The concept, structure and significance of the fuel industry in the fuel and energy sector and the national economy of Russia. Industries: fuel industry

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The concept and structure of the fuel industry

Fuel industry- a set of mining industries engaged in the extraction and processing of various types of fuel and energy raw materials.

The fuel industry is part of the fuel and energy complex Russian Federation.

This industry includes: oil (oil production, oil refining), gas, coal, peat, shale, uranium mining, wood.

Fuel - a group of resources used mainly for the production of thermal, mechanical and electrical energy.

Fuel is classified:

1) By physical condition:

gaseous;

2) According to the method of obtaining:

Natural, extracted directly from the earth (coal, oil, natural gas, shale, peat, firewood, uranium);

Artificial, resulting from the processing of natural fuels and other substances (coke, fuel oil, gasoline, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, etc.).

In terms of fuel resources, Russia ranks first in the world. Their structure in the regional context is characterized for the most part by a clear predominance of coal, but everywhere it plays a leading role as a condition for the development of the fuel base of industry. In Western Siberia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Urals, oil and natural gas are of paramount importance from this point of view.

Among other minerals, oil and gas occupy a special position in the fuel industry, determined by a number of reasons.

First, oil and gas are raw materials, even a partial replacement of which with an alternative one will require a significant restructuring of the industrial production structure and significant capital investments.

Secondly, oil and gas are consumed on a huge scale, and at current rates of consumption, oil has a sharp tendency to deplete. The transition to the development of qualitatively worse natural characteristics oil and gas resources causes a rapid increase in the costs for these purposes.

Thirdly, being a unique raw material, oil and gas require significant labor costs for their discovery, extraction, transportation and processing.

Features of the fuel industry.

Its products in the further stages of production are transformed into thermal energy.

The widespread need for products of the fuel industry.

Fuel is transported only to the place of combustion, and does not materially participate in the weight composition of new products.

All types of fuel (with the exception of gas) have a huge mass and their transportation requires high costs.

Almost all types of fuel are used in all sectors of the national economy. The main consumer of all types of fuel and energy resources (except motor fuel) is industry. The industry consumes more than half of the total consumption of fuel and energy resources in the national economy, about three-quarters of boiler and furnace fuel, almost two-thirds of electricity and 80% of thermal energy produced centrally at thermal power plants and in large boiler houses.

Russia has huge fuel resources and fully provides itself with them. Reliance on our own fuel and energy resources is a serious advantage of our economy. Russia is considered a major exporter of fuel among the countries of the world. The fuel industry is of great regional importance; it creates the prerequisites for the development of fuel-intensive industries and serves as the basis for the formation of industrial complexes, including petrochemical, coal-chemical, and gas-industrial complexes.

Table 1 Production of primary energy resources by types of fuel in Russia (million tons of reference fuel)

The consumption of primary fuel and energy resources in Russia significantly exceeds that of other countries under consideration, which is quite obvious given the population and GDP produced. At the same time, Russia is noticeably ahead of its partners in the "quartet" and in terms of relative specific energy consumption, which is 4.29 toe. e. per person versus 2.45 - 2.88 toe e. per person in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine (2001). In Russia, this indicator is close to the average per capita energy consumption of industrial countries (OECD - 4.68 toe/person), which could be assessed positively if the energy intensity of GDP is not taken into account. Unfortunately, the energy intensity of Russian GDP, taking into account purchasing power parity, is exactly 2 times higher than that of OECD countries (0.44 and 0.22 toe/thousand dollars, respectively). If we compare GDP in prices and at the exchange rate of 1995, then, according to the IEA, the gap in the energy intensity of GDP increases sharply and exceeds 8 times (Russia - 1.65 toe/thousand dollars; OECD - 0.19 toe/thousand dollars). The comparison of the energy intensity of GDP shows both the potential for energy savings that Russia still has and the possibility of “strengthening” the ruble exchange rate.

(FEC) is one of the intersectoral complexes, which is a set of closely interconnected and interdependent branches of the fuel industry and the electric power industry. It also includes specialized types transport - pipeline and main high-voltage lines.

The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the factors in the development and deployment of the country's productive forces. The share of the fuel and energy complex in 2007 reached more than 60% in the country's export balance. The fuel and energy complex has a significant impact on the formation of the country's budget and its regional structure. The branches of the complex are closely connected with all sectors of the Russian economy, are of great regional importance, create prerequisites for the development of fuel production and serve as the basis for the formation of industrial complexes, including electric power, petrochemical, coal-chemical, gas industrial complexes.

At the same time, the normal functioning of the fuel and energy complex is constrained by the lack of investment, high level obsolescence and physical depreciation of fixed assets (in the coal and oil industry, the design life of more than 50% of equipment has been exhausted, in the gas industry - more than 35%, more than half of the main oil pipelines are operated without overhaul 25-35 years old), an increase in its negative impact on environment(the share of the fuel and energy complex accounts for 1/2 of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, 2/5 Wastewater, 1/3 of solid waste from all consumers).

A feature of the development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia is the restructuring of its structure in the direction of increasing the share of natural gas(more than 2 times) and a reduction in the share of oil (1.7 times) and coal (1.5 times), which is due to the continuing discrepancy in the distribution of productive forces and fuel and energy resources (FER), since up to 90% total reserves of fuel and energy resources fall on the eastern regions.

Structure of production of primary energy resources in Russia* (% of total)

The needs of the national economy in fuel and energy depend on the dynamics of the economy and on the intensity of energy saving. The high energy intensity of the Russian economy is due not only to the natural and geographical features of the country, but also to the high share of energy-intensive heavy industries, the prevalence of old energy-wasting technologies, and direct energy losses in the networks. Until now, there is no widespread practice of energy-saving technologies.

Fuel industry. Mineral fuel is the main source of energy in the modern economy. In terms of fuel resources, Russia ranks first in the world. Their regional structure is dominated by coal, but in Western Siberia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Urals, oil and natural gas are of paramount importance.

In 2007, in the country as a whole, oil production amounted to 491 million tons, gas - 651 billion m3, coal - 314 million tons. 20th century and up to the present day, there is a clear trend - as the most efficient oil, natural gas and coal deposits in the western regions of the country are developed, the main volumes of their production are shifting to the east. In 2007, the Asian part of Russia produced 93% of natural gas, more than 70% of oil and 92% of coal in Russia.

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Power industry

Power industry- the basic industry, the development of which is an indispensable condition for the development of the economy and other spheres of life. The world produces about 13,000 billion kW / h, of which only the United States accounts for up to 25%. Over 60% of the world's electricity is produced at thermal power plants (in the USA, Russia and China - 70-80%), about 20% - at hydroelectric power plants, 17% - at nuclear power plants(in France and Belgium - 60%, Sweden and Switzerland - 40-45%).

Norway (28 thousand kWh per year), Canada (19 thousand), Sweden (17 thousand) are the most provided with electricity per capita.

The electric power industry, together with the fuel industries, including the exploration, production, processing and transportation of energy sources, as well as the electric energy itself, forms the most important for the economy of any country. fuel and energy complex(TEK). About 40% of the world's primary energy resources are used to generate electricity. In a number of countries, the main part of the fuel and energy complex belongs to the state (France, Italy, etc.), but in many countries mixed capital plays the main role in the fuel and energy complex.

