Created by nature: landscape style in landscape design and its features. Landscape English style in landscape design

The landscape style, as opposed to the regular style, does not isolate the garden. On the contrary, it becomes an organic part of the surrounding landscape. In such a garden, a person feels like a part of nature, and not its master. In fact, this natural beauty is the result of carefully thought out planning and the efforts of the gardener, who maintains strict order here.

Natural or landscape style parks are characterized by smooth contours and soft lines, asymmetry, free arrangement of roads, alleys and other planning elements.

Usually here you can find extensive reservoirs, glades, groves. Architectural structures complement and enrich the landscape. Parts of the garden are united by winding paths made of natural materials: wild stone, saw cut tree trunks, grass that is resistant to trampling. If you follow a well-thought-out system of paths, you see a picturesque change of landscapes. The perspective opens up gradually, there is no point from which you can view the entire garden.

All elements of the garden, for example, reservoirs, even of artificial origin, should have a pronounced natural character. They are characterized by uneven coastline, natural framing (pebbles, sand, coastal plants).

The relief of landscape-style parks is usually uneven, with flat areas alternating with hills, imitating the natural landscape.

The landscape garden style that emerged in the 18th century in Great Britain became a logical continuation of the philosophical idea of ​​unity with nature that was fashionable during this period. Researchers believe that the acquaintance of Europeans with the landscape gardens of China contributed to the final formation of the style. British garden architects decided to get rid of the decorations of regular gardens. They led the meadow right up to the house, which now sat proudly in an open grassy area. All around was an idealized forest landscape, water and statues, on which light and shadows played. As a tribute to fashion, pavilions, pagodas, bridges, pavilions in the Chinese style were also built in the parks.

The natural beauty that reigns in the landscape garden is based on a certain order. Plants are planted in tiers - large trees, undergrowth, shrubs, flowers, lawn. For these compositions, imitating the natural landscape, participants are selected that best match each other in color and texture. Often when designing an English garden, seasonal changes in the color of foliage, grass and flowers are taken into account. This makes the garden year-round. In landscape gardens, edible plants (vegetables, fruits, herbs) and purely decorative plants (flowers) often coexist. Flowers attract beneficial insects, which pollinate fruit-bearing plants and prevent pests from multiplying.

Landscape gardens can be made in a more or less pronounced naturalistic style. Among them stand out "natural" and "forest". In such gardens, for example, grassed areas of the garden, where the bulbs of some plants are left for the winter to bloom in early spring, leave without mowing. As a result, cereals and meadow plants can bloom here. In landscape gardens, plants characteristic of the area most often predominate.

However, sometimes in such landscapes there are quite exotic plants. Plants compete with each other for space and the stronger ones can overwhelm and even kill the weaker ones. To prevent this, vigorously growing herbaceous plants are usually removed, overgrown bushes are thinned and pruned, and seedlings of self-seeding plants are weeded out. In this way, natural and landscape gardens are balanced and natural looking, but neglect is prevented.

In modern landscape design, landscape style is used most often. This is probably due to the fact that the inhabitants of cities, with their rectilinear, orderly design of streets and houses in the horizontal and vertical plane, need rest and relaxation. And the naturalness of landscape style gardens helps them with this.

landscape style

The built environment, technological innovations, an increasing number of cities - all this is pushing nature out of our lives. The landscape style of landscape design appeared as a response to these urban processes of our time.

landscape style garden

Gardens in landscape style appearance reminiscent of a natural landscape.

Initially, the landscape style was characterized by the use of plants already in the garden, and its main goal was to improve the territory, i.e., eliminate appearance defects, create paths and paths of irregular shape. This method of arranging a garden is suitable for areas with rich vegetation, does not require large material and physical costs. At the same time, if you use fantasy, you can create many original variants various landscapes.

