Green revolution in developed countries. The first stage of the green revolution

GAOU SPO of the Vladimir region

"Gus-Khrustalny Technological College"

on the topic of: Green revolution.

3-year full-time students.

Specialties "Management".

Checked:

Ecology teacher

Prepared by:

Tatarovskaya Natalia

Green revolution.

One of the problems of human society at the present stage of development is the need to increase the production of food products. This is due to the increase in the population of the planet and the depletion of its soil resources.

The temporary positive results of increasing the production of grain crops were achieved in the third quarter of the 20th century. They were achieved in countries where energy consumption increased significantly, progressive forms of agricultural technology were used, and mineral fertilizers were used. The yields of wheat, rice and maize have increased. New high-yielding plant varieties were developed. The so-called green revolution took place. This revolution has not affected countries that lack the necessary resources.

Green revolution- this is a transition from extensive farming, when the size of fields was increased to intensive - when the yield was increased, all kinds of new technologies were actively used. This is the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. This is the introduction of new varieties of crops and new methods leading to higher yields.

This expression began in Mexico in 1943 with the agricultural program of the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation. In the 1950s. and since the mid-60s. new high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat began to be cultivated in many third world countries.

The "green revolution" is one of the forms of manifestation of scientific and technological revolution. It includes the following main components:

breeding new early ripening varieties of grain crops, which contribute to a sharp increase in yield and open up the possibility of using further crops;

irrigation of land, as new varieties can show their best qualities only under the condition of artificial irrigation;

wide application modern technology, fertilizers.

As a result of the Green Revolution, many developing countries began to meet their needs through their own agricultural production. Thanks to the Green Revolution, grain yields have doubled.

At the same time, it should be noted that the "green revolution" was widespread in Mexico, the countries of South and Southeast Asia, but little affected many other regions. In addition, it only touched the land owned by large landowners and foreign companies, making almost nothing in the traditional consumer sector.

The "green revolution" took place both in traditionally used agricultural areas and in newly developed ones. Agrocenoses created by man for the purpose of obtaining agricultural products have low ecological reliability. Such ecosystems cannot self-repair and self-regulate.

Agrocenoses - biogeocenoses created for the purpose of obtaining agricultural products and regularly maintained by man (field, pastures, vegetable gardens, orchards, protective forest plantation, etc.). Without human support, agroecosystems quickly disintegrate, returning to their natural state.

The green revolution has had a major impact on the planet's biosphere. Energy production was inevitably accompanied by air and water pollution. Agrotechnical measures applied when tillage, led to the unification and degradation of soils. Usage mineral fertilizers and pesticides contributed to the atmospheric influx of nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, organochlorine compounds in the waters of the World Ocean.

The widespread use of organic fertilizers has become possible due to the increase in their production.

Facilities for the production and storage of fertilizers and pesticides have made a significant contribution to the collection of biosphere pollution.

The Green Revolution has arisen as a result of the explosive growth of industry and the development of science.

During the Green Revolution, large areas of virgin lands were developed. High yields have been gathered for several years. But "nothing is given for free" according to one of the provisions of B. Commoner. Today, many of these territories are depleted, endless fields. It will take centuries to restore these ecosystems.

The increase in the productivity of ecosystems by humans has led to an increase in the costs of maintaining them in a stable state. But there is a limit to such an increase until the moment when it becomes economically unprofitable.

Consequences of the Green Revolution.

Intensive farming does not go in vain, the land "gets tired" much faster, water sources are depleted;

Agronomic measures applied to soil cultivation have resulted in soil pooling and degradation;

Falling prices for agricultural products - a serious test for those who work on the land, a lot of farmers went bankrupt as a result of the "green revolution".

Erosion of arable land, especially in the arid zone, pollution of fields and products with chemicals, washout of mineral fertilizers and water pollution

Story

The term was coined by former USAID Director William Goud V.

Start Green revolution was laid down in Mexico in 1943 by the agricultural program of the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation. The biggest success with this program was Norman Borlough, who developed a variety of high-yield wheat varieties, including short-stemmed, lodging-resistant wheat varieties. K - Mexico has fully provided itself with grain and began to export it; over 15 years, the grain yield in the country has grown 3 times. Borlaug's developments were used in breeding work in Columbia, India, Pakistan, Borlaug received the Nobel Peace Prize.

Consequences

At the same time, due to the widespread distribution of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, environmental problems arose. Intensification of agriculture has disrupted the water regime of soils, which caused large-scale salinization and desertification. Preparations of copper and sulfur, causing soil pollution with heavy metals, by the middle of the 20th century were replaced by aromatic, heterocyclic, chlorine and organophosphorus compounds (malofos, dichlorvos, DDT, etc.). In contrast to older formulations, these substances operate at a lower concentration, which has reduced the cost of chemical processing. Many of these substances were found to be stable and poorly degraded by biota.

