Coursework: Synthetic detergents
(SMC) are liquid, pasty and powdery substances that contain surfactants, as well as other organic and inorganic substances that increase the effectiveness of surfactants.
The main purpose of detergents is to remove contaminants from various surfaces. Contaminants are firmly held on them due to physical and chemical forces, are not wetted by water and therefore are practically not washed off by it. To transfer contaminants into solution, they should be made hydrophilic (wettable). molecules detergents, being adsorbed on a mud particle, "attract" it to the water, tear it off the surface, prevent the particles from sticking back and sticking together. Thus, the particles go into solution. Since the surfactant solution wets surfaces better, it penetrates into the smallest pores and destroys large particles of contaminants.
Fatty soaps have some disadvantages. Their washing action is manifested only in alkaline environment, with calcium and magnesium salts contained in hard water, they form sticky insoluble salts that settle on tissues and contaminate them. Alkalis contained in soap weaken the strength of woolen and silk fabrics, as well as fabrics made of polyester fibers, especially at elevated temperatures, and can also change the color of fabrics. In addition, fatty raw materials for soaps are a scarce food product. All this determines the relevance of the development of production and use of synthetic detergents, which have the following advantages:
1. The production of SMS is based on a cheap raw material base - products of oil and gas processing. Calculations show that the cost of generating CMC is no more than 65-70% of the cost of generating 47% laundry soap. The implementation of a broad program for the production of synthetic detergents makes it possible to release a large amount of edible fats.
2. Synthetic detergents do not interact with hard water salts or, when interacting, give compounds that are easily removed from the fabric. Many of the SMS wash equally well in soft, hard, and some even in sea water.
3. Synthetic detergents, depending on their composition, can wash fabrics well not only in an alkaline environment, but also in a neutral and acidic one.
4. SMS exhibit a cleaning effect not only in hot water, but also in relatively low temperature water, which is very important when washing products made from chemical fibers, etc.
1 CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW MATERIALS AND MATERIALS
All synthetic detergents are organic compounds. They have a one-sided hydrocarbon chain and a group involved in reactions.
Basic integral part SMS are organic surfactants with wetting, emulsifying, peptizing and foaming properties. The combination of these properties determines their cleaning action. Surfactants used for the production of SMS are divided into ionic, dissociating in aqueous solutions into ions, and nonionic. The most common anionic substances (alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates and alkylarylsulfonates), which decompose in aqueous solutions into anions (larger negatively charged particles) and cations (small positively charged ions, usually sodium or potassium). The larger anions provide surface-active properties. All anionic surfactants are crystalline substances that are soluble in water. Their content in SMS is from 10 to 40%.
New synthetic amphoteric surfactants have also been developed. They are promising for the production of detergents, but are still expensive and still very rare.
To enhance the washing effect of surfactants, alkaline and neutral electrolytes, alkylolamides, carboxymethylcellulose, etc. are added to the composition of synthetic detergents. Bleaches (peroxide salts, optical brighteners) are useful additives. V certain types SMS is injected with antistatic agents, enzymes, starching agents, etc.
In modern SMS, surfactants are used that have a degree of biodegradation of at least 90%: alkyl sulfonates,
alkanesulfonates with high detergency and high biodegradability, olefinsulfonates with good detergency, including in hard water, which is especially important for phosphate-free detergents, etc.
Alkyl sulfates, depending on the structure of the molecules, are divided into primary and secondary. Primary sulfates are processed products of natural fatty acids; secondary sulfates - products of oil refining.
Alkyl sulfonates are sodium salts of fatty sulfonic acids. The main feedstock for their production are paraffin hydrocarbons of oil. Alkylsulfonates are used mainly in mixtures with other detergents, since they have a lower detergency than alkyl sulfates.
Alkylarylsulfonates are sodium salts of alkylarylsulfonic acids obtained by sulfonation of alkylated benzene. The initial raw material for them is kerosene fractions of oil. A serious disadvantage of all benzene derivatives of detergents is their difficult bioavailability.
More than half of all SMS are made on the basis of alkylarylsulfonates.
Electrolytes improve the washing effect and increase the surface activity of detergents. They break down grease, soften water and improve the washing action of synthetic detergents, thereby reducing their consumption. In powders intended for washing cotton and linen products, soda and sodium polyphosphate are added in large quantities, for washing woolen and silk fabrics - neutral electrolytes (sodium sulfate, etc.). Polyphosphates are added to general-purpose powders in order to create an optimal alkaline environment. However, these additives also destroy protein substances (wool, silk), and adversely affect the environment. They are gradually being replaced by neutral additives - zeolites.
Alkylolamides are foam stabilizers, they are introduced into SMS in an amount of 1-3%. They significantly increase the effectiveness of synthetic detergents, increasing the stability of the foam, suspending dirt and preventing their deposition on fabrics. Their introduction into the composition of detergents reduces the content of the active detergent. They are not used, however, for SMS intended for washing in washing machines, in which strong foaming hinders their functioning.
Neutral salts - sodium sulfate and phosphate are also introduced into SMS. Sodium sulfate is used to improve the flowability of the powder and its solubility in water, increases the washing power of detergents, and is included in all types of SMS. Detergents also contain up to 30% phosphorus salts - trisodium phosphates and polyphosphates to reduce the alkalinity of cleaning solutions to pH=7.
Carboxymethyl cellulose ( sodium salt cellulose ether and glycolic acid). It prevents the re-deposition of contaminants on the surface of cotton fabrics. To prevent the resorption of dirt on woolen and silk fabrics, polyvinylpyrrolidone is added to SMS.
Among nonionic surfactants, the best known are OP preparations, which are condensation products of fatty acids (or alcohols) with ethylene oxide. They are used mainly in the textile industry in the processing of fibers and fabrics, and only partially in the production of household detergents. OP preparations are used for the manufacture of liquid detergents mixed with other substances. They are characterized by good wetting, but insufficient foaming ability, they are an oily liquid. Brown color.
To preserve the whiteness of white products, chemical and physical (optical) brighteners are added to the SMS composition. Of the chemical bleaches that are used in SMS for linen and cotton fabrics, salts of peroxide acids (persalts) are usually used. At a temperature of the washing solution above 60 ° C, this substance is hydrolyzed, releasing atomic oxygen, which is a bleaching and disinfecting agent.
Modern detergents contain special bioadditives to remove contaminants of fatty origin and protein substances containing protein (traces of blood, egg white, milk) - enzymes (enzymes).
Recently, it has been recognized as expedient to introduce laundry soap into the composition of synthetic detergents as an additive, which stabilizes foaming and improves the washing effect.
In the composition of the SMS for washing synthetic fibers, sometimes antistatic agents are additionally introduced, which remove the charges of static electricity. Non-ionic and cationic surfactants are commonly used as antistatic agents.
Bad smell in powdered SMS, especially those containing enzymes, is eliminated by the introduction of fragrances, for example, perfume fragrances using inexpensive essential oils with the smell of freshness, citrus or floral aromas. As disinfectant additives, substances that have an antifungal, bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect are most often used.
The use of dyes in the composition of SMS is based on the optical effect, since the dyes are adsorbed on the surface of tissues without a chemical effect on the tissue. For this purpose, ultramarine, indigo, synthetic organic pigments are used. In this case, the fabric acquires greater whiteness and brightness due to the blue tint.