The main goal of the landscape style in landscape design is to create a garden as close as possible to the natural landscape. All elements of such a landscape are located freely, naturally, there should not be the slightest hint of artificiality, man-made creation, there is no symmetry, the geometric arrangement of objects, excluded correct forms and straightness.

An important feature of gardens in landscape style is randomness - objects and elements of the landscape seem to naturally appeared in certain places under the hands of the only gardener here - nature. In fact, the location of certain elements is carefully thought out.

Mandatory for sites in landscape style is a diverse landscape. If gardens in a regular style exalt the absolute greatness of man over nature, then these gardens with their relief terrain, ravines and hills, reservoirs and paths show the regal power of nature in their territory.

All elements of the composition should be harmoniously combined, the paths should be winding, but without artificially created sharp turns. The color scheme of plants is natural and creates smooth lines and transitions. Decorative elements should also be in natural colors and shapes and made of natural materials. Paths can be made of wild stone, cut tree trunks, lawn, resistant to trampling.

An important role in creating a landscape garden or park is played by water objects - ponds, streams, cascades, swamps. Although they will be man-made elements on the site, every effort should be made to give them a pronounced natural character: for example, create an uneven curved coastline, add natural framing in the form of pebbles, sand, water plants.

A characteristic feature of the landscape garden is the hierarchy in the composition of plants - they are planted in tiers: large trees, undergrowth, shrubs, flowers, lawn. For these compositions, imitating the natural landscape, plants are selected that are best combined with each other in color and texture. When designing a landscape garden, even seasonal changes in the color of foliage, grass and flowers are taken into account. Therefore, landscape gardens look equally magnificent in all seasons.

Vivid examples of the design of the territory in a landscape style are old English manors. Since the landscape style originated in England, it is used in many gardens. At the moment, the landscape style is very popular for the design of sites in our country.

The main features of the landscape style:

- in the relief, flat and elevated areas alternate, both natural and artificially created;

- free natural layout of space, asymmetry, lack of straight lines and axes;

– small architectural forms and decorative elements enrich the landscape style;

– paths in landscape gardens are winding and uneven, they connect different areas of the garden. The paths are made of natural materials: wild stone, cut tree trunks, lawn, resistant to trampling;

- all the beauty of the garden is revealed gradually;

- the main role is played by the compositional combination of trees and shrubs, the harmony of the color and texture of the leaves, the distribution of light and shadow in the garden;

- mainly species of trees and shrubs growing in the area predominate;

- garden flowers are most often planted near the house, while in the garden field and forest perennials are preferred;

- all reservoirs, even artificial ones, should have pronounced natural features: uneven coastline, natural framing - pebbles, sand, near-water plants.

Water features in landscape style gardens

TO water bodies Streams, ponds, decorative small swamps and waterfalls that can blend harmoniously into the landscape garden landscape, as they have a more natural appearance than fountains and pools.

A pond is an artificial or natural body of water with static (non-moving) water, in which there are aquatic plants and animals that appear in it or are specially launched.

Pond in landscape style

The pond will beautify the garden during the summer months and will look attractive and picturesque throughout the year. But in order to achieve such a result, it is extremely important to avoid mistakes in planning and subsequent construction of a reservoir, otherwise it can create a diametrically opposite result - the pond will become overgrown with algae and become an attractive environment for various, not always desirable inhabitants, such as mosquitoes.

The pond size can be from several tens of centimeters to several tens of meters, depending on the area of ​​​​the site and material capabilities. Small ponds are made from ready-made forms, it is also possible to use old barrels, bathtubs and troughs. They are convenient in small areas, although such reservoirs differ from classic look ponds.

real pond with clean water and a sufficient number of plants should have an area of ​​at least 4 m 2 and a depth of at least 0.5 m, in addition, it should be provided with shallow terraces for planting coastal plants.

When constructing a pond, it is important to consider waterproofing the bottom. Previously, crumpled clay was used as a material, now it is not so popular compared to more technological materials. From modern materials concrete is the strongest, but the process of creating a pond with a concrete bottom is a complex and time-consuming operation. Therefore, ready-made rigid plastic molds and flexible waterproofing material are most popular.