A case in point- DDT. This substance has been found even in the animals of Antarctica, thousands of kilometers from the nearest places of application of this chemical.

John Zerzan, renowned ideologist of anarcho-primitivism and denier of civilization, writes of his assessment of the Green Revolution in his essay "Agriculture: The Demonic Engine of Civilization":

Another post-war phenomenon was the Green Revolution, announced as a salvation for impoverished Third World countries with the help of American capital and technology. But instead of feeding the hungry, the Green Revolution drove the millions of victims of a program that supports large corporate farms from arable lands in Asia, Latin America and Africa. The result was a monstrous technological colonization that made the world dependent on capital-intensive agricultural businesses and destroyed former agricultural communities. The need arose for the vast consumption of fossil fuels and, in the end, this colonization turned into an unprecedented violence against nature.

Notes (edit)

Links

Norman E. Borlaug"Green Revolution": Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow // Ecology and Life, no. 4, 2000.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what the "Green Revolution" is in other dictionaries:

The conditional name of the phenomenon that took place in the 1960s – 70s. in a number of developing countries. The "green revolution" consisted in the intensification of the production of grain crops (wheat, rice) in order to increase their gross harvest, which should have decided ... ... Geographical encyclopedia

A term that appeared in the 60s. XX century in connection with the process of introduction of new high-yielding varieties of grain crops (wheat, rice) that has begun in many countries with the aim of dramatic increase food resources. "Green Revolution" ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

A set of measures for a significant (revolutionary) increase in the productivity of agricultural crops, especially cereals (wheat, rice, corn, etc.) in some countries of South Asia (in particular, in India, Pakistan, the Philippines), Mexico ... Ecological Dictionary

"GREEN REVOLUTION"- a term that appeared in the end. 1960s in bourgeois. econom. and with. X. lit re to indicate the process of introducing the achievements of scientific and technical. progress in s. x ve and to characterize the ways, methods and means of a sharp increase in productivity p. X. production wah, ch ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Revolution (from late Latin revolutio turn, coup, transformation, reversal) global qualitative change in the development of nature, society or cognition, associated with an open break with the previous state. Originally the term revolution ... ... Wikipedia

Non-state educational institution
secondary vocational education
Vologda Cooperative College

abstract
On the topic "Green" revolution
in the discipline "Ecological foundations of nature management"

Completed by: Pashicheva Yu.V.
Group: 3 GOST
Checked by: N.V. Veselova

Vologda
2010
Table of contents

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… .3
Agriculture - view human activity………………………4
Pros and cons of biotechnology ………………………………………… …… ... 5
Consequences of the Green Revolution …………………………………………… .6
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… .7
References ……………………………………………………………………… 8

