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Often, when planning an interior, we forget about important details, we chase momentary trends, or we don’t think about the fact that in the process of settling in a room, it can collapse. Nice picture, which was originally in the head. At the same time, the color scheme and the interior as a whole have a significant impact on the mood and well-being of a person. Since we rest and recuperate at home, we want everything to be perfect there.

1. Lack of outlets in the right places

When planning space, we do not always think about the location of outlets. Nevertheless, a lot depends on this part of the interior, imperceptible at first glance. For example, if you decide to put a lamp or TV too far from the nearest outlet, then ugly extension cords will appear in your room and extra wires will be pulled. Not only is it not aesthetically pleasing, but it is also unsafe: you can easily trip over them.

What to do: determine in advance the number of required outlets, depending on the type of room. If for some reason this is not possible, then place double sockets in the corners of the room and consider where you plan to put the furniture. It makes sense to start calculating the number of outlets after developing the interior. In addition, think about it, maybe it’s better to completely abandon some kind of decorative floor lamp than to get extra wires.

2. Cheap dishes

Simple cheap dishes spoil not only a stylish and thoughtful interior, but also the mood. For some reason, many do not use beautiful dishes every day, but store them for a special occasion. Remember the ceremonial crystal in the sideboard or the tea service that was taken out only on holidays? The days of scarcity are long gone, do not skimp on glasses and plates.

What to do: get rid of ugly dishes, buy a good set of plates, cups and glasses and use them every day. After all, it is much more pleasant to drink morning coffee from an elegant porcelain cup than from a cheap mug bought in the nearest supermarket.

3. Different-sized flower pots

Flower pots are an important element of decor, which is often unfairly forgotten. Incorrectly selected or mismatched pots can seriously spoil the interior. This is especially true for inexpensive plastic products. However, we are not talking about the fact that all flower pots are the same. It is important that they harmoniously combine with each other and fit into the interior.

6. Extra surfaces

The fact that in a properly thought-out interior there should be enough space for storing a variety of things is true. However, it is important not to overdo it with the number of bookshelves, niches, coffee tables and other surfaces. They collect excess dust and contribute to clutter because they attract unnecessary unnecessary things.

What to do: estimate in advance how many items you have that need to be placed on shelves and bedside tables, and plan open surfaces based on this. You can even draw a plan where what thing will be placed. At the same time, do not forget about important interior decisions, for example, think about where you will store shoes.

7. Wrong lighting

We live in a three-dimensional space, so just one type of lighting is not enough for us in an apartment. Designers distinguish four tiers of lighting. The top one is ceiling chandeliers and recessed lights. The first middle one is sconces, floor lamps and all kinds of wall lamps. The second middle one is lamps on tables, chests of drawers and bedside tables. The lower tier consists of lamps built into the floor and skirting boards. If you provide tiered lighting, this will emphasize the volume of space and make it more comfortable.

What to do: consider different lighting options. For a family dinner and a party, you need one light, for working at home or reading - a completely different one. Don't forget about lighting with different functions: a floor lamp by the chair for reading, a lamp on the desk for work, nightlights and sconces for a romantic setting, and accent lighting to highlight interior details.

8. Too bright and varied textiles

Flashy colors in the design of the room may be quite appropriate, but in combination with bright textiles, the overall picture can turn out to be clumsy and tasteless. Therefore, it is important to select textiles in the style of the interior. If your bedroom is seasoned pastel colors, do not buy bed linen with leopard print. If you have chosen a discreet style of the living room, then you should not dilute the interior with colorful decorative pillows and too bright curtains.

What to do: it is advisable to choose neutral textiles for the bedroom and bathroom, which could fit into any interior. However, if you like bright bedding, then you can sew or buy a long bedspread and completely cover the bed with it. The main rule that should be adopted: the textiles in the house can be contrasting, but it is important that it does not get out of the general concept.

9. Ethnic interior

Approximately in the middle of the 2000s, a completely ethnic interior came into fashion: Japanese, Arabic, Indian, Scandinavian. Usually in the picture and within the framework of the design project, such an interior looks stylish and beautiful, however, it is not quite suitable for life. Japanese style is too minimalistic, Arabic and Indian are too pretentious and impractical, and Scandinavian is rather boring.

What to do: disband ethnic style, leaving separate elements. For example, carpets with unusual ornaments, Arabic mosaic lamps and figurines made of stone and wood will be appropriate in eco-style living rooms. Perhaps modern eco-style is the most harmonious way to combine eco-friendly materials, ethnic products and classic furniture in one room.

10. Contrast problem

Playing sports is wonderful. True, it is worth sensibly assessing the possibilities of your own apartment: is it possible to allow a bulky exercise bike or treadmill to steal meters that are valuable to you? In addition, exercise equipment often becomes a clothes hanger and does not decorate the interior at all. It may be better to leave smaller items for homework: dumbbells, weights, a stretching mat and a fitball.

What to do: if you really regularly use simulators, equip a special sports corner. It can be protected with a screen or even organized on a loggia. If you remember about home workouts no more than once a month, it is better to sell equipment and buy a subscription to a fitness club where classes will be held regularly.

12. Ill-conceived pet accessories

Pet accessories include not only bulky houses and beds, but also bowls with trays. Most owners do not worry much about the appearance of these things, buying the first items that come across in a pet store. As a result, plastic bowls of bright colors turn out to be in an elaborate kitchen, and a scratching post spoils the interior of the living room.

What to do: spend more time looking for the right pet accessories. You can also make furniture for pets to order. Perhaps it will cost you more, but you will enjoy the interior thought out to the smallest detail. One more moment - cat tray. Usually it is located in the bathroom or toilet, that is, the door is constantly open, which, you see, is not very aesthetically pleasing. To avoid this, you can install a special door in the bathroom with a small hole for the cat: this is convenient and practical.

Prefabricated bases perform the same role in floors as mortar or asphalt concrete screeds, that is, they serve as a solid base for pavement. Prefabricated bases allow you to create slopes, form even and smooth surfaces, have good performance heat and sound insulation. Prefabricated screeds are mainly used in dry and heated premises of residential and public buildings(institutions, offices, educational establishments). The exclusion of "wet" processes allows you to work at low temperatures, quickly produce structures and immediately lay coatings. Prefabricated bases have their own characteristics: heating of such floors is usually not provided; dry screeds do not have high strength; moisture resistance of most materials is small or moderate; for these reasons, they do not make monolithic floors; among the materials used there are combustible.

Photo 2

Prefabricated base materials that form a solid surface are boards and sheet materials. Boardwalks are used for wooden floors or laminated panels, this requires edged and unedged boards. Sheet materials are divided into gypsum, cement, wood, combined. Gypsum sheets include gypsum-fiber sheets (GVL), which are easy to attach and can be sanded, drywall sheets they are not suitable for prefabricated screeds, they have a surface cardboard layer, which gives strength to the material and can be broken during grinding or operation. GVL are conventional and moisture resistant (for screeds in wet areas). The GVL size is usually: length 2.5 m, width 1.2 m, thickness 10 or 12.5 mm, special floor sheets are produced with dimensions of 1.2 m in length, 0.6 m in width and 20 mm thick. Gypsum moisture resistant sheets are suitable for most surfaces: wood, laminate, ceramic tiles, linoleum, carpets. There are three main types of cement sheets: cement-fiber (asbestos-cement and fiber-cement), cement-bonded and cement, reinforced with fiberglass mesh. Cement fiber sheets are reinforced throughout, while the mesh is glued only to the outer surfaces. Reinforcing fibers in composition are made from asbestos, alkali-resistant glass or polymers (for example, polypropylene). The dimensions of the sheets vary considerably, as a rule, the length is from 1 to 3 m, the width is from 0.9 to 1.5 m, and the thickness is 6-10 mm. Cement boards are suitable for cold and damp rooms (unheated attics and cellars, showers, swimming pools), they can be used outdoors (terraces, balconies), the boards serve as a base for cement screeds or mortar coatings (ceramic tiles, a natural stone). Wooden sheet materials consist of veneer or waste wood pressed or glued together with synthetic adhesives, this includes particle boards and fibreboards, as well as plywood. Plywood, usually in the form of a square with a side of 1525 mm and a thickness of 4 to 24 mm, can be sanded and unsanded, with a front layer of veneer of different grades. For screeds, you can use low-grade plywood, as it is hidden by the floor covering. Chipboards are divided into two types - chipboard (chipboard) and oriented chipboard (OSB), the latter has good moisture resistance, OSB sheet size is 2440x1220 mm, 8-22 mm thick; Chipboard 2750x1830, thickness 16-22 mm. Ordinary fiberboards can only be used in dry rooms, water is very dangerous for them, moisture-resistant material comes to us from abroad. Depending on the density, medium-density (MDF) and high-density (HDF) boards are distinguished, the names of which came from abroad, on our market there are also solid boards (DVP-T) produced by the Russian industry. DVP-T boards have a size of 2650x1220 mm and a thickness of 3.2 mm, MDF boards are 2440-3050 mm long, 1220-2070 mm wide and 2.5-30 mm thick. All wood-based materials are used indoors or outdoors under the protection of awnings (only moisture-resistant plywood and OSB), since regular wetting spoils even the most moisture-resistant sheets. Mortar screeds and coatings with a layer of mortars (ceramic tiles, natural stone) cannot be laid on sheets of wood. Composite materials are finished products consisting of a heat-insulating layer and a coating of sheet materials, for example, gypsum boards with a glued layer of mineral fiber or expanded polystyrene boards.

Photo 3

Prefabricated bases are made on the ground, ceilings, beams and other screeds. Weak, swelling, bulk and subsidence soils are removed or strengthened. The soil is compacted using loose materials (crushed stone, sand) and concrete preparation is made, which is the underlying layer. A waterproofing film, polymer membranes or bituminous deposited materials are laid on the concrete preparation. The heat-insulating layer can be made of bulk materials (expanded clay, perlite, foam glass) or slab (polystyrene foam, mineral fiber or fiberglass plates). The second preparation method is the installation of brick or concrete columns on the ground, waterproofing and vibration-insulating pads are placed on the column, and logs (edge ​​boards treated with fire protection) are placed on top.

