Floor level designation in the drawing. Location of dimensions in the drawing

The plan is an image of a section of a building, dissected by an imaginary horizontal plane passing at the level of the window and doorways each floor (fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Concept - floor plan.

The building plan gives an idea of the configuration and dimensions of the building, reveals the shape and location of individual rooms, window and door openings, walls, main walls, columns, stairs, partitions.

Attention should be paid to the difference in joining external and internal capital walls and capital walls and partitions (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Joining of external and internal main walls and main walls and partitions

When choosing the thickness of the outline lines, it should be borne in mind that the supporting structures, in particular, the structures of partitions, are drawn with lines that are less thick than the supporting main walls and columns.

The conventional designation of window and door openings with and without filling is depicted in accordance with GOST 21.501-2011.

When drawing a plan at a scale of 1:50 or 1: 100, if there are quarters of them in the openings conventional image show in the drawing.

A quarter is a protrusion in the upper and side parts of the openings brick walls, which reduces the ventilation rate and facilitates the fastening of window frames (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. A quarter in door and window openings.

On the floor plans, they apply and indicate:
- the coordination axes of the building with indication of the markings;
- marks of clean floors located on different levels;
- direction and magnitude of the slope of the floors;
- the thickness of walls and partitions and their binding; dimensional chains: external and internal, carry out;
- all (regardless of size) openings, openings, niches in walls and partitions with required dimensions and bindings, except as provided in other drawings. For openings with quarters, the dimensions are shown at the smallest side of the opening. The dimensions of the doorways in the partitions are not shown on the plans;
- the areas of the premises are affixed in the lower right corner of the floor plan and underlined with a solid thick line. Squares indicate in square meters with two decimal places;
- numbers of rooms in circles with a diameter of 6–8 mm, corresponding to the numbers of the names of the rooms and lead them to the explication;
- structures (for example, platforms, mezzanines) located above the secant plane are shown schematically by a dash-dotted line with two dots.

It is recommended to draw a floor plan of the building in the following sequence (Fig. 4):
a) apply a grid of coordination axes;
b) draw the outer and inner walls of the building, partitions and columns, if any;
c) show window and door openings, the direction of door opening, flights of stairs, sanitary appliances, etc .;
d) apply extension and dimension lines;
e) put down the dimensions and marks of the axles, make all the necessary inscriptions;
d) after checking and revision, outline the contours of the sections - with a solid main line, the rest - with a solid thin line.

Rice. 4. The sequence of the floor plan design.

As a rule, invisible structural elements are not shown on plans. But if it is impossible to show this element as visible in other drawings, it is depicted on the plan with strokes. In this case, the depicted element can be located both below the secant plane (niche for heating batteries), and above it (mezzanine).

The names of the building plan indicate the elevation of the finished floor of the floor or the number of the floor, for example: “Plan at elev. 0.000 ”,“ Plan of the 1st floor ”, or, if a number of floors have the same layout, then“ Plan of 2,3 floors ”. The inscription is not underlined. An example of filling out a plan is shown in Fig. 5.

Rice. 5. An example of the design of the drawing plan.

1. Rules for the design of architectural and construction drawings (according to GOST 21.501-93): implementation of the building plan.

General information.

Basic and working drawings are performed in line drawing, using lines different thickness, due to which the necessary expressiveness of the image is achieved. In this case, the elements that have fallen into the section are highlighted with a thicker line, and the visible areas beyond the section are distinguished with a thinner one. The smallest thickness of lines made in a pencil is taken approximately 0.3 mm, in ink - 0.2 mm, the maximum line thickness is 1.5 mm. The line thickness is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and its content - plan, elevation, section or detail.

The scale images in the drawings should be selected from the following series: to reduce -1: 2; 1: 5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:25; 1: 50; 1: 100; 1: 200; 1: 400; 1: 500; 1: 800; 1: 1000; 1: 2000; 1: 5000; 1:10 000; to increase - 2: 1; 10: 1; 20: 1; 50: 1; 100: 1.