2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE
The modern range of synthetic detergents is very extensive. According to the consistency, SMS is divided into powder, liquid and pasty. The bulk of detergents are laundry detergents (about 80%). Liquid detergents and pastes are produced in smaller quantities (about 20%). According to the conditions of use, SMS is distinguished for low- and high-temperature washing, according to the method of application - high-foamy (for hand wash) and low foam (for machine washing, including washing in automatic machines).
Depending on the purpose, household synthetic detergents are divided into the following main types:
1) means for washing woolen and silk fabrics;
2) universal-purpose detergents for washing a variety of fabrics, including those made from chemical fibers;
3) means for washing cotton and linen fabrics;
4) means for washing coarse and heavily soiled fabrics, in particular overalls;
5) products for toilet purposes (shampoos for washing hair, liquid soaps etc.);
6) means for washing dishes, inventory, household utensils, etc.
Means for washing woolen and silk fabrics have a pH of 1% solution of 7-8.5. They are prepared mainly from primary alkyl sulfates, sodium sulfate (electrolyte up to 50%) and a small amount of alkylolamides (up to 2%). Sometimes a little hexametaphosphate or sodium bicarbonate is added to create a weak alkaline environment (when washing at room temperature or in warm water). The most widely used are liquid preparations for washing woolen and silk fabrics, such as Vanish, Laska (available in both solid and liquid form), etc.
Universal detergents for washing various fabrics, including chemical fibers (pH 9-9.5) are intended for fabrics made from a mixture of natural and synthetic fibers. It is usually prepared from a mixture of alkyl sulfates and alkylarylsulfonates, a nonionic surfactant - an OP preparation, sodium tripolyphosphate (up to 40%), alkylolamides (up to 2%), carboxymethylcellulose (about 1%) and optical brighteners.
As a rule, detergents for washing white and colored laundry are presented separately in this group, although this distinction is not always observed. Washing of cotton and linen products with similar means is allowed with boiling, and of wool and silk - at a temperature not exceeding 40 C. The range of SMS data is the most diverse: "Lotus", "Dosya", "Ariel", "Tide", "Bonux" , "Myth-universal", etc. Often trade marks universal SMS are available with various flavors, which is achieved by the introduction of fragrances.
Means for washing cotton and linen fabrics have a pH of 1% solution of 10-11.5%. It is prepared mainly from alkylarylsulfonates, adding alkyl sulfates and alkylsulfonates to some SMS. The composition of these products includes carboxymethylcellulose, alkylolamides, sodium tripolyphosphate and up to 10-15% soda ash. In addition to the classic components, up to 10-15% bleaches are introduced into their composition. The range of these funds is not as diverse as universal SMS ("Swan", "Children's", etc.).
Means for toilet purposes are prepared on the basis of secondary alkyl sulfates. They also add alcohol, glycerin, fragrances, etc.
Means for dishes, inventory, household utensils represent a very extensive group of synthetic detergents. By purpose, they are divided into dishwashing detergents, glass cleaners (windows and mirrors), sink cleaners, gas stoves etc. They are produced in various consistencies: liquid, gel, pasty, loose. They can have various aromatic additives. The brand range of these products is very wide and diverse: dishwashing detergents - "Fairy", "Pemolux", etc.; window cleaners - Sekunda, Istra, etc.; universal SMS - "Chipo", "Cillit", etc.
It should be noted that the main direction in the development of the SMS range is the production of universal detergents with bioadditives, which makes it possible to dispose of them after use, and also ensures the functional suitability for washing products made of both natural and artificial, synthetic fibers and their mixtures. At the same time, there is a clear tendency to separate detergents (especially powders) for hand and machine washing, due to the requirement for limited foaming in washing machines.
Synthetic detergents have a number of advantages: they do not require expensive scarce raw materials for manufacturing; indifferent to hard water; do not weaken the strength of many tissues; do not affect their color.
The consumer value of detergents is determined by a number of complex and individual properties that characterize both detergents and the efficiency of the washing process. From the group of functional properties, the most important are washing ability and versatility.
Detergency is a complex property that determines the ability of a detergent or a composition based on it to restore the cleanliness and whiteness of a contaminated surface. Evaluate the washing ability according to the degree of whiteness achieved after washing an artificially soiled fabric sample in a washing solution of a certain concentration. Washing ability is determined by the nature and type of detergent. The amount of washing power is also affected by the nature of the soiling, the nature and structure of the material being washed, the hardness of the water, the pH of the washing solution and the washing temperature. To determine the washing ability, pollution containing animal fats, mineral oils, soot and silicates is usually used, imitating street dust.
The foaming ability of detergents is characterized by the volume or height of the foam column, as well as foam resistance, i.e. the ratio of the initial value of the volume or height of the foam column to the values \u200b\u200bof these indicators after a certain period of time. Foaming is important to consider when changing the wash cycle. In hand washing, abundant and stable foaming increases washing efficiency, while in mechanized laundry and dishwashing, low foaming power is required.
Versatility. This property characterizes the suitability of detergents for the development of the main
Usually understood as household appliances for washing linen and clothes.
According to the commodity form, synthetic products are divided into loose (powdered, flaky), pasty, liquid and lumpy; by appointment - for household and technical. appointments; according to the scope and specifics of the washed substrate - for universal laundry detergents, detergents for machine washing heavily soiled linen, washing products made of thin, sensitive to damage and shrinkage, washing and bleaching with boiling, for pre-soaking, wed- va with for low-temperature washing, products with anti-shrink, softening, antistatic, refreshing color or other effect, special synthetic for children's underwear, etc.
FROM synthetic usually include micelle-forming (surfactants) with wetting and antistatic. action, dif. providing antiresorption. action (prevent the re-deposition of pollution particles), perfume. perfume masking specific. the smell of the composition and flavoring underwear, as well as all kinds of specials. : optical and peroxide bleaches, and solvents, preservatives, defoamers, binder fillers (in synthetic lumps), etc.
The basis of many synthetic - anionic surfactants, for example. alkyl benzene sulfonates (predominantly linear, with good biodegradability), alkyl ethoxy sulfates, alkane sulfonates, a-olefin sulfonates.
In connection with the global trend towards lower washing temperatures and the use of synthetic and cationic softeners-antistatic agents, the role of non-ionic, oxyethylated alkylphenols, has increased. As an aid. Surfactants that enhance this or that effect and soften the unwanted dermatological. action, alkyl- and alkylethoxyphosphates, taurates, sulfosuccinates, a-sulfocarboxylic acids, etherocarboxylates, and their ethoxylates, tertiary N-oxides, amphogeric derivatives, and can be introduced into synthetic in small amounts. Some distribution (especially in the USA) was received by synthetic based on anionic and (or) nonionic surfactants with cationic surfactants or capable of reducing electrostatic during the rinsing process due to the fibers. charge and shrinkage, as well as improve its fingerboard. Examples of such cationic, 1-(2-al-kylamidoethyl)-2-alkyl-3-methylimidazolinium methyl sulfate, cationic derivative. Op-tim. at 25-35 ° C, they usually have surfactants with an alkyl chain C 12 -C 14, with an increase in the washing temperature, the optimum is observed in homologues C 14 -C 16.