The most durable and most expensive of flexible materials is butyl rubber. It is produced mainly abroad. The service life of this rubber is practically unlimited (warranty is about 50 years). Its main disadvantage is low mechanical strength.

In addition to choosing the type of material for waterproofing, its color is also important. Against the background of light colors in the pond, fish and other living creatures are clearly visible, but such a pond looks somewhat unnatural. Therefore, the use of light waterproofing is possible only in formal-style reservoirs, and even then not always. Optimal and versatile color waterproofing coating may be considered black, brown or dark green.

A free-form pond will look more natural if the coastal zone is designed as a decorative swamp, although it is possible to create a swamp as an independent landscape element. In fact, a swamp is the same pond, only instead of water it contains moist, never-drying soil of a certain composition.

Unlike a pond, the waterproofing of a swamp does not have to be complete, because the water in it should not stagnate. To do this, it is enough to make several holes in the waterproofing 10–20 mm in diameter per 1 m 2 of area.

Plants planted in swamps should be moisture and shade-loving. The following types of plants are suitable for growing on swampy soils:

– astilba different types and varieties;

- Volzhanka;

- rogersia;

- buzulnik;

- many types of ferns.

When selecting plants, it must be borne in mind that most of them cannot stand direct sunlight.

Moving water in the form of a stream is often used in the design of landscape gardens. It looks more attractive than static. When determining the direction of the flow and the general route of the stream, you can use the existing slope of the site or create it artificially.

The best example of a man-made stream bed is its alignment with alpine slide, rockeries or landscape composition of a similar plan. This combination is the only possible one for a plot with a flat relief.

When planning and laying the channel of the stream, it is necessary to achieve maximum naturalness. It is better not to make it straight, a winding babbling brook looks much more attractive, in which the water changes the nature of its movement. A stream flowing from a small depression filled with water or from a cluster of several stones will look more natural and spectacular.

The direction and route of the stream also play an important role. Different height differences, changing width and depth make it easy and quick to change the characteristics of the water flow. So, when laying pebbles, natural stone or other materials in the channel of a stream, it becomes possible to quickly change certain properties of the channel, for example, create a new threshold, change an existing one.

The mouth of a garden stream is usually made in the form of a flat stone, along which water flows smoothly into the main body of water, but you can also make it in the form of a waterfall or, by dividing the stream with stones into several branches (duct), imitate a river delta.

Shrubs in gardens in landscape style

Shrubs have always been the most used landscaping element of the site and today do not lose their popularity. The reason is simple - a variety of varieties and species, unpretentiousness, decorative value of shrubs.

Shrubs are ideal for decorating a garden in a landscape style, since this style is characterized by respect for levels, and shrubs create a smooth transition between trees and low decorative herbaceous plants or lawn, and can also act as an independent element of the landscape.

Shrubs are plants whose ground part is represented by multiple, almost identical tree-like shoots-bushes extending from the base near the ground itself or below ground level. This distinguishes them from trees, which, as a rule, have one, less often several trunks.

Shrubs are one of the essential types of plants used in garden design. They can be planted as tapeworms, or in isolated groups. Shrubs are very diverse in the shape of the crown, leaves, appearance of flowers.

At different times of the year, the same bush can be decorated either with flowers or with a beautiful autumn foliage, and some species delight their owners with an unusual color of shoots and fruits even in winter.

Shrubs can be divided into several groups.

1. ornamental shrubs. They have a long flowering period and create a wonderful background for other plants on the site. Such shrubs are relatively unpretentious and easy. They are valued for their crown shape, texture, and leaf color. These shrubs include:

- barberry, hedges from which will enchant with the purple color of the leaves;

- hawthorn, magnificently decorating the garden with bright colors of fruits and flowers;

- shrub cinquefoil, from which magnificent compositions are created;

- action, considered a spectacular tapeworm;

- hydrangea paniculata, sprawling bushes which look amazing against the backdrop of lawns;

- derens, brightly colored shoots of which complement the look of snow.