"Green revolution

The "green" revolution is a complex of changes in the agriculture of developing countries that led to a significant increase in world agricultural production, which included active breeding of more productive varieties of plants, the use of fertilizers, and modern technology.
The "green" revolution is one of the forms of manifestation of scientific and technological revolution, i.e. intensive development of agriculture by:
1) the technicalization of agriculture (the use of machinery and equipment);
2) the use of artificially bred varieties of plants and animals;
3) the use of fertilizers and pesticides;
4) land reclamation (expansion of irrigated land).
There are two “green revolutions”.
The first "green" revolution took place in the 40-70s. XX century, it was initiated by a major Mexican breeder Norman Ernest Borlaug. He saved as many people from starvation as no one had before him. He is considered the father of the Green Revolution. Despite the well-known costs inherent in any revolution, and the ambiguous perception by the world community of its results, the fact remains: it was she who allowed many developing countries not only to overcome the threat of hunger, but also to fully provide themselves with food.
By 1951-1956 Mexico fully provided itself with grain and began to export it; over 15 years, the grain yield in the country has grown 3 times. Borlaug's developments were used in breeding work in Colombia, India, Pakistan, in 1970 Borlaug received Nobel prize the world.
By the mid-1980s, scientists started talking about a second "green" revolution, which should occur if agriculture follows the path of reducing anthropogenic energy inputs. It is based on an adaptive approach, i.e. agriculture needs to reorient towards more environmentally friendly technologies for cultivating crops and raising livestock.
The "green" revolution has made it possible not only to feed the growing population of the Earth, but also to improve its quality of life. The number of calories in food consumed per day increased by 25% in developing countries. Critics of the green revolution tried to focus public attention on an excessive abundance of new varieties, the breeding of which allegedly became an end in itself, as if these varieties themselves could provide such miraculous results. Of course, modern varieties allow you to increase the average yield due to more effective ways growing plants and caring for them, due to their greater resistance to insect pests and major diseases. However, they only allow you to get a noticeably larger yield when they are provided with proper care, the implementation of agricultural techniques in accordance with the calendar and the stage of plant development. All these procedures remain absolutely necessary for transgenic varieties obtained in recent years. However, fertilization and regular watering are much needed to obtain high yields, at the same time create favorable conditions for the development of weeds, insect pests and the development of a number of common plant diseases. One of the directions of the second "green" revolution is the application of methods of "environmentally friendly" fight against the consequences of anthropogenic interference in ecosystems. For example, after the total deforestation, a gross violation of the local biocenosis and ecosystem occurs. In humid zones there is stagnation of moisture, waterlogging of soils. Such water can become a source of harmful insects - bloodsuckers and disease vectors. Some fish are exterminators of the larvae of harmful insects living in the water, such as the larvae of mosquitoes, midges. Thus, the main tendencies of the second "green" revolution are the provision of a minimal impact on the natural environment, a decrease in the investment of anthropogenic energy, and the use of biological methods of combating plant pests.
Nearly all of our traditional foods are the result of natural mutations and genetic transformation that drive evolution. Primitive people, who were the first to follow the cycle of plant development, can be safely considered the first scientists. As they found answers to the questions of where, when and how to grow certain plants, in what soils, how much water each of them requires, they expanded their understanding of nature more and more. Hundreds of generations of farmers have contributed to the acceleration of genetic transformation through regular selection using the most prolific and strongest plants and animals.
Initially, the selection was based on artificial selection when a person selects plants or animals with features of interest to him. Until the XVI-XVII centuries. the selection took place unconsciously, that is, a person, for example, selected the best, largest wheat seeds for sowing, without thinking that he was changing the plants in the direction he needed. Breeding as a science took shape only in recent decades. In the past, it was more an art than a science. Skills, knowledge and specific experience, often classified, were the property of individual farms, passing from generation to generation.
Agriculture is a human activity.

Agriculture is a unique human activity that can be viewed simultaneously as the art, science and craft of managing the growth of plants and animals for human needs. And always main goal This activity continued to grow in production, which has now reached 5 billion tons. in year. To feed the growing population of the Earth, this figure will have to increase by at least 50% by 2025. But agricultural producers will be able to achieve such a result only if they have access to the most advanced methods of growing the highest-yielding varieties of crops anywhere in the world.
Agricultural intensification affects the environment and causes certain social problems. However, one can judge about the harm or benefit of modern technologies only taking into account the rapid growth of the world's population. The population of Asia has more than doubled over 40 years (from 1.6 to 3.5 billion people). What would the additional 2 billion people be if it were not for the Green Revolution? Although the mechanization of agriculture has led to a decrease in the number of farms, the benefits of the Green Revolution, associated with the exponential increase in food production and the sustained decline in the price of bread in almost all countries of the world, are much more significant for humanity.
And yet, a number of problems (first of all, pollution of soils and surface water bodies, largely due to the excessive use of fertilizers and chemicals plant protection) requires serious attention from the entire world community. By increasing yields on land most suitable for plant cultivation, agricultural producers around the world are leaving vast areas of other land virtually untouched. So, if we compare the world crop production in 1950 and in our time, then with the previous yield, to ensure such an increase, it would be necessary to sow not 600 million hectares, as now, but three times more. Meanwhile, an additional 1.2 billion hectares are already, in fact, nowhere to take, especially in Asian countries, where the population density is extremely high. In addition, the lands involved in agricultural use are becoming more and more depleted and environmentally vulnerable every year. Yields for major food crops are continuously improving through improved tillage, irrigation, fertilization, weed and pest control, and reduced harvest losses. Nevertheless, it is already clear that considerable efforts will be required, both traditional breeding and modern agricultural biotechnology, in order to achieve genetic improvement of food plants at a rate that would allow meeting the needs of 8.3 billion people by 2025.

Pros and cons of biotechnology.

