Correct dilution of foundation cement. How to make a cement mortar with sand: composition and proportions How to properly dilute a cement mortar

Any construction requires the use building mixture... It is a binding material, the strength and durability of the masonry depend on it. This means that it is important to do it right.

In order to prepare quality concrete mortar for the foundation you need to choose the correct brand cement, high-quality sand and crushed stone, and mix it all in the right proportions.

This process has some nuances, so you need to know how to mix cement. Features include:

• correctly selected brand;
• precisely selected proportions of materials, their proper quality;
• the sequence of preparation of the mixture;
• manufacturing features for negative temperatures v winter time of the year.

Solution grade

Before you start doing something, you first need to consider what brands are and how to define them. To do this, divide the brand of cement used for the foundation by the amount of sand. The unit of measurement is cube.

For instance:

1. To get a solution of grade 200 from grade 400, you need to mix 1 cube of cement with 2 cubes of sand (proportions 1: 2). To give elasticity, add a detergent 50-100 gr.
2. To obtain a solution of grade 100 from grade 500, you need to take 5 cubic meters of sand per 1 cube of cement, that is, mix the proportions in a ratio of 1: 5. You need to add 50-100 gr detergent.
3. To get a grade of solution 100, you need to take 1 cube of cement grade 400 and 4 cube of sand (proportions 1: 4). And here, too, a detergent in the amount of 50-100 gr will make the solution more elastic.

Depending on the brand, in this way, the necessary mixing proportions can be calculated in order to obtain the desired concrete.

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Use of different brands

The brand of the product is selected in accordance with the brand of the building materials used: blocks, bricks, and so on. If a brick of grade 100 is used, then the mixture is also taken of grade 100. With this choice, a monolithic masonry will turn out. Although here, too, you need to observe some framework. For example, if the front masonry is made of 350 grade bricks, then there is no need to use 350 grade mortar - this will be an unreasonable overspending of materials and funds. In order to make concrete for facing masonry, it will be enough to use grade 115. To make it, you need to mix cement with sand in a ratio of 1: 3.5 or 2: 7. This properly prepared mortar is strong, nails can be driven into its seams, it will withstand rainfall and wind, which is important for the facade.

If you do, then strict adherence to proportions is important. When little sand is put in, it will dry out rapidly, and this will lead to complication construction process... With an excessive amount of it, the seams will begin to crumble over time.

If brickwork is made from brick of grade 75, then the grade of the mixture is also taken 75. To prepare it, the proportions should be 1: 5.3 (1 cube of cement and 5.3 cube of sand).

When erecting walls from different types blocks, to connect them, use a brand product of 100.

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How to dilute masonry mix

To prepare it, you need to know the necessary proportions of the materials used, as well as the sequence of their mixing. For the simplest dry solution, you need to prepare water, sand, cement, detergent. It is better to stir it in a concrete mixer. This helps to obtain a more homogeneous mixture. Water is poured there first, its amount depends on the quality of the building ingredients used.

Also, weather conditions affect the amount of water. So, it should be taken less if the sand is wet or it is wet outside. The amount of water on average is approximately equal to the amount of cement, although it is better to pour less and add if necessary. When filling all the ingredients with water, you need so much so that the mixture mixes evenly. If there is a lot of water at the initial stage, then the cement will become liquid and spreading. With a lack of it, it will be thick and not mixed.

It is best to dilute it like this: first, pour so much water that the cement mixes well, and when the mass is homogeneous, then adjust the density by adding mixture or water in small portions.

Add 50-100 gr liquid soap or detergent should be put into the mixer after water before filling the sand and cement in order to achieve an increase in the elasticity of the solution.

It is necessary that it completely dissolve in water and form a foam. It will take 3-5 minutes. It is not recommended to dilute the product in the mixture at the very end, since it will not completely dissolve and will be unevenly distributed throughout the volume.

Next, you need to pour in half the required amount sand, for example, if a product is prepared with a ratio of 1: 4, then take 2 cubic meters of sand per 1 cube of cement. Then they fall asleep the other half building material... Next, you need to check the thickness of the solution, if necessary, adjust it by adding a mixture or water.

The concrete will be ready in 3-5 minutes. A high-quality mixture for the foundation should not be liquid and not very thick; when you slide your finger over it, the trace should not be vague, but clear. This is easy to do and it will take about 20 minutes.