2. Decorative flowering shrubs. They are an indispensable attribute of many gardens and are valued for their stunning flowers that delight the eye in warm time of the year. These shrubs include:

- a rose, a well-known favorite of many gardeners, blooming all summer;

- mock oranges, filling the garden with a wonderful aroma;

- wolf with fragrant pink flowers;

- forsythia with its golden flowering moths;

- viburnum with lush blooming hat;

- hawthorn, blooming with bright shields of inflorescences;

- spireas with delightful snow-white avalanches of flowers;

- lilac, filling the space of the garden with flowers of various shades;

- broom, showering retaining walls with a rain of golden flowers;

– tree peonies, luxuriously blooming in gardens;

- rhododendrons, giving exquisite flowers;

- heather, blooming in late August and shimmering with waves of small but charming flowers collected in long inflorescences;

- hydrangeas that change color by autumn and are remembered for a long time even among winter snowstorms.

3. Decorative deciduous shrubs. These shrubs are a real find for the garden. They look great from early spring to late autumn, decorate the site and perfectly complement any composition. But, since these shrubs were originally bred in countries with warmer climates, they are very demanding on heat, sunlight and soil fertility. Deciduous shrubs include:

- barberry, which has a variety of color leaves: purple, golden, bright green, purple-red, spotted, with various strokes;

- aralia with its luxurious palm-like leaves;

- fieldfare, the leaves of which are painted in an unusual pink color in spring, turning green in summer, and golden in autumn;

- white turf, which will decorate a monochrome brick wall or fence;

- holly mahonia, the leaves of which sparkle magnificently in the sun;

- black elderberry, which has fragrant flowers, black lacquer berries and leaves that seem to be carved from gold.

4. fruit bushes, well accustomed to the territory Middle lane Russia and decorating the garden with bright fruits and berries. Among them are such popular plants as:

- currants with black, red, white and pink berries;

- gooseberry, the bushes of which can be given different shape;

– blackberry, with which you can create around the house hedge if you fix it on wire trellises;

- raspberries, filling the garden with the aroma of their berries;

- Japanese quince, which has unique decorative properties;

- chokeberry - truly a decoration of the garden;

- irga with healthy berries;

- viburnum, which can be used as a tapeworm;

- sea buckthorn, for which group planting is suitable.

All shrubs require special care and especially pruning, which will help to get rid of dead shoots in a timely and correct manner, restrain rapid growth and form a beautiful crown.

Relaxation area in landscaped gardens

Conventionally, gardens can be divided into front and non-front areas. If the front zone is the “face” of the site, then the non-front zone is a recreation area designed for privacy. This zone gives you the opportunity to be alone with yourself.

Relaxation area in landscape style

The front area is usually decorated in a regular style, while the recreation area most often reminds of the beauty of nature, and for example, a landscape style is chosen for it. V modern world the desire of people to unite with nature is becoming more and more in demand, therefore, landscape design styles are often chosen for recreation areas, reminiscent of a harmonious natural landscape.

When designing a recreation area in a landscape style, you can show imagination in choosing certain elements of the landscape, while remaining true to the basic principles of style:

- naturalness;

- uneven terrain;

– natural colors and materials;

- hierarchy in the construction of the composition;

- the presence of water bodies on the site.

At the same time, it is worth remembering that when planning the design of a recreation area, it is worth considering the natural and climatic conditions of the area, the size and landscape of the site.

Rock gardens in landscape gardens

The rock garden is a decorative miniature stone garden that repeats the mountainous terrain with all the characteristic elements, vegetation and water bodies.