Over the past 35 years, biotechnology, using recombinant DNA (obtained by combining together not naturally occurring fragments) DNA, has become an invaluable new scientific method for research and production of agricultural products. This unprecedented penetration into the depths of the genome - to the molecular level - should be seen as one of the most important milestones on the path of endless knowledge of nature. Recombinant DNA allows breeders to select and introduce genes into plants "one at a time", which not only dramatically reduces research time compared to traditional breeding, eliminating the need to spend it on "unnecessary" genes, but also makes it possible to obtain "useful" genes from the most different types plants. This genetic transformation has tremendous benefits for agricultural producers, in particular by increasing plant resistance to pests, diseases and herbicides. Additional benefits are associated with the development of varieties that are more resistant to a lack or excess of moisture in the soil, as well as to heat or cold - the main characteristics of modern forecasts of future climatic cataclysms.
Today, the prospects for agricultural biotechnology to provide such plants that will be used as medicines or vaccines look more and more real. We will simply grow such plants and eat their fruits to cure or prevent many diseases. It is difficult to imagine how important this could be for poor countries, where conventional pharmaceuticals are still a novelty and traditional WHO vaccination programs are too expensive and difficult to implement. This line of research must be supported in every possible way, including through the aforementioned cooperation between the public and private sectors of the economy. Of course, poor countries will have to develop reasonable regulatory mechanisms to most effectively guide the development of production, testing and use of GM products to protect both public health and the environment. In addition, the intellectual property of private companies also needs to be protected in order to ensure a fair return on previous investments and to ensure their growth in the future.
The current fierce debate about transgenic crops focuses on the safety of GMOs. Concerns about the potential dangers of GMOs are based primarily on the notion that the introduction of "foreign" DNA into major food crops is "unnatural" and, therefore, is accompanied by an unavoidable health risk. But since all living organisms, including food plants, animals, microbes, etc., contain DNA, how can recombinant DNA be considered “unnatural”? Even defining the concept of "foreign gene" is problematic, since many genes are common to a wide variety of organisms. The requirements for GM products are much higher than for varieties obtained as a result of conventional breeding and even breeding in which mutations are caused by radiation or the use of chemicals. At the same time, society should be clearly aware that there is no "zero biological risk" in nature, the idea of which is just the embodiment of the "precautionary principle" not based on any scientific evidence.

Consequences of the "green" revolution.

The main goal of the "green" revolution was to increase agricultural production. products. But active human intervention in the life of natural ecosystems has led to a number of negative consequences:

1) soil degradation.

Causes:
-technization, chemicalization, reclamation

2) pollution of the biosphere with pesticides.

Causes:
-chemisation

3) violation of the natural balance of ecosystems.

Causes:
-Artificial breeding of varieties of plants and animals

Soil degradation is a gradual deterioration in soil properties caused by a change in soil formation conditions as a result of natural causes or human economic activity and accompanied by a decrease in humus content, destruction of the soil structure and a decrease in fertility.

The main resource of the agricultural system - soil - is the surface fertile layer of the earth's crust, created under the combined influence of external conditions: heat, water, air, plant and animal organisms, especially microorganisms.

Fertility is the ability of the soil to provide plants with the necessary amount of nutrients, water and air.
Fertility depends on the supply of organic matter - humus, the content of nutrients available to plants, and the availability of moisture. As a result of the use of mineral fertilizers, microorganisms that destroy humus are activated, i.e. soil fertility decreases.

Pollution of the biosphere with pesticides.
Over the past 50 years, the use of mineral fertilizers has increased 43 times, pesticides 10 times, which led to the pollution of individual components of the biosphere: soil, water, vegetation. Because of this pollution, the living population of the soil is impoverished - the number of soil animals, algae, and microorganisms decreases.

Conclusion.

The Green Revolution made it possible to achieve success in the war on hunger waged by humanity. However, scientists emphasize that until it is possible to slow down the growth of the world's population, any achievements of the "green" revolution will be ephemeral. Already today, mankind has technologies (either completely ready for use or in the final stages of development) capable of reliably feeding 30 billion people. Over the past 100 years, scientists have been able to apply their rapidly expanding knowledge of genetics, plant physiology, pathology, entomology and other disciplines in order to significantly accelerate the process of combining high plant productivity with high resistance to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses.

Literature.

Concept Green revolution became widespread in the 60s of the XX century.

It was at this time that in developing countries, following the economically developed countries, reforms began in agriculture.

The Green Revolution is the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology.

It is one of the forms of manifestation of scientific and technological revolution. The "Green Revolution" includes the following main components: the development of new early maturing varieties of grain crops, which contribute to a sharp increase in yields and open up the possibility of using further crops;

irrigation of land, since new varieties can show their best qualities only under the condition of artificial irrigation;

widespread use of modern technology, fertilizers.

As a result of the Green Revolution, many developing countries began to meet their needs through own production agricultural products.

Thanks to the Green Revolution, grain yields have doubled.

At the same time, it should be noted that “ green revolution"Has become widespread in Mexico, the countries of the South and South-East Asia, but did little to affect many other regions. In addition, it only touched the land owned by large landowners and foreign companies, making almost nothing in the traditional consumer sector.

Green revolution wikipedia
Site search:

Agriculture and its economic characteristics.