Photo 4

Only thermal insulation is done on the ceilings, waterproofing is necessary in wet rooms, as well as for the purpose of vapor barrier hardwood floors or over cold basements. Adjustable logs can be installed on the ceiling, which are leveled with screws or ordinary logs with spacers and adding heat and sound insulation. The preparation of the beams is the simplest, logs are laid on them for alignment or they simply put gaskets (hydro and sound insulating), thermal insulation is laid in the gaps between the beams. Mortar and asphalt screeds can serve as the basis for dry screeds, in which case the preparation is the same as for floors.

Photo 5. Prefabricated base from combined panels.

All work on the installation of prefabricated screeds is carried out in dry rooms at a temperature not lower than +8 ºС, outdoor work (cement slabs) is carried out in the absence of precipitation and relative humidity of not more than 60%. Loose thermal insulation should ensure alignment, it is applied with a layer of at least 20 mm, in order to achieve high-quality sound insulation, the layer thickness is increased. The insulation value is calculated for each material (expanded clay, perlite, foam glass, slag pumice, etc.), an acceptable result is obtained with a layer thickness of 40-50 mm. The maximum thickness of the leveling backfill can be 100-150 mm. Bulk materials are leveled by the rule to the level set using the level.

Photo 6. Mineral fiber expansion joint.

Plate and roll insulation is laid dry in the intervals between communications (if any). It is necessary to eliminate the gaps between the insulation and pipes, for this they are wrapped with heat-insulating pipes, fiberglass mats or covered with perlite sand. Gaps can cause deflection of the bases, especially if the coating is thin (linoleum, carpet) and there will be constant pressure on these areas (from the legs of furniture or equipment). The insulation is laid in one or more layers, depending on the estimated thickness.

Photo 7. Thermal insulation attic floor on waterproofing film. The joints of the waterproofing are glued with tape.

Sheets can be laid in a single layer and fastened to logs, mortar screeds, asphalt concrete, boardwalks or beams. Before fixing the sheets on the logs, they calculate required thickness material and step between lags, as thin-layer sheets may not withstand loads. Throughout the junction of the prefabricated base with walls, columns, foundations for equipment, an edge tape made of elastic material (polyethylene foam, expanded polystyrene, mineral wool) is installed, which is a compensating seam. The material is pre-cut to size (with construction knives, angle grinders, circular saws, etc.) so that a tight joint is formed. Sheets to wood (logs, beams and boardwalks) are fixed on self-tapping screws, to metal (beams) - on self-tapping screws or bolts, to screeds - on an adhesive layer and dowels with screws. The joints between the sheets are sealed with putty.

Photo 8. Leveling loose insulation with a rail.

In two layers, the sheets are fixed when laying on the heat-insulating layer, this allows you to create a strong and even flooring. The first layer is laid dry without gaps, then glue is applied to the sheets and new sheets are fixed on top in such a way that the joints overlap, that is, with dressing of the seams, it is impossible to achieve strength without this. Between themselves, the sheets are fastened with self-tapping screws, the joints of the upper layer are puttied.

Photo 9. Backfilling with perlite sand of communications between rigid plates of polystyrene foam insulation

Combined panels, which combine the coating and the heat-insulating layer, are much easier to install, dry backfill is placed on it to level the base, then the panels are cut to size and fit butt-to-butt (they are prefabricated with a shift of the coating layers to ensure a snug fit), they are immediately fixed with screws, the joint is cleaned and puttied.

Photo 10. Joint of combined panels.

The finished prefabricated base may require additional grinding at the joints or on the surface, if a thin layer coating (linoleum) is to be applied, grinders are used for this. Prefabricated screeds from cement sheets can be used as intermediate if necessary to make a screed from mortars, for example, floors on the ground on posts, on beams or boardwalks.

• December 24th, 2015 03:12 pm

The technology for arranging mortar screeds differs from each other, let's start studying with concrete ones. Processes concrete screed resemble a simplified device of monolithic concrete floors (article - ). Work begins with the preparation of a concrete mixture, in small volumes (up to 4-5 m 3) or with low demand (up to 1500 m 3 per month) it is done right on the construction site from components (cement, aggregates, additives) using concrete mixing plants of different capacities (0.5-20 m 3 per hour), for large objects, a one-time volume of more than 5 m 3 or the need to obtain a well-dosed mixture with a small total volume (20-100 m 3) - it is produced at a concrete plant (in the form of a dry mix for remote construction sites or special needs, or in the form of ready-mixed concrete). Dry concrete mixes necessarily contain a fraction of coarse aggregate, ranging in size from 5 to 20 mm. They are packaged in bags and sent by conventional trucks to the construction site, where they are used to repair concrete structures, seal joints, they are rarely used as a screed mortar. Ready-mixed concrete is transported in mixer trucks (rarely in other vehicles, such as dump trucks), this provides sufficient protection from the sun and precipitation, ensures high-quality mixing and no leaks. If the transportation distance is long, then a dry mix can be loaded into the mixer truck, and mixing water can be added at the facility. The finished mixture brought to the facility is fed directly into the structure or reloaded into containers - tubs, bunkers. The concrete mixture can be fed directly from the transport using chutes or feeders, including those equipped with vibrators, so that the mixture comes out quickly and without sticking. Unloading can be performed into the tank of a concrete pump, which immediately starts pumping the mixture into the structure, as well as onto specially equipped conveyors. For temporary storage and subsequent movement, the mixture is fed into buckets and bunkers, which can be moved by cranes (to upper floors or remote places), or the contents can be pumped out of them by concrete pumps.

Photo 2. Laying the concrete mix on the floor using a concrete pump truck.

Dry cement-sand and gypsum mixtures of all kinds are delivered from the factory directly to the warehouse of the facility. For extremely small volumes of work (up to 0.5 m 3), the mixtures are mixed with water and mixed with a hand-held electric tool, the solution is supplied from mixing containers (buckets, cans, bunkers) manually. Volumes of 0.5-3 m 3 per hour are mixed using stationary mortar mixers, work is done nearby, so the finished solution is thrown with shovels or transported in wheelbarrows. Volumes of more than 3 m 3 per hour require additional mechanization of labor, bunkers are placed next to the mixers, from which the mortar pumps the finished mixture is pumped through pipes into the structure. For maximum efficiency, specialized mortar stations are installed into which the dry mixture is poured and water is poured.

Photo 3. Supply of concrete mix by wheelbarrows.

Before laying concrete and cement-sand (thickness from 25 mm) screeds, preparatory work which include formwork, expansion joints and reinforcement. Formwork (wooden, metal) is installed with large areas of screeds, differences in levels, for these purposes the surface is divided into “cards”, which have a rectangular (square) shape, the dimensions of the “cards” are set by the project, they are usually placed so that they coincide with expansion joints. Seams are divided into three types: insulating, shrinkage, structural. Insulating ones are arranged along the entire line of contact of the screed with walls, columns, depressions, protruding foundations, for this they arrange a gasket made of heat-insulating elastic material (mineral fiber boards, polystyrene foam, polyethylene foam). Shrinkage seams are combined, as a rule, with the borders of the "cards", they are necessary to obtain shrinkage cracks in the right place. Structural joints are special joints that are located in a building or structure to compensate for thermal expansion, and can also be installed at places where concreting is interrupted. In the formwork, the marks, dimensions, verticality, absence of cracks are checked, the reinforcement is examined for the quality of the assembly of the frame or the laying of the grids, the reliability of fastening, the compliance of the sections and location with the design values. Metal fittings must be clean and free from flaking rust.

Photo 4. An insulating seam of polyethylene foam along the wall.

Thin-layer cement-sand screeds (0.5-25 mm thick) poured indoors may not require formwork or reinforcement, however, it is necessary to make insulating joints and provide structural joints. For gypsum screeds, reinforcement is usually not required, since the gypsum stone increases in volume, compensating for shrinkage, otherwise the preparation is similar.

Photo 5. Formwork and reinforcement with steel mesh when installing screeds for small structures (platforms, foundations for equipment, etc.).

All "thick", that is, requiring forced alignment, mixtures for screeds are laid on "beacons". "Beacons" make mortar or inventory (wooden, metal), these are individual columns or strips of mortar, metal rack profiles or wooden bars and boards (edged or planed). With the help of a level, a horizontal mark of the top of the screed is determined, under which a mortar or an inventory “beacon” is knocked out, points and stripes are placed all over so that the finished mixture can be leveled with a rail or a rule.

Photo 6. Inventory metal beacons mounted on mortar strips. Reinforcement with steel mesh.

Self-leveling mixtures for screeds (these are cement-sand or gypsum mixtures, usually thin-layer, up to 25 mm thick) do not need to install "beacons" (portable adjustable "beacons" are installed for the convenience of level control), they spread over the floor on their own and require simple smoothing .

Photo 7. Pouring a self-leveling mixture onto the floors using a mortar pump. Portable "beacons" are installed on the floor.

The concrete mixture for screeds is placed in ready-made “cards” or simply in the room with a layer 1-2 cm above the design height, as a rule, the mixture is upset and leveled, for this purpose it is better to use a vibrating screed, which speeds up the lowering and removes excess air from the concrete that got during mixing and transportation. Freshly laid concrete is not processed if the installation of asphalt concrete or monolithic cement floors is expected in the future. Concrete processing for other coatings consists in smoothing the surface with trowels or hand tools (trowels, trowels, trowels), so you can get a fairly even and smooth screed surface on which you can arrange a coating (ceramic tiles, plank floors on logs). For demanding coatings (monolithic polymer floors), the concrete screed is ground with disc or drum grinders.

Photo 8. Leveling the concrete mix with a vibrating screed.

Cement-sand and gypsum mixtures that require leveling are laid in the same way as concrete ones, for leveling in small areas they use the rule, in large areas - with a vibrating screed. These screeds form smoother surfaces even without grout, since there is no large aggregate in them, and plasticizers are included in the composition. If the difference in the resulting surface is too large for the installation of particularly capricious coatings (linoleum, polymer-based monolithic floors, glued board floors), then the surface is ground with large and small grinders (as for concrete).

Photo 9. Grinding the screed with a disc grinder.

Self-levelling compounds are simply poured onto the surface until the desired design level is reached, the surface is smoothed by hand, the leveled mortar is rolled with needle rollers, which remove excess entrained air. After hardening, such a screed does not require any processing and is ready for the installation of any, even the most demanding to the base, coatings.

