, then two rows of reinforcement with a cell of 20 x 20 cm, concrete brand M 250, volume 40.5 cubic meters The concrete was poured for 3 - 4 hours using a concrete pump, rammed with a deep vibrator. The reinforcement in the foundation is as follows: d 14 mm - 666 kg, d 12 mm - 569 kg, d 10 mm - 1108 kg, d 8 mm - was used to connect two rows of reinforcement. The reinforcement was originally purchased for the foundation that was in the project. When it became clear that it was necessary to make a slab, which was already purchased, then I bought it in addition with a diameter of 10 mm. Reinforcement 14 and 12 were placed in the bottom row, 12 and 10 in the top row.

The size foundation slab 9500 x 13780, thickness 300. The house is one-storey according to the project, with attic floor and a built-in garage. The total area of ​​the house is 150 sq. M, including a garage of 33.4 sq. M.

1. - this foundation is able to withstand a house if, instead of gas silicate blocks, the bearing walls of the house are of the following composition: ordinary hollow silicate stone SKRPu ("Kirovsky Brick Factory", website: http://kz43.ru), M 150 size 250 * 120 * 138 , in 1.5 bricks (masonry thickness 380 mm) + 100 mm of insulation (in two rows of 50 mm foam, polyspen or foam) + 120 mm of facing ceramic brick?
2. - for the city of Kirov (Kirov region), masonry will be enough for heat conservation: 380 mm hollow silicate stone 250 * 120 * 138 (1.5 bricks) + 100 mm insulation (in two rows of 50 mm foam, polyspen or foam) + 120 mm of facing ceramic bricks? Is it better to put the insulation in two layers of 50 mm or in one row of 100 mm?
3. - in the specified wall, where will the dew point be? It may be that the dew point will be in the middle of the foam, poly foam or foam, and what negative consequences in this case will be for the insulation and the wall? It will not be superfluous if in facing masonry, leave unfilled vertical joints (as ventilation gaps) between the bricks, in the lower and upper parts of the facade walls?
4. - read your answers to earlier questions asked, what kind of ventilation should be in the house so that there is no dampness in the premises on two floors? What diameter and what to make ventilation ducts? What other measures need to be taken on the 1st floor and on the attic to prevent dampness and mold in the premises?
5. - whether it will be necessary to do heating in the garage, because the wall between the garage and the house is not insulated, will the wall freeze if there is no heating in the garage? If the wall between the garage and the house is made of a solid one-and-a-half brick (it is stronger than a hollow silicate stone, the fasteners hold better), will the wall not freeze through?
6. - if the very first row of bricks is placed 6 - 7 cm above the foundation, and then the cladding will be laid on it (in order to hide 50 mm of the upper part of the basement insulation, well, to increase the total area of ​​the house a little), as a result, load-bearing walls will move slightly wider when the floor slabs are laid between the 1st and 2nd floors, the width and length of the slabs will be enough to cover the first floor, will there be no gap?
7. - according to the data provided, you can calculate how much materials are needed for the construction of the specified house: facing brick (red, white, chocolate); ordinary hollow silicate stone SKRPu M 150 size 250 * 120 * 138 (1.5 bricks, masonry thickness 380 mm); insulation (in two rows of 50 mm or one row of 100 mm).

Warm brickwork

One of the most reliable and, perhaps, one of the most expensive construction technologies load-bearing walls- brickwork - has many advantages and is not free from a number of disadvantages. And among these disadvantages, in addition to the high cost of work and material, most often also include the low thermal inertia of brick walls.

Moreover, most reference books indicate that for successful resistance low temperatures the brickwork of the walls should be almost a meter deep.

That is why, in almost all modern projects special brickwork with insulation is used. And this technological method allows not only to increase the thermal inertia of the masonry, but also contributes to a significant reduction in the construction budget. Indeed, depending on the number of storeys of the building, to achieve bearing strength it is enough to equip the masonry with a thickness of 1.5 bricks, and the heat resistance of the structure will be provided with a layer of insulation.

As a result, using a combination of bricks and insulation, you can significantly reduce the load on the foundation. In addition, such a wall can be folded with little effort. And, in the end, insulated masonry makes it possible to save on building materials.

And the main construction document, which regulates brickwork - SNiP "Bearing and Fencing Structures" - states that solid masonry with a thickness of more than 38 centimeters (1.5 bricks) is simply inexpedient from an economic point of view.

