Smoke exhaust system for a gas boiler. Types of smoke exhaust systems
As often happens, having installed a heating boiler at home, we are only then concerned about the problem of removing combustion products. But it's far from that simple task, as it seems. Fortunately, modern technical means allow you to quickly solve this problem without much hassle, and with minimal financial costs.
In addition, when burning, the boiler consumes a significant amount of oxygen. If oxygen is taken from the interior of the room, this can create drafts.
In addition to drafts, such a solution to the problem as a whole significantly worsens the microclimate in the room, and greatly lowers the temperature. After all cold air will be drawn into the room, and to warm it up to room temperature a significant amount of boiler energy will be expended. It also negates the use effective systems protection from the cold.
It will be much more advantageous to supply air from outside the room directly to the boiler without coming into contact with the air inside the room. are able to solve both the problem of smoke and the problem of supplying the boiler with oxygen.
coaxial
Smoke extraction according to coaxial system- the simplest and inexpensive option, both for private houses and for small public and commercial areas. The system consists of two pipes: one with a larger diameter, the other with a smaller one, laid one inside the other.
Usually diameter big pipe is 100 mm, and the smaller one is 60. A diameter of 60 mm is sufficient for the operation of most small gas boilers. In the case of high power boilers, a thicker pipe is required.
The inner pipe is used to remove combustion products outside interior spaces. Smoke, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, water vapor leave the room and go outside, using the traction force of the boiler itself.
The outer pipe serves to provide air access from outside the room to maintain combustion. Actually, the air to feed the boiler enters through the space between the inner and outer pipes.
The coaxial system is less flammable, since the temperature of the outer pipe is low, and the likelihood of contact with the inner flue pipe of combustible objects and substances is low. But the elements of this system are expensive, and if the length of the chimney is large, then it makes sense to use another - a separate smoke exhaust system.
Separate
In a separate smoke exhaust system, two pipes are used - air enters the boiler through one, and combustion products are removed through the other. This system is suitable for more powerful boilers that produce a fairly large amount of smoke.
In the case of separate smoke removal, there are no special restrictions on the type of boiler - gas, solid fuel, and fuel oil boilers can also be used.
This system is relatively inexpensive to install. After all, the boiler is often located in special room, to ensure the supply of oxygen to which is quite simple.
Here it is more profitable to use two separate pipelines - for air supply and for smoke removal. In addition, conventional elements can be used for air supply. ventilation systems available at any hardware store.
Mounting Features
Both smoke exhaust systems are mounted using standard components: using nozzles and adapters. Branch pipes are straight sections of the system. They are connected to each other, and attached to the walls of the building with the help of special fasteners. Adapters are used in order to ensure the connection of nozzles in difficult areas.
But here, too, everything is not so simple. Adapters use different type: the first type is used if the nozzle is bent in a horizontal plane, and the second type is used if the bend is in a vertical plane. In addition, adapters are used to pass through combustible floors and some other areas.
The smoke exhaust system must be made collapsible, because during operation there is a need for periodic cleaning of soot.
It should be noted that not all boilers are originally designed for the smoke exhaust system that you plan to use. Some of them will require special adapter adapters that will allow you to switch from coaxial pipes to regular pipes, or vice versa.
Special white pipes and bends for separate smoke extraction from various gas boilers. Parts are made from aluminum alloy, painting in white color is made under high temperature by high-quality powder enamel. Equally set for carbon monoxide removal and combustion air supply. It is intended only for boilers with a closed combustion chamber on which it is installed various designs adapter or with nozzles already present in the design.
Details for 80/80 split chimney:
The pipe is 80 mm in diameter.
- Tube length 250 mm. = 300 r
- Tube length 500 mm. = 400 r
- Tube length 1000 mm. = 600 r
- Tube length 1500 mm. = Missing
- Tube length 2000 mm. = Missing
Socket assembly system, supplied rubber compressor designed for high temperature exhaust gases from a wall-mounted boiler.
Branches and corners with a diameter of 80 mm.
- Elbow with a right angle of 90 degrees \u003d 450 rubles.
- Retraction with an oblique angle of 45 degrees \u003d 450 rubles.
It assembles quite simply through a bell with a rubber cuff.
These are high quality aluminum systems smoke extractors for wall-mounted boilers with a closed combustion chamber, allowing to equip more than 80% of all known models of wall-mounted boilers from the world's largest manufacturers, including Electrolux, De Dietrich, Baxi, Ariston, Vaillant, Navien, Protherm and other well-known brands.