• December 23rd, 2015 01:31 am

In previous articles, an overview of screeds from the point of view of chemistry and physics of properties is given, the main components are described. Links are provided here:

Screeds are a floor element that serves as a rigid base for coatings. Mortar screeds create durable, monolithic surfaces. The main advantages are: weather, moisture and frost resistance (except for gypsum); the ability to obtain a coating of almost perfect smoothness (self-leveling screeds); very high strength (concrete screeds); any layer thickness (from 0.5 mm for self-levelling to 200 mm or more for concrete); fire safety. The disadvantages of mortar screeds are: long curing (except for gypsum); labor intensity and the need for mechanization (mortar mixers, mortar pumps), high weight (even for lightweight concrete and gypsum mortars); dustiness; low heat and noise insulation (gypsum and lightweight concrete screeds are slightly better); require care and proper application (dosage of water and additives when mixing the mixture, vibration during laying, moisturizing during hardening). Screeds should not be left uncoated, since the solutions used for them are not sufficiently wear-resistant, therefore, work on the coating device is carried out as soon as technologically possible.

Photo 2. Components of the floor in front of the screed device: waterproofing (blue membrane), cables and pipelines, thermal insulation (white sheets of polystyrene foam), heat-reflecting waterproofing film (foil polyethylene with a mesh pattern).

Screeds from solutions by composition are concrete, cement-sand and gypsum. The binders are cement, gypsum and, in part, additives (polymers, active mineral additives), which envelop the remaining components of the solution (aggregates, a number of additives), as well as reinforcement (if present) and “glue” artificial stone from them.

Concrete screed is a mixture of cements, coarse and fine aggregates, as well as additives. Concrete screeds - thick-layer, from 15 mm to almost unlimited thickness, the most durable and strong, can be reinforced. They are made on site from selected materials (eg cement, sand, gravel) or delivered ready-made from factories. Best suited for floors on the ground, engineering structures(reservoirs, roads).

Photo 3. The arrangement of the underlying sandy layer.

Cement-sand screed consists of cement, fine aggregate (usually sand, less often limestone or other rocks natural stone) and additives. This is the most versatile screed, can have a thickness of 0.5 to 100 mm, moderately strong and durable, it can be reinforced. Usually made from pre-mixed dry mixes on site, much less often handcrafted or shipped from the factory. It is used for laying on prefabricated reinforced concrete floors or decks (made of steel or cement sheets).

Photo 4. Construction of an underlying layer of sand and gravel.

Gypsum screed contains gypsum or gypsum cement binder, fine aggregates and additives. Pure gypsum is not waterproof and needs the addition of water repellents (additives that increase water resistance). These screeds do not crack (gypsum has the ability to expand in volume), so gypsum mortars can be laid with large differences without the risk of stone destruction. The layer thickness can be from 5 to 100 mm, reinforcement is not required. The disadvantage of gypsum stone is its low strength, the solutions harden very quickly. The labor intensity of the work is high, the material is supplied only in the form of dry mixes, which are prepared on site and must be quickly put into action, the mechanization of the process is difficult (the viability period of a gypsum mortar is short compared to cement mortar). A gypsum screed is laid like a cement screed, on ceilings and floorings.

Photo 5. Waterproofing device from a rolled polyethylene membrane.

Before the installation of a concrete screed, weak, bulk, subsidence and swelling soils are removed, if they are of considerable thickness, then compaction may be a more effective solution. Crushed stone is sunk into the ground or a sand cushion is made, this is the underlying layer of the floors (more about the layers here: ). The underlying layer is compacted, a flexible and elastic waterproofing is laid on it (polyethylene or polypropylene films, polymer membranes that are sewn into panels with hot air or glued with butyl tape sealants), a layer of insulation is placed on top (sometimes loose, but more often sheet - extruded polystyrene foam, mineral wool boards ), the thickness of the heat insulator is set by calculation.

Photo 6. Laying thermal insulation on the floors. The slabs are cut to size and placed in the gaps between the communications, around the pipes are backfilled with perlite sand.

Preparation of floors includes felling of concrete sagging, cutting off protruding reinforcement, cleaning from dust, grease and bitumen. Cracks are expanded (deepened and expanded) and sealed with repair mixtures. Waterproofing and heat and sound insulation are not obligatory layers with this type of training. Water protection is arranged on a cleaned and leveled surface (articles on materials and construction processes here: And ), if the differences are large, then they are poured with a solution, after the insulation device, a heater is placed on top.

Photo 7. Reinforcement of the screed with steel mesh.

Reinforcement is used in the construction of concrete and cement-sand screeds. It can be a spatial reinforcement cage or just a steel mesh, it all depends on the nature of the loads and is calculated by engineers during the design. Galvanized grids and fittings of large sections are best used for floors exposed to moisture or containing aggressive liquids (chlorides, acids, alkalis), ordinary steel will fit in dry rooms. The role of reinforcement in screed solutions can be transferred to fibers (most often polymeric, for example, polypropylene, nylon), which are classified as inert mineral additives and are poured into a dry mix or concrete mixer truck. Note that the fibers do not save the screed from cracking if the solution is used incorrectly (violation of the layer thickness, mixing water volume, absence of expansion joints, insufficient moisture, etc.), and their use is especially beneficial for increasing the impact strength of the screeds (for example, in areas industrial enterprises).

Photo 8. Heated floors (heating pipes on reflective insulation). State of readiness before pouring mortar screed.

Communications can be located in the floors: pipelines for water supply, sewerage, heating, power supply. Heated screed designs use electric heating cables or pipes made of plastic (rarely copper). Cables and pipes are fixed in three main ways: to a reinforcing mesh, to a profiled tape or to plastic embossed sheets. Fastening to the mesh is combined with reinforcement, profiled tape is used in thin-layer screeds, sheets speed up the installation of pipelines, while the screed is reinforced as needed.

• December 19th, 2015 01:45 am

Floors with synthetic-based coatings are often called "bulk", which reflects only their ability to spread well, which, in truth, is inherent in any solution, you just need to add the necessary components (plasticizers). In the previous article, examples of polymer-cement bulk mixtures were even given. The scope of both types of coatings is public (sports purposes, shopping centers, airports, shops) and industrial (warehouses, workshops, car washes) buildings. Such coatings are extremely rare in residential buildings, usually as part of specific projects (" concrete house”, designer kitchens, etc.). Synthetic-based floors are thin-layered, durable, wear-resistant, fast-drying, water- and chemical-resistant, non-slip and do not emit dust. There were some drawbacks here, such floors are expensive, very demanding on the bases (evenness, cleanliness, temperature, humidity), contain volatile organic solvents.

Photo 2. Epoxy-based monolithic floors with a decorative additive (chips).

In synthetic-based monolithic floors, the binder is epoxy, polyurethane or methyl methacrylic resins; stone chips, chips, flocks are used to create decorative floors. Additionally, the composition includes solvents, pigments (dyes), plasticizers. In addition to the coating itself, the system of "bulk" floors includes auxiliary materials: primers, fillers, varnishes. All compositions must have the same binder, it is impossible to mix materials from different manufacturers and with different binders, the floors will be damaged (delaminations, cracks, stains, stains, etc. will occur). The thickness of the finished floor layer is from 2 to 7 mm, the thicker the upper decorative and protective coating, the longer the floors will last (usually 30-60 years). Finished self-leveling floors are highly resistant to sunlight, fats, water, alkalis.

Photo 3. Polyurethane-based monolithic floors.

Bulk synthetic floors are suitable only for concrete and cement-sand screed, use on other grounds is undesirable, even if the manufacturer indicates such possibilities. Old cement (concrete) bases must have sufficient strength, not have delaminations and not crumble. The exfoliated screed is removed, the place is refilled, the existing cracks are filled with cement-polymer repair mixtures. A heavily contaminated or loose layer is milled and ground; old coatings are dismantled, layers (glue) of small thickness are polished. After grinding, the cement base is dedusted with a vacuum cleaner.

Photo 4. Drawing of monolithic floors on an epoxy basis.

New bases must be dry and clean, concrete or screed must gain strength. Dirt and dust are carefully removed, otherwise it will break the adhesion and the floors will crack. The base is ground with disc grinders, the differences on the surface should not exceed 2 mm on a two-meter rail. After processing, dust removal is done, if poorly cleaned areas are found, then grinding is repeated.

Photo 5. Seal cracks in a concrete base.

The prepared base is primed over the entire area using rollers or pneumatic sprayers, it must be primed carefully, if necessary, it is repeated after interlayer drying. Such a requirement is caused by the obligatory overlapping of concrete pores so that subsequent layers adhere over the entire surface area, errors in this work lead to a quick failure of the floors (cracks, delaminations). Well-primed concrete becomes evenly shiny. All work with self-leveling floor materials is carried out in clean safety shoes (needle shoes). If irregularities are observed on the surface, then they are puttied with stainless steel facade spatulas with a flat and smooth blade. As soon as the putty dries, you can proceed to the device of the intermediate layer (this layer may be absent), for which a primer is applied to the surface and covered with a thin layer of sand. Again, you need to wait until the layer dries, after about 12 hours, the excess sand is brushed off and the first layer of decorative and protective composition is applied so that it covers all the sand. In work, they take a break for 1-2 days, the pouring zones are determined, the places of expansion joints must be preserved on the future coating. The decorative and protective composition is mixed with a hardener and poured onto the base, leveling is done using a doctor blade (trowel) or a notched trowel. After spontaneous smoothing of the surface (after about 10 minutes), the layer is carefully rolled with a spiked roller to eliminate entrained air from the spilled solution. Now it's time to draw decorative elements(if they are provided), they are scattered evenly over the surface of the still liquid layer.

Photo 6. Leveling the polyurethane solution of self-leveling floors.

After 2-3 days after the installation of the coating, the turn of the final treatment comes, the surface is applied in 2 layers of varnish with the same binder as other elements of the self-leveling floor. Lacquer application is not necessary, but it can be used to change the gloss of the floor and protect decorative sprinkles (chips, flocks).

Photo 7. Attaching a decorative strip to the floor when making a monolithic floor pattern.