In agricultural production, the economic process of reproduction is intertwined with the natural, general economic laws are combined with the operation of natural laws. In the agro-industrial complex, plants and animals that develop according to natural laws are used as objects of labor.
The land is the main and irreplaceable means of production, i.e.
e. a means and object of labor, while in industry - the spatial basis for the location of production. It acts as a means of labor when by its fertility it affects the growth and development of agricultural plants, as an object of labor. When it is processed, fertilizers are applied to it, etc.
The industry is highly dependent on the state of natural and climatic conditions
Seasonality of agricultural production.
It is caused by a mismatch between the production period and the working period. This is manifested in the uneven (throughout the year) use of resources (sowing periods, harvesting - costs of seeds and fuels and lubricants), sales of products and receipt of proceeds Spatial dispersal of production, which requires highly mobile units, high availability of equipment, etc.
The release of dissimilar products requires specific means of production. Most of them cannot be used for other agricultural work (for example, a beet harvester for harvesting grain crops).
Price inelasticity of demand for food: demand is weakly responsive to price changes.
Therefore, when approaching the moment of saturation of the market with food (if commodity producers reduce prices in order to increase sales), cash receipts will decrease and production may become unprofitable.In other words, there is a paradox in agriculture, which is associated with the fact that human needs for food can be sooner or later are satisfied and a further increase in production will be unprofitable

When the relative saturation of the market with food and agricultural products is reached, lower prices do not provide adequate growth in demand.

"Green revolution" and its main directions.

Green revolution - this is a transition from extensive farming, when the size of fields was increased to intensive - when yields were increased, all kinds of new technologies were actively used.

This is the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. This is the introduction of new varieties of crops and new methods leading to higher yields.

Agricultural development programs in food-poor countries have the following main objectives:

developing new varieties with higher yields that would be resistant to pests and weather events;
development and improvement of irrigation systems;
increased use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, as well as modern agricultural machinery

Agro-industrial complex.

Geography of world crop and livestock production.

⇐ Previous12345678Next ⇒

Didn't find what you were looking for?

Use the search:

GREEN REVOLUTION "AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

⇐ PreviousPage 12 of 14Next ⇒

The concept of the "green revolution"

In the middle of the nineteenth century, chemical fertilizers began to be actively used in the agriculture of developed countries, which, together with other scientific and technical achievements, made it possible to bring the grain yield in some European countries to 80–90 c / ha - ten times more than in the Middle Ages.

Since the middle of the twentieth century, chemical fertilizers have been widely used in developing countries, which has significantly increased yields. Along with the introduction of agrochemistry important role played the breeding and distribution of new high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat. A spike in rural productivity growth

Farms in developing countries in the 1960s - 70s were called the "green revolution".

Then they spread to India, Pakistan, and some other countries in Asia. Around the same time, in the Philippines, it was possible to develop the "miracle - rice" variety, which also provides a large increase in yield.

Certainly, social consequences Green revolution:

- managed to reduce the severity of the food problem,

- it became possible to free some people from agriculture,

- the process of urbanization has increased,

- there was an influx of workers to industrial enterprises,

- people have become more mobile.

However, already in the period 1970s-80s, it became obvious and negative consequences The "green revolution", manifested both in the environment (in the state of soil, water and biodiversity) and reflected in human health.

The runoff of mineral nutrients from the fields into water bodies has increased (from the excess of nitrogen and phosphorus, there is an "explosive" reproduction of phytoplankton, a change in the quality of drinking water, the death of fish and other animals). The runoff of sulfates from terrestrial agrocenoses to rivers and seas has increased. Huge areas of land have been subjected to soil erosion, salinization and a decrease in their fertility. Many water sources have been polluted.

A significant number of wild

and domestic species of plants and animals disappeared forever. Residues of harmful pesticides in food and drinking water endangered the health of farmers

and consumers.

Significance and ecological role of the use of fertilizers and pesticides

Pesticides

Pesticides(from lat.

pestis - infection and caedo - kill) - chemical preparations for the protection of agricultural products, plants, for

Pesticides are classified depending on the groups of organisms on which they act:

Herbicides - for the destruction of weeds;

2. Zoocides - to combat rodents;

3. Fungicides - against pathogens of fungal diseases;

4. Defoliants - for removing leaves;

5. Deflorants - to remove excess flowers, etc.

Search effective means for pest control continues to this day.

At first, substances containing heavy metals such as lead, arsenic and mercury were used.

These inorganic compounds often call pesticides of the first generation. It is now known that heavy metals can accumulate in soils and inhibit plant development.

In some places, the soil is so poisoned by them that even now, after 50 years, they are still barren. These pesticides have lost their effectiveness as the pests become resistant to them.

Second generation pesticides–Based on synthetic organic compounds. In 1930 a Swiss chemist Paul Müller began to systematically study the effects of some of these compounds on insects.