When compiling synthetic formulations, combinations of 2-3 surfactant-synergetics are often used, differing in p-growth, resistance to hardness and efficiency against solid, fatty and protein contaminants. Number of surfactants dec. types in synthetic reaches 35% by weight.
A good anionic and nonionic surfactant is usually achieved in the alkaline pH region and in the pre-day. dec. . Almost all powdered synthetics contain a miner. , of which the most used: Na tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, etc., capable of forming complexes with polyvalent ones. In liquid formulations, preim. use trisodium phosphate, tripolyphosphate K and chlorinated trisodium phosphate (in disinfectant products for dishes), in enzyme-containing - a small amount of Ca or Mg. Fully or partially functional in synthetic can perform - Na-salts of nitrilotriacetic to - you (trilon A) and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic to - you (), ethylidene diphosphonic and lemon to-t(see), as well as. The use of effective substitutes in synthetic ones is very important in connection with the pollution of water bodies with biogenic elements. The number of complexing agents in synthetic compounds is up to 40% by weight.
Na 2 SO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 and Na 2 SiO 3 (or) are introduced into washing as activating electrolytes. The last two (up to 10% by weight) provide an alkaline environment; Na 2 SiO 3 also inhibits the corrosive composition.
Peroxide bleaches, eg. (perborate) Na, injected only into powdered synthetic in the amount of 15-30%. When washing synthetic bright colors use bleaches, for example. tetraacetylethylenediamine, pentaacetylglucose. All of them, interacting in solution with
Synthetic detergents by appointment are divided into
For washing items made of cotton and linen fabrics;
For washing products made of artificial, synthetic, wool
stretch and silk fabrics;
Universal powders for washing products from all above
listed fabrics, of mixed fibres, but excluding products
from natural silk and wool.
Chapter 11
Household chemical products
The development of the SMS range is carried out in the direction of individualization of the type of fabric (fiber): for example, only for woolen, or only for synthetic, etc.
According to the method of application and depending on the type of washing and the type of washing machine, SMS are divided into means: - with reduced foaming - for drum machines
type; - non-standardized foaming - for activator machines
type and hand wash.
The biodegradability of surfactants used for the manufacture of SMS must be at least 80%. This provides an acceptable level environmental properties SMS. In modern SMS, surfactants are used that have a high degree biodegradation.
On the basis of similarity chemical nature anionic surfactants are divided into sulfonates and sulfates with the addition of the name of the corresponding organic radical (alkyl-, alkane-, etc.)
Alkylsulfonates(I - 5O 3 Ka) - sodium salts of sulfonic acids of the fatty series; alkanesulfonates (K.-alkyl C p - C] 8) with high washing power and high biodegradability (up to 99%); olefinsulfonates (K-alkyl C] 0 - C, 4) have a good detergent effect, including in hard water, which is especially important for phosphate-free detergents; hydroxyolefinsulfonates (R-alkyl C] 0 - C 14), etc.
Alkyl sulfates K - OZO 3 - Ka are sodium salts of sulfate esters of higher fatty alcohols (K-alkyl C m - C 17). Sulfates of ethoxylated fatty alcohols have a high detergent effect and are 100% biodegradable.
Pz cationic surfactant practical use have quaternary ammonium compounds with different functional groups in the hydrophobic chain. Most often they are used in liquid detergents. Cationic surfactants are used as corrosion inhibitors (to protect washing machines), antistatic agents, emulsifiers; they also have a disinfectant effect. In combination with non-ionic surfactants, they are used in detergents with bactericidal action.
To enhance the action of surfactants, alkaline salts - carbonate and sodium silicate are introduced into SMS. When hydrolyzed, they create an alkaline environment, which softens the water; in addition, anionic surfactants show their effect in an alkaline environment. Alkaline electrolytes are introduced into the composition of SMS for cotton and linen fabrics. Sodium silicate slows down the corrosion of metal parts of washing machines, increases the anti-resorption ability and reduces the hygroscopicity of powdered SMS.
Neutral salts are introduced into SMS - sodium sulfates and phosphates. Sodium sulfate is used to improve the flowability of the powder and its solubility in water, increases the washing power of the SMS, it is included in all types of SMS. Detergents also contain up to 30% phosphorus salts - trisodium phosphates and polyphosphates to reduce the alkalinity of detergent solutions to pH ~ 7. This is necessary for the action of additives such as enzymes. The action of polyphosphates lies in the fact that they form soluble complexes with metal ions and prevent the precipitation of sparingly soluble compounds of polyvalent cations, and this helps to eliminate plaque on tissues formed by sparingly soluble compounds, reduce the ash content (plaque, sediment) of tissues. Polyphosphates, in particular sodium hexametaphosphate, are produced in Europe under the Kalgon trademark, it is used as an additive to SMS during washing.
Phosphates have, however, a disadvantage - they pollute wastewater. In order to protect environment all over the world refuse to use phosphate compounds as the main components of SMS and are looking for a replacement among salts of organic acids.
In the composition of SMS for linen and cotton fabrics, carb o x and methyl cellulose - CMC (sodium salt of cellulose ether and glycolic acid) are introduced. It prevents the re-deposition of contaminants on the surface of cotton fabrics. To prevent the resorption of dirt on woolen and silk fabrics, polyvinylpyrrolidone is added to SMS.
The washing power of modern SMS is not determined by the amount of foam formed during washing, since there are
Chapter 11
low-foaming surfactants with high washing ability. A large amount of foam is a tradition of hand washing. For SMS intended for hand washing, the foaming ability is provided by the introduction of foam stabilizers (al-kylolamides). Abundant and persistent foam in detergent solutions complicates washing in automatic drum-type washing machines. For this purpose, low-foaming products with controlled foaming are produced.
To preserve the whiteness of products, chemical and physical (optical) bleaches. From chemical bleaches that are used in SMS for linen and cotton fabrics, salts of peroxide acids (persalts), for example, sodium perborate (NaH 2 BO 4 -3H 2 O), are usually used. When the temperature of the washing solution is above 60 ° C, this substance is hydrolyzed, releasing atomic oxygen, which is a bleaching and disinfecting agent. My o potassium persulfate bleaches fabric at 60°C. For woolen and silk fabrics, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is used.
Chemical bleaches - persols - strong oxidizing agents, they destroy tissues during prolonged and repeated exposure. V Lately methods have been found for activating peroxide salts at lower temperatures of the washing solution, for example, by introducing bleaching catalysts (activators), in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAEB).
physical, or optical brighteners are used on mixed fibre, synthetic and natural wool and silk fabrics to increase the whiteness and eliminate the yellow tint of white fabrics. Optical brighteners are colorless fluorescent organic compounds that are adsorbed from solution onto fabric fibers. Optical brighteners have the ability to absorb the invisible ultraviolet rays of sunlight (300-400 nm) and convert them into visible rays of the blue part of the reflected light with greater length waves (400-500 nm), giving blueness to tissues; under normal lighting, the effect of optical whitening does not appear.