The implementation of monolithic mosaic floors (pictured in the title of the entry) on a synthetic basis has its own differences. On primed floors applied decorative protective layer mixed with coarse filler, it is leveled and allowed to dry. The floors then need to be sanded in several steps to get a nice polished floor. For the manufacture of drawings, markings are made on a primed base, the borders of the drawing are a non-ferrous metal tape, which is attached to the surface with an adhesive method or piece fasteners, the prepared mixture is placed in cells with a slight excess, all solutions are applied in turn, and grinding is done only after the drawing has completely dried. .

• December 18th, 2015 06:30 am

Monolithic floors are called floors with concrete, mosaic and cement-sand coatings. These are durable, wear-resistant floors designed for public (shops, institutions, shopping centers) and industrial (warehouses, workshops, car services) buildings. Various additives for mortars change the properties of coatings, improving their strength, workability, wear resistance, increasing hydrophobicity, reducing curing time, water consumption, dustiness and changing other indicators. The floors are easy to maintain, can be washed with water and detergents.

Photo 2. Terrazzo mosaic floors.

Cement-based monolithic floors contain a binder in the form of various types of Portland cement (fast-hardening, sulfate-resistant, white, non-shrinking, etc.), sand and natural stone (in the form of crushed stone, gravel or crumbs) are used as fillers. In addition to these main components, the composition includes dyes, water repellents, plasticizers, polymer solutions, reinforcing fibers, antifreeze additives and other components. You can use complex additives, this simplifies the work, since the dosage of one composition is easier to make than 3-4, but there is also an inconvenience, the properties of such a comprehensive additive are standardized and it is impossible to obtain monolithic floors with individual characteristics, that is, if necessary, improve only water resistance and plasticize the mixture (to make it fluid and non-separable) will have to be purchased and mixed into the solution with individual additives. Reinforcement of monolithic floors is necessary at increased loads (vehicle traffic, warehouses of metal structures, reinforced concrete products, etc.), it is performed with meshes of reinforcement with a rod diameter of 5-16 mm and a cell from 100x100 to 150x150 mm, the choice of reinforcement is made only on the basis of engineering calculations . If high dynamic loads act on the floor (falling heavy equipment, products), fiber (glass, polymer, steel fibers) is introduced into the mortar instead of reinforcement to increase the impact strength and resistance to tensile bending.

Photo 3. Concrete monolithic coating.

Monolithic floors are arranged on the ground or floors. Settling, swelling, vegetative and bulk soils are removed, if they form a significant thickness, then they must be strengthened and compacted. Bulk materials (sand, crushed stone or gravel) are laid on the ground, which are also compacted. The thickness of the pillow can vary depending on many conditions (freezing of the soil, the presence or absence of heating in the building, the level of groundwater, etc.) and is 0.2-1.0 m. » concrete, concrete preparation is poured onto the sand. Waterproofing on “skinny” concrete is made of polyethylene film or polymer membranes; in addition, bituminous materials can be glued onto the concrete preparation. Thermal insulation for monolithic floors must be selected by calculations, since from significant pressure it can lose its shape and the floors will crack. Modern extruded polystyrene foam boards have sufficient strength to withstand even high loads.

Photo 4. Installation of a concrete floor along the lighthouses.

Preparation of floors includes felling of sags, cleaning of concrete from dust, sealing of cracks and sinks. Cracks must be widened and filled with mortar (polymer cement or tension cement). If there are differences of more than 3 cm on the floor, then they are leveled with a layer concrete preparation. Waterproofing is made of polymer membranes, films, bituminous roll materials. Heat and sound insulation is chosen by calculation.

Photo 5. Grouting concrete with a paddle machine.

If the floors of the premises have a significant area (more than 30 m2), then laying should be carried out with “cards”, for this the room is divided into strips 3-6 meters wide or squares ranging in size from 4x4 to 12x12 meters. Formwork boards are installed at the borders of the "cards". Reinforcing cages are knitted in place if necessary. Concrete and mortar are delivered from factories or made in construction conditions (when calculating the parameters individually), additives are mixed with mixing water or injected directly into a truck mixer. The solution is supplied from a car or with the help of a concrete pump, the solution is leveled with vibrating screeds or a rule along the beacons. The vibrating screed is moved over the entire surface of the freshly laid mixture, which settles and is leveled, if the level of concrete or mortar has dropped below the slat, then a solution is added to this place in the required amount. Beacons are installed in advance from a hard solution, the level of the top of the beacons is set using a level, after the solution has set, pouring begins, the mixture is leveled with the rule to the level of the beacons, while it is compacted with vibrators so that shells do not form, air bubbles and concrete come out (cement-sand mortar) became tighter. Laying the mixture is not carried out into adjacent strips or squares immediately, they make a gap that is filled no earlier than a day later, otherwise cracking is possible.

Photo 6. Polymer-cement coating device.

After completion of the laying and leveling process, the surface is treated with disc-blade trowels. A technological break is made, which depends on the temperature and humidity conditions, the properties of the cement and the introduced additives. As soon as the coating has gained initial strength (after 3-7 hours), rough grouting is started. The junctions with other floor coverings, columns, walls, pits, openings are treated earlier, since in these places the mortar hardens faster, to perform the work, grouting is carried out by edge smoothing machines with a freely rotating circle. Coarse grouting is carried out with a disc or floating blades. When using a dry hardener (topping), it is scattered over the surface in an even layer, during the initial application, 2/3 of the entire volume must be distributed. After moisture has been absorbed (determined by the darkening of the surface), the first rough grouting is started with a concrete smoothing machine with a disc or floating blades. Immediately after completion, the remaining third of the topping is applied so that it has time to soak in moisture and the grouting work is repeated again. The final processing is carried out by the finishing blades of the trowel, when traces of a person with a depth of about 1 mm remain on the concrete or mortar.

Photo 7. Grinding a monolithic floor.

There is a slight difference in the grout in the manufacture of mosaic floors ("terrazzo"). First, the coating must be sanded to a depth until the filler grains are exposed (approximately 3-5 mm), then medium-grain and final grinding is done. The grinding process is carried out when the coating reaches the strength at which the aggregate does not crumble.

Coatings without hardeners should be strengthened, for this the dried surface is ground (if it has not already been done), dusted with a vacuum cleaner and a layer of polyurethane or epoxy composition is applied in several layers with intermediate drying.

Photo 8. Strengthening the concrete floor.

A mandatory procedure for the installation of monolithic floors is the installation of expansion joints. There are three main types: insulating, shrinkage and construction joints. Insulating suit along walls, columns and foundations for equipment, they exclude the transfer of deformations from building structures. This is done by laying insulating materials along the building structures before pouring the mixture. Shrinkage joints prevent cracking of the floors in an unpredictable direction, for this, before grinding, cuts are made in the floors to a depth of 1/3 of the coating along the borders of the "maps" in the form of squares no larger than 6x6 m. Shrinkage cracks appear in the places of cuts, the main floor area remains intact . Structural joints are installed during breaks in concreting (for example, at the end of a shift), it is advisable to position them so that they coincide with shrinkage joints. The cut seams must be sealed, as chipping of the edges and entry of dirt, water and aggressive substances into the seam can occur. The seam is cleaned of dust and dirt by blowing with compressed air, brushing or sandblasting, then it is filled with a sealing compound (usually based on polyurethane, which are quite strong and elastic).

Finished floors can be washed, if necessary, cracks are eliminated with repair polymer-cement mixtures, the surface is restored by grinding and coating with protective compounds (based on polyurethane and epoxy resins). Monolithic floors serve for a long time and can be repeatedly repaired, the service life is from 20 to 50 years.

• December 17th, 2015 01:44 am

Ceramic tiles are one of the most ancient and widespread materials to this day. Ceramic tile coverings consist of piece materials laid with small gaps, they have high wear resistance, various sizes and patterns, are stable in a humid environment, do not require additional processing, non-flammable, easy to clean, do not give dust. The disadvantages are the difficulty of repair, the slipperiness of the coating, the “wet” laying process, high noise, “cold” from the floor. The material is used in buildings of all purposes.

Photo 2. Clinker tile coating in a car service.

Ceramic tiles are made from clay and additives that improve performance, lower sintering temperatures, make molding easier, and so on. Tiles are produced in several ways: semi-dry, plastic and slip, it depends on the purpose of the finished product and the method of preparing clay raw materials. Tiles can be glazed and unglazed, of the unglazed ones recently the most famous are: 1) products called "porcelain stoneware", made by semi-dry pressing and firing a mixture of clay, feldspars and low-iron additives; 2) terracotta, these are natural clay tiles with or without color additives; 3) clinker tiles, which have a composition similar to terracotta, but are fired to complete sintering of refractory clays, which gives a very dense waterproof shard, for example, metlakh tiles. There are three types of glazed tiles: 1) pressure glazed tiles are obtained by joint pressing of clay mass and glaze, followed by firing, the glaze layer on such a tile is large and it is the most common and cheapest type of floor tiles; 2) majolica - has a porous shard and is necessarily covered with glaze; 3) glazed porcelain stoneware. Glazing is carried out before firing, by spraying onto molded products. Floor tiles must have high strength, low porosity and low water absorption, which explains their increased cost compared to facing (for walls). Unglazed tiles should be recognized as the most environmentally friendly, primarily terracotta and clinker without additives of dyes, they are absolutely harmless and have a natural composition. The sizes of tiles vary widely, there are mosaic products with a length and width of 15 to 50 mm and a thickness of 6-8 mm, ordinary tiles with a length and width of 50 to 600 mm, a thickness of 8-12 mm and large-sized tiles with dimensions over 600 mm and 12-15 mm thick. Usually tiles are produced rectangular, including square. Products are widely available custom sizes and forms, including under the order. Mosaic tiles are glued onto a fiberglass mesh and released in small carpets, approximately 300x300 mm. The reverse side of the tiles is embossed to improve adhesion to the layer. The front surface can be of several types: polished, matte, glossy, embossed, smooth, non-slip, raw. Glaze coating can be with a multi-color pattern (it repeats the pattern of parquet, marble and much more), tiles can be painted over the entire thickness by introducing a dye into the clay mixture or retain their natural clay color (various shades of red). The ends of the tiles are made with a blockage (rounded chamfer) or without it (edged).