The choice of scale depends on the content of the drawing (plans, elevations, sections, details) and the size of the object depicted in the drawing. Plans, facades, sections of small buildings are usually made on a scale of 1:50; drawings of large buildings are performed on a smaller scale, - 1: 100 or 1: 200; very large industrial buildings sometimes require a scale of 1: 400 - 1: 500. Nodes and details of any buildings are performed on a scale of 1: 2 - 1:25.

Coordination axes, dimension and extension lines. Coordination axes determine the position of structural elements of the building, the sizes of steps and spans. The axial lines are applied with a dash-dotted thin line with long strokes and are designated by marks that are put in circles.

On building plans, longitudinal axes, as a rule, are taken out to the left of the drawing, transverse ones - from below. If the location of the axes of the opposite sides of the plan does not coincide, then their markings are placed on all sides of the plan. In this case, the numbering is made continuous. The transverse axes are marked with ordinal Arabic numerals from left to right, and the longitudinal axes are marked with capital letters of the Russian alphabet (except for E, Z, Y, O, X, Y, E) upwards.

The diameter of the circles should correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1: 400 and less; 8 mm - for 1: 200 - 1: 100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm - for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10 ..

The font size for the designation of the axes should be 1.5-2 times larger than the font size of the dimension numbers used in the drawing. The markings of the axes on sections, facades, nodes and details must correspond to the plan.
To apply dimensions in the drawing, dimension and extension lines are drawn. Dimension lines (external) are drawn outside the outline of the drawing in an amount from two to four in accordance with the nature of the object and the design stage. On the first line from the drawing, the lines indicate the sizes of the smallest articulations, on the next - the larger ones. The last dimension line denotes overall size between the extreme axes with the binding of these axes to the outer edges of the walls. Dimension lines should be applied so that reading the drawing itself is not difficult. Based on this, the first line is drawn at a distance from the drawing not closer than 15-21 mm. The distance between the dimension lines is taken at 6-8 mm.
The segments on the dimension lines corresponding to the dimensions of the external elements of the walls (windows, piers, etc.) are limited by extension lines, which should be applied, starting at a short distance (3-4 mm) from the drawing, to the intersection with the dimension line. The intersections are recorded with serifs with a slope of 45 °. With very closely spaced small dimensions in the drawings of parts and assemblies, it is allowed to replace the notches with dots. Dimension lines should protrude 1-3 mm beyond the extreme extension lines.

Internal dimension lines indicate the linear dimensions of the premises, the thickness of the partitions and interior walls, width of door openings, etc. These lines should be drawn at a sufficient distance from the inner edges of walls or partitions so as not to obstruct the reading of the drawing.

Rules drawing design plans in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing): a - coordination axes; b - dimension lines; in-extension lines; g - area of premises; d - cut lines (dimensions are given in millimeters).

Dimension and extension lines are drawn with a thin solid line. All dimensions are in millimeters without dimension designation. The numbers are applied above the dimension line parallel to it and as close as possible to the middle of the segment. The height of the numbers is chosen depending on the scale of the drawing and must be at least 2.5 mm when done in ink and 3.5 mm when done in pencil.

^ Level marks and slopes. Elevations determine the position of architectural and structural elements on sections and facades, and on plans - if there are differences in floor levels. The level marks are measured from the conditional zero mark, which, as a rule, is taken for buildings as the level of the finished floor or the upper edge of the first floor slab. Marks below zero are indicated with a "-" sign, marks above zero are denoted without a sign. The numerical value of the marks is put down in meters with three decimal places without specifying the dimension.

Rules for applying marks, dimensions and other designations on sections in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing).

To indicate elevations on facades, sections and sections, a conventional sign in the form of an arrow with an inclination of the sides to the horizontal at an angle of 45 °, based on the contour line of the element (for example, the face of the plane of a clean floor or ceiling) or on the extension line of the element level (for example, the top or the bottom of a window opening, horizontal protrusions, exterior walls). In this case, the marks of the external elements are taken out of the drawing, and the internal ones are placed inside the drawing.