_________________ Bygovyechemical goods___________
Modern SMS contain special bioadditives to remove contaminants of fatty origin and protein substances containing protein (traces of blood, egg white, milk) - enzymes (enzymes). Proteolytic enzymes (proteases) carry out enzymatic hydrolysis of polypeptide groups in large protein molecules and break them down to small amino acid groups that are easily removed from the fibers during washing. Detergents containing proteases should not be used on natural silks and wools, as they are also proteinaceous and enzymes can break down fabrics. Amylases are enzymes that hydrolyze carbohydrates (sugars), lipases are enzymes that promote the destruction of fatty contaminants. The effectiveness of detergents with enzymes depends on the temperature of the washing solution and the pH of the medium.
The composition of SMS for washing synthetic fibers is sometimes additionally introduced antistatic agents, which remove charges of static electricity from products after drying. Nonionic or cationic surfactants are usually used as antistatic agents.
The unpleasant smell of powdered SMS, especially those containing enzymes, is eliminated by the introduction of fragrances, such as perfumes, using synthetic fragrant substances with a fresh smell or aromas of greens, fruits, citrus fruits. The most commonly used disinfectant additives are substances (or surfactants) that have a fungicidal (antifungal), bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect.
Application dyes as part of SMS is based on the optical effect, since dyes are adsorbed on the surface of tissues without chemical effects on the tissue. For this purpose, ultramarine, indigo, synthetic organic pigments are used. In this case, the fabric acquires greater whiteness and brightness due to the blue tint.
Technical requirements for powdered SMS, they are installed in accordance with GOST 25644-96 "Synthetic powder detergents. General technical requirements."
Eyes 11
Household chemical products
Quality indicators CMC is judged on appearance only: powdered CMC should be a white to light yellow granular powder or coloured. The color, or whiteness, of the powder (according to the scale of white colors) must be at least 60%. For colored powders and powders with bioadditives, the color index is not determined. For each specific name of the powder, which differs from the others in composition, separate technical conditions are developed.
In terms of quality, powdered SMS must meet the requirements given in Table. 11.1.
Table 11.1 Quality indicators of powdered CMC
Introduction
1 Characteristics of raw materials and materials
2 Technical description sample
3 Process description
4 Inspection of finished products
5 Storage and packaging of finished products
6 Scope
Conclusion
List of sources used
Applications
INTRODUCTION
Synthetic detergents (SMC) are liquid, pasty and powdery substances that contain surfactants, as well as other organic and inorganic substances that increase the effectiveness of surfactants.
The main purpose of detergents is to remove contaminants from various surfaces. Contaminants are firmly held on them due to physical and chemical forces, are not wetted by water and therefore are practically not washed off by it. To transfer contaminants into solution, they should be made hydrophilic (wettable). Molecules of detergents, being adsorbed on a mud particle, "attract" it to the water, tear it away from the surface, prevent the particles from sticking back and sticking together. Thus, the particles go into solution. Since the surfactant solution wets surfaces better, it penetrates into the smallest pores and destroys large particles of contaminants.
Fatty soaps have some disadvantages. Their washing effect is manifested only in an alkaline environment, with calcium and magnesium salts contained in hard water, they form sticky insoluble salts that settle on tissues and pollute them. Alkalis contained in soap weaken the strength of woolen and silk fabrics, as well as fabrics made of polyester fibers, especially at elevated temperatures, and can also change the color of fabrics. In addition, fatty raw materials for soaps are a scarce food product. All this determines the relevance of the development of production and use of synthetic detergents, which have the following advantages:
1. The production of SMS is based on a cheap raw material base - products of oil and gas processing. Calculations show that the cost of producing SMS is no more than 65-70% of the cost of producing 47% laundry soap. The implementation of a broad program for the production of synthetic detergents makes it possible to release a large amount of edible fats.
2. Synthetic detergents do not interact with hard water salts or, when interacting, give compounds that are easily removed from the fabric. Many of the SMS wash equally well in soft, hard, and some even in sea water.
3. Synthetic detergents, depending on their composition, can wash fabrics well not only in an alkaline environment, but also in a neutral and acidic one.
4. SMS exhibit a washing effect not only in hot water, but also in relatively low temperature water, which is very important when washing products made of chemical fibers, etc.
1 CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW MATERIALS AND MATERIALS
All synthetic detergents are organic compounds. They have a one-sided hydrocarbon chain and a group involved in reactions.
The main component of SMS are organic surfactants with wetting, emulsifying, peptizing and foaming properties. The combination of these properties determines their cleaning action. Surfactants used for the production of SMS are divided into ionic, dissociating in aqueous solutions into ions, and nonionic. The most common anionic substances (alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates and alkylarylsulfonates), which decompose in aqueous solutions into anions (larger negatively charged particles) and cations (small positively charged ions, usually sodium or potassium). The larger anions provide surface-active properties. All anionic surfactants are crystalline substances that are soluble in water. Their content in SMS is from 10 to 40%.
New synthetic amphoteric surfactants have also been developed. They are promising for the production of detergents, but are still expensive and still very rare.
To enhance the washing effect of surfactants, alkaline and neutral electrolytes, alkylolamides, carboxymethylcellulose, etc. are added to the composition of synthetic detergents. Bleaches (peroxide salts, optical brighteners) are useful additives. Antistatic agents, enzymes, starching agents, etc. are introduced into certain types of SMS.
In modern SMS, surfactants are used that have a degree of biodegradation of at least 90%: alkyl sulfonates,
alkanesulfonates with high detergency and high biodegradability, olefinsulfonates with good detergency, including in hard water, which is especially important for phosphate-free detergents, etc.
Alkyl sulfates, depending on the structure of the molecules, are divided into primary and secondary. Primary sulfates are processed products of natural fatty acids; secondary sulfates - products of oil refining.
Alkyl sulfonates are sodium salts of fatty sulfonic acids. The main feedstock for their production are paraffin hydrocarbons of oil. Alkylsulfonates are used mainly in mixtures with other detergents, since they have a lower detergency than alkyl sulfates.
Alkylarylsulfonates are sodium salts of alkylarylsulfonic acids obtained by sulfonation of alkylated benzene. The initial raw material for them is kerosene fractions of oil. A serious disadvantage of all benzene derivatives of detergents is their difficult bioavailability.
More than half of all SMS are made on the basis of alkylarylsulfonates.
Electrolytes improve the washing effect and enhance surface activity detergents. They break down grease, soften water and improve the washing action of synthetic detergents, thereby reducing their consumption. In powders intended for washing cotton and linen products, soda and sodium polyphosphate are added in large quantities, for washing woolen and silk fabrics - neutral electrolytes (sodium sulfate, etc.). Polyphosphates are added to general-purpose powders in order to create an optimal alkaline environment. However, these additives also destroy protein substances (wool, silk), and adversely affect the environment. They are gradually being replaced by neutral additives - zeolites.
Alkylolamides are foam stabilizers, they are introduced into SMS in an amount of 1-3%. They significantly increase the effectiveness of synthetic detergents, increasing the stability of the foam, suspending dirt and preventing their deposition on fabrics. Their introduction into the composition of detergents reduces the content of the active detergent. They are not used, however, for SMS intended for washing in washing machines, in which strong foaming makes their operation difficult.