The first gardens, which can rightfully be called rocky, appeared in England in the 19th century. The British, who saw the beauty of Swiss nature, decided to create something similar in their homeland. For this, alpine plants were brought to England. However, the natural and climatic conditions of England are very different from those of Switzerland, and the first experiments in growing alpine plants were unsuccessful. Although some plants were able to take root, however, to create a full-fledged alpine landscape, plants had to be brought again and again from the highlands. Only towards the end of the 19th century, thanks to proper care classical rock gardens appeared.

rock garden

The most favorable condition for creating a rock garden is a natural slope on the site. However, if the terrain does not meet this condition, you can form the landscape as you wish. At the same time, it is worth considering that the organization of a rock garden is a very laborious process, and it is better to start its creation from a small area.

Alpine slide is a bright and attractive decoration. The alliance and contrast of two opposites is always attractive. The immovable and unchanging stones and ever-changing plants ensure the originality of the slides and their beauty.

Stones are the main element of the rock garden, a symbol of eternity, strength, strength and courage.

Rock garden is perfect place to create a collection of any undersized and creeping conifers and deciduous shrubs. An additional attraction of the rock garden can give a stream or a small body of water. Sometimes the role of water in the rock garden is played by a stone - light pebbles or gravel.

When making a rock garden, you need to decide on the type of slide and draw up its plan (relief, location of stones, paths). In this case, a number of conditions should be taken into account - the illumination of the site, the peculiarity of the slope, existing plants and soil cover.

It is very important that the rock garden look as natural as possible and fit harmoniously into the landscape environment. When designing a garden in a landscape style, rock gardens will harmoniously coexist with other elements if they are arranged as part of wildlife.

A landscape-style rocky garden is a rock garden in the strictest sense of the word. Rock garden may include a variety of natural elements:

- gorges;

– terraces;

- ledges.

Plants for rock gardens differ in different properties and sizes, most often perennials are chosen, in which (except for evergreen species) in autumn or early winter, and sometimes shortly after flowering, the aerial part dies off. By spring, they begin to grow again and at the height of the season delight with their appearance.

Each rock garden is a kind of unique independent structure. It should be located (if it is not a natural corner) separate from the rest of the garden, have a beautiful background and natural surroundings. For example, it may be surrounded by thickets of heather, included in the rock garden or continuing it.

The steppe flora is often used. Next to the rock garden, free space with a well-groomed lawn also looks good.

The plants needed for a rock garden should be mostly perennial, and sometimes able to grow on rocky soil. These include:

- cyclamens, which thrive in slightly shaded places on permeable soils rich in humus, are especially suitable for decorating rock gardens adjacent to heather or near dwarf trees, both deciduous and coniferous;

- spring plants, which should be planted in slightly shaded corners under sparse ornamental bushes, golden flowers and beautiful leaves which will decorate the garden, starting from February - May;

- snowdrops showing their flowers with the breath of the first spring wind;

- black hellebore, some varieties of which bloom even before the onset of the new year, while others enter the flowering time gradually, until the beginning of April;

- spring eriki, which begin to bloom at the time of snowmelt, differing in a diverse range of colors from snow-white, pale pink and pinkish-red, to juicy carmine-red;

- wolfberry, belonging to decorative tree species, blooming profusely with pink-red and white flowers and having a strong and pleasant aroma;

- jasmine unflowered, attracting attention with its flowers and delicate aroma;

- forsythia, which blooms in a protected part of the garden or on a larger hill from January;

- a stemless primrose, beautifully blooming with yellowish flowers, when cold still reigns everywhere;

- saxifrage, a magnificent exquisite flower that can be admired by the most demanding gardeners;

- hoyfella, with surprising assertiveness breaking through the remnants of melting, sometimes icy snow;

- a copse, on which beautiful blue flowers appear already in March;

- belotsvetnik, characterized by large bell-shaped white flowers with green spots at the ends of the petals;

- Missouri evening primrose, which blooms with bright yellow flowers on summer evenings;

- elecampane - a dry-loving plant, similar to perennial asters, with yellow ray-shaped flowers.