Cement is the main building material used in almost all industries. National economy... With the help of this substance, very strong products can be obtained that can withstand high loads and withstand external influences... But all these characteristics also depend on the components used and the cooking technology. Cement mortars are widely used in construction, as they can simplify many operations.

Peculiarities

Cement slurries are artificial mixtures that, after hardening, form a strong structure. A similar product consists of several main components.

• Sand. It is used as the main component because it combines fine structure and relatively high strength. For the preparation of solutions, a river or quarry sand... The first type of material is used in monolithic construction, making it possible to obtain very durable products.
• Water... This component is needed to bind sand and cement. The amount of liquid is selected depending on the brand and purpose of the solution.
• Cement. It is a basic substance that adheres well to other materials. Today there are several brands of cement intended for use in different conditions... They differ in strength indicators.
• Plasticizers. Technically it is different kinds impurities that are intended to change physical or chemical properties solution. They are not used as often as they can add significant value to the product.

Such products are used to solve the following types of tasks:

• plastering - walls are covered with some solutions to protect the building material, as well as to level the base;
• masonry - cement mixtures perfectly bind a brick or aerated block together, therefore they are used as a kind of glue located inside each seam;
• creation of reinforced concrete structures.

Formulation types and requirements

The main characteristic of a cement slurry is its strength. It is due to the ratio of cement and sand. The composition of the product can be changed per piece, which makes it possible to obtain several types of mixtures. Each of them is intended to be used in a specific environment. Therefore, it is important to properly prepare products during the construction of various facilities.

Types

One of the criteria for dividing cement mixtures into types is the proportions of internal components. It is worth noting that only one brand of cement can be present in one composition. But they can also change, since the strength will depend only on the concentration of the components. They are conventionally divided into several brands.

• M100 (M150)- these mixtures are characterized by low strength. For their preparation, you can use cement grades M200 – M500. But at the same time, it is necessary to correctly select the proportions of the cement-sand components.
• M200- This is one of the most common types of solutions. It is used very often in everyday life for the construction of paths and or the formation of coatings that do not lend themselves to significant loads. This mixture dries relatively quickly, but at the same time it requires compliance with certain microclimatic conditions.

• M300 – given view mortar can already be attributed to concrete types. It is used to prepare concrete, from which strong floor slabs are then made, foundations are poured and much more.
• M400 Is durable concrete, which consists of quality brands cement (M350, M400, M500). It is used in the construction of foundations for multi-storey buildings... This solution forms the basis for the manufacture reinforced concrete slabs floors and other similar products.
• M500 Is the most durable concrete that can withstand very high loads. It retains its original properties for many years and under the influence of various irritants.

Additives

The quality of the cement slurry depends on almost all of its components that are present inside. Sometimes properties sandy cement mix not enough, so you need to adapt them to certain conditions.

This problem is solved by adding various impurities to the composition. With the help of such additives, the so-called liquid glass... These products are used for plastering walls and other surfaces.

Several products are used today as cement mortar additives.

• Lime... Only its quenched types are used as additives. The introduction of this substance allows you to slightly increase vapor permeability and strength. But in order to prepare such products, the exact proportions must be observed. Very often plasters are made on the basis of lime, which are perfectly applied to the walls.
• PVA... The glue improves the adhesion and plasticity of the mortar. It is important to choose the correct concentration of the additive in order to obtain a good mixture.
• Detergents... Such products affect the plasticity of the solution. They are added to the composition only after water. Here, too, the exact dose of impurity per unit volume must be observed.
• Carbon black or graphite. These substances practically do not affect physical properties mixtures. They are used only as dyes to change the color of the finished product.

Sand to cement ratio

To cook cement-sand mortar you can even at home, since it consists of available components. It is quite easy to get them in almost any hardware store. But the solutions differ in the ratio of cement and sand, on which the consumption and physical characteristics material.

Brickwork

Bonding bricks is one of the main tasks of cement mortars. For such purposes, they are not particularly used strong brands(up to М400). To obtain such a mixture, experts recommend using medium-fraction sand with a minimum moisture level. To cook masonry mortar you can use different brands of cement. But this will already change the ratio of cement and sand. Some proportions are presented in table 1.

Table 1. Ratios of components depending on the brand of cement

Please note that it is advisable to calculate according to only one unit of measurement. In most cases, all parts are calculated for 1 m³. But at the same time, the masses various materials in the cube may differ.

Concrete preparation

Concrete structures are also very commonly used in modern industry. These materials are manufactured in factories or directly at construction sites... The strength of such products also depends on the cement to be used. Technically, concrete can also be made from M100 grade mortar, but it will not withstand the load and have a minimum service life.