Photo 3. Floor covering with terracotta tiles.

Ceramic tiles are laid on solid and durable bases: mortar screeds and prefabricated bases. Screeds must be made of cement-sand mortar or self-leveling mixtures on the floor or underlying layers on the ground, the surface difference is allowed no more than 4 mm along the length of a two-meter rail. If you want to create a slope, then it is done using a screed, it is forbidden to make slopes by changing the thickness of the layer, this increases the risk of peeling tiles, the formation of empty seams and splitting products. Prefabricated bases are made of cement or gypsum-fiber boards, it is impossible to use wood products (plywood) or its waste (chipboards, fiberboards).

Photo 4. Ceramic tile coating device.

Before laying, the bases are prepared, cleaned of dust, grease, the protrusions on the screed are cut down, the irregularities are straightened with repair or self-leveling mortars. The leveled screed is primed over the entire area, the tiles are sorted by size, shape and pattern. There is controversy over whether tiles should be soaked before starting work, as ceramics absorb moisture from the mortar layer well, which should reduce strength. Markings are applied to the dried base, tiles can be laid with any pattern: “seam to seam”, side by side, Christmas tree, diagonally. A variety of patterns can argue with piece parquet, the only inconvenience is that when cutting tiles, the end does not turn out to be perfectly smooth (baked clay and glaze are chipped off even on good stone-cutting machines), so the pattern should be made from solid tiles, and trimming should be sent to inconspicuous places, for example, to the walls where the plinth will be installed. The laying of tiles is carried out along beacons or cords, they start work from the corner opposite to the exit from the room, since it is impossible to walk on a freshly laid coating (the mortar does not have sufficient strength and the tiles will shift), although there may be some differences, for a complex pattern, you can make a special beacon row and keep stacking from him. The interlayer for tiles is cement or polymer-based adhesives, they are applied to the surface and distributed with a trowel with a tooth of 8-14 mm, the solution can also be applied to the tile, especially if the base is not even enough (cement-sand screed). The tile is lowered onto the base, taking into account the seam (the width of the seam is chosen arbitrarily within 1-3 mm, the only requirement is the same size on the entire coating), pressed, leveled and upset by tapping with a rubber hammer, a cord or rail is used to control the plane. For ease of use, plastic crosses are used to accurately control the width of the seam, this is especially helpful on large areas and for beginner tilers.

Photo 5. Figured cutting of tiles before laying.

Mosaic carpets are laid in a slightly different way. The adhesive layer is made thinner, the solution is not applied to the mosaic. The seams between carpets should be equal to the distance between individual tiles. Alignment of individual tiles is not done, the carpet is rolled with a special elastic roller as a whole or upset with a wide rail.

Photo 6. Grouting floor tiles with a rubber spatula.

The laid tile should lie for several days to acquire a layer of strength, after which you can start grouting. The seams are cleaned and dust-free, then moistened with water. Grout mixtures are made on a cement or polymer (epoxy) basis, the former are diluted with water, the latter are mixed with a hardener. The finished mixture is rubbed into the seams with vigorous movements, the cement mortar, after the start of setting, is washed with water and smoothed in the seams, and the polymer grout is left to harden and processed after about a day. After grouting, skirting boards, overhead decorative thresholds and other elements are installed. During the service life (15-50 years), the floors require simple maintenance, dry or wet cleaning. Special anti-slip compounds and polishes have been developed that create a protective layer on the surface, but they are not mandatory for use, but simply improve the properties of the coating.

• December 16th, 2015 , 12:12 am

• December 13th, 2015 , 12:40 am

Parquet board is a compromise between piece parquet and plank floors. On the one hand, the covering of the boards is made of precious wood, on the other hand, the work is carried out quickly, the material is less demanding on the evenness of the bases. Parquet boards appeared in the middle XX century, as a cheap alternative to piece parquet, they are suitable for residential buildings, as they do not withstand intense wear. The parquet board takes its toll due to the appearance (reminiscent of piece parquet); not prone to warping due to its design; fast commissioning time; full factory readiness; good sound insulation; small amount of dust. As disadvantages, combustibility and instability to moisture, characteristic of all wood products, can be cited; short service life (15-25 years depending on the thickness of the valuable layer).

The parquet board is made from waste wood, synthetic glue and thin planks of precious wood. Usually the base of the parquet board consists of wooden slats of coniferous species (pine, spruce), which are glued together moisture resistant glue(usually, this is a phenol-formaldehyde adhesive, which does not allow us to talk about the environmental friendliness of the material). Thin strips of natural wood of various species (oak, beech, ash, etc.) are glued onto the surface of such a workpiece, most often they have a longitudinal direction, which does not allow you to get amazing patterns of piece parquet (the article and photo can be seen on the page). It turns out very economical and cheap material, since the individual slats have small size, and the slats serve as waste. The parquet board gives good savings forest reserves, the product is made from materials that would otherwise be ruthlessly rejected and discarded. The length of the boards is 1200-3000 mm, the width is 120-210 mm, the thickness is 12-22 mm, the valuable layer is 1-4 mm. The front side is sanded and processed paintwork materials to get a decorative pattern or imitate exotic wood (natural wenge, merbau and dussia are very expensive, so beech is easier to paint). The most expensive products are covered with real exotic species, a thick layer of valuable wood and wide planks, the so-called single-strip parquet boards. If the thickness of the planks is more than 2 mm, then such a board can be sanded once or twice, treated with protective compounds and continued to be used. All parquet boards have a groove and a comb, some connections are made according to the “lock” type, such coatings are laid dry and can be easily disassembled.

Photo 2. Laying a parquet board dry on a layer of pressed cork chips

Mortar screeds, prefabricated bases and floorings are suitable for laying parquet boards. It is impossible to lay a parquet board directly on the logs, they are too thin. Screeds are poured over the ceilings from cement-sand or self-leveling mixtures; waterproofing, heat and sound insulation can be used as intermediate layers. Prefabricated bases are arranged along the ceilings, sheet materials (gypsum-fiber, fibreboard, chipboard, plywood) are laid on a layer of loose or slab insulation. Flooring from boards or sheet materials is made along logs, beams, screeds. Logs - wooden boards or bars treated with an antiseptic composition, they are laid on floors, beams and posts on the ground. More about the grounds for wood flooring you can read in the article

There are three ways of laying a parquet board: on glue, on piece fasteners and dry. The parquet board before laying is sorted by size, quality of the front surface, it is allowed to use only a dry board. Marking is carried out on the floor, the boards can be laid longitudinally to the light or diagonally. The dry method is the easiest and fastest, but for this you can only use boards with a special shape of the groove and ridge, which is called the "castle". The base before laying is cleaned of dust and dirt, irregularities in the mortar screeds must be repaired with repair or self-leveling mixtures. It is advisable to prime the dried screeds, this strengthens the surface layer and reduces dust emission. A layer, foamed polypropylene or polyethylene rolls, pressed cork chips, fiberboards, etc. are laid on the prepared bases. The seams of the interlayer are glued with adhesive tape, as a replacement, double-sided adhesive tape is applied to the base, the interlayer is rolled to it. Parquet boards are laid on the prepared surface, with the long side along the light (that is, perpendicular to the window, to hide the longitudinal joints), the ridges are inserted into the groove and they are securely fixed.

Photo 3

Laying parquet boards on piece fasteners is possible only on prefabricated bases and floorings. This view resembles the assembly of ordinary plank floors. Floorings and prefabricated bases, as a rule, are quite even, but if necessary they are cycled. Laying starts from one of the walls with a small gap to compensate for the expansion of the material. Nails are hammered into the grooves or screws are twisted so that the head of the fastener is completely recessed. After fixing, a new board is inserted into the grooves, the boards are pulled together and the process is repeated.

Laying on glue is available on all types of bases, for this, an adhesive solution is poured onto the surface and leveled with a notched trowel. The board is laid on glue, trimmed, on sheet bases you can additionally use piece fasteners (this is not necessary, but it helps to avoid peeling the board during temperature and humidity deformations). The subsequent board is laid side by side on the glue, rallied, the glue that has come out is removed.

Photo 4. Laying a parquet board on glue. Along the wall there are wedges for the gap and clamps for rallying the board.

Additional finishing for a parquet board is not provided, except in rare cases when raw boards are bought. Laying must be carried out carefully so that between separate boards there were no gaps, such places are difficult to fix, the putty will crumble from the joints, and acrylic sealants have low wear resistance. To repair and finish the raw front layer, grinders are used, each grinding is completed by dedusting, for this the surface is vacuumed, wet cleaning of the wood cannot be done (the dust from grinding is so fine that it clogs pores, sticks together, and after drying it peels off together with a protective and decorative coating or produces small irregularities). Stains and paints and varnishes are applied to the cleaned surface in one or more layers. After the surfaces have dried, work is being done on the installation of skirting boards, fillets and other elements. Plank floors). The main advantage of riveting is the ability to create unique coating patterns from one or more types of wood. The durability of parquet corresponds to approximately 50 years of operation. The disadvantage common to all wood materials is combustibility and decay with varying moisture (water itself does not cause serious damage to wood, the tree is better preserved in water than in air, moisture leads to the growth of fungi and warping). Block parquet is environmentally friendly (nowadays it is incredibly fashionable), has a unique appearance, can be restored many times without loss of properties, has good sound and heat insulation, is maintainable, dust-free. A feature of piece parquet is the complexity of manufacturing, medium-high price tag, the need for smooth bases. Parquet floors are found in residential and public (museums, institutions, educational institutions, theaters, etc.) buildings, they are laid in rooms with a dry regime.

Photo 2. Direct laying of apple staves.

Rivets are made entirely of solid wood, all types of splicing and gluing automatically make the material look like piece parquet (panel parquet, sheet parquet, parquet board, mosaic parquet). The classic material for staves is oak wood, although they can be made from any species, such as birch, alder, maple, ash. The choice of oak is justified by its high hardness and durability, it resists decay well. In addition to the usual wood species for us, there are exotic species (dussia, olive tree, rosewood, etc.). The overall dimensions of the rivets are: length 200-450 mm, width 30-80 mm, thickness 14-22 mm. The smaller the riveting in size, the lower its value, and hence the cost, in addition, the grade of wood affects the cost. Previously, several forms of rivets were produced, now there is only one left - with a groove and a ridge, it can only be laid on smooth bases made of boards or wood-based panels.