Neutral salts - sodium sulfate and phosphate are also introduced into SMS. Sodium sulfate is used to improve the flowability of the powder and its solubility in water, increases the washing power of detergents, and is included in all types of SMS. Detergents also contain up to 30% phosphorus salts - trisodium phosphates and polyphosphates to reduce the alkalinity of cleaning solutions to pH=7.
Carboxymethylcellulose (sodium salt of cellulose ether and glycolic acid) is added to the composition of SMS for linen and cotton fabrics. It prevents the re-deposition of contaminants on the surface of cotton fabrics. To prevent the resorption of dirt on woolen and silk fabrics, polyvinylpyrrolidone is added to SMS.
Among nonionic surfactants, the best known are OP preparations, which are condensation products of fatty acids (or alcohols) with ethylene oxide. They are used mainly in the textile industry in the processing of fibers and fabrics, and only partially in the production of household detergents. OP preparations are used for the manufacture of liquid detergents mixed with other substances. They are characterized by good wetting, but insufficient foaming ability, they are a brown oily liquid.
To preserve the whiteness of white products, chemical and physical (optical) brighteners are added to the SMS composition. Of the chemical bleaches that are used in SMS for linen and cotton fabrics, salts of peroxide acids (persalts) are usually used. At a temperature of the washing solution over 60
With this substance hydrolyzes, releasing atomic oxygen, which is a bleaching and disinfecting agent.Modern detergents contain special bioadditives to remove contaminants of fatty origin and protein substances containing protein (traces of blood, egg white, milk) - enzymes (enzymes).
Recently, it has been recognized as expedient to introduce laundry soap into the composition of synthetic detergents as an additive, which stabilizes foaming and improves the washing effect.
In the composition of the SMS for washing synthetic fibers, sometimes antistatic agents are additionally introduced, which remove the charges of static electricity. Non-ionic and cationic surfactants are commonly used as antistatic agents.
Unpleasant odors in powdered SMSs, especially those containing enzymes, are eliminated by the addition of fragrances, such as perfume fragrances using inexpensive essential oils with fresh, citrus or floral scents. As disinfectant additives, substances that have an antifungal, bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect are most often used.
The use of dyes in the composition of SMS is based on the optical effect, since the dyes are adsorbed on the surface of tissues without a chemical effect on the tissue. For this purpose, ultramarine, indigo, synthetic organic pigments are used. In this case, the fabric acquires greater whiteness and brightness due to the blue tint.
2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE
The modern range of synthetic detergents is very extensive. According to the consistency, SMS is divided into powder, liquid and pasty. The bulk of detergents are laundry detergents (about 80%). Liquid detergents and pastes are produced in smaller quantities (about 20%). According to the conditions of use, SMS is distinguished for low- and high-temperature washing, according to the method of application - high-foamy (for hand washing) and low-foamy (for machine washing, including washing in automatic machines).
Depending on the purpose, household synthetic detergents are divided into the following main types:
1) means for washing woolen and silk fabrics;
2) universal-purpose detergents for washing a variety of fabrics, including those made from chemical fibers;
3) means for washing cotton and linen fabrics;
4) means for washing coarse and heavily soiled fabrics, in particular overalls;
5) products for toilet purposes (hair shampoos, liquid soaps, etc.);
6) means for washing dishes, inventory, household utensils, etc.
Means for washing woolen and silk fabrics have a pH of 1% solution of 7-8.5. They are prepared mainly from primary alkyl sulfates, sodium sulfate (electrolyte up to 50%) and a small amount of alkylolamides (up to 2%). Sometimes a little hexametaphosphate or sodium bicarbonate is added to create a slightly alkaline environment (when washing at room temperature or in warm water). The most widely used are liquid preparations for washing woolen and silk fabrics, such as Vanish, Laska (available in both solid and liquid form), etc.
Universal detergents for washing various fabrics, including chemical fibers (pH 9-9.5) are intended for fabrics made from a mixture of natural and synthetic fibers. It is usually prepared from a mixture of alkyl sulfates and alkylarylsulfonates, a nonionic surfactant - an OP preparation, sodium tripolyphosphate (up to 40%), alkylolamides (up to 2%), carboxymethylcellulose (about 1%) and optical brighteners.
As a rule, detergents for washing white and colored laundry are presented separately in this group, although this distinction is not always observed. Washing of cotton and linen products with similar means is allowed with boiling, and of wool and silk - at a temperature not exceeding 40
C. The range of SMS data is the most diverse: "Lotus", "Dosya", "Ariel", "Tide", "Bonux", "Mif-universal", etc. Often brand names of universal SMS are produced with different flavors, which is achieved by the introduction of fragrances.Means for washing cotton and linen fabrics have a pH of 1% solution of 10-11.5%. It is prepared mainly from alkylarylsulfonates, adding alkyl sulfates and alkylsulfonates to some SMS. The composition of these products includes carboxymethylcellulose, alkylolamides, sodium tripolyphosphate and up to 10-15% soda ash. In addition to the classic components, up to 10-15% bleaches are introduced into their composition. The range of these funds is not as diverse as universal SMS ("Swan", "Children's", etc.).
Means for toilet purposes are prepared on the basis of secondary alkyl sulfates. They also add alcohol, glycerin, fragrances, etc.
Means for dishes, inventory, household utensils represent a very extensive group of synthetic detergents. By purpose, they are divided into dishwashing detergents, glass cleaners (windows and mirrors), sink cleaners, gas stove cleaners, etc. They are produced in various consistencies: liquid, gel, pasty, loose. They can have various aromatic additives. The brand range of these products is very wide and diverse: dishwashing detergents - "Fairy", "Pemolux", etc.; window cleaners - Sekunda, Istra, etc.; universal SMS - "Chipo", "Cillit", etc.
It should be noted that the main direction in the development of the SMS range is the production of universal detergents with bioadditives, which makes it possible to dispose of them after use, and also ensures the functional suitability for washing products made of both natural and artificial, synthetic fibers and their mixtures. At the same time, there is a clear tendency to separate detergents (especially powders) for hand and machine washing, due to the requirement for limited foaming in washing machines.
Synthetic detergents have a number of advantages: they do not require expensive scarce raw materials for manufacturing; indifferent to hard water; do not weaken the strength of many tissues; do not affect their color.
The consumer value of detergents is determined by a number of complex and individual properties that characterize both detergents and the efficiency of the washing process. From the group of functional properties, the most important are washing ability and versatility.
Detergency is a complex property that determines the ability of a detergent or a composition based on it to restore the cleanliness and whiteness of a contaminated surface. Evaluate the washing ability according to the degree of whiteness achieved after washing an artificially soiled fabric sample in a washing solution of a certain concentration. Washing ability is determined by the nature and type of detergent. The amount of washing power is also affected by the nature of the soiling, the nature and structure of the material being washed, the hardness of the water, the pH of the washing solution and the washing temperature. To determine the washing ability, dirt containing animal fats, mineral oils, soot and silicates, which imitate street dust, is usually used.
The foaming ability of detergents is characterized by the volume or height of the foam column, as well as foam resistance, i.e. the ratio of the initial value of the volume or height of the foam column to the values \u200b\u200bof these indicators after a certain period of time. Foaming is important to consider when changing the wash cycle. In hand washing, abundant and stable foaming increases washing efficiency, while in mechanized laundry and dishwashing, low foaming power is required.