The electric power industry is engaged in the production of electricity, its transportation and distribution.. The peculiarity of the electric power industry is that its products cannot be accumulated for later use: the production of electricity at any given time must correspond to the size of consumption, taking into account the needs of the power plants themselves and losses in the networks. Therefore, communications in the electric power industry have constancy, continuity and are carried out instantly.

The electric power industry has a great impact on the territorial organization of the economy: it allows the development of fuel and energy resources in remote eastern and northern regions; the development of main high-voltage lines contributes to a freer location of industrial enterprises; large hydroelectric power plants attract energy-intensive industries; in the eastern regions, the electric power industry is a branch of specialization and serves as the basis for the formation of territorial production complexes.

It is believed that for the normal development of the economy, the growth in electricity production should outstrip the growth in production in all other industries. Industry consumes most of the generated electricity. In terms of electricity production (1015.3 billion kWh in 2007), Russia ranks fourth after the USA, Japan and China.

In terms of electricity generation, the Central Economic Region (17.8% of the total Russian production), Eastern Siberia (14.7%), the Urals (15.3%) and Western Siberia (14.3%) stand out. Moscow and the Moscow Region, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the Irkutsk Region, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and the Sverdlovsk Region are leaders in electricity generation among the subjects of the Russian Federation. Moreover, the electric power industry of the Center and the Urals is based on imported fuel, while the Siberian regions work on local energy resources and transmit electricity to other regions.

The electric power industry of modern Russia is mainly represented by thermal power plants (Fig. 2), operating on natural gas, coal and fuel oil, in last years the share of natural gas in the fuel balance of power plants is increasing. About 1/5 of domestic electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants and 15% by nuclear power plants.

Thermal power plants, working on low-quality coal, as a rule, gravitate to the places of its production. For oil-fired power plants, their optimal location is near oil refineries. Due to the relatively low cost of its transportation, gas-fired power plants are predominantly gravitated towards the consumer. Moreover, first of all, power plants of large and large cities are switching to gas, since it is a cleaner fuel in environmental terms than coal and fuel oil. CHP plants (which produce both heat and electricity) gravitate towards the consumer regardless of the fuel they operate on (the coolant cools down quickly during transmission over a distance).

The largest thermal power plants with a capacity of more than 3.5 million kW each are Surgutskaya (in the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region), Reftinskaya (in the Sverdlovsk region) and Kostroma GRES. Kirishskaya (near St. Petersburg), Ryazanskaya (Central region), Novocherkasskaya and Stavropolskaya (Northern Caucasus), Zainskaya (Volga region), Reftinskaya and Troitskaya (Urals), Nizhnevartovskaya and Berezovskaya in Siberia have a capacity of more than 2 million kW.

Geothermal power plants, using the deep heat of the Earth, are tied to an energy source. In Russia, Pauzhetskaya and Mutnovskaya GTES operate in Kamchatka.

hydroelectric power plants are very efficient sources of electricity. They use renewable resources, are easy to manage and have a very high useful action(more than 80%). Therefore, the cost of electricity produced by them is 5-6 times lower than at thermal power plants.

Hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) are most economically built on mountain rivers with a large elevation difference, while on lowland rivers, large reservoirs are required to maintain a constant water pressure and reduce dependence on seasonal fluctuations in water volumes. For a more complete use of the hydropower potential, cascades of hydroelectric power plants are being built. In Russia, hydropower cascades have been created on the Volga and Kama, the Angara and the Yenisei. The total capacity of the Volga-Kama cascade is 11.5 million kW. And it includes 11 power plants. The most powerful are Volzhskaya (2.5 million kW) and Volgogradskaya (2.3 million kW). There are also Saratov, Cheboksary, Votkinskaya, Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya and others.

Even more powerful (22 million kW) is the Angara-Yenisei cascade, which includes the largest hydroelectric power plants in the country: Sayanskaya (6.4 million kW), Krasnoyarsk (6 million kW), Bratskaya (4.6 million kW), Ust-Ilimskaya (4.3 million kW).

Tidal power plants use the energy of high tides in a bay cut off from the sea. In Russia, an experimental Kislogubskaya TPP operates off the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula.

Nuclear power plants(NPP) use highly transportable fuel. Given that 1 kg of uranium replaces 2.5 thousand tons of coal, it is more expedient to place nuclear power plants near the consumer, primarily in areas lacking other types of fuel. The world's first nuclear power plant was built in 1954 in the city of Obninsk (Kaluga region). Now there are 8 nuclear power plants in Russia, of which the most powerful are Kursk and Balakovo (Saratov region) with 4 million kW each. In the western regions of the country there are also Kola, Leningrad, Smolensk, Tver, Novovoronezh, Rostov, Beloyarsk. In Chukotka - Bilibino ATEC.

The most important trend in the development of the electric power industry is the unification of power plants in power systems that produce, transmit and distribute electricity between consumers. They are a territorial combination of power plants of different types, operating on a common load. The integration of power plants into power systems contributes to the ability to choose the most economy mode loads for different types of power plants; in the conditions of a large extent of the state, the existence of standard time and the mismatch of peak loads in separate parts Such power systems can be maneuvered with the production of electricity in time and space and transferred as needed in opposite directions.

Currently operating Unified Energy System(UES) of Russia. It includes numerous power plants of the European part and Siberia, which operate in parallel, in single mode, concentrating more than 4/5 of the total capacity of the country's power plants. In the regions of Russia east of Lake Baikal, small isolated power systems operate.

The energy strategy of Russia for the next decade provides for the further development of electrification through the economically and environmentally sound use of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants and non-traditional renewable types of energy, improving the safety and reliability of existing nuclear power units.

Will Russia's fuel industry be competitive in the third millennium?

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) in our country has much greater value than in other countries, due to the peculiarities of the geographical position of Russia, the severity of its climate, the need to overcome great distances.

The fuel industry is part of the fuel and energy complex. It includes the extraction of fuel, its processing and transportation. The leading branches of the fuel industry are coal, gas and oil.

How the role changes certain types fuel?

Over time, the importance of different fuels changes. Until the end of the XIX century. in Russia, the main fuel was firewood. Then coal came out on top. Finally, since the 1960s oil becomes the main fuel. The sharp decline in oil production in the 1990s. (almost doubled), while maintaining the volume of gas production, brought gas fuel to the first place (Fig. 24).

Rice. 24. Fuel and energy complex (FEC)

The extractive industry (including fuel extraction) has an “unpleasant” property for the economy: its enterprises (mines, cuts, wells for extracting coal, oil and gas) are extremely short-lived. Some time after commissioning, they have to be closed, since the stocks have already been exhausted. And in order to maintain production at the same level, it is necessary to constantly put new enterprises into operation, develop new territories, build roads, pipelines, and build new cities.

And if newly discovered deposits are located in regions with an unfavorable climate, special measures must be developed to attract the population there: pay higher wages, provide various benefits. All this significantly increases the cost of fuel production and makes it less competitive.