In 1938 he came across dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).

DDT was found to be extremely toxic to insects and seemed to be relatively harmless to humans and other mammals. It was inexpensive to manufacture, was broad-spectrum, and was difficult to degrade in the environment, providing long-term protection.

The merits seemed so outstanding that Müller received the Nobel Prize for his discovery in 1948.

Subsequently, it was found that DDT accumulates in the food chains and the human body (found in the milk of nursing mothers, in adipose tissues).

DDT is currently phased out worldwide.

Agrochemical industry replaced second generation pesticides - volatile pesticides Are synthetic organic matter decomposing into simple non-toxic products within a few days or weeks after application.

This is for now the best option, although there are also disadvantages - some are more toxic than DDT, they disrupt the ecosystem of the treated area, beneficial insects can be as susceptible to non-persistent pesticides as pests.

The main consequences of the use of pesticides in agriculture:

1 pesticides kill and useful species insects, sometimes representing excellent conditions for the reproduction of new agricultural pests;

2) Many types of pesticides are harmful to soil organisms necessary to maintain plant health;

3) When using pesticides, the farmer himself risks his health: from poisoning with agrochemicals, 200 thousand people die annually.

4) Some pesticides remain in food and drinking water;

5) Many pesticides are very persistent and can only accumulate in the human body and have negative effects only over time.

Some pesticides can cause chronic diseases, abnormalities in newborns, cancer and other diseases.

The noted circumstances led to the fact that some

pesticides are already banned in economically developed countries, but in developing countries their use is practically unlimited.

Fertilizers

Fertilizers are inorganic and organic substances used in agriculture and fisheries to increase yields. cultivated plants and fish productivity of ponds.

They are: mineral(chemical), organic and bacterial(artificial introduction of microorganisms in order to increase soil fertility).

Mineral fertilizers- mined from the subsoil or industrially obtained chemical compounds, contain basic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and trace elements important for vital activity (copper, boron, manganese).

Organic fertilizers Is humus, peat, manure, bird droppings (guano), various composts, sapropel (freshwater silt).

The rise of organic agriculture

In contrast to the Green Revolution in developed countries, the concept of organic agriculture has begun to spread among farmers and buyers.

However, the so-called "boom" in organic agriculture began only in the 1990s, which was associated with the reaction to the accumulated environmental problems and food scandals in the world.

Residents of developed countries were willing to pay more for high quality goods. The states of some countries began to pay Special attention development of this area of agriculture. In the same period, a number of innovative technologies appeared for organic farming(especially means of biological pest control), institutes and research centers engaged in research in the field of organic agriculture are developing.

Questions

What is the purpose of the Green Revolution?

2. What are the ways of the "green revolution".

3. What are the pros and cons of the green revolution?

4. Give a definition of the terms - pesticides and fertilizers.

5. Name the main groups of pesticides.

Why do pesticides have a negative impact on the natural environment?

KEY TASKS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

⇐ Previous567891011121314Next ⇒

Features of breeding crop varieties, the cultivation of which, under the conditions of appropriate agricultural technology, opens the way to a more complete utilization of the products of photosynthesis. Consideration of the main components of the Green Revolution in developing countries.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

The concept of the "green revolution"

Weed, pest and disease control measures.

"Green Revolution" in the agriculture of developing countries. Significance and ecological role of the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Withdrawal hybrid varieties rice and wheat. Soil erosion and salinization.

term paper, added 07/28/2015

Introduction and variety study of promising blueberry varieties

Consideration biological description and biomedical qualities of blueberry cultures. Determination of winter hardiness of the studied blueberry varieties in the conditions of the southeastern zone of Kazakhstan.

Study of the biological characteristics of the introduced blueberry varieties.

thesis, added 06/11/2017

Variety testing of narrow-leaved lupine in the northern forest-steppe of the Chelyabinsk region

Determination of the duration of the growing season in the studied varieties of lupine: green manure, alkaloid, scope. Identification of the most productive varieties in terms of green mass and grain. Calculation of the economic efficiency from the cultivation of the studied varieties.

thesis, added 06/28/2010

Agriculture in developing countries

Growth in the consumption of animal products in developing countries and, with this, a rapid increase in the production of meat, milk and eggs.

Agricultural production growth by region, measures to support producers.

abstract, added 07/24/2011

Cereal Advances, Leading Scientists

Features of resource-saving technology for the cultivation of grain crops. Description of new varieties of spring soft wheat. Regionalization of some varieties. Functional genomics of cereals. Activities of leading scientists in the field of grain crops.

abstract, added 10/30/2014

Agriculture

Determination of the role of agriculture in the economy of a country or region.