On the plans, the marks are applied in a rectangle or on the shelf of the leader line, indicating the sign "+" or "-". On architectural plans, marks are usually placed in a rectangle, on structural drawings to indicate the bottom of channels, pits, different holes in the floors - on the leader line.

The value of the slope on the sections should be indicated in the form of a simple or decimal fraction (up to the third decimal place) and denoted with a special sign, sharp corner which is directed towards the slope. This designation is applied above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line

On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes should be indicated by an arrow indicating the slope above it

Designation of cuts and sections show an open line (trace of the beginning and end of the cutting plane), which is carried out outside the image. With a complex broken section, they show traces of intersection of cutting planes

At a distance of 2-3 mm from the ends of the open line out of the drawing, arrows are applied, which indicate the direction of sight. Cuts and sections are marked with numbers or letters of the Russian alphabet, which are located under the arrows in cross sections and on the side with outside the arrow - in the longitudinal. For the shape and dimensions of the arrows, see the figure on the right.

^ Designation of areas of premises. Areas, expressed in square meters with two decimal places without a dimension, are usually placed in the lower right corner of the plan of each room. The numbers underline.

In the drawings of projects of residential buildings, in addition, they mark the residential and useful (total) area of each apartment, which is indicated by a fraction, in the numerator of which is indicated living space apartments, in the denominator - useful. The fraction is preceded by a number indicating the number of rooms in the apartment. This designation is located on the plan large room or, if the area of the drawing allows, on the front plan.

^ Callouts explanatory names individual parts structures in nodes, are located on a broken leader line, an inclined section of which with a dot or arrow at the end faces the part, and the horizontal one serves as a shelf - the base for the inscription. With a small scale of the drawing, the leader line is allowed to end without an arrow and a point.

Lead-out inscriptions to multilayer structures are applied in the form of so-called "flags". The sequence of inscriptions related to individual layers should correspond to the order of the layers in the structure from top to bottom or from left to right. The thickness of the layers is indicated in millimeters without dimension.

The marks of structural elements on the layouts are applied on the shelves of the leader lines. It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or put a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the contour. The font size for the designation of marks must be larger than the font of the dimension numbers in the same drawing

Marking of nodes and fragments - important element design drawings to help read them. The main purpose of the marking is to connect the nodes and fragments rendered on a larger scale with the detail areas in the main drawing.

When placing nodes, the corresponding place on the facade, plan or section is marked with a closed solid line (circle or oval) indicating the leader line on the shelf with a number or letter of the serial number of the element being removed. If the node is located on another sheet, then under the shelf of the leader line, indicate the number of the sheet on which the node is placed

Above the image or on the side of the taken out node (regardless of which sheet it is placed on), a double circle is placed with the designation of the serial number of the node. The diameter of the circles is 10-14 mm

Technical construction drawings are accompanied by titles individual images, text explanations, tables of specifications, etc. For these purposes, use a standard straight font with a letter height of 2.5; 3.5; 7; 10; 14 mm. In this case, the font is 5; 7; 10 mm is used for the names of the graphic part of the drawing; heights of 2.5 and 3.5 mm - for text material (notes, stamp filling, etc.), heights of 10 and 14 mm - mainly for illustrative drawings. The names of the images are located above the drawings. These titles and titles of textual explanations are underlined line by line with a solid line. BOM and other table headings are placed above but not underlined.

^ Floor plan.