Rice. 23. Changing the structure of fuel consumption in Russia

How can one explain the fact that oil and gas now dominate in the structure of consumed fuel?

This is how the fuel industry of Russia developed, which occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of fuel resources.

What is the importance of coal in the economy of the country?

The coal industry is an "old" industry, its heyday in Western Europe in the middle of the 19th century, and in Russia - at the beginning of the 20th century. (see the second, that is, "coal-metallurgical", Kondratiev cycle (Fig. 3)).

Coal was the main fuel of the era of industrialization. The operation of power plants, metallurgical plants, and railways depended on it. Coal retains its great importance even today, although its share in the fuel and energy balance has decreased significantly.

Fuel and energy balance- the ratio of production and use (consumption) of all energy pitchforks.

Russia's coal reserves will last for hundreds, if not thousands, of years, unlike gas and oil, whose proven reserves will last for several decades.

Where are the main coal deposits located?

V Russian Empire industrial production coal began at the end of the 19th century. in the Donetsk basin (Donbass), most of which is now located on the territory of Ukraine. Donbass has long been the largest coal mining region. In the 1930s began to develop the largest coal mining area in Asian Russia - Kuznetsk (Kuzbass). And during the years of the Great Patriotic War, when the Donbass was captured by the Nazi troops, the Railway to Vorkuta and developed the Pechora coal basin. In the 1970s the Kansk-Achinsk lignite basin began to be developed, where now open way produce the cheapest coal in Russia.

The coal industry is much more dispersed than the oil or gas industry (Figure 25). Coal plays a particularly important role in Eastern Siberia and the Far East, where there is almost no gas or oil. Coal is the main fuel in the entire Far North of Russia, where it is mined, despite the high cost, in many small mines and cuts: this is more profitable than transporting oil products over long distances.

Rice. 25. Coal industry

What are the features of the location of the coal mining industry?
Why is the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin being developed in Siberia, and not the Tunguska one?

Coal deposits since the end of the 19th century. in all countries of the world became the basis for the formation of large industrial regions. The mined coal was used to generate electricity, electricity attracted other industries. The development of the chemical industry is connected with the processing of coal. If the coal was coking, metallurgy often arose. A similar industrial region was formed in our country in the Kuzbass.

Coking coal- coal, from which special processing you can get the coke needed for iron smelting.

Why did social problems worsen in the coal regions?

Like an old industry, the coal industry demands special attention. Currently, work is underway on the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of promising mines and the simultaneous closure of unprofitable mines. However, if the mine is closed, new jobs for miners must be created at the same time, and this requires large funds. Many coal towns and towns in Russia now have high unemployment rates.

The prospects for the coal industry in Russia are associated primarily with the transition to open-pit mining (now still more than 1/3 of coal is mined underground, in mines). The cost of coal in cuts is much less than in mines, although open-pit mining causes more damage to nature.

What are the features of the location of the oil industry?

The oil industry is the backbone of the modern economy. Today, society is unthinkable without cars, and a car cannot move without gasoline. Without liquid fuel, planes will not take off, tractors, sea and river vessels, slippers and armored personnel carriers will not budge.

Rice. 26. Oil industry

Name and show on the map the largest oil fields.
What are the features of the location of enterprises of the oil producing and oil refining industries? Compare Figure 26 with the population density map. Draw your own conclusions.

But oil is also the most valuable raw material for the chemical industry, from which even some food products can be obtained.

The first oil region of the Russian Empire was Baku (now on the territory of Azerbaijan). At the beginning of the XX century. it produced more than 90% of Russian oil. Another old oil production area is Grozny.

Rice. 27. Extraction and transportation of oil. From a well to a gas station.

Since the 1950s the development of deposits in the Volga-Ural region begins, especially in Tataria and Bashkiria. Oil pipelines are being built from here to the east of the country, to the northwest and southwest, to Ukraine and Novorossiysk. The most favorable conditions for oil production developed in the Volga-Ural region. It was a fully developed and populated area, close to the main consumers.

At the initial stage of the development of oil fields, as a rule, there is a lot, and under pressure it itself rises to the surface, that is, production is carried out in the cheapest "fountain" way. However, the longer production lasts, the more difficult it becomes: you have to use pumps, pump water into the reservoirs to create pressure, etc. Sooner or later, the cost of production increases so much that it becomes unprofitable. In addition, the development of each region begins with the largest deposits, and as they are depleted, they move to smaller ones.

When the Volga-Ural region entered the stage of declining production, our economy was lucky: giant deposits of Western Siberia were discovered. They began to develop in the 1960s. Western Siberia became the country's main oil base. Working conditions here were much worse than in the Volga-Ural region. Solid swamp, abundance blood-sucking insects(nasty) in the summer, very coldy in winter, lack of roads, remoteness from oil consumers - all this complicated the development of the region.

Rice. 28. Oil refinery

Currently about 2/3. Russian oil is produced in the Tyumen region (mainly in the Khanty-Mansiysk and, to a lesser extent, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs). About 1/4 of oil is produced in the Volga-Ural region, mainly in Tataria, Bashkiria, Perm and Samara regions. All other regions account for only 7-8% of the total Russian production.

Oil development has recently begun in promising areas - on the shelves of the Barents and Okhotsk (near the northeastern coast of Sakhalin) seas. These areas are in even harsher conditions, and mining will cost even more. Therefore, the saving of oil and oil products becomes more and more significant: the use of cars with lower gasoline costs per 100 km of run, the reduction in the use of liquid fuel for heating, etc.

Oil processing into various types of fuel (gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, diesel fuel, etc.) takes place at oil refineries (refineries), which also belong to the fuel industry. Refineries are located mainly in areas of consumption, since the transportation of oil is much more convenient (especially by the cheapest pipeline transport) than the transportation of various types of petroleum products. The income of the country depends on the capacity of the refinery, since it is less profitable to sell crude oil than the products of its processing.

Rice. 29. Gas station

Why has the gas industry become the most promising branch of the fuel industry?

The gas industry appeared in Russia after the Great Patriotic War. Gas fields were discovered in the Stavropol Territory, then in the Komi Republic (Ukhta region), near Orenburg and near Astrakhan.

Now the gas industry is the most stable branch of the fuel and energy complex. This is largely due to the fact that large gas fields (Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye) in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where about 90% of all Russian gas is currently produced, were put into operation quite recently, in the 1980s. ., and only enter the stage of declining production.

Promising gas production areas are the Yamal Peninsula (from where the gas pipeline to Western Europe is being built), the shelf zones of the Barents and Okhotsk Seas. Just like oil, gas in Russia will in the future be produced in increasingly harsh areas and will be more expensive.

Rice. 30. Gas industry

Gas covers about half of the country's fuel needs. Currently, gas is the cheapest and most environmentally friendly fuel. Its use requires high costs only at the first stages, when it is necessary to lay gas pipelines to each city and village, and then distribution networks to each house and apartment. Heating in most large cities of European Russia has been switched to gas, which has reduced air pollution. Unfortunately, there are practically no gas deposits east of the Yenisei, so in these areas the cities are heated with coal, which makes the air in them more polluted.