Photo 3

The bases on which the floors of piece parquet are arranged can be as follows: soil, ceilings, beams. Floors on the ground are arranged in the same way as for plank floors (the link to the article was above), brick or concrete columns are made of moisture-resistant materials. Waterproofing is placed on the column (required, since brick and concrete eagerly absorb water and will help moisten the wood), soundproofing (an optional element) and logs (through wooden spacers).

Photo 4. Drawing of a parquet "carpet" from two types of wood: pear, cherry.

Edged boards are called lags, less often bars treated with a fire-retardant composition. The thickness of the boards is 25-50 mm, the width is 80-120 mm, the bars are taken square, usually 50x50 mm. Bars are used in rooms where the thickness of the floor does not allow the use of the board. The step between the lags is 400-800 mm, the rule is simple, the larger the step, the thicker the lags. The laying direction does not matter, as sheet materials are laid on top. The first log is installed at a distance of 20-30 mm from the wall, the next ones are placed after 1.5-2.0 m, when a plane is formed, intermediate logs can be laid. Upon completion of the work, the logs are fastened to the base or to each other.

Photo 5. Drawing of a parquet "rhombus" from three types of wood: pear, acacia (the darkest), maple (the lightest).

Overlapping work is carried out in several ways: installing a log directly on the ceiling, adjustable logs, a mortar screed device, boardwalks or a prefabricated base. Logs on the floor can be leveled with sand, slag, expanded clay and other bulk materials that play the role of sound or heat insulation. Adjustable logs are made at the construction site from boards or bars by inserting threaded connections with screws into them, this allows you to set the desired height by rotating the screw. Screeds from solutions are made from cement-sand mixture on lighthouses (underlying layers: overlapping, hydro- or thermal insulation) or self-leveling mixtures. Floorings are the bases from edged board with gaps (up to 5 mm) along the lags, they are rarely used, only for better preparation for sheet materials. Prefabricated bases for piece parquet are made from sheet materials (plywood, chipboard, gypsum-fiber and cement sheets) located on a heat and sound insulating layer (loose or from boards).

Photo 6. Drawing of a parquet "French tree" with a frieze and layout

Flooring from sheet wood materials is immediately arranged along the beams, less often it is required to install logs to even out especially large differences. The space between the beams is filled with heat and sound insulating materials, if necessary. Waterproofing should be laid on metal or concrete beams, vibration-insulating pads can be used for all types of beams.

Photo 7

Ultimately, sheet wood materials (particle boards or plywood) are fixed to logs, screeds, boardwalks or beams, which are the final stage of preparation for piece parquet flooring. Fastening is carried out with self-tapping screws or nails, screws have an advantage, since they are much more difficult to pull out. The fact is that the forces arising in the wood (when wet, loaded) tend to separate the fixed elements, that is, to pull out the fasteners.

Photo 8. Riveting the rivets.

Block parquet flooring wooden base starts with cleaning, checking the levelness of the base and leveling. All dust is removed with vacuum cleaners, grease stains are removed with a solvent. If the differences in height between the sheet materials are large enough, then they are sharpened, if they are insignificant (up to 1 mm), they are ground. After leveling, the axes are marked, a lot of drawings are made from piece parquet (straight, “carpet”, “tree”, “French tree”, with a frieze, with a vein, “straight square”, “unfolded square”, “rhombus”, artistic and etc.), which require their own layout of lighthouse rows. Rivets are sorted by size, shape, type of wood, only dry material is used. An adhesive solution is poured onto the floor surface, it is smoothed with a notched trowel, the installation of the first rivets (the most important) is carried out along the cord. Work starts from the windows, the riveting is put on glue, leveled and nailed (1.8-2.0 mm in diameter and 40 mm long) into the end and longitudinal grooves. Subsequent rivets are inserted into the grooves of the previously installed ones and fixed. For coverings with an underground or along logs, ventilation products are arranged, this improves air exchange processes and stabilizes the humidity of the floors, which has a positive effect on their durability.

Photo 9. Putty parquet flooring.

Finished parquet flooring it is necessary to finish, it is better to refuse a continuous guard, this removes a significant thickness of the rivets. Floors can be scraped in separate places where there are noticeable differences. Irregularities and cracks in the floors are sealed with wood putty. The surface is polished using parquet-grinders of a disk or drum type, depending on the evenness of the parquet, a sanding paper with the most suitable grain size is used (the rougher the surface, the larger the grain). IN hard-to-reach places use small electric belt-type grinders. The final stage is the treatment with stains and paints and varnishes. Stains are compounds for giving an additional effect, such as aged wood. Tinting paints are rarely used, as they partially cover the wood pattern. The so-called "oils" for the floor - these are semi-natural drying oils based on vegetable oils, are a modern trend, such processing is considered "environmentally friendly" and natural, although synthetic resins are present in the composition. "Oils" should be applied once a year or a little less often. Floor varnishes based on alkyd, acrylic and urethane resins are considered the most stable coating, they last 10-15 years, they are applied in 3-5 layers. After processing is completed, skirting boards, fillets, decorative ventilation grates and other finishing details.

GOST 14.201-83

Group T53

INTERSTATE STANDARD

MAINTENANCE OF PRODUCT DESIGN TECHNOLOGY

General requirements

Provision of technological efficiency of products design. General requirements

ISS 01.110
OKSTU 0003

Introduction date 1984-01-01

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards

2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards of 09.02.83 N 712

3. REPLACE GOST 14.201-73

4. REFERENCE REGULATIONS AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

5. EDITION (February 2008) with Amendment No. 1 approved in July 1988 (IUS 11-88)


This standard establishes the main provisions, a system of indicators, the sequence and content of work to ensure manufacturability.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Ensuring the manufacturability of the product design is a pre-production function that provides for an interconnected solution of design and technological problems aimed at increasing labor productivity, achieving optimal labor and material costs and reducing production time, including installation outside the manufacturer*, maintenance and repair products.
_______________
* Next - production.

1.2. The main terms and definitions in the field of ensuring the manufacturability of the product design are in accordance with GOST 14.205.

Terms and definitions in the field Maintenance and repair of equipment - according to GOST 18322 and GOST 21623.

1.3. Ensuring the manufacturability of the product design includes:

- testing the design of products for manufacturability at all stages of product development, during the technological preparation of production and, in justified cases, during the manufacture of the product;

- improvement of the conditions for performing work in the production, operation and repair of products and fixing the decisions made in the technological documentation;

- quantitative assessment of manufacturability of product design;

- ;

- preparation and introduction of changes to the design documentation based on the results of technological control, ensuring the achievement of the basic values ​​of manufacturability indicators.

1.4. The procedure for conducting and the content of technological control of design documentation is in accordance with GOST 14.206.

(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).

1.5. Rules for making changes to the design documentation - according to GOST 2.503.

1.6. Where necessary, industry and enterprise standards should be developed as a development of this standard, reflecting specific features products and organizational structure of the industry.

2. QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCT DESIGN MANUFACTURER

2.1. Manufacturability of the product design is quantified using a system of indicators, which includes:

- basic (initial) values ​​of manufacturability indicators, which are the maximum standards of manufacturability, mandatory for implementation when developing a product;

- values ​​of manufacturability indicators achieved during product development;

- indicators of the level of manufacturability of the design of the developed product.

2.2. The basic values ​​of manufacturability indicators are indicated in the terms of reference for product development, and for certain types of products, the range of which is established by industries, in industry standards.

2.3. Basic, achieved and indicators of the level of manufacturability of the product design must be entered in the Card of the technical level and product quality in accordance with GOST 2.116.

2.4. Design manufacturability data should be used in the optimization process constructive solutions at the stages of development of design documentation, when making a decision on the production of a product, analyzing the technological preparation of production, developing measures to improve the manufacturability of the product design and the efficiency of its production and operation, during state, industry and factory certification of product quality and determining the technical and economic indicators of production, operation and repair of the product in the manner prescribed by industry regulatory and technical documentation.

2.5. The need for a quantitative assessment of the manufacturability of the design of products, as well as the range of indicators and the methodology for their determination, are established depending on the type of products, type of production and the stage of development of design documentation by industry standards or enterprise standards.

The number of indicators should be minimal, but sufficient to assess manufacturability.

2.7. A quantitative assessment of the operational and repair manufacturability of the product design is carried out necessarily at the cost of operation and repair comparable to or exceeding the cost of its production.

3. SEQUENCE AND CONTENT OF WORKS TO ENSURE MANUFACTURING PRODUCT DESIGN

3.1. When testing the product design for manufacturability, the following should be taken into account:

- type of product, degree of its novelty and complexity, conditions of manufacture, maintenance and repair, as well as installation outside the manufacturer;

- the prospects of the product, the volume of its release;

- best practices of the manufacturer and other enterprises with similar production, new high-performance methods and manufacturing processes;

- optimal conditions for a specific production with the rational use of available technological equipment and production facilities and the systematic introduction of new advanced technological methods and means of production;

- the relationship of the achieved indicators of manufacturability with other indicators of product quality.

3.2. The manufacturability of the design of the specified product is considered with respect to the entire product, taking into account the manufacturability constituent parts assembly, testing, installation outside the manufacturer, maintenance and repair.

3.3. The processing of the product design for manufacturability should ensure, based on the achievement of technological rationality and optimal constructive and technological continuity of the product design, the solution of the following main tasks:

- reducing the complexity and cost of manufacturing the product and its installation outside the manufacturer;

- reduction of labor intensity, cost and duration of maintenance and repair of the product;

- reduction of the most important components of the overall material consumption of the product - the consumption of metal and fuel and energy resources in the manufacture, installation outside the manufacturer, maintenance and repair.

The definition of the concepts of "constructive and technological continuity" - according to GOST 14.004.

An explanation of the term "technological rationality" is given in Appendix 2.