Versatility. This property characterizes the suitability of detergents for the manifestation of the main function in a different environment, i.e. in conditions different meanings pH, water hardness and washing solution temperature. With an increase in water hardness, the washing ability of soap may be completely lost, since soap will be spent on binding calcium and magnesium ions. Synthetic detergents are more versatile, they lose only part of their detergency in hard water and exhibit a detergency at lower temperatures.
Harmlessness. The safety of detergents is assessed in relation to the person, the environment and the material to be washed. When characterizing safety, biological activity is also evaluated, since some detergents have bactericidal, general disinfecting properties, and some preparations have toxicity. Unlike soap, which is easily biodegradable, synthetic detergents containing benzene nuclei and branched alkyl residues in the carbon chain are biologically “solid”: they do not decompose in water bodies, but accumulate in them, causing the death of animal and plant organisms and difficulties in water purification.
The ease of use of detergents is evaluated by the solubility of CMC in water, the degree of spraying, the need to heat the cleaning solution, the presence of devices for opening and dispensing detergents in the container, etc.
Synthetic detergents are currently produced according to various formulations (Table 1).
Table 1 Composition of SMS
| name of raw materials | for washing cotton fabrics with bleaching, % |
for washing synthetic |
for washing wool and silk |
for soaking and preliminary |
| Surface active detergents | 20-18 | 25 | 35 | 15 |
| Sodium tripolyphosphate | 35-40 | 50 | 5 | 40 |
| Sodium perborate | 10-20 | - | - | - |
| sodium silicate | 5-7 | 5 | - | - |
| soda ash | 15-20 | - | - | - |
| CMC | 0,9-1 | - | - | 1,0 |
| Optical brightener | 0,1-0,2 | 0,4 | 0,2-0,3 | - |
| Peroxide salt stabilizer | 1-2 | - | - | - |
| Sodium toluenesulfonate | 0-2 | 0-2 | - | - |
| Sodium sulfate | to 10 | up to 8 | up to 55 | up to 25 |
| perfume fragrance | 0,1-0,3 | 0,1-0,3 | 0,1-0,3 | - |
| Enzymes (enzymes) | - | - | - | 3-5 |
| Moisture | to 10 | to 10 | up to 5 | to 10 |
Each SMS is intended for fabrics of a certain type, because, for example, cotton and linen fabrics are resistant to alkalis and elevated temperatures, while woolen and natural silk fabrics, on the contrary, are destroyed in aqueous solutions of alkalis and at a washing solution temperature above 45-50
WITH.3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
SMS is available in powder, liquid, or paste form. The preparation technology consists in composing the composition, mixing and dissolving all the components of the recipe. Drying is used to obtain powdered products. This is followed by packaging and packaging of the finished product.
The preparation of the composition consists in mixing surfactants with the additives required by the recipe. To reduce the cost of water evaporation, the most concentrated compositions (up to 50-60% of dry matter) are prepared for powdered products, which are actually suspensions. The compositions are then filtered and passed through a colloid mill to achieve uniformity. Drying consists in spraying the solution in a drying tower under pressure up to 50 atm and a temperature of 250-350
C. With this method, the powders are obtained in granular form. The main amount of powdered SMS is produced by high-temperature spray drying, which provides a high quality granular product.Liquid and pasty detergents dissolve better in water, are easily dosed, their production is associated with lower costs, since the drying process is eliminated, but the shelf life of such products is lower. Paste products contain up to 40% water. Almost all additives can be included in their composition, with the exception of unstable chemical bleaches.
The main components of the CMC composition are alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates and alkyl aryl sulfonates.
Alkyl sulfates. They are sodium salts of sulfoesters of higher fatty alcohols. Alkyl sulfates are obtained by sulfation of fatty alcohols, followed by neutralization of the resulting sulfonic product.
Fatty alcohols are obtained in various ways:
1) fatty acid hydrogenation method;
2) method of direct oxidation of paraffinic hydrocarbons in the presence of boric acid;
3) sulfonation of fatty alcohols.
Synthetic powders are produced on the basis of primary alkyl sulfates, and liquid synthetic detergents are produced on the basis of secondary ones.
Alkylsulfonates. They are sodium salts of fatty sulfonic acids containing 12-18 carbon atoms in the chain. The raw materials for the production of alkylsulfonates are natural and synthetic hydrocarbons containing 14-22 carbon atoms (fractions of straight-run petroleum kerosene or hydrogenated synthin, boiling in the range of 240-300
WITH).Alkylsulfonates can be obtained in two ways: sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Sulfochlorination is produced by the action of gaseous sulfur dioxide and chlorine on hydrocarbons. The reaction is accelerated by catalysts such as peroxy compounds. For the successful course of the reaction, it is necessary to irradiate the reaction mixture with short-wavelength light. By treatment with caustic alkali (15-20% solution), the resulting sulfochlorides are converted into alkylsulfonates. resulting finished product received the name "Sulfonate", it is used for the preparation of synthetic detergents such as "Astra", "Novost", etc. The technology for obtaining alkyl sulfonates is relatively simple, characterized by low capital costs, and the raw material base is practically unlimited.
Alkylarylsulfonates. They are sodium salts of alkylarylsulfonic acids, they are the most common detergents. In our country, alkylarylsulfonates are produced mainly in the form of alkylbenzenesulfonates (sulfonols).
The production of sulfonic acid consists of the following stages:
a) purification of kerosene from aromatic hydrocarbons by extraction of the latter with diethylene glycol;
b) photochemical chlorination of purified kerosene;
c) alkylation of benzene with chlorinated kerosene in the presence of a catalyst - anhydrous AlCl
;d) sulfonation of alkylbenzene is carried out with a solution of sulfuric anhydride SO
in liquid sulfur dioxide SO at a low temperature (10C), since the sulfonation process proceeds with a large release of heat;e) neutralization of the resulting alkylbenzenesulfonic acids with a solution of caustic soda (20% solution). The neutralization temperature should not exceed 45-550
WITH;f) separation of non-sulfonated and evaporation aqueous solutions sulphonol.
The currently produced chlorine sulfonol in the form of a 30% solution (according to the active substance) has proven itself well for the production of synthetic washing powders.
4 CONTROL OF FINISHED PRODUCTS
Requirements for the quality of synthetic detergents are regulated by GOST 23361-78 E “Foam detergents. Specifications"; GOST 25644-96 “Synthetic powder detergents. General technical requirements”; PCT 525-85 Powdered detergents based on fat. General technical conditions”, as well as specifications for specific types of products.
The quality of synthetic detergents is judged by their washing ability and by indicators of organoleptic and laboratory evaluation. The washing ability is determined by experimental washings according to the whiteness of the fabric to be washed.
Organoleptic methods evaluate the appearance, color and smell of SMS, external design, packaging, labeling. By appearance they should be homogeneous powders or granules (not larger than 3 mm in diameter) of white or light yellow color. In liquid SMS there should be no delamination and sedimentation.
Essential consumer property SMS is a smell that can be transferred to the washed product and to some extent remain in it. Odors associated with insufficient cleaning of the CMC components, in particular the smell of petroleum products, are not allowed. A slight smell of perfume fragrances is allowed if they were added to the SMS.