What is the role of oil and gas in foreign trade?

Since the 1970s (when world prices for oil and then for gas rose sharply), fuel exports play an increasingly important role in the Soviet, and then in the Russian economy. In the USSR, imports were strictly controlled (domestic goods were protected from competition), and when in the 1990s. almost all restrictions on foreign trade were lifted, Russia, as you already know, was flooded with imported goods, many of which could not compete with Russian manufacturers. But where did Russia get the currency to pay for imports? Of course, it was obtained primarily through the export of oil and gas. It is thanks to the export of fuel that our country is able to import food, consumer goods, and equipment. Moreover, these industries are the main payers of taxes to the state budget. This means that the payment of pensions, salaries to teachers and doctors, the upkeep of the army, and much more also depends on the work of oil and gas workers (and on oil and gas prices on world markets!).

Fuel export prospects are mainly related to Russian gas (since oil production is likely to decline). And the explored gas reserves in Russia are about 1/3 of the world's, and in the coming decades, its exports may increase.

conclusions

Summing up the characteristics of the fuel industry, it is important to pay attention to the main features of its development in Russia:

the presence of significant reserves of fuel resources at very high costs for their extraction;
concentration of reserves in the east of the country;
change in the role of certain types of fuel and areas of their production in the Russian economy;
special export importance of the gas and oil industries;
the need to address complex socio-economic and environmental issues associated with the fuel industry.

Questions and tasks

Rate geographical position individual coal basins in terms of fuel supply to other regions of the country and its possible sale abroad.
What problems do you think exist in our country in connection with the concentration of fuel resources in the east, and consumers in the west of Russia?
Why do some types of fuel eventually lose their leading positions to other types? For a more complete answer, use Figure 3 (Kondratieff cycles).
Compare, using the maps of the textbook, the geography of the three branches of the fuel industry: oil, gas, coal. Which of these industries is the most concentrated and which is the most dispersed? Select the types of economic regions with different combinations of fuel resources:
1. All three types are present:
2. one kind;
3. no one.

federal state autonomous

educational institution

higher professional education

"SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

Institute of Business Process Management and Economics

Department of Economics and Management

ESSAY

Fuel industry of Russia and Krasnoyarsk Territory

Student of group UB11-01 Kireev M.

Student of group UB11-01 Ivkina V.

Teacher Likhacheva T.P.

Krasnoyarsk 2013

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………3

1 Characteristics of the industry …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ....6

1.1 Russia..………………………………………………………………….6

2 Mechanical engineering in the fuel industry ……………………14

2.1 Russia ……………………………………………………...................................14

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………...27

List of sources used …………………………………....28

Introduction.

Fuel industry - a complex of mining industries involved in the extraction and processing of various types of fuel and energy raw materials: coal, oil, gas, oil shale, peat, uranium ores. The fuel industry is part of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation.

This industry includes: oil production, oil refining, gas, coal, peat, shale, uranium mining.

Fuel is a group of resources used mainly for the production of thermal, mechanical and electrical energy.

Fuel is classified:

By physical condition:

gaseous;

How to receive:

natural, extracted directly from the earth (coal, oil, natural gas, shale, peat, firewood, uranium);

artificial, resulting from the processing of natural fuels and other substances (coke, fuel oil, gasoline, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, etc.).

The coal industry is one of the most important branches of the national economy. The importance of coal in the fuel balance of the country is great. Coals can be used to produce combustible gases, etc. A large number of special grades of coal are used to produce coke, which is necessary for the metallurgical industry.

Among other minerals, oil and gas occupy a special position, determined by a number of reasons.

Secondly, oil and gas are consumed on a huge scale, and at current rates of consumption, oil has a sharp tendency to deplete. The transition to the development of oil and gas resources that are qualitatively worse in terms of natural characteristics causes a rapid increase in the costs for these purposes.

Thirdly, being a unique raw material, oil and gas require significant labor costs for their discovery, extraction, transportation and processing.

Features of the fuel industry.

Its products in the further stages of production are transformed into thermal energy.

The widespread need for products of the fuel industry.

Fuel is transported only to the place of combustion, and does not materially participate in the weight composition of new products.

All types of fuel (with the exception of gas) have a huge mass and their transportation requires high costs.

Industry characteristics

1.1 Russia

1.1.1 Oil industry.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the oil industry.

The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, the production of energy (electricity and heat), the distribution and transport of energy and fuel.

The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, production of oil and associated gas, and pipeline transportation of oil.

According to the degree of exploration, the deposits are divided into four groups:

A) Detailed explored deposits.

C) previously explored deposits.

C1) Poorly explored deposits.

C2) The boundaries of the deposits are not defined.

Figure 1. Oil production in the Russian Federation

There are three large oil bases on the territory of the Russian Federation: West Siberian, Volga-Ural and Timano-Pechersk.

Oil is not used in its original form, so refineries are its main consumer. They are located in all regions of the country, because. it is more profitable to transport crude oil than the products of its processing, which are necessary in all sectors of the national economy. In the past, it was transported from the places of extraction to the places of consumption by rail in tanks. Currently, most of the oil is pumped through oil pipelines and their share in transportation continues to grow. Oil pipelines include pipelines, pumping stations and oil storage facilities. The speed of oil movement is 10-12 km/h. Standard diameter - 12 thousand mm. Productivity per year - 90 million tons of oil. In terms of efficiency, only maritime transportation by tankers can compete with oil pipelines. In addition, they are less dangerous in terms of fire and dramatically reduce losses during transportation (delivery).

The cost of building a main oil pipeline usually pays off in 2-3 years.

1.1.2 Gas industry.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the gas industry.

The role of certain types of fuel in the Russian economy has changed. At the beginning of the century, firewood was of great importance. Then they gradually began to be replaced by coal (by the 1950s, the coal industry provided more than half of all fuel). And then oil and gas began to rise.

Natural gas production is highly concentrated and focused on areas with the largest and most profitable deposits.

Figure 2. Natural gas production in Russia

Only five deposits - Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye and Orenburgskoye - contain 1/2 of all industrial reserves of Russia. The reserves of the Medvezhye are estimated at 1.5 trillion m 3 , and those of the Urengoy - at 5 trillion m 3 .

The next feature is the dynamic location of natural gas production sites, which is explained by the rapid expansion of the distribution boundaries of the identified resources, as well as the relative ease and cheapness of their involvement in development. In a short time, the main centers for the extraction of natural gas moved from the Volga region to Ukraine, the North Caucasus. Further territorial shifts were caused by the development of deposits in Western Siberia, Central Asia, the Urals and the North.

1.1.3 Processing of gas and gas condensate.

Unlike oil, natural gas does not require much pre-treatment to be used, but it must be shipped immediately to the consumer. Gas is the main type of fuel where there are no other energy resources.

Several gas processing regions have been formed - Orenburg, Astrakhan, Sosnogorsk (Komi Republic) and West Siberian. They differ in the range and quantity of products produced, which is primarily due to the volume of explored reserves of the nearest deposits and the chemical composition of the gas produced here.

1.1.4 Coal industry.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the coal industry.

The coal industry is in first place in terms of volume of fuel production in physical terms, significantly surpassing all other branches of the fuel industry in terms of the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets.