"Green Revolution" as a transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. Indicators of the efficiency of plant growing, animal husbandry, fishing.

presentation added on 12/28/2012

Protecting crops from pests

The importance of spatial isolation and selection of pest-resistant crop varieties in plant protection.

Cabbage scoop and cabbage whiteworm: control measures. Groups of animals in which there are pests of agricultural crops.

test, added 09/27/2009

Cultivation technology of winter rye, barley and forage crops

Features of agricultural technology on seed crops.

Morphological and biological features Wiki. Significance, feeding value and types of clover. Technological techniques for the cultivation of field crops. Characteristics of spinning crops, areas of their distribution.

test, added 10/16/2014

Organization of production of green mass of annual grasses and ways of its improvement in the Yaroslavl region

Natural and economic conditions agricultural enterprise, the use of labor.

Analysis of agricultural techniques for the cultivation of crops. Planning production program crop production and calculation of the cost of the gross production of annual grasses.

term paper, added 12/14/2010

Productivity of barley varieties in the conditions of the variety plots of the Orenburg region and the training and experimental field of the Orenburg State Agrarian University

Barley as the main grain-fodder crop of the Orenburg region. Natural and climatic characteristics of the zones of the Orenburg region.

Productivity of varieties and lines of barley in the competitive variety testing of the OGAU. Negative environmental consequences of barley cultivation.

thesis, added 06/29/2012

In the 60-70s. XX century. The international lexicon included a new concept - the "green revolution", which primarily refers to developing countries. This is a complex, increasingly integral part of the concept, which can usually be interpreted in such a way that the use of genetics, plant breeding and plant physiology for the development of crop varieties, cultivation, which, through appropriate agricultural methods, open the way for a fuller use of the products of photosynthesis.

By the way, this development took place much earlier than in the developed world (starting from the 30s of the 20th century - in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, from the 50s - in Western Europe, Japan, New Zealand). However, at that time he was assigned to the industrialization of agriculture on the basis that, based on its mechanization and use chemical substances, albeit in connection with irrigation, reproduction and reproduction.

And only in the second half of XX. Over the centuries, when such processes affected developing countries, after them the name "Green Revolution" was firmly established.

The Green Revolution was invaded by more than 15 countries located in the belt, from Mexico to Korea.

Asian countries are clearly dominant, including those with very large or fairly large populations, where wheat and / or rice are the main products. Fast growth their population has led to an even greater increase in stress on work surfaces, which are already severely depleted. In conditions of extreme land shortages and unemployment, small and small farms with low agricultural technology predominate, in which in these 60-770 years there are more than 300 million families in these countries. XX century. whether they were on the brink of survival or chronic hunger.

That is why the "green revolution" was perceived in them as a real attempt to find a way out of a critical situation.

The Green Revolution in developing countries includes three main components .

The first of these is the cultivation of new varieties of agricultural crops. .

For this purpose, in the 40-90s. XX century. Eighteen international research centers have been established that specifically study the various agri-food systems present in developing countries.

Place them as follows: Mexico (corn, wheat), Philippines (rice), Colombia (tropical food crops), Cote d'Ivoire ( West africa, rice production), Peru (potatoes), India (dried plants of tropical regions) and so on. e.

The second part of the green revolution is irrigation ... Of particular importance is the fact that new varieties of cereals can only realize their strengths with a good water supply.

Therefore, with the beginning of the "green revolution" in many developing countries, especially in Asia, much attention was paid to irrigation

In general, the share of irrigated land is now 19%, but it is much higher in areas where the "green revolution" is expanding: in South Asia - about 40, in East Asia and the Middle East - 35%. For each country, the world leaders in this indicator are Egypt (100%), Turkmenistan (88), Tajikistan (81) and Pakistan (80%).

In China, 37% of all cultivated land is irrigated, in India - 32, in Mexico - 23, in the Philippines, in Indonesia and Turkey - 15-17%.

The third part of the "green revolution" is the actual industrialization of agriculture, that is, the use of machinery, fertilizers, plant protection products ... In this regard, developing countries, including the countries of the Green Revolution, have not made significant progress.

This can be illustrated by the mechanization of agriculture. Already at the beginning of 1990. In developing countries, hand-cultivated 1/4 were cultivated with work animals - 1/2 and tractors - a quarter of the fields. Although the tractor park of these countries has increased by 4 million. The machines collectively had fewer tractors than the US (4.8 million).

However, statistics show that over the past two to three decades, tractor fleets abroad (especially in India and China) have increased several times, and in Latin America - in two directions.

This is why the sequence of large regions has changed depending on the size of this park, and now it looks like this: 1) overseas Europe; 2) overseas Asia; 3) North America.