Separate smoke exhaust systems
How it works. The intake of air and removal of products of combustion of fuel is carried out through two different pipes, each with a diameter of 80 mm. Due to the increased cross-section, the length of each channel can reach 20 meters. Also, due to the separate layout, such systems are ideal for apartment heating systems. To save money and space modern houses with an apartment smoke exhaust system, they have only one shaft - a smoke exhaust, and the air intake is carried out from the facade of the building. This condition makes it impossible to use a coaxial chimney in most buildings with an apartment heating system.
Protects from direct blowing strong wind and the possibility of birds and rodents entering the chimney system. Installed on the outlet pipe carbon monoxide can also be used for air intake. Connection takes place on the non-flared part of the chimney and is fixed with a stainless steel self-tapping screw.
To make it even easier, you can purchase ready-made kits with a separate chimney, the kit will also take air into the combustion chamber through one pipe, and exhaust flue gases through another. Pipe material - enamelled aluminum (anti-corodallin) or uncoated aluminum. Typically, such systems are installed when the distance from the boiler to the outer wall exceeds 5 m (the total length of the pipes of a separate chimney can be up to 30 m) or when separate air intake and smoke removal are necessary, for example in high-rise buildings. The adapter in the kit must be from the one you need heating equipment, or be able to universally connect to different models gas boilers.
Virtual particles are an abstraction that arises in the formalism of perturbative quantum field theory.
It turned out that it is usually very difficult to directly solve the equations of a quantum field that interacts with another quantum field. So people came up with this approach, called perturbative quantum field theory. In particle physics (at the same collider), usually, at first, some particles flock from afar (where their interaction with each other is small), somehow interact, and then fly far away (where their interaction is again small). Therefore, people decided that such a process can be described, taking as a basis the theory of free particles that do not interact at all (it is easy to solve such a theory), and then order by order to introduce interaction into such a theory as a small perturbation. That is, to mathematically expand the complete theory into a series in terms of the coupling constant (a characteristic that describes interactions, such as the fine structure constant, for example) in the vicinity of the free theory. This approach is called perturbation theory, or perturbative quantum field theory.
It turned out that when you do this, you get a very clear picture, what you see in the description of the question. The processes of interaction of particles in each order are described as the sum of diagrams, where elementary interactions are at the vertices (which we introduce order by order), and perturbations (particles) of the free quantum field fly between these vertices, but of a slightly different kind than ordinary particles, they differ in that they do not always have E_0 = mc^2 (or, more correctly, E^2 - p^2 c^2 = m^2 c^4). Such internal particles cannot fly out of the diagram, and they are called virtual. In order, accordingly, to get an exact answer in such a formulation of the question, it is necessary to sum up all possible diagrams with all the possible number of vertices that fit the desired process. Realistically, it is sufficient to take the sum of a small number of diagrams that contribute the most.
Since the picture turned out to be very visual, people began to say that the interactions of real particles are their exchange with virtual ones, and in general they reinterpret any process within the framework of these very virtual particles.
This picture is only half right, it is right in that the scattering of particles is carried out through complex interactions of quantum fields with each other. But the virtual particles themselves are not physics, they are a technique for calculating certain quantities. Its advantage is that it works in a very large numbers cases. There are other less universal techniques where there are no virtual particles, for example, bootstrap. There are cases when this technique is not applicable, for example, when the coupling constant is too large or there are all sorts of effects that fundamentally do not fall under perturbation theory, for example, instantons. The simplest example of a process where the description through virtual particles does not work is the Schwinger effect, the creation of electron-positron pairs in a strong electric field.
Answering your question specifically, we do not observe a fluctuating vacuum, we observe what will happen if some particles are sent into the vacuum or some objects are placed. In some cases, it makes sense to describe such processes within the framework of perturbation theory, then the process can be visualized as the fact that real particles interact with some virtual ones that have arisen from vacuum. But since, in essence, virtual particles are elements not even of a theory, but of a calculation technique physical quantities in quantum field theory, I do not think that the question of how many virtual particles are born in vacuum per unit time makes sense.
And it is not explained by virtual particles. Let's take a harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics, it has energy levels, there is a ground state and excited ones. If we draw an analogy with quantum field theory, then the ground state is the vacuum, and the excited states are the states of the quantum field with a certain number of particles. So, the Casimir effect arises solely because of the peculiarities of the vacuum state. The vacuum state in the gap between two plates differs from the vacuum state outside them. As in the case of light between two plates, it must form standing waves, and in the case of photons between two plates, they must have certain wave numbers. It is the same with zero modes, there are fewer vacuum modes in the gap between the plates than outside. This difference results in the Casimir effect. Vacuum modes are not virtual particles, they do not interact with anything by themselves, they do not scatter anything.