Coal resources are differentiated according to various criteria, among which, first of all, it is necessary to single out the depth of occurrence, the degree of metamorphism and the nature of the geographical distribution.

Figure 3. Coal production in the Russian Federation (million tons).

It is very significant that 54% of the reserves are located at a depth of up to 300 m, 34% - at a depth of 300 - 600 m. and 12% - at a depth of 600 - 1800 m. Almost ½ of the reserves of black and 2/3 of brown coal are located in the zone of depths up to 300 m. in different regions, reserves are distributed far from equally among depth zones. The coals of the Urals lie closest to the surface (about 9/10 of the reserves are in the zone up to 600 m). The deepest occurrence of coal is typical for the European part of Russia.

Of the total geological reserves of coal in the country, more than 9/10 is in the eastern regions, including approximately 60% in Siberia and 30% in the Far East. In general, the identified coal resources are more scattered throughout the country than oil and natural gas. At the same time, the bulk is concentrated in several major basins. For example, the Tunguska, Lena, Kansk-Achinsk and Kuznetsk basins have more common geological reserves of coal.

1.1.5 Fuel industry enterprises

The fuel industry is one of the most profitable activities in the Russian Federation. This implies the presence of a large number of large companies and corporations. As of 2012, the 10 largest enterprises in the Russian Federation in terms of capitalization include 7 companies involved in the oil and gas industry (Gazprom, Rosneft, LUKoil, TNK-BP, NovaTEK, Surgutneftegaz) , Gazprom Neft). And in 2007, among the 400 largest enterprises of the Russian Federation, companies in the oil and gas and coal industries in terms of sales occupied 34.1% (31 enterprises). In general, the official register of entities engaged in oil production has 187 positions.

The annual production of primary energy resources in Russia is more than 12% of the total world production. Today, the fuel and energy complex (FEC) is one of the most important, stable and dynamically developing industrial complexes of the Russian economy. It accounts for about a quarter of the gross domestic product, a third of industrial production, about half of the federal budget revenues, exports and foreign exchange earnings of the country.

Thanks to high oil prices on the world market, production growth has exceeded the forecast laid down in the Energy Strategy of Russia until 2020. Thus, at average prices for Russian oil on the world market in the range of 95-100 dollars per barrel - oil production in Russia can reach 550-590 million tons per year by 2020, and primarily due to the commissioning of new fields.

1.2.1 Oil

The Krasnoyarsk Territory in terms of initial predicted resources of oil, natural gas and condensates is in second place in the country after the Tyumen Region. Initial geological (forecast) resources in the region amount to 55.8 billion tons of conventional hydrocarbons (CHC), and the established oil resources are 8.3 billion tons, free gas - 23.6 trillion m 3, gas dissolved in oil - 637.7 billion m 3 and condensate - 1.6 billion tons. The gases of the central regions contain helium (according to estimates, 33.4 billion m 3).

The volume of oil production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the first quarter of 2013 increased by 24.2 percent compared to the same period last year.

In January-March 2012, 4.29 million tons of fuel was extracted from the subsoil in the region. Thus, we can say that over 5.2 million tons of oil were produced in the region in the first quarter.

As for natural and associated gas, its production in January-March 2013 amounted to 870.5 million cubic meters - an increase of 18.5 percent.

In 2012, the Krasnoyarsk Territory provided about 3% of Russian oil production - 135 million barrels or about 18 million tons of oil. Almost all oil - 99% - was produced at the Vankor field, which has been operating since August 2009. Also, 470 million cubic meters of gas were produced at Vankor.

From January to November 2010, 1901 million cubic meters of natural and associated gas were produced in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which amounted to 128% compared to the corresponding period last year.

All produced gas is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and is not exported outside of it. In addition, in 2009, 1825.5 million cubic meters of natural combustible gas from the Tyumen region were imported into the territory of the region.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory in January-September 2010 for the development of the species economic activity"Natural gas production" large and medium-sized organizations used 1.6 billion rubles of investments in fixed assets, which is 4.9% more compared to the same period in 2009.

As of the end of 2009, 20.8% of the housing stock in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was equipped with gas. In urban areas, 15.2% of the total area of residential premises is equipped with gas, in rural areas - 38.7%. In January-September 2010, 12.5 thousand tons of liquefied gas were supplied to the population. The actual level of payment by the population for gas supply services in January-September 2010 amounted to 96.5% of the amount of accrued payments.

Over the past six years (November 2010 to December 2004) tariffs for household gas supply have increased 3 times. At the end of 2004, the average gas tariff for the population was 46.75 rubles per person per month, liquefied gas in cylinders of 50 liters - 187 rubles. At the end of 2009, the fee per person for liquefied gas amounted to 99.30 rubles, and a fifty-liter bottle of liquefied gas - 456.12 rubles. In 2010, gas supply tariffs increased by 32.3% in February, including monthly gas fees per person increased by 38.3% and amounted to 136.80 rubles. A fifty-liter bottle of liquefied gas - 574.56 rubles.

1.2.3 Coal

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, gigantic coal reserves are concentrated. The Kansk-Achinsk basin (with reserves of 640 billion tons) is the largest in the region and one of the most promising not only in Russia but also in the world. Coal in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is mined mainly by open pit mining.

Coal deposits in the Yenisei (now Krasnoyarsk) Territory were known as early as the first half of the 18th century, but their practical development began only a few centuries later. The "flammable stone" from the Kansk-Achinsk basin was first used for industrial purposes in 1905. In 1939-1954, after the discovery of thick seams in the area of Borodino, Nazarovo, Aban, Itat, Partizansky, the basin turned into a large base of the country's coal industry . After the discovery of the Berezovsky field with industrial reserves of more than 5.9 billion tons, the region became one of the main suppliers of fuel for the developing heavy industry and energy. The Borodinsky and Berezovsky sections were the largest in the USSR.

There are two large companies on the coal mining market in the region, Krasnoyarskkraiugol and SUEK. The first one includes the Pereyaslovskiy mine with the highest labor productivity among the entire coal industry - 684 tons per month per employee. SUEK is developing the Kansk-Achinsk basin.

Subsoil users of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in January-June 2012, in comparison with the first half of last year, increased coal production by 6% - up to 20.3 million tons of coal.

The extraction of brown coal (lignite) for six months amounted to 20 million tons, which is 5.7% more than in the same period last year. Coal production increased by 28.1% - up to 292 thousand tons.

Last year, subsoil users of the region produced 40.194 million tons of coal, in 2010 - 40.71 million tons of coal.

According to the forecast of socio-economic development of the region for 2012-2014, it is planned to increase coal production in the region due to the phased commissioning of new coal-fired power plants - the Zheleznogorsk CHPP and the power unit of the Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3. In addition, by 2014 it is planned to complete the construction of the third power unit of Berezovskaya GRES with a capacity of 800 MW, which will further increase the annual volume of coal production at OAO Razrez Berezovsky - 1.

Thus, in 2012 it is planned to increase coal production by subsoil users of the region by 1.1%, in 2013 - by 6.9%, in 2014 - 11.5%.