3.3.1. The complex of works to reduce the labor intensity and cost of manufacturing the product and its installation outside the manufacturer generally includes:

- increasing the serialization of the product and its components during manufacture (processing, assembly, testing) through standardization, unification and provision of constructive similarity;

Restriction of the nomenclature of components, structural elements and the materials used;

- application in the designs under development of design solutions mastered in production that meet modern requirements;

- application of high-performance and low-waste technological solutions based on the typification of processes and other progressive forms of their organization;

- the use of high-performance standard means of technological equipment, providing an optimal level of mechanization and automation of labor in production;

- the use of constructive solutions to reduce the cost of providing: access to components; installation and removal of components of the product;

- the use of design solutions that provide the possibility of transporting the product in assembled form or in the form of finished components that do not require disassembly for re-preservation, revision, or adjustment operations during installation;

- the use of design solutions that facilitate and simplify the conditions for manufacturing and installation outside the manufacturer to limit the requirements for the qualifications of manufacturers and installers.

3.3.2. A set of works to reduce the complexity, cost and duration of maintenance and repair of the product in the general case includes:

- the use of design solutions that reduce the cost of preparing for the intended use, technical control, technical diagnostics and transportation of the product;

- the use of constructive solutions to reduce the cost of providing: access to components; replacement of component parts of the product with the same parts while maintaining the established quality of the product as a whole; installation and removal of components of the product; restoration of geometric characteristics and surface quality of the part;

- increasing requirements for the unification and standardization of the components of the product;

- limiting the number of replaceable components of the product, the range of materials, tools, auxiliary equipment and fixtures;

- the use of design solutions that facilitate and simplify the conditions of maintenance and repair to limit the requirements for the qualifications of personnel involved in maintenance and repair.

3.3.3. The complex of works to reduce the material consumption of the product includes:

- the use of rational assortments and grades of materials, rational methods for obtaining blanks, methods and modes of hardening parts;

- development and application of progressive design solutions that allow increasing the service life of the product and using low-waste and waste-free technological processes;

- development of a rational layout of the product, providing a reduction in material consumption during installation outside the manufacturer;

- introduction of scientifically substantiated safety margins for metal structures, standard methods for calculating and testing products.

3.4. Testing the design of the product for manufacturability is carried out jointly by the developers of design and technological documentation, manufacturers of the product and representatives of the customer (specialists in maintenance and repair of equipment). For products of the "assembly unit" or "complex" type that are to be installed outside the manufacturer, representatives of organizations appointed by the ministry carrying out the installation work must participate in testing the product design for manufacturability. In necessary cases, specialized technological institutes should be involved in testing the product design for manufacturability.

The responsible executors of testing the product design for manufacturability are the developers of design documentation.

The organization of testing the design of products for manufacturability should be established by industry standards or enterprise standards.

3.5. Testing the design of the product for manufacturability when performing development work is carried out in the general case on the basis of the integrated use of special methods that ensure technological rationality and structural and technological continuity of the product:

- typification of design schemes and layouts of the product and its components;

- unification, aggregation and interchangeability of the product and its components;

- block-modular construction of systems and devices;

Functional cost analysis of products and their components;

- economic and mathematical modeling of the relationship between the main functional and structural and technological characteristics of the product, affecting the cost of labor and materials in the development, manufacture, maintenance and repair, with indicators of production efficiency and (or) operation of the product;

- optimization methods for choosing physicochemical and mechanical properties materials and types of initial workpieces, the purpose of the accuracy and roughness of the surfaces of the part, the choice of the shape and location of the surfaces of the parts and the types of their connections with mating parts;

- dimensional analysis of structural designs of parts and assembly units;

- borrowing and simplification of components, structural elements and materials of the product.

3.6. The main content of work to ensure the manufacturability of the product design, depending on the stage of development of design documentation, is established by industry standards or enterprise standards developed on the basis of the requirements of the table of this standard and GOST 24444.

3.7. When developing a technical specification for a product, in order to ensure the manufacturability of the product design, in the general case, the following is carried out:

- collection of information on the manufacturability of the design of analogue products;

- establishing requirements for the manufacturability of the developed product design;

- choice of nomenclature of basic indicators of manufacturability;

- calculation of values ​​of basic indicators of manufacturability.

3.8. Changes in the design of the product, the need for which arises in the process of serial (mass) production in connection with the improvement of manufacturability characteristics, should not violate the stable course of the production process and quality indicators.

Changes in the design of a product that is in serial production are carried out in a new series, depending on the type, purpose, conditions of production and operation of the product.

APPENDIX 1 (recommended). RECOMMENDED LIST OF MANUFACTURABILITY INDICATORS OF PRODUCT DESIGN

Notes:

1. All signs regulating the use of indicators are valid if the need to determine indicators is established by an industry standard or an enterprise standard for a particular type of product.

2. The sign "" means that it is obligatory to determine the value of the indicator by exact methods.

3. The sign "" means that it is obligatory to determine the approximate value of the indicator using aggregated methods.

4. The sign "0" means that it is not necessary to define the indicator in the general case.

5. The sign "-" means that for a given type of product or stage of development of design documentation, the value of the indicator is not determined.

6. Indexes to the signs and indicate for which type of products the value of the indicator is determined at this stage of development of design documentation.

APPENDIX 2 (informative). EXPLANATION OF THE TERM "TECHNOLOGICAL RATIONALITY"

APPENDIX 2
Reference

Technological rationality of the design of the product - a set of properties of the product, expressing its manufacturability from the point of view of compliance of the adopted design solutions with the conditions of production and operation.

The conditions of production and operation are determined by the possibilities effective use labor and material resources, based on accepted norms and standards, taking into account the prospect of technical re-equipment of these areas during the entire planned period of production and use of the product in the national economy in accordance with the data of forecasts for improving the design of the product and structural materials, methods and means of manufacturing, maintenance and repair of equipment.

Technological rationality of the product design is a dynamic characteristic, since its level is constantly changing in accordance with the changing methods and means of manufacturing, maintenance and repair as a result of the consistent implementation of achievements accumulated at the level of a given enterprise, a given industry, the entire national economy, as well as at the level of global industrial development .

Technological rationality is evaluated both by the absolute values ​​of manufacturability indicators, and by the ratio of the values ​​of these indicators to the values ​​of the basic indicators established for the given conditions of production and operation of the product and adjusted as these conditions change.

The level of technological rationality of the product design is regulated by the appropriate choice and construction of the composition and structure of the product, its components, structural elements, materials and ensuring their optimal continuity.



Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Technological preparation system
production:
Collection of national standards. -
M.: Standartinform, 2009

Introduction

Choosing a control panel for server administration is not an easy task. It can confuse those who are starting their journey in network administration. If you don’t know what control panels are, what they are used for, and whether it is worth using them at all, and most importantly, which control panel to choose, then this article will definitely help you understand these and some other issues.

What is a control panel

The control panel is a special software, a graphical interface through which you can administer the server: view server logs, e-mail settings, work with the database, set up FTP access accounts and much more.

First of all, the control panel is designed to make it easier for users to work with the server; with it, even users who do not have deep technical knowledge can administer the server. All necessary actions can be performed without using the console and knowing any commands.

It is worth mentioning that the control panel is not recommended for use with a complex server configuration, but in all other cases it can make your life much easier.

Now there are more than 20 various options control panels. They differ from each other in many ways, ranging from the distribution and openness of the code to the method of obtaining remote access and multi-server support. Naturally, with such a variety, we cannot talk about all the control panels, so in this article we want to focus on two, in our opinion, the most interesting options: ISPmanager and Vesta CP.

ISPmanager

You have already read in Community the article “Your own manager: how and what ISPmanager manages”, which describes in detail all the advantages and distinctive features of this control panel.

ISPmanager is a licensed control panel with extensive administration options. With ISPmanager you can manage accounts, domains, files and databases. You can work with mail, deal with security settings, backups and monitor the state of the server as a whole. Therefore, it is quite natural that now it is one of the most popular hosting control panels in Russia.

ISPmanager is a Russian product developed by ISPsystem. At the same time, it meets all the requirements of Western technologies and supports several foreign languages. However, the main language of the control panel is Russian, which means that you will never have problems with translation due to incorrect localization.

The first version of ISPmanager appeared in 1997, and since then the control panel has been constantly updated: new versions are released regularly, and updates are released every week that add new functionality and optimize the operation of the panel itself and the server.

ISPmanager 5 can be installed on servers running CentOS and Debian; You can also install the Lite version on an Ubuntu server. Using the panel, you can set the required PHP versions for each site separately (PHP from 5.2 to 7.0); ISPmanager also allows you to install alternative versions of MySQL, and use its own version for each specific database.

ISPmanager is chosen by those who want to:

• quickly and easily install the control panel on your server;
• use the product with a convenient and understandable interface;
• use wide opportunities server setup;
• expand functionality with plugins.

Vesta CP

Vesta CP is a free and open source control panel. It appeared relatively recently - the first version of the panel appeared in 2012.

Now, along with Ajenti and Webmin, this is one of the most popular, as well as simple and lightweight free server management panels. At the same time, it has all the functions necessary for creating and managing a server: you can work with users, domains, and databases. However, to perform some operations, you will have to use the console. If that doesn't scare you, then this panel can be a great choice for your server. It is fast enough, easy to install and constantly improved.

Vesta CP has a concise and user-friendly interface that makes it easy to figure out how to set up databases or work with cron. Vesta CP supports the Apache + Nginx pair, as well as the SSL protocol, SNI (an extension of the computer protocol TLS) and DKIM. In addition, Vesta CP has a fast backup.

Due to the lightness of the panel, it is perfect even for VDS with modest parameters.

Also, if desired, Vesta CP can support PostgreSQL and PhpPGAdmin PostgreSQL.

Comparison

Now let's move on to comparing these two control panels.

ISPmanager is a paid control panel, while Vesta CP can be used absolutely free.

However, despite the fact that ISPmanager distributed under a commercial license, you will have the opportunity to test its functionality for free for two weeks. Moreover, the cost of ISPmanager is much lower than the cost of other paid control panels (for example, cPanel). In addition, you have the opportunity to choose the option that suits you, based on the functionality: Lite or Business.

Concerning Vesta CP, then the free distribution and open source of this control panel is both its advantage and its disadvantage. This situation is typical for many free projects. There is still no consensus on whether open source is less secure than closed source, but it can be said for sure that software defects in open systems are often exploited by attackers. In the case of ISPmanager, the product developer is responsible for the timely updating and elimination of any shortcomings - and therefore the product is stable and reliable. However, if you want to make changes to the source code of the software yourself, then freeware control panels are just right for you.