Developing countries are lagging behind the level of chemicals in agriculture. Suffice it to say that on average 60-65 kg of mineral fertilizers per hectare of cultivated land and 400 kg in Japan, 215 kg in Western Europe, 115 kg in the USA.

Consequences of the Green Revolution:

The positive consequences of the Green Revolution are undeniable.

The main thing is that for the relative a short time this has led to an increase in food production - in general and per capita. According to FAO, in 11 countries in East, Southeast and South Asia, rice area grew by only 15%, while harvests increased by 74%; Similar data for wheat for 9 countries in Asia and North Africa - minus 4% and 24%. All this led to a certain reduction in the severity of the food problem, to the threat of hunger. India, Pakistan, Thailand, Indonesia, China, some other countries have decreased or grain imports have stopped completely.

However, the success story of the Green Revolution must obviously accompanied by some reservations.

The first such item this concerns its central character, which, in his opinion, has two aspects. First, by the mid-1980s, new high-yielding wheat and rice varieties had spread only by 1/3 425 million. Ha, from which crops are harvested in developing countries. Second, the catalysts of the Green Revolution can be viewed as three crops - wheat, rice and corn, while millet, legumes and industrial plants are much less affected.

There is an alarming situation with legumes, which are commonly used for food in most countries. Because of their high nutritional value, they are even called tropical meats.

Another item With regard to the social consequences of the "green revolution". Since the use of modern agricultural technologies requires large investments, the results are mostly beneficial for landlords and wealthy farmers (farmers) who have started buying land for the poor, simply squeezed out of it as a large income.

Have bad people no funds to buy cars, fertilizer, sorting or sufficient land. Many of them were forced to sell their land and either became agricultural workers or supplemented the population with “poverty” in large cities.

Thus, the "green revolution" led to an escalation of social stratification in rural areas, which is increasingly developing along the capitalist path.

finally, third position addresses some of the unwanted environmental consequences of the Green Revolution.

For them, the land degrades first. Thus, about half of all irrigated land in developing countries is prone to salinization due to inefficient drainage systems... Soil erosion and fertility losses have already destroyed 36% of irrigated areas in Southeast Asia, 20 in Southeast Asia, 17 in Africa and 30% in Central America.

Continuation of arable land in woodlands. In some countries, the intensive use of agricultural chemicals also creates significant environmental hazards(especially along Asian rivers, whose waters are used for irrigation) and human health.

Developing countries' relations with these environmental issues do not match, and their capabilities are different. In countries where there is no well-defined land ownership and little economic incentive for agro-ecological measures, where poverty is very limited in science and technology, where populations are still exploding, and the tropical character is characterized by the same particular vulnerability. predictable future, it is difficult to expect positive changes.

Developing countries have “top tier” options to prevent unwanted environmental impacts. For example, many developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region can not only quickly and efficiently introduce new technologies and technologies in agriculture, but also adapt them to their natural conditions.

The need for a "green revolution" in developing countries was caused primarily by the small amount of land and large quantity population. Such an imbalance threatened mass death of people from hunger. At that time, it was necessary to take some constructive solution the acute problem of hunger.

The "green revolution" began in Mexico with the development of new varieties of grain crops that are more resistant to the local climate and their further large-scale cultivation. The Mexicans cultivated several high-yielding wheat varieties. Further, the "green revolution" swept the Philippines, South Asia, India, etc. In these countries, in addition to wheat, rice, corn and some other agricultural crops were grown. At the same time, the main ones were still rice and wheat.

Producers used improved irrigation systems, as only a stable and sufficient amount of water can ensure the normal growth of crops. In addition, the process of planting and collecting was mechanized as much as possible, although in some places human labor was still used. Also, in order to improve quality and protect against pests, various pesticides and fertilizers began to be used in acceptable quantities.

Achievements and consequences of the "green revolution"

The Green Revolution, of course, led to an increase in yields and an uptick in agriculture in these countries. It made it possible to increase the export of cultivated crops and, thus, to a certain extent, solve the problem of nutrition of the growing population of the planet.

However, such an intensive use scientific advances in the agricultural sphere demanded considerable financial investments and, ultimately, led to a sharp increase in the prices of crops grown. At the same time, small producers and poor farmers could not at all use the latest scientific developments in growing fruitful varieties of agricultural products due to the lack of financial resources. Many of them had to give up this type of activity and sell their business.

The green revolution has only partially achieved its primary goal of feeding the starving populations of developing countries, despite a noticeable increase in yields. The poor could not afford to buy such expensive products. Therefore, most of it was exported.

The Green Revolution has also had dire environmental consequences. These are desertification, violation of the water regime, concentration of heavy metals and salts in the soil, etc.