2 Mechanical engineering in the fuel industry

The existing fleet of drilling equipment is characterized by extremely a high degree wear, moral and physical obsolescence of most of the operated equipment and cannot perform this task.

Table 1. Structure of demand for oil and gas equipment, $ billion

Table 2. Structure of production of oil and gas equipment, $ billion

In Soviet times, providing the oil and gas complex with the necessary equipment was one of the priority tasks of the country's mechanical engineering. Soviet Union almost completely provided itself with the main types of oil and gas equipment, the quality of equipment generally corresponded to the level of developed countries (although by the end of the 1980s there was some backlog). By the mid 1980s. in Russia, 550-570 sets of drilling rigs were produced annually for production and deep exploration drilling. The leader in terms of production of drilling rigs was Uralmashzavod, which accounted for about 65-70% of the total production volume. This plant was a monopoly in the production of rigs for drilling wells with a depth of over 2500 meters.

In the 1990s the demand for drilling equipment collapsed, the production volumes of drilling rigs decreased to 12 sets by 1997 (a reduction of more than 45 times to Soviet maximums!). Starting from 1998-1999, the production of drilling rigs began to gradually increase, which was associated with an improvement in the situation in the oil and gas complex, an increase in production drilling (for other types of oil and gas equipment, the situation was even more difficult - for example, the production of turbodrills by 2002 decreased by more than than 200 times the Soviet highs). As a result, according to the results of 2002, 98 drilling rigs have already been produced. However, already in 2003, another decrease in production volumes was recorded - the abolition in 2002 of deductions for the reproduction of the mineral resource base led to a significant decrease in the volume of exploration work and, as a result, a drop in demand for drilling equipment. In the next three years, the production of drilling rigs fluctuated in the range of 45-70 sets per year. The decrease in output volumes was associated both with some deterioration in the market situation and with changes in the industry itself - the situation around OJSC Uralmashzavod (withdrawal of the drilling division from one of the leading manufacturers of oil and gas equipment). By 2007-2008 Against the backdrop of growing drilling volumes and increased purchases of drilling equipment by oil and oilfield service companies, the output of drilling equipment has grown significantly. In 2008, the maximum production volume over the past 16 years (since 1992) was reached - 103 sets. The economic crisis led to a significant decrease in purchases new technology, as a result, according to preliminary estimates, the production of drilling rigs in 2009 amounted to 35 units.

Table 3. Production of oilfield and drilling exploration equipment, billion rubles

In recent years, the structure of the industry has undergone significant changes, and unlike many other industries (where the tendency to consolidate assets, the creation of large industrial groups prevailed), in the production of drilling equipment there was no clear trend towards industry consolidation. So, in 2004-2005. the drilling division was withdrawn from the structure of one of the leading manufacturers of oil and gas equipment OJSC Uralmashzavod, control over which in 2005 was received by the Integra group. In 2007, the Kungur group was created, uniting the Kungur and Ishimbay machine-building plants and a number of other enterprises.

By the end of 2009, more than 70% of the total production of drilling rigs was concentrated at the enterprises of three companies - the Integra Group (UrBO), the Volgograd Drilling Equipment Plant and the Kungur Group. The main production volume of the Kungur Group in the segment of drilling equipment falls on mobile drilling rigs with a lifting capacity of 100-250 tons, as well as self-propelled drilling rigs for drilling exploration wells for oil and gas. The Volgograd Drilling Equipment Plant manufactures stationary drilling rigs with a lifting capacity of 100-320 tons and mobile drilling rigs with a lifting capacity of 125-200 tons. In 2006-2008 the company has produced about 40 sets of drilling rigs, is actively working on the development and implementation of new technologies, expanding the product line. The production of heavy drilling rigs was led by UrBO (Integra group). According to the company, over the past 4 years (2006-2009) more than 40 installations have been produced. At the same time, Uralmash remained the main supplier of components for UrBO until the end of 2007, drilling rigs continued to be produced under the Uralmash brand. The main developments used by UrBO were also made within the framework of a single Uralmash. De facto, UrBO became the center of profit in this production chain, so the break in production relations with Uralmash led to a significant decrease in the efficiency of UrBO (increased transportation costs, difficulties with quality control due to an increase in the number of suppliers, etc. ).

In fact, the experience of dividing Uralmash has shown the inefficiency of this model - to ensure efficient, competitive production, the most acceptable model is the one that developed in the Soviet era - the concentration of the design bureau, production of components and final assembly within one company. In the context of rapidly growing imports, such consolidation is a necessary condition for maintaining the production of drilling equipment in the country as such. On the this moment in the segment of production of heavy drilling rigs, only Uralmash has such opportunities (combining all links of the production chain within one company). Not only the fate of the enterprise (the ability to significantly increase sales volumes), but also the fate of the entire industry now depends on the successful return of the plant to the market of drilling rigs. Now is the time to engage in the development of the industry in order to ensure its future for decades to come.

In the Soviet years, against the backdrop of a fairly rapid development of the oil and gas complex in the 1960s-1980s, there was a constant increase in purchases of oil and gas equipment, so the average age of machines operated in production was significantly lower than the standard service life (at the level of 10-12 years), which created a certain margin of safety . In the 1990s the continued use of existing equipment has made it possible to almost completely stop the purchase of new equipment. A multiple decline in purchases led to an increase in the wear and tear of the existing oil and gas fleet, in particular drilling equipment, by the mid-2000s. reached 70-80%. The average age of the drilling rig fleet has grown to 15-16 years.

Figure 4. Structure of the drilling rig fleet, % of the total

To estimate the current drilling fleet, the IEF estimated the apparent sales of drilling rigs to consumers (as the sum of domestic production and net imports) in recent years and, using standard assumptions about equipment disposal rates, came to an estimate of the existing drilling rig fleet at the level of 1.7- 2.0 thousand installations. These estimates are in line with those of a number of industry experts. It should be noted that the fleet of existing equipment differs significantly from the actually operated fleet: the number of operating drilling rigs in the country is 700-800 units, taking into account the units under repair, the effective (operating) fleet of drilling rigs can be estimated at only 850-1000 units. More than 90% of the available equipment is made up of Russian-made units, although in recent years Chinese and (to a lesser extent) Western manufacturers have been expanding into the Russian market. However, despite the growth in purchases of drilling rigs in 2006-2008, only 30% of the entire existing fleet of drilling rigs has a service life of less than 10 years, a significant part of the drilling rigs was produced back in the Soviet years or in the early 1990s. and is now obsolete.