The fact that I said that virtual particles are an abstraction does not mean that a quantum field is something very simple, and there cannot be strange effects there. I want to add that I'm not saying something shockingly new right now, it's all there in any textbook on quantum field theory, it's just different from what ends up in popular sources.
Coaxial chimneys for wall-mounted gas boilers in Lately are widely used for modern heating equipment. This perfect solution for a private house in the absence of a chimney in it, as well as for apartment buildings having a common riser for smoke removal.
Simplicity of design and aesthetic appearance do coaxial chimney indispensable for correct operation gas wall-mounted double-circuit or single-circuit boiler. Let's take a closer look at its features, principle of operation, requirements for installation and installation of this design.
Coaxial chimney for gas boiler: what is it and where is it applied
Coaxial chimney is used for heating with forced draft. The boiler itself must be turbocharged, i.e. have a built-in fan for ejection of combustion products. The very concept of "coaxial" means coaxial, i.e. chimney "pipe in pipe". Air flows into the boiler through the outer pipe, and exhaust gases into the atmosphere through the inner pipe.
The diameter of these chimneys is usually 60/100. His inner tube is 60 mm, and the outer one is 100 mm. For condensing boilers chimney diameter: 80/125 mm. The material of execution is steel, painted with heat-resistant enamel white color. We look at the standard equipment according to the photo scheme.
There is also such a thing as an insulated coaxial chimney. This is the same coaxial chimney, only outer pipe It's made of plastic, not metal. Or the second option: when the inner pipe is slightly longer than the outer one. This is done specifically so that condensation does not form on the outer pipe. This type of chimney is a little more expensive, but not much.
A coaxial chimney can be made up of several elements:
– coaxial pipes (extensions) of different lengths from 0.25 m to 2 meters;
- coaxial knee (corner) at 90 or 45 degrees;
- coaxial tee;
- a pipe tip, sometimes an umbrella;
- clamps and gaskets.
Manufacturers of coaxial chimneys for gas boilers
When buying a wall-mounted gas boiler, you will be offered to immediately buy a coaxial pipe for it. In a normal, standard situation, a coaxial kit for a horizontal smoke exhaust system is sold, which includes: a 90 degree elbow, a 750 mm extension with an outdoor tip, a crimp collar, gaskets and decorative inserts.
If you have a slightly different case, then all other parts and elements can be purchased separately. These elements are universal for almost any manufacturer of wall-mounted gas boilers.
The first element is an exception; it is either the first elbow or the first pipe from the boiler. The fact is that each manufacturer of boilers has its own characteristics of the seat. This applies to branded (native) coaxial chimneys.
But there are times when pipes are not available for a certain brand of boiler or they are very expensive. For example, a branded coaxial kit for a German boiler costs about 70 euros. In such cases, you can consider buying its counterpart.
Analogues of manufacturers of coaxial chimneys
These kits have universal seats, and the holes for mounting the starting elbow (outlet) match those of most manufacturers of gas boilers on the Russian market.
Coaxial chimney "Royal Thermo"
Coaxial chimneys of the company " Royal Thermo» suitable for , Vaillant or Navien. When buying Royal pipes, carefully look at the packaging; on it, at the end, for each brand of boiler, its own article is affixed: “Bx” - Baxi, “V” - Vaillant, “N” - Navien.
Another manufacturer on the market of coaxial pipes and elements for them is the company " Grosseto».
Their chimneys are universal and suitable for boilers of the brands Ariston, Vaillant, Wolf, Baxi, Ferroli, as well as Korean and Korea Star.
The main advantage of universal analogues of coaxial chimneys is their low price. It differs from branded kits by two or even three times.
Installation and installation requirements for a coaxial (coaxial) chimney
The coaxial chimney can be installed in three versions:
— horizontally with an output to the street;
- horizontally with an output to the mine (apartment heating);
- vertically with an output to an existing chimney.
The most common way to output a coaxial chimney is the horizontal variant with an output to the street.
Coaxial chimney to the wall
From the diagram above, we see:
1 - coaxial pipe with a tip;
2 - knee coaxial;
4 - coaxial pipe (extension);
For correct installation coaxial chimney there are a number of requirements
1. total length the chimney should be no more than 4 meters.
2. Only two turns are allowed, no more than two knees.
3. The minimum distance from the pipe to the section of the ceiling and walls made of them non-combustible material, should be 0.5 meters.
4. The horizontal section of the pipe should be made with a slight downward slope towards the street.
These must be done so that the resulting condensate does not flow into the boiler, but goes outside.