Modern construction technologies allow you to implement insulation of brickwork in several ways at once. But on by and large, such a variety is very easy to divide into two directions - external and internal insulation.

Brickwork walls with internal insulation realized with the help of air gaps and wells. This is what the voids created in the wall during masonry are called.

Air spaces can also be arranged in a continuous load-bearing masonry, and in the process of finishing with facing bricks. Voids 5-7 centimeters thick are formed by bandaging with pokes connecting parallel-lined walls. Moreover, the layers have a closed structure. Therefore, in order to ensure at least a minimum tightness, the wall with air gaps must be plastered.

This technology saves 15-20 percent of building material. The thermal inertia of a hollow wall exceeds the natural values ​​of solid masonry by at least 30 percent. In addition, there is also a hollow brickwork with insulation placed directly in the internal cavities. And the role of such a heater can also be mineral wool and foam. Moreover, in the latter case, the thermal inertia of the masonry increases by 100 percent!

However, the main construction document that regulates brickwork - SNiP 3.03.01-87 - claims that in addition to the technology of erecting a wall with air gaps, there is also a "well masonry" - such masonry is FORBIDDEN to use !!!

According to this technology, the load-bearing wall is formed from the outer and inner walls, connected by solid bridges (diaphragms). Moreover, unlike closed layers, wells have open structure, which allows you to use various fillings or lightweight concrete as insulation.

Of course, such "omnivorousness" contributes to an even greater efficiency of the construction process, which is characterized precisely by well brickwork - SNiP allows using sawdust, tuff, and expanded clay, and foam concrete, and whole line other, inexpensive materials.

However, with all the advantages of the option with internal insulation, this technology has one significant drawback - the implementation of such a scheme can only be carried out during the construction of a building. Therefore, if an error crept into the architect's calculations, then the owner of an already built structure will have to turn to other solutions. AND good example such a decision is a brickwork of walls with external insulation.

This scheme involves the arrangement of an additional external or internal heat-insulating coating. The role of such a coating can be a complex system of "warm facade", and a fairly accessible scheme involving the use of heat-resistant plaster. The final solution depends on the specific climatic conditions.

In addition, from a technological point of view, brickwork with insulation located outside or inside the building does not differ from ordinary solid masonry - there are no complex dressings, no diaphragms, no bridges. And this means that even an unskilled bricklayer can cope with such masonry.

As a result, we can argue that the scheme with external insulation is not only the most economical, but also the least laborious solution to the problem of heat resistance of brickwork.

Energy saving programs are gaining popularity, and many are thinking about the best option for their home. How to insulate silicate brick? Which insulation options are better: outside or inside? What features of a brick should be considered when choosing a heater?

Insulation for a house made of silicate bricks must be chosen based on the type of building and the type of masonry.

Wall insulation should begin with an examination of their features, the type of masonry that was used in the construction. In order for home insulation to meet all modern requirements, you need to take into account the following parameters:

1. Brick shape. This indicator directly affects the thermal conductivity, on which the required level of insulation will depend.
2. Brick type. For example, for sand-lime brick m-150, a minimum insulating layer is sufficient.
3. Masonry type. The thickness of the wall and its need for insulation will depend on this indicator.

Expert advice! If the house has solid masonry, then it needs to be insulated inside and outside, if hollow masonry is used, then the material is laid only inside the walls.

What materials for insulation are available on the construction market

Today, the building supermarket chain offers a wide selection of materials for insulating walls made of silicate bricks. All of them have their own characteristics that need to be known and taken into account in order for the insulation of the house to be of high quality and reliable.

1. Mineral wool.

Despite the fact that this material has been used for a long time, it has not lost its popularity. Buyers give preference for it:

• optimal price;
• ease of installation;
• light weight;
• environmental safety;
• long period of operation;
• complete absence of a breeding environment for rodents, fungus and mold.

Among the disadvantages of the material, the following indicators are distinguished:

• fast moisture absorption;
• easily ignites;
• does not retain its shape during deformation processes.

1. Styrofoam.

Many experts suggest insulating silicate bricks with foam. Its thermal conductivity coefficient is slightly lower than that of mineral wool. But among the advantages are the following:

• the material is resistant to moisture;
• easy to assemble, no special tools required;
• a light weight;
• environmental Safety.