Working in ISPmanager 5, you can perform all actions from the browser. Vesta CP requires knowledge of the console, because in some cases you will have to access the command line, which uses the mod_ruid2 Apache module that works directly with mod_php.

Developers ISPmanager We are constantly working on expanding the capabilities of the panel, which is achieved not only by improving the out-of-the-box functionality, but also by supporting integrations with popular third-party solutions and services. For example, through the panel, you can easily install a free SSL certificate from Let's Encrypt, which will be automatically updated every 3 months. If you suspect that your site is infected with a virus or contains malicious code, you can install the Virusdie antivirus add-on and disinfect the site without disrupting its operation.

The issue of the file manager is no less important: unfortunately, in Vesta CP initially there is no file manager, its integration can be purchased separately for $3. IN ISPmanager the file manager is built-in, free and very clear.

A separate advantage ISPmanager 5 is excellent documentation, lots of help information and even video tutorials. If you have not worked in any control panel yet and want to be sure that you can understand the management, then ISPmanager 5 will suit you. convenient control panels from ISPsystem. Vesta CP also has documentation, but, unfortunately, not so detailed and only in English.

A few words should be said about the support service. Though Vesta CP is a free product, you will need to pay from 60 to 540 dollars for using the technical support services - depending on the number of hours required for consultation and the package of support provided.

In case of ISPmanager on the company's website you will find not only an email address, but also a phone number, as well as a chat where you can get advice on the capabilities of the control panel and clarify general technical issues. To solve more difficult questions you can contact technical support, but its cost is much lower than the cost of support from Vesta CP specialists.

ISPmanager 5 allows you to directly edit the Apache and Nginx configuration files, so you can set independent settings for each of the domains.

It is also worth noting that ISPmanager supports web scripts in the Application Packaging Standard format. This technological standard allows you to work with cloud services: sell cloud applications and services and ensure the continuous operation of such services in general. At the moment, there are more than 400 online services that have been standardized thanks to this standard.

Using ISPmanager, the user can almost automatically install the CMS: he only needs to select the appropriate application and specify the settings for the account and database.

Finally, ISPmanager is available in two versions - Lite and Business - and depending on your tasks, you can choose the appropriate version. ISPmanager Lite is used by those who set up a server for themselves, while Business is perfect for organizing and automating shared hosting and has some important features, for example, the ability to use resellers who resell hosting resources and services.

When installing Vesta CP first, an analysis of available resources is automatically performed, and then the most optimal software is installed. Both of these control panels must be installed on a clean server with a suitable operating system. At the same time, ISPmanager Lite has the same minimum server requirements as Vesta, so both panels can work on entry-level servers.

Output

ISPmanager is a modern Russian product that is not inferior in quality to its Western counterparts, but at the same time it costs much less and has full Russian-language support. This software has a wide range of functions for managing the server, has a multilingual interface, as well as very detailed documentation.

Vesta CP- a lightweight and freely distributed control panel with a laconic design and wide functionality, which is constantly being improved. It is suitable for advanced users who know how to work in the console, or who want to make changes to the product they are using on their own.

Enter a word and click "Find Synonyms".

Sentences with "acceptable"

We found 80 sentences with the word "acceptable". See also synonyms for "acceptable".
Meaning of the word

• I think it's like with death: we all know that someday we will die, but until this moment comes for us, we will not die. acceptable.
• I just really wanted to study abroad and Australia had the most acceptable e tuition prices.
• At first they seemed to be acceptable e bills, and now they have caught up with the tariff for maintenance up to 30 rubles per square meter.
• Under these conditions, a moment may come when you may be asked to go on a long voyage or borrow more acceptable work.
• I would say that such actions, bloody, cruel, both in Afghanistan and in Vietnam, are not very acceptable.
• We have alternative ways save acceptable e behavior in society.
• Intelligence officers have diplomatic or other acceptable e cover.
• Mary was left only the right to visit the children, "at any time and in any place, acceptable m for Conrad Hilton.
• Although at the funeral it became known from close friends that he was offered quite acceptable e employment options.
• Perhaps the most acceptable it is in those cases when a topic of a complex nature is chosen, i.e.
• At the same time, economic growth and unemployment persist for acceptable m for Europe level.
• We hoped that maybe at least one candidate would show up, acceptable I for both opponents.
• To some extent, only Petrakov occupied acceptable position.
• The club was only required to allocate the necessary, and very acceptable e facilities.
• If acceptable with patience and humility, thank God, there is hope that our cause of love for enemies will not burn up.
• Biruni adhered to the Ptolemaic system of the world, but at the same time believed that mathematically acceptable and the theory of heliocentrism.
• Angarsky perceived nationalization as a purely socialist measure, quite acceptable in future.
• But a free interpretation of his teachings is hardly acceptable because it carries the danger of attributing to Lacan what he did not say.
• Any source, even the seemingly most primitive one, was for him acceptable.
• I hope that with your descendants acceptable e tip-top.
• We had lunch in a good restaurant on the ground floor, where acceptable e prices tasted Russian delicacies.
• And the option with which he came with me was also not acceptable, according to Kaganovich and Sergo.
• Now it was possible to provide more or less acceptable e communication on rolled deep road ruts.
• Homeless Londoners waited an average of five months to receive acceptable e housing.
• If not for his 'twisted' style, he would be completely acceptable”.
• They believed that in Petrograd they would find more acceptable e conditions than in the Tambov, Tver provinces or in the Pskov region.
• Was there acceptable I an alternative to the Stalinist course?
• After formal consideration of the matter, he, with due formality, informed the Gauleiter that acceptable any form of greeting.
• But still I think this: if he acceptable for Egypt, and from Cairo they report that Nasser does not mind, there is no reason for us to object.
• In our conclusion, formulate the attitude towards the agrarian section and give acceptable edition.
• Yes, and the need for a medical assistant's station has disappeared here, since there are now quite acceptable I hospital.
• In these "temples of luxury" were quite acceptable e prices for us.
• Yes, his demands are great, but acceptable.
• Tesla took up the study of these phenomena with great interest, trying to find them acceptable e physical explanation.
• For the court Stürmer was acceptable because he was personally known and personally believed in him.
• Kruglikov, equally acceptable m at all the members of the Directory, with whom he had established equally good relations.
• Their task was to cook more or less acceptable food for pilots.
• The Kaliningrad version in the proposed form is not enough acceptable.
• How do you think, acceptable whether for us such censorship.
• Not arrogantly, but firmly, the prince answered the pope: “We know the true teaching of the Church, and yours is not acceptable and we don't want to know.
• Of course, Fliess' version of nicotine poisoning was much more acceptable than Breuer's allowed myocarditis.
• Under certain conditions ( exercise stress) became acceptable and sweat, mostly male.
• All these tereshenki, nekrasovs and shingaryovs were acceptable for Harper because they were something of a US "mole" in the Russian Revolution.
• But sometimes they are more acceptable e than shots of torture and corpses shriveled under the hot rays of the sun.
• In general, for Russia it is unlikely acceptable way to imitate any country.
• It was a paid school, but the fee was quite acceptable I for our family budget.
• He himself compiled a list of twelve acceptable X, in his opinion, the names and sent to Alexandrov.
• The sappers of the division and the 16th (sapper) company prepared completely acceptable e strongholds.
• In Germany and Italy, I was even offered contracts and laboratories, but the conditions were not for me. acceptable.
• Only after the war were developed acceptable e samples, but they received a narrow scope.
• According to Churchill, the chances that Britain will be offered acceptable e conditions were one in a thousand.
• When did the situation (according to Dach herself) go beyond acceptable e framework, a silent war was declared.
• With the help of the flame, he managed to reduce the defeat of the previous day to a relatively acceptable m at result.
• Work as a transforming force that makes something out of being acceptable e crushing dead mass granite.
• The interlocutors did not always express views, acceptable e for each of them.
• Most likely, his father was Johann or Johanan, and his son changed his patronymic to more acceptable e as it seemed to him.
• Particularly noteworthy is the previously mentioned work “An Explanation of the Teachings Belonging to the Indians, acceptable X reason or rejected."
• Agreeing on more or less acceptable X conditions, the two sides came to an agreement.
• The Americans started the game powerfully and were in the lead for the entire first half, but the Soviet team managed to keep acceptable account difference.
• There have been enough acceptable e living conditions: only nine or ten rooms for twenty people each.
• And the further the queue, the less often the tired members of the Areopagus discuss, the more often they vote for any more or less acceptable wording.
• The transition paths proposed by Shatalin are not acceptable.
• The electric heater continued to work, so that the room was completely acceptable I temperature for life.
• Well this is acceptable e, but I think this is far from a sufficient explanation.
• But this boycott did not discriminate against the Jews, who had always been more acceptable for Turks than Christians.
• He is very embarrassed, jokes that a convinced monarchist was acceptable with the socialists, but was out of work under the supporters of autocracy.
• This primitive approach to solving economic problems was not acceptable for such a business executive as Stalin.
• I discussed a number of purely military requirements, including the nature of scattering during firing and acceptable e deviation from the target.
• Even less acceptable was Bukharin's group.
• The general verdict was: tough and too cool, but acceptable e for Bisita.
• At the end of the message it was said: “We know all this, but the teachings are not from you. acceptable».
• Next step: the shopkeeper runs after you and calls acceptable price.
• Didn't show up right away acceptable e offer, and he was bored, crawling into debt, suffering from the loneliness of a familyless life.
• I agree, not all versions and assessments of different authors acceptable, and you can continue to argue in search of truth endlessly.
• But even in these circumstances, he managed to maintain dignity, his own power and insist on the most acceptable X conditions.
• Like his proposal to Russia and America, how to bungle something out of capitalism and socialism acceptable e.
• We are not acceptable their culture, but by getting to know each other better, we learn a lot of things that help us better understand ourselves.
• We are not acceptable framework that can lead us to a better life, but everything in our world fits within a much narrower framework.
• For a permanent, more acceptable it was difficult to get a job, because there were not enough jobs for the French.
• The office was located in Bern: of course, not Zurich, but still the place is quite acceptable e.

Source - introductory fragments of books from LitRes.

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