Another feature of concretes is the presence of crushed stone and other auxiliary components in the composition. They are implemented with the aim of changing technical characteristics product.

It should be noted that they can be mixed in various combinations, depending on the environment in which the concrete is used.

Today, many specialists use such a ratio of the components of concrete solutions as:

• 4 pieces of rubble;
• 1 part cement;
• 2 pieces of sand;
• ½ part water.

Please note that the proportions may change if you plan to use different polymer additives. In such cases, it is advisable to pay attention to the recommendations of the manufacturers of these impurities.

For plaster and screed

Floor filling very often involves the use of relatively liquid cement mortars. This consistency allows you to evenly distribute the mixture on the substrate and obtain horizontal surface... Plaster, on the other hand, almost always consists only of pure sand, cement and water. Its density can be different, since it all depends on where you plan to use it.

The most common proportion to obtain plaster mixes the ratio of cement to sand is 1: 5. The consistency is adapted to the needs of the master.

Special attention should be given to screeds that lend themselves to significant and constant stress. For such surfaces, materials with a threshold strength of at least 10 MPa should be used. This is achieved through the use of concretes of a grade not lower than M150. The proportion of preparation of the screed solution depends on the following factors:

• using mixtures to hide various communication elements;
• surface leveling thickness. If you just need to strengthen the floor with small differences, then more liquid formulations... For thicker layers, it is desirable to use strong types of mortars.

Table 2. Proportions of sand and cement in screeds

Please note that the proportions of the components are the same in most cases. But at the same time, the strength of the resulting solution at the exit is different. This is important to consider if the products will be used in specific conditions exploitation.

How to dilute correctly?

The process of preparing cement slurries involves mixing all components in a specific sequence. A similar procedure can be described in several sequential steps.

• First of all, you need to decide on the type of solution that you need. At the same time, attention is paid to the strength of the resulting mixture. If this indicator is important, an additional calculation of all components should be carried out. Particular attention should be paid to norms or standards.

One of the most universal materials, without the use of which not a single construction takes place - this is a concrete solution. The scope of such a tool extends to both capital structures and objects of private importance. It happens that a small amount of solution is needed to perform independent construction works... It is quite possible to make such a volume on your own.

It depends on how and for what purposes the solution will be used in what proportions to dilute the cement.

Characteristics such as quality, strength, reliability directly depend on the ingredients and their ratio. The basis for any cement mortar is directly cement, water and filler (sand, crushed stone, sawdust, slag). In some cases, special additives are used to give the solution additional qualities (plasticity, frost resistance, etc.).

To complete the task, you will need the following tools:

• electric drill or hammer drill (with special attachments);
• trowels;
• putty knife;
• shovel.

Mixing of components can be carried out in containers made of plastic or metal. For example, you can use the old cast iron bath, buckets or basins - depending on the required volume of solution.

Before diluting the cement, it must be sieved through a sieve together with sand, bringing this mixture to a homogeneous composition.

• If the used sand is not clean, then it must be washed. To do this, it is soaked in water, where it is mixed, after which the water is drained.
• Clean sand should be dried in the sun or in a warm room. Pure water is gradually added to the sifted mixture of cement and sand. The finished mixture should have the consistency of thick sour cream. You can check whether the solution is thick enough by looking at how well it adheres to the spatula - it should hold well and not spread.
• The finished material must be used in the next hour and a half - this is how much it retains its viability. It is important to use only clean water without any impurities and even more so large particles or debris. Rainwater or melt water is ideal.

Proportions and their features

What proportions of cement and sand, as well as other components, should be used, depends on the nature of the planned work.

A few examples of the proportionality of ingredients:

• For plastering work, there is a proven ratio: 1 part cement and 3 parts sand. Typically, the volume of water is approximately equal to the volume of cement. During the mixing process, add water gradually, controlling the consistency.
• You need to take cement M150 or M200 for work domestic use, and for the facades you will need cement of a higher grade M300.
• From additional ingredients when preparing a mixture for plaster, lime is used in a ratio of 0.5-0.7 parts of the amount of sand. It gives the solution plasticity and allows it to be applied to the surface in a thinner layer.
• For brickwork 1 part of cement (M300 - M400) is taken for 1 part of sand. Additionally, to improve the plasticity of the composition, you can use slaked lime in an amount of 0.2-0.3 parts per 1 part of cement.
• Gradually adding water, you need to form a composition of such a consistency that it does not drain if you place it on a plane at an angle of 45 degrees.
• The floor screed is carried out with a mortar with a cement to sand ratio of 1: 3. High grade cement M400 is used.
• For mixing, water is taken in an amount equal to half the volume of cement. When mixing, the amount of liquid may change slightly. As a result, you need to get a fairly rare, well-stretching solution that can fill all the voids in the surface.
• Concrete for the foundation of the house is made of cement, sand and crushed stone (or gravel) in a ratio of 1: 2: 4, respectively. For the foundation of the house, concrete of the M500 brand is used.
• It is important to use clean drinking water, without salts and impurities. Which mixing tool to use depends on the volume. A small amount of mortar can be made with a shovel, and for large volumes, a concrete mixer must be used. Like any similar material, the foundation mortar has a recommended life of 1 hour.

In addition to the main ingredients, you can make adjustments to the composition of the future solution, taking into account the necessary characteristics:

• the coefficient of frost resistance of the finished composition, which varies from 25 to 1000. This reflects the number of freezing and thawing cycles that concrete can withstand without losing quality. The best proven solution is a hydrophobic and stressing cement.
• the coefficient of water resistance, which reflects the ability of the composition to resist moisture penetration under pressure. This effect can be achieved by adding special impurities of a hyphrophobic nature during the preparation of the solution.

Such an additive will allow not to use additional measures for waterproofing, in addition, the resulting concrete will not be sensitive to frost and thawing.

Few characteristics

In order to accurately prepare a solution of a certain brand, you should resort to the following calculation:

• Divide the brand of factory cement by the amount of sand. For example, stirring cement grade M400 in a ratio of 1 part of cement to 4 parts of sand, you get a solution corresponding to grade 100.
• The grade of the prepared mortar should be the same as the grade of the building material (bricks, blocks, etc.). However, there are exceptions. So, using a brick of brand 350, you do not need to prepare a solution of the same quality, you can do with M100.

The choice of components and their ratio during the preparation of cement slurry depends on the specific task and the characteristics of the work performed. The quality of strength and durability of structures erected with its help depends on how correctly the components of the solution are selected.

You will need

• To mix cement or grout, you will need: cement, sand, clay, water, a large metal container or a mechanical concrete mixer, shovel, garden hoe.

Instructions

Let's consider the most commonly used type of binders - cement. He is the main element mortars and various concrete mixes. Positive qualities cement is its strength and speed of drying. Cement is classified into two types: alumina and Portland cement. The characteristic features of alumina cement are: heat resistance, quick drying and high water resistance. This group is mainly used in industrial construction. For private construction, various brands of Portland cement are used. The classification of cement grades is based on the strength during solidification and can be: low-grade - below 300, the so-called ordinary - 300-400. Grade 500 belongs to the category of increased strength, and 500-600 to high-strength. It is not difficult to visually determine the strength of the cement. The darker it is, the stronger. V Everyday life all brands of cement are called cement, and Portland cement is called high grade cement (500-600). Cement marking features: PC or M - Portland cement;
D 0 - cement without additives;
D 20 - cement containing 20% ​​additives;
B - fast-setting cement;
H - cement based on clinker of standardized composition (standardized cement);
ШПЦ - slag portland cement;
PL - cement plasticization.

To prepare cement, you need to find out for what purposes it will be used: for laying bricks, for pouring paths near the house, for plastering the walls. For laying bricks, you need a mortar in a ratio of 1 to 4, that is, you need to take and pour 1 bucket of cement and 4 buckets of sand into the container. Take a garden hoe and dry mix the ingredients in layers, stirring the mixture with a hoe every 5 centimeters. Stir until you get a homogeneous mixture. Then add a little water, stir, add water until the solution becomes viscous and sticky. Its consistency should be like thick semolina porridge. Now you can safely fasten bricks with it.

To prepare the filling solution garden path make a mortar with a ratio of 1 to 3, that is, 1 bucket of cement and 3 buckets of sand. Stir dry with a hoe, then add water until the solution is as thin as cream. Pour this solution into the previously prepared formwork, breaking it into squares with thin boards. If you fill the track with one monolith, then it will crack soon. Prepare the laitance after about 2 hours. To do this, take cement, add water to it until it becomes like milk. Pour this milk onto the lane and spread it with a brush. This process is called "ironing", the path will become gray-green and very solid on the surface. For plastering the walls, it is enough to make a solution of 1 to 5 in the consistency of liquid semolina.