Separate chimney systems for gas boilers
Another popular way to remove combustion products from turbocharged gas wall-mounted boilers is a separate smoke exhaust system. What is it?
There are cases when, for one reason or another, it is impossible to remove a coaxial chimney. For this, a system was developed, consisting of two separate pipes: one for the emission of gases, the other for air suction into the boiler. See installation diagram.
Separate chimney for the boiler
As a rule, the diameter of such pipes is 80 mm. Execution material — steel. In some cases, the air suction pipe is replaced with a flexible aluminum corrugation, which stretches up to 3 meters.
In order to install a separate chimney on a gas boiler, you need to buy a special adapter - a channel separator. It is installed on top of the mounted boiler and converts the pipe-in-pipe outlet into a separate one, on which the pipes are then mounted.
Some manufacturers, for example, the same "Navien", took care of consumers in advance, and produce wall gas boilers since already installed system for separate pipes. This is a purely Korean version of the boilers, designated under the article "K". A boiler with such a system will have the name "Navien Deluxe-24 K", where 24 is its power in kW.
Installation of a boiler with a separate chimney system
Pipes can be displayed in 3 versions:
- both pipes in one wall;
both pipes in different walls;
- one pipe into the wall, the second - into the existing chimney.
Which of the methods of smoke removal is suitable for your home should be decided by the design organization. According to specifications, they make up individual project for every home.
It prescribes the design of the gas boiler (floor, wall), its maximum power, as well as which pipes should be installed: separate or you need to buy a coaxial chimney for a gas boiler.
The only thing they can't decide for you is the brand of the boiler. No one can force you to buy a model from a certain manufacturer. Here, the choice is yours alone. Let's watch the video.
Recently, you can hear a lot of discussion about the possibility of installing mounted 2-circuit boilers in apartments multi-storey buildings both existing and new buildings. The advantages of such heat supply are obvious - individuality in everything: in the choice of a boiler, in temperature hot water and heating, in the calculations for gas, independence from neighbors and heating networks. But there are also restrictions on their installation, especially for existing homes.
So, the main problem is the supply of boilers with gas, since initially a gas supply system was designed in the houses, designed only for gas stoves. It is possible to redesign the house gas pipeline through the efforts of the residents themselves. This problem is solvable, although it is difficult to organize in terms of the abilities of each of the tenants. It is also relatively easy to shift the gas pipeline: all gas pipeline pipes are laid outside, and the intersection with the walls is carried out in sleeves. So the design does not have to be spoiled much.
Another thing is the removal of combustion products from boilers. Here, a number of difficulties already arise, which in some cases are almost impossible to solve. For example, for boilers with an open combustion chamber in the kitchens of existing high-rise buildings, an individual chimney and air supply for gas combustion are not provided. And for boilers with a closed combustion chamber and a coaxial chimney (nothing is provided for a separate chimney), that is, when combustion products are ejected through the outer wall in the kitchen, neighbors complain. And there is something from it: neighbors from above receive a good portion of flue gases, neighbors from below receive dripping condensate in winter, and if someone dries clothes nearby, it will smell delicious of flue gases. Thus, a limited number of supply options emerge. quality warmth existing high-rise buildings:
· Replacement of existing columns or boilers, if any, with new ones;
· Installation of house heating points with apartment heat meters;
· Electric boiler and boiler, if internal electrical networks and personal finances allow;
There will be no problems for new buildings if everything is foreseen and designed in advance. Next, we will look at all possible options smoke removal from mounted boilers, both with an atmospheric burner and with a fan burner.
There are several options for supplying air to the boiler for the combustion process and removing flue gases from the boiler. When choosing one of them, it is necessary to take into account the performance of the boiler, the safety of residents and all applicable regulatory requirements.
The optimal solution for apartment heating in new multi-storey buildings is the installation of boilers with an open combustion chamber, since in the built-in brick chimneys in the kitchens, a good natural draft is created for smoke removal (except for the 9th floor, if there is no technical floor above). In this case, the air supply to the kitchen must be ensured according to the needs of the boiler. It must be said that many projects still do not provide air flow to residential buildings, and the phrase “inflow is unorganized, through leaks in windows and doors” is written. With modern sealed double-glazed windows, there are no leaks, and through the outer doors it is unlikely that residents will be pleased with the influx of outside air in the amount of 3-fold air exchange for the kitchen (with gas stoves) and 2-fold for bathrooms. The ideal solution for the inflow is an opening under the kitchen window, behind the radiator, with which it is heated in winter. The kitchen is a production room with gas and water, so an inlet in it is a must. And the issue is resolved.