One of the main features of the Russian oil and gas equipment market over the past 10-15 years has been the dominance of the costs of maintaining current operation over the expansion of production. In the late 1990s drilling equipment accounted for less than 4% of all expenditures on oil and gas equipment. In recent years, the cost of drilling equipment has increased to 15-20% of all costs for oil and gas equipment, but the situation is still fundamentally different from the situation in countries that pursue an active policy of expanding the reproduction of the mineral resource base and increasing production volumes. Thus, in the United States, the cost of drilling equipment, even in the late 1990s. did not fall below 25% of the total cost of oil and gas equipment, and in recent years they have risen to 40-45%. The industry is developing similarly in Asia and Latin America. The exceptions are the countries of Western Europe, where in recent years the cost of drilling equipment does not exceed 5% of all equipment costs, which is due to the high level of knowledge of the existing oil and gas provinces (primarily the North Sea), the extremely low probability of discovering new significant fields, the entry most large oil and gas fields into the stage of declining production and, as a result, a reduction in production drilling. Another example of fairly low costs for drilling equipment are the countries of the Middle East and Africa, where the operation of high-rate wells in unique fields allows, with fairly small drilling volumes and relatively low costs for oil and gas equipment (including drilling), to ensure not only maintenance, but also increasing oil production.

The fuel and energy industry includes the fuel industry (i.e. the extraction and processing of various types of fuel) and the electric power industry.

The entire history of human civilization is connected with the development of various types of fuel and energy. And in the era of scientific and technological revolution, energy has a huge impact on the development and location of production.

There are large differences in the fuel and energy industry across regions and individual countries. Most of the energy resources are produced in developing countries and exported to the USA, Western Europe and Japan.

The energy problem of mankind belongs to the category of global ones and is usually considered as a global energy and raw material problem. On such a scale, it first manifested itself in the 70s, when the energy and raw material crises broke out. The energy crisis caused a rise in the price of raw materials. And, although then oil and other energy prices fell again, global problem supply of fuel and raw materials remains important today.

The emergence of the energy and raw material problem is explained primarily by the rapid growth in the consumption of mineral fuels and raw materials and the scale of their extraction.

Solving the energy and raw material problem on present stage development of the world economy should go an intensive way, which consists in a more rational use of resources and in the implementation of a resource-saving policy.

In the era of cheap fuel and raw materials, resource-intensive economies have developed in most countries of the world. First of all, this applied to the countries richest in mineral resources. But now, as a result of the resource-saving policy of the economically developed countries of the West, the energy intensity of their economy has significantly decreased. And developing countries are still lagging behind in this respect. Of the economically developed countries, the countries of the CIS, South Africa, Bulgaria and Australia are distinguished by a high resource intensity of production.

Measures conducive to saving resources should be to increase the efficiency of already extracted fuel and raw materials. For example, the average world level of useful use of primary energy resources is only 1/3.

In addition, in the coming decades, we can expect a change in the structure of world consumption of primary energy sources: a decrease in the share of oil and coal in energy consumption and an increase in the share of natural gas, hydropower and alternative sources energy.

This will help improve the environmental situation, as oil production, accidental oil spills, open pit coal mining, and the use of sulphurous fuels have a negative impact on the natural environment.

According to the forecast compiled by the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy, the volume of consumption of PER in the world by 2030. compared to 2010 could grow by about 43%.

Most fast growth consumption of energy resources over the forecast period is expected in developing countries. In these countries, the growth in energy consumption is expected to be about 70%, while in the OECD countries it is no more than 15%.

The consumption of energy resources in the world differs significantly not only between large groups of countries, but even between individual leading countries of these groups. Therefore, the paper separately considers the development of fuel and energy industries in industrialized countries that are members of the OECD and developing countries. In each of these groups of countries, the development of the fuel and energy complex of the leading country of the group was considered: for OECD countries - in the USA, for developing countries - in China.

The sharp rise in world oil prices in the first half of 2008 with their subsequent fall can be explained by many reasons. One of the main reasons is the following. In the period from 2000 to 2007 average annual GDP growth in developing market economies was about 7%, while oil prices grew at insufficient rates. As a result of oil price growth lagging behind the growth of economic development, oil companies found themselves in a difficult position to increase capital investments in the exploration and development of oil fields. Production volumes could not meet the outstripping demand for oil. Even the member countries of OPEC and, above all, Saudi Arabia, which have significant reserve oil production capacity to cover the shortage in the market, were forced to reduce their reserve capacity. Oil prices by July 2008 hit a record high of $147 per barrel. However, the global financial and economic crisis that swept the world led to a sharp reduction in demand for oil and world prices for it by the end of 2008. fell to $33 a barrel.

In the short term, as we emerge from the financial and economic crisis and the ever-increasing demand for oil, especially from China and India, we can expect some balance between supply and demand for oil.

Economic growth rates are one of the most important factors influencing the volume of PER consumption. However, this impact has its own characteristics in the industrialized countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), developing countries and countries with economies in transition, including Russia.

Table 1

Average annual GDP growth rates (in the numerator) and IED consumption (in the denominator) by major regions of the world, %%

Sources: 1. “International Energy Outlook 2009”, (US, Wash., DOE/EIA, May 2009).

2.World Energy Outlook”. (France. Paris, IEA, November 2008).

3. Energy strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030.

In OECD countries in 1990-2005. both the economy and energy consumption continued to grow more moderately. However, the economic and financial crisis that engulfed the world in 2008-2010. PER had a particularly heavy impact on the economy and consumption of OECD countries. Under the influence of the economic and financial crisis, the growth rate of the economy in this group of countries in the period 2006-20010. fell by more than 2.2 times, and the rate of consumption of PER by 12 times.

In developing countries in 1990-2005. both the economy and the consumption of PER remained high. The high rates of economic growth and PER consumption in developing countries are primarily associated with primary industrialization and the development of basic industries (including mining), the introduction of energy-intensive technologies, and the creation of modern infrastructure. Particularly high rates of economic growth and PER consumption during this period are typical for the countries of Southeast Asia, where the economic growth rate was 6.15% per year and the growth rate of PER consumption was 5.05%.

Economic and financial crisis 2008-2010 had a smaller impact on economic growth and consumption in developing countries. The economic growth rates of these countries in 2006-2010. amounted to 5.10% compared to 3.75% per year in previous years, and the rate of consumption of PER, on the contrary, increased from 2.30% to 2.80% per year.

In countries with economies in transition in 1990-2005. there was a deep economic recession, accompanied by a sharp reduction in the consumption of PER.

Particularly high rates of economic decline of -0.6% per year occurred in Russia with a drop in the rate of consumption of PER by -1.6% per year. In the period 2006-2010. despite the economic and financial crisis in Russia, the growth rate of the economy amounted to 4.9% per year. This indicator is associated with the country's exit from the deep recession of the economy in previous years, as well as established in 1999-2008. high world oil prices.

Taking into account the main factors affecting the consumption of primary energy resources, as well as taking into account a slight decrease in demand for PER due to the financial and economic crisis of 2008-2010, Table 4 shows forecast estimates of PER consumption for the average variant of GDP growth rates for 2006-2030 by major regions, as well as the world as a whole.

Table 4

Dynamics of consumption of PER in the main regions of the world for 2006-2030. (million t.o.e.)

The basis of the world energy industry is made up of 3 branches of the fuel industry.

Consumption liquid types fuel in the world for the forecast period

will grow from 4255 million tons in 2006 to about 5335 million tons by 2030, or an increase of about 1080 million tons (Table 8). More than 80% of the growth in liquids consumption is in developing countries in Asia and the Middle East, where higher economic growth rates are expected. The main consumer of liquid hydrocarbons is the transport sector, where up to 80% of the increased volume of these products will be directed.