Polyfoam has special water-repellent properties.

If it was decided to insulate a house made of silicate bricks with foam, then you need to know that it easily ignites and releases toxic substances during combustion. Many cases have been noted when the ignition and spread of fire occurs instantly, and the owners manage to save only their lives.

Expert advice! Today construction market proposes the new kind foam, which has improved characteristics and great protection from fire.

1. Expanded clay.

This material can be used to insulate a house during the construction phase. It is added to cement mortar, which will be used when pouring the floor, plastering the walls. Expanded clay has a lot of advantages that make it in demand in the construction market:

• minimum weight;
• environmental Safety;
• it is not gnawed by mice, fungus and mold do not develop in it;
• has high rates of heat and noise insulation;
• does not react with moisture, therefore it is ideal for bathroom, kitchen, toilet.

Among the main disadvantages are high degree dust emission.

1. Polyurethane foam.

It is increasingly advised to insulate a house made of silicate bricks with polyurethane foam, since this material has the highest rates of thermal insulation and strength. The material itself can be applied in the form of slabs or applied to the walls by spraying. Polyurethane foam assumes additional finishing, preferably with fire-resistant mixtures.

The main disadvantage is the high cost.

1. Warm plaster.

This material provides the room with the highest thermal insulation values. With warm plaster, you can easily cover silicate bricks. Among the main advantages are the following:

• walls have high rates of heat, noise and sound insulation;
• the material is not subject to combustion;
• does not absorb moisture.

The main disadvantage that prevents the material from gaining popularity is the cost and methods of application to the walls. Warm plaster is applied using special automated equipment. Only a professional team has such systems, which will take a lot of money for their work.

In addition, the maximum plaster layer is up to 5 centimeters. A large mass of a layer that is applied to a wall requires the construction of a massive foundation or additional reinforcement of an existing one.

1. Fiberglass.

This material has excellent characteristics and is recommended by many specialists. The main thing that everyone needs to remember is that this material should only be mounted by professionals. It is toxic, therefore, if improperly installed, it can harm the health of not only the employee, but also everyone who will live in such a house.

1. Ecowool.

It is used only for internal insulation. The material has optimal thermal conductivity, while quickly absorbing moisture.

Insulation of the house outside

How to insulate a house made of silicate bricks must be decided on a case-by-case basis.

If the house has already been built and is functioning for a long time, then the walls will be insulated outside. This type will protect the structure of the house from precipitation, sudden temperature changes, while the dew point will move closer to the insulation. Such insulation of the house makes it possible to increase the life of the entire building.

Mineral wool, polystyrene foam, polyurethane, expanded polystyrene are suitable for external insulation. Silicate bricks covered with insulation must be additionally plastered or covered with facade panels.

Before insulating the house from the outside, you need to carry out horizontal waterproofing of the foundation. For these purposes, you can use waterproofing or roofing material. Unfortunately, latest material does not have a long service life. The installed waterproofing layer should not be on the walls of the first floor.

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How to insulate a house from the inside

For sand-lime bricks, wall insulation from the inside is considered only in the most urgent cases. In addition to the fact that the useful area will be taken away from the room, when the walls are insulated from the inside, the dew point changes, it shifts inward. This causes the formation of condensation on the walls, which can only be removed after installing a productive ventilation system.

If it was decided to insulate the house from the inside, then it is necessary to use the material not only for the walls, but also on the ceiling, floor, slopes. If you do not perform such work, then places will appear in the house where freezing will appear.

When choosing a material for insulating sand-lime bricks from the inside, you must first of all pay attention to the indicators environmental safety... When heated, all components will be released into the room, which can harm human health.

When insulating sand-lime brick from the inside, you do not need to use a vapor barrier.

It is enough to cover the material with plaster. If there is a need for additional fixing of the insulation, then you can use a reinforcing mesh.

When choosing a material for insulation, you should pay attention to the indicators fire safety... All walls inside the house are equipped with big amount wires, various devices that could catch fire.

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Warming a house made of silicate bricks is a necessary and important process that will help save the family's budget for heating, create coziness, comfort, optimal temperature throughout the house. Only a conscious choice of material will provide desired result for each specific home.

Before starting brick construction, you need to decide on the type of masonry and which type will be used for construction. Given the large selection of bricks and various methods of masonry, this question can be confusing for a novice builder.