The laboratory indicators of the quality of synthetic detergents include: pH of an aqueous (1%) solution, the content of basic detergent surfactants (alcohol-soluble), as well as non-sulfonated compounds, the content of alkali salts, moisture, optical brighteners, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. normalize only for some (foaming) SMS.
The main indicator of the quality of synthetic detergents, characterizing its consumer value, is the content of alcohol-soluble surfactants. This indicator is equivalent to the content of fatty acids in soap and is standardized in the regulatory and technical documentation. In powdered SMS, a qualitative number is also determined, which is the amount (in grams) of alcohol-soluble active detergents in a separate package. The need to determine this indicator is due to some fluctuations in the bulk mass of the powder and its moisture content. The quality number guarantees a certain amount of active detergent in each individual package.
The amount of non-sulfonated compounds in the SMS should be as small as possible, since they do not have a detergency effect, but can significantly impair the quality of the detergent, causing its color to darken and appear bad smell. Certain allowable norms the content of these compounds in SMS.
Certain standards have been established for the content of alkaline salts in SMS - tripolyphosphate (in terms of P
O in %) and sodium silicate (in terms of SiO in %). These salts, like other mineral substances that make up the SMS, affect the ash content of the washed fabric.The residual ash content in the washed fabric is an important indicator of the quality of the SMS, as it affects the sanitary and hygienic properties of clothing. Increased ash content causes discomfort when wearing linen, it helps to increase its rigidity, reduces breathability and sweat absorption, as well as the rate of drying of linen.
SMS powders are hydroscopic, so they determine the moisture content, as it affects the value of the quality number, although an increase in moisture does not affect the washing ability of SMS.
When evaluating the quality of synthetic detergents, the content of alkylolamides, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), peroxide and optical brighteners, etc. is taken into account. These components and useful additives are contained in SMS in small quantities, so the determination is limited to positive qualitative reactions to their presence in SMS.
In laboratory conditions, the main attention is paid to physico-chemical parameters, especially to the ability to foam, wetting, emulsifying. These properties determine mainly the washing ability of SMS. Most often and quickly, the washing ability is determined by laboratory washing under conditions reproducing practical washing in a household machine GOST 22567.15-95 (Appendix A). The effectiveness of the washing action is evaluated by the speed and quality of washing. The higher the whiteness of the washed fabric, the higher the detergent effect of the product. The standard detergency should be
be at least 85%.
The manufacturer must guarantee the conformity of the quality of detergents with technical documentation; each batch of SMS is accompanied by documents certifying the quality of products. The consumer has the right to check the quality of synthetic detergents prepared for shipment (delivery) at the enterprise.
To check the labeling, packaging and external design of the drug, the recipient reviews at least 3% of the products and establishes their compliance with the specifications. If more than 2% of non-conforming products are found, the entire batch is rejected, and less than 2% - only the detected packs.
To check the physico-chemical parameters, a control sample is taken: at least 10 packs (bags) are taken from 5% of the total batch, their contents are mixed, then the sample weight is reduced to 0.3 kg and the study is carried out. If detergents do not match at least one of the indicators, the entire batch is rejected.
5 STORAGE AND PACKAGING OF FINISHED PRODUCTS
For the packaging of synthetic detergents, colorfully designed containers are used (packs, cans, cuvettes made of polymer materials), the dimensions and shape of which are approved by the artistic council.
Powdered SMS are packed in strong, neatly made boxes or sealed bags, liquid and pasty - in jars and bottles. The packaging must be resistant to external influences and the products themselves.
SMS can be packed in a variety of secondary packaging - board boxes, plywood, corrugated cardboard, in packs of wrapping paper with a density of 80-120 g/m
(powders). The gross weight of wooden boxes should not exceed 30 kg, cardboard boxes - 25, boxes and bundles - 10 kg. When packing in containers, the goods are placed in rows, with the lids up, the voids are filled with cushioning materials (dry shavings, waste paper, cardboard).Primary marking should be applied in such a way that it is not erased under mechanical influences. The name of the manufacturer and its trademark are indicated on the product; name and purpose of SMS; mode of application; mass; the name of the NTD on the basis of which the product was produced; date of manufacture and shelf life.
The same data is applied to the secondary packaging (boxes, packs) and, in addition, the number of packaging units, weight, lot number, packer number. On the packaging of liquid and pasty preparations indicate "Do not turn over!", "Top".
When evaluating the packaging of synthetic detergents, its information content is taken into account. It is important that the packaging indicates which fabrics the powder can be used for, in which washing modes (soaking, boiling, hand or machine washing) can be used. What should be its dosage in each of the washing modes, at what water temperature it should be done. This is a list of information necessary for the consumer, which will help him choose the right washing powder. All information required by the consumer must be available. It can be presented either in printed form or in the form of a diagram. But the main thing is that it be interpreted unambiguously, be extremely clear and understandable.
SMS is usually stored for a long time, with the exception of products containing peroxide salts. The packaging of such products indicates the month of manufacture and the shelf life, since the effectiveness of their action deteriorates sharply after 6-9 months.
Shelf life - at least 9 months from the date of manufacture for SMS with chemical bleaches or bioadditives, for other types of products it is not limited.
Store SMS in closed dry clean rooms protecting from moisture and sunlight. Boxes and packs are stacked in stacks no more than 1.2 meters high, leaving passages between them for air circulation.
Storage rooms must be equipped with an exhaust hood and fire fighting equipment. Synthetic detergents, like all other products household chemicals, are stored separately from other goods in compliance with the commodity neighborhood.
6 APPLICATION
Synthetic detergents are the most widely used household chemicals. The first synthetic powder "News" was released in 1953 based on products isolated from whale lard.
The modern range of synthetic detergents is very extensive. The selection of an appropriate composition (composition) of a synthetic detergent makes it easy to produce detergents for a wide variety of purposes.
Means of each subfamily are produced in powder, liquid and in the form of pastes. About 85% of the total production of synthetic detergents falls on the share of powder products, about 15% of the output are liquid and paste preparations. Customer survey data show that 3/4 of all households currently use mainly synthetic powder detergents, about 14% use pastes and only 10% of consumers use liquid detergents. The low demand for liquid and paste detergents is mainly due to poor advertising. The buyer is not always properly informed about the advantages of these detergents: ease of dosing, good solubility.
Approximately 45% of all detergents for everyday life are universal synthetic detergents, the same amount is for washing cotton and linen fabrics, and only 10% of the output is accounted for by detergents used for washing wool, silk and chemical fibers.
Recently, there has been a tendency to increase the production of synthetic detergents of combined action, providing, in addition to washing, disinfection, tinting, softening, and antistatic action. The production of synthetic detergents containing enzymes that facilitate the removal of protein contaminants (products with a bioeffect) is also increasing every year.
V last years the production of synthetic detergents (SMC) in the world has already begun to amount to tens of millions of tons per year. However, most of them (70%) are consumed only by residents of the most developed countries, accounting for only about 20%. About 70% of the SMS consumed by the population is spent on the so-called general laundry (in the USA and England it is called “heavy”), which is done every 3-7 days. This wash, in which bed, table and underwear is washed, is most often carried out in washing machines. About 20% of the SMC is spent on “light” washing of lightly soiled items made of thin fabrics by hand in warm water. SMS for easy washing should not irritate the skin of the hands, should create abundant foam and wash well at a water temperature of 25-45
WITH.In the Republic of Belarus, the production of synthetic detergents is also characterized by a fairly wide range and high consumer qualities. At the same time, there is a trend towards an increase in the production of CMC (see Table 2).