Table 8

Dynamics of domestic consumption and production of liquid fuels in the world in 2010-2030. (million tons) Oil industry

At the present stage, it is the leading branch of the global fuel and energy industry.

If we take individual regions and countries, then the largest growth in the consumption of liquid hydrocarbons over the forecast period in the amount of 620 million tons is expected in the developing countries of Asia, including an increase of 340 million tons in China, and 100 million tons in India. In terms of increasing consumption of liquid hydrocarbons, China ranks first in the world. In China, more than two-thirds of the increase in consumption will be spent on transport, the share of consumption of which will increase from 40% in 2010 to 40% in 2010. to about 55% by 2030. Industry is another major consumer of oil. The share of oil consumption in industry, as the share of its consumption in transport grows, will fall from 48% in 2010 to 48% in 2010. up to about 39%. China is the world's leading country in the use of oil in the chemical and petrochemical industries.

The share of consumption of liquid fuels in the electric power industry, although it will decrease from 2.8% to about 1.6% by 2030, but the preservation of its consumption in this sector is due to the fact that to some extent reduce the dependence of its economy on excessive consumption of coal. Similarly, there will be some reduction in the share of liquid fuel consumption in the residential and commercial sectors.

After China, the second place in terms of increasing oil consumption is occupied by the countries of the Middle East, where the volume of its consumption in 2010-2030. Geographical distribution of oil reserves: will increase by almost 120 million tons. Among the countries of the Middle East, the largest volumes of oil consumption by 2030. expected in Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey. In Turkey, oil consumption will grow at a faster pace in industry and will approach the level of oil consumption in transport. In the rest of the Middle East, oil consumption will grow at a faster pace in transport. A significant increase in oil consumption is expected in the residential and commercial sectors. In Saudi Arabia, in connection with the adopted plans for the further development of the chemical and petrochemical industry, a significant increase in consumption in these industries is expected.

Oil consumption in Central and South America in the period 2010-2030 will increase by about 60 million tons. Of this volume, approximately half of the increase in oil consumption will come from Brazil. Next come Argentina and Venezuela. Argentina's large agro-industrial sector will consume most of the oil products. In Venezuela, more than 60% of the oil consumed will be spent on transport.

In African countries, with a slight increase in the consumption of liquid fuels over the forecast period, the share of its consumption in transport will increase from 52% to about 55% by 2030.

In Argentina and Colombia, oil production is expected to decline from 35 to 15 million tons and from 25 to 20 million tons, respectively. In Africa, oil production is expected to increase over the period 2010-2030. from 580 million tons to approximately 680 million tons. The main increase in oil production is expected in three countries: in Algeria - by 30 million tons (from 110 to 140 million tons), Angola - by 20 million tons (from 115 to 135 million tons) and in Nigeria - by 10 million tons (from 155 to 165 million tons). In Libya, oil production is expected to decline from 95 million tons to about 75 million tons. In other oil-producing African countries (Egypt, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, etc.), no significant changes in oil production are expected over the forecast period.

In the developing countries of Asia for the forecast period 2010-2030. Liquid fuel production is expected to rise slightly from 395 Mt to around 420 Mt (an increase of only 25 Mt). With the growth of oil production in India and maintaining the volume of oil production unchanged in other countries of the region, China is expected to reduce the total production of liquid fuels from 205 million tons in 2010 to 205 million tons in 2010. to about 180 million tons in 2030 (drop by almost 45 million tons). However, the production of non-traditional liquid fuels in this country will increase from 5 mln. to about 25 million tons by 2030 or an increase of almost five times. In the CIS countries, oil production over the forecast period may increase from 630 million tons to about 840 million tons, or an increase of about 210 million tons. In this forecast, oil production in Russia, i.e. production growth from 500 million tons in 2010 up to 530 million tons by 2030 corresponds to the indicators given in the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030. However, with the established trend of falling oil production in the country since 2006. oil production in 2008 decreased to 488 million tons. The trend of oil production decline is connected, first of all, with the fall of recoverable oil reserves in the country.

The share of developing countries in these reserves is 86%. The largest oil regions are the Persian Gulf region, Russia. In total, oil is produced in 80 countries. The largest producing countries are Saudi Arabia, USA, Russia, Iran, Mexico, China, Venezuela. Developing countries as a whole account for more than 50% of oil production. Up to 40% of all oil produced goes into international trade.

In the world economy, a huge territorial gap has formed between the regions of oil production and consumption. To overcome it, powerful traffic flows arose.

Gas industry

Table 12.1.

Dynamics of domestic consumption and production of natural gas in the world in 2006-2030 (billion m3)

Developed in the second half of the 20th century. In the structure of world fuel consumption, gas ranks 3rd after oil and coal - 20%. Gas is the most environmentally friendly energy resource.

In terms of explored reserves of natural gas (their volume is growing all the time), the CIS and South-West Asia are especially distinguished, from individual countries - Russia and Iran.

The "top ten" gas-producing countries of the world include Russia, the USA, Canada, Turkmenistan, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, Algeria, and Saudi Arabia. About 15% of the produced gas is exported, the main exporters are the CIS countries, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Algeria, and Indonesia.

The main flows of gas exports are directed to the countries of Western Europe, Japan, and the USA.

coal industry

Despite the decline in the share of coal in energy consumption, the coal industry continues to be one of the leading sectors of the global energy industry. Compared to the oil industry, it is better resourced.

World coal reserves are 1.2 trillion. t. Approximately 66 ° / o of them are in economically developed countries, primarily in the USA, CIS countries, Great Britain, Germany, Australia.

Among the regions in coal mining, Asia is the leader, Western Europe, North America and CIS countries. The leading countries are China, USA, Russia, Poland, India, Australia, Germany, South Africa, Ukraine, Kazakhstan (together they provide 3/4 of coal production).

In contrast to oil and gas, a small part of the mined coal, 8%, is exported.

The main exporters are the USA, CIS, Australia. The main importers are Japan, the Republic of Korea, Italy, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Germany, Brazil.

Growth in coal production since 2006 to 2030 in China, the United States and India could be 1570.0, 115.0 and 65.0 million tce, respectively, which implies that the greater volume of coal consumption in these countries will be met by domestic production in these countries. significant growth in coal production will also occur in Australia. New Zealand and other developing countries in Asia.

The growth in coal production in Australia and New Zealand will be approximately 160.0 million tce. and will be mainly exported from Australia. will be used for domestic consumption and for export. Growth in small volumes of coal production over the forecast period is expected in Russia, in African countries and in Central and South America, respectively, by approximately 55.0, 65.0 and 80.0 million tce.

Prospects for the world trade in coal. At the end of 2008 As a result of the global economic and financial crisis that swept the world, the volume of imports fell sharply. As a result of oversupply in coal-exporting countries, there has been a decline in coal production. Despite the uncertain timing of the recovery from the global economic crisis, a significant increase in international coal trade is expected in the long term.

It is expected that during the forecast period, coal imports may increase from 741.72 mln. to about 990.0 million tce by 2030 This growth in global coal trade is in line with projected growth in coal consumption, especially in developing Asia.