What to look for when choosing the type of masonry and brick

When choosing the type of masonry, factors such as:

(this is primarily affected by the number of storeys of the building).

Climate... In addition to the required strength, the walls must also provide acceptable thermal insulation.

Aesthetic component... Single brick masonry looks much more elegant than one and a half or double brick masonry.

As for the wall thickness, it can vary from 12 to 64 cm:

• masonry in half a brick (its thickness is 12 cm);
• in 1 brick (25 cm);
• 1.5 bricks (38 cm);
• 2.0 bricks (51 cm);
• 2.5 bricks (64 cm).

With regard to load-bearing walls, it is worth noting that in temperate climates usually a thickness of 2.0 - 2.5 bricks is used. Since the brick itself conducts heat well, after construction it is recommended to additionally insulate it with the help of, for example, mineral wool.

In terms of strength, in most cases, a wall thickness of 38 cm is sufficient.

The thickness of the external bearing walls made of bricks usually ranges from 51 cm (2 bricks masonry) to 64 cm (2.5 bricks masonry). In case of multi-storey construction, it is allowed to reduce the thickness of the load-bearing outer walls in height. If at the level of the 1st floor the wall thickness is 2.5 bricks, then starting from the 5th - 6th floor its thickness decreases to 2.0 bricks. The increase in thermal conductivity is compensated for by a larger layer of thermal insulation.

For low-rise construction, it is not recommended to arrange load-bearing walls less than 2.0 bricks thick. In the construction of private one-story outbuildings, material and cost savings come to the fore, therefore, the thickness of the bearing outer walls can be reduced to 1.5 bricks or less.

For internal load-bearing walls and partitions, there are the following guidelines:

• for load-bearing walls inside the house, as a rule, masonry is used with a thickness of at least 1 brick (25 cm);
• in addition to internal load-bearing walls, partitions are also distinguished - they do not experience loads from load-bearing elements, the main purpose of such structures is simply to divide the room into separate zones. In this case, a masonry of 0.5 bricks (12 cm) is used. As a result, the wall is not rigid enough, in order to eliminate this drawback, it is reinforced with ordinary wire, placing it in mortar joints.

For partitions, gas or foam concrete is often used in order to save money.

Brick thickness, which brick should be chosen for construction

In modern brick construction, single, one-and-a-half and double bricks are distinguished. The dimensions of a single ordinary brick are 250x12x65 mm, it was introduced into use in the 1st half of the last century (in 1925 this size was fixed in regulatory documents). A little later, one and a half and double bricks began to be used, their size is 250x120x88 and 250x120x138. From a cost point of view, it is much more efficient to use double or one-and-a-half bricks for external walls.

For example, when laying 2.5 bricks, the option of using double bricks for laying a wall of 2.0 bricks and facing brick- for laying the remaining 0.5 bricks. If, for the same volume of construction, use the usual single brick, then the costs will be 25 - 35% higher.

Another important factor influencing the choice of the type of brick is its thermal conductivity. According to this parameter, the brick loses to many building materials, for example, a tree.

The thermal conductivity of an ordinary solid brick is about 0.6 - 0.7 W / m ° C, this figure can be reduced by 2.5 - 3 times through the use of hollow bricks. In this case, the brick conducts heat much worse, but at the same time its strength decreases. Therefore, the use of hollow bricks for load-bearing walls is not possible in all cases.

Economically sound exterior brick wall thickness

It is considered economically impractical to build walls over 38 cm thick from solid bricks. In order to keep warm in the house they use different ways insulation.

Quite often (especially in low-rise construction), lightweight masonry is used (like a well). With this method of construction, 2 brick walls of 0.5 bricks are built at a short distance from each other. The air gap between them plays the role of an excellent heat insulator, because the air does not conduct heat well. The rigidity of this design is provided by the diaphragms that unite the walls.

With this method of construction, the walls are necessarily joined by diaphragms.

The resulting cavity between the walls can be filled with foam concrete, expanded clay and other heat insulating materials.

If such constructive solution combine with external and internal wall insulation, then brick building becomes economically viable.

When choosing the thickness of brick walls, it should be remembered that this material has excellent strength properties, but it has great inertia. This means that brick is best suited for the construction of residential buildings, during the day there will be only slight daily temperature fluctuations. If a brick is planned to be built country house, in which it is planned to periodically reside in winter time, then it will warm up slowly.