CONCLUSION
Detergents are multifunctional compositions. Due to their high activity, they show washing ability, i.e. provide separation and removal of contaminants from the surface of the cleaned material, thereby restoring the whiteness and purity of products. At the same time they are emulsifying, suspending and dispersing agents. The versatility of the SMS ensures the satisfaction of various needs. Synthetic detergents are effective in washing textiles, washing household items, vehicles, equipment, and facilitate cleaning. technological processes when bleaching and dyeing fabrics, fur and leather.
The advantages of SMS are that they replace fatty soaps and do not require edible fats for their manufacture, do not form insoluble calcium and magnesium salts in hard water, and have a washing effect even in an acidic environment.
However, synthetic detergents also have a number of disadvantages: not always sufficient washing action, lower foam resistance, difficult bioavailability, cause dryness of the skin of the hands during washing.
Nevertheless, synthetic surfactants are promising in relation to the creation of detergents with complex action. Therefore, the range of synthetic detergents is successfully expanding, combining a number of properties: detergent action with antistatic, disinfectant, etc.
LIST OF USED SOURCES
1. Commodity science and organization of trade in non-food products: Proc. for the beginning prof. education / Ed. A.N. Neverova, T.I. Chalykh. - Minsk: IRPO; Ed. Center "Academy", 2000.
2. Merchandising of household goods. General course: Proc. allowance / under total. ed. N.M. Ilyin. - Minsk: BSEU, 2004.
3. Commodity science of industrial goods: (General course): Proc. for the merchant. department of technical schools of owls. trade / Z.V. Kozlova, S.G. Krivenko, N.I. Yaremenko and others - M .: Economics, 1979.
4. Merchandising of non-food products. Uch. allowance ed. V.E. Sytsko. - Mn: V. school, 1999.
5. Kozyulina N.S. Commodity science of non-food products: Proc. manual for students of economic colleges and secondary specialized educational institutions. - M .: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2oo2
6. Kutyanin G.I. Plastics and household chemical goods: Proc. for university students, training. Specialist: Economics, 1988.
7. Sheikhet F.I. Materials science of chemicals, dyes and detergents. - M., Light Industry, 1969.
8. Commodity science of household goods: Proc. for the merchant. department of technical schools of owls. trade / Yu.I. Mareev, V. A. Trepel, A. F. Shmelkin. - M.: Economics, 1980.
9. Commodity science of industrial goods: (Plastics, household and building goods): Proc. for the merchant. fak. coop. universities / D. I. Brozovsky, G. A. Demidova, O. V. Zelinsky, V. D. Zubakov. - In 4 vols. T. 2. - M .: Economics, 1979
10. Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Belarus, 2005 (Stat. Collection). Ministry of Statistics and Analysis of the Republic of Belarus - Minsk, 2005.
11. Statistical Yearbook. Brest region, 2005. Brest regional department of statistics - Brest, 2005.
Household chemicals include synthetic detergents (SMCs), adhesives and sealants, cleaners, polishes, pesticides, fertilizers, and many other products.
They are mixtures, the main component of which is synthetic detergents - in the form of aqueous solutions. They remove pollution of various nature from the surface of solid bodies (fabrics, products).
As detergents, anionic, cationic, amphoteric (ampholytic) and non-ionic surfactants are used, which have an affinity for fatty surfaces and water. Special substances in the composition of synthetic detergents protect fabrics from re-deposition of dirt - resorption. In modern SMS, surfactants are used that have a degree of biodegradation of at least 90%, then they do not pollute the environment.
The main ingredients of synthetic detergents and their purpose are shown in the table.| Ingredients | Purpose |
| Main components: surfactants (surfactants) | washing action. Anionic surfactants wash better in an alkaline environment. Cationic surfactants are used in the same way as corrosion inhibitors (to protect washing machines), antistatic agents, emulsifiers; have a disinfectant effect |
| Excipients: alkaline salts - sodium carbonate and silicate | Slows down the corrosion of metal parts of washing machines, enhances the anti-resorptivity and reduces the hygroscopicity of powdered SMS |
| Neutral salts - sodium sulfate and phosphate | To improve the flowability of the powder and its solubility in water, it increases the detergent capacity of SMS. Phosphorus salts used to reduce the alkalinity of washing solutions to pH "7. Polyphosphates eliminate plaque on tissues formed by poorly soluble compounds, reduce the ash content of tissues |
| Carboxymethylcellulose | To prevent the resorption of dirt in SMS formulations for linen and cotton fabrics |
| Polyvinylpyrrolidone | To prevent the resorption of dirt in the compositions of the SMS for wool and silk fabrics |
| Chemical bleaches (persols) | For bleaching cotton and linen fabrics. When heated, atomic oxygen is released |
| Chemical bleaches (hydrogen peroxide) | For bleaching wool and silk fabrics |
| Physical (optical) brighteners - fluorescent compounds | To give the effect of whiteness due to the conversion of incident light and reflection from the fabric in the blue region of the spectrum |
| Adsorption dyes (ultramarine, indigo, synthetic organic pigments) | The action is based on the optical effect - adsorption on the surface of tissues without chemical exposure. Fabric gains brightness due to blue or pink hues |
| Bioadditives - enzymes (lipases, proteases, etc.) | To remove dirt and stains of fatty origin (lipids) and protein substances (proteins): traces of blood, etc. |
| fragrances | For scenting laundry |
| Antistatics | To remove static electricity |
A range of synthetic detergents
Synthetic detergents intended for washing products are divided according to the following criteria:
- according to the state of aggregation: solid (in the form of pieces - laundry soap), powdered, variety - granular; liquid; pasty;
- by appointment: for different types fibers - universal; for cotton, linen fabrics and products from them; for products made of silk, wool, artificial and synthetic fabrics; for soaking linen and household needs; special purpose. Synthetic detergents are subject to mandatory certification;
- synthetic detergents of complex action (with bluing, starching, antistatic treatment, etc.);
- according to the method of application: with high (non-standardized) foaming for hand washing and in activator-type washing machines; with reduced foaming - for washing in automatic and semi-automatic washing machines.
The complex of products for the care of linen and clothing includes, in addition to synthetic detergents for washing products, laundry soap, bleaching, bluing, starching, dressing, antistatic treatment of products, etc.
GOSTs 25644-88, 22567.1-10-77, 22567.14-93 provide requirements for the composition, appearance, quality indicators. The products must have a specified color and smell, a uniform consistency, dissolve well in water and have a solution pH of 7.5-11.5. Powdered products should be homogeneous, crumbling, dry to the touch, i.e., they should not contain excess moisture so as not to cake or clump. Pasty and liquid products should not contain foreign impurities and have an unpleasant odor.
Powdered SMS is packaged in cardboard packs weighing from 450, 600, 900 g and more or in plastic bags; liquid - in polymer cans. Storage of SMS in dry ventilated rooms at a humidity not higher than 70%. Shelf life from 6 to 12 months.