If the task is to exclude the intake of combustion air from the room, then it is possible to install boilers with a closed combustion chamber and a fan. But here it is necessary to provide a number of measures. The fact is that the operation of the fan in such boilers is controlled by a differential pressure switch, which will turn on the fan only when the pressure drop between the air intake and flue gas outlet pipes is in the range of 52 - 62 Pa. This is done in order to ensure the safety of the smoke exhaust system, since if the pressure difference between the pressure and suction pipes is not provided, this may adversely affect the operation of the fan and, as a result, the entire smoke exhaust and combustion air supply system.
The following shows possible smoke extraction solutions for boilers with a closed combustion chamber. According to the principle of operation, they can be divided into two types: a coaxial chimney and a separate chimney. The best of the two is coaxial, since supply air heated by flue gases, which will certainly affect the efficiency of the boiler (efficiency - 92%) and environmental performance (NOx - class 3). Installation of such a chimney can be done in two ways:
* output coaxial pipe(max - 3 m), immediately behind the outer wall of the room in which the boiler is installed (Fig. 1);
* connection of a coaxial pipe to a coaxial chimney built into inner wall buildings (Fig. 2). Such a chimney for our case is suitable only for the 9th floor, as it has a height limitation (max - 5 m), due to the fan power. 
Rice. 1 Smoke extraction option C12 
Rice. 2 Smoke extraction option C42
Less efficient is a separate chimney. In private houses, it is used less frequently, since, according to DBN V.2.5.20-2001 "Gas supply", the room in which the boiler is installed must have an outer wall, and in it - a window. Since there is an outer wall, it is easier to install a coaxial chimney without leaving the cash register.
In multi-storey residential buildings, as mentioned above, the release of combustion products near neighboring windows is undesirable. Here it is recommended to use one of the two possible ways:
air intake for outer wall, and the emission of combustion products into the built-in chimney (Fig. 3);
· air intake from the built-in ventilation duct and emission of combustion products into the built-in chimney (Fig. 4). 
Rice. 3 Smoke extraction option C82 
Rice. 4 Smoke extraction option C42
If preference is given to the C82 option, then one cannot ignore the height of the chimney, since in addition to pressure losses along the length and from local resistances, there is a natural draft formed in the chimney due to the difference in air densities and temperatures at different heights from ground level . The performance of such a chimney must be carefully calculated so that the pressure drop in the differential pressure switch falls within the operating range, otherwise the boiler will not turn on. Obviously, it is quite difficult to calculate the pressure loss in the chimney with an accuracy of 1 Pa (0.1 mm of water column) and the probability that the calculation conditions will coincide with the actually built chimney is far from 100%. To do this, many manufacturers of mounted boilers offer as additional option special diaphragms, the installation of which, depending on the configuration of the chimney, will allow the pressure switch to obtain the necessary pressure drop and turn on the boiler.
With the C42 option, natural draft is excluded, since both air inflow and smoke emission are carried out from the same height - the roof. Here, only pressure losses occur along the length of the chimney and from local resistances (shaped parts). At the same time, the maximum allowable height air ducts decreases due to increased resistance. This case is similar to the option with a built-in coaxial chimney (option C42), and for 9 storey building such chimney can only be installed on floors 8-9 due to limited fan power. On lower floors, it is necessary to increase the diameter of the chimney to reduce its resistance, or to increase the fan power.
With a separate chimney, an increase in fan power will lead to a decrease in the efficiency of the boiler, since the air exchange in the boiler, and, consequently, the consumption of combustion products, will increase, and together with them will be emitted into the atmosphere large quantity heat.
Summing up our reasoning, we came to the conclusion that in order to meet the needs for heat of the residents of new multi-storey buildings, without harming others, it is possible to install both boilers with an open combustion chamber and "turbo" boilers. Moreover, for each type of boiler, only one solution is acceptable for supplying air to the boiler and removing combustion products. But, in both cases, one cannot do without an additional chimney in the kitchen. And if the kitchen also has a hood from gas stove provided, then for each such kitchen we get three channels in the wall: one ventilation and two chimneys. A word for designers.
There is another option apartment heating both in existing high-rise buildings and in new buildings - these are condensate boilers with a coaxial chimney in outer wall kitchens. As you know, their environmental performance meets the most stringent international standards, and the flue gas temperature is less than 50°C. It is unlikely that the neighbors will feel anything, even with the windows open. The ability to install in existing high-rise buildings, along with their efficiency and environmental friendliness, is another factor that justifies the unusually high cost of condensate technology.
Based on site materials