In the names of plans in the drawings, it is necessary to follow the accepted terminology; architectural plans should indicate the elevation of the finished floor or the floor number, for example, “Plan at elev. 0.000 "," Plan of 3-16 floors ", it is allowed to indicate the purpose of the floor premises in the names of plans, for example," Technical underground plan "," Attic plan "

Floor plan depicted in the form of a section by a horizontal plane passing at the level of window and door openings (slightly above the window sill) or 1/3 of the height of the displayed floor. With a multi-tiered arrangement of windows on one floor, the plan is depicted within window openings the lower tier. All structural elements that fall into the section (steles, pillars, columns) are outlined with a thickened line

The following are applied to the floor plans:

1) the coordination axes of the building with a dash-dotted thin line;

2) chains of external and internal dimensions, including the distances between the coordination axes, wall thickness, partitions, dimensions of window and door openings (while the internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external ones - outside);

3) marks of the levels of clean floors (only in the case of the location of floors at different levels);

4) cut lines (cut lines are drawn, as a rule, in such a way that the openings of windows, external gates and doors fall into the cut);

5) marking of window and door openings, lintels (it is allowed to indicate the marking of openings of gates and doors in circles with a diameter of 5 mm);

5) designation of nodes and fragments of plans;

6) the names of the premises, their area

It is allowed to name premises, their area should be given in explication according to form 2. In this case, instead of names of premises, their numbers are put on the plans.

Form 2

Explication of premises

Built-in rooms and other sections of the building, on which separate drawings are made, are shown schematically by a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures.

Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the secant plane are shown schematically by a dash-dotted thin line with two dots

^ An example of a floor plan for a residential building:

Floor plan elements.

Lightweight concrete block walls. ^ Legend in the plan:

Wall thickness is a multiple of 100mm.

Internal (bearing) wall thickness min 200 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 500, 600 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.

Dimensions (edit) standard block 390x190x190mm.

^ The walls are brick.

Wall thickness is a multiple of 130mm (130, 250, 380, 510, 640mm).

The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is 250, 380 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 510, 640 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.

The dimensions of ordinary ceramic bricks are 250x120x65 (88) mm.

^ Lumber walls.

Wall thickness (150) 180, 220 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 180, 220 mm.

^ Log walls.

Wall thickness 180, 200, 220 - 320 mm (divisible by 20 mm).

Internal (bearing) wall thickness min 180 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 180 - 320 mm.

^ Walls - wooden frame filled with effective insulation.

Frame post thickness 100, 150, 180mm + 40-50mm double-sided plating.

The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is 100 + 40-50 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 150, 180 + 40-50 mm.

Partitions:

made of lightweight concrete blocks, thickness 190mm;

brick, thickness 120mm;

three-layer wooden, thickness 75mm;

gypsum plasterboard metal frame, thickness 50-70mm.

Window openings:

in brick walls;

in lumber, log and frame walls.

External doorways:

in walls made of lightweight concrete blocks;

brick walls;

and frame walls.

Internal doorways:

for all types of walls.

Tool for constructing elevations (levels) on sections / elevations (button

is part of the window for setting the parameters of linear dimensions. When this tool is activated, the window for setting the parameters of linear dimensions changes (Fig. 8.13).

Rice. 8.13. Elevation elevation parameters setting mode

In the list of standard levels, in addition to the project level zero and the two user-defined base levels, you can select the elevation relative to the user coordinate system. This option is available if the origin of the standard coordinate system has been changed by the user.

Elements designed to control the type of marker (Fig. 8.14) are located in two rows.

Rice. 8.14. Elevation Elevation Marker Appearance Controls

The general view of the marker is selected using the buttons of the first row. The selected option is specified using three switches located in the second row. The first radio button determines the position of the marker icon relative to the elevation line - above or below. The second toggle specifies the shape of the marker icon. The third switch determines whether the icon is filled.

When you select the marker image in the form of a level mark icon on the floor plan - a circle divided into four sectors, the lower row of controls changes (Fig. 8.15).

Rice. 8.15. Elevation Marker View Options on the Floor Plan

The first switch determines the position of the dimension text relative to the marker icon, the second - the shading option.

The switch that detects the presence of a sign in front of the level value can be set in two positions. When set to the first position, the + (plus) sign is not displayed with a positive elevation; when set to the second, this sign is displayed. With a negative elevation, the - (minus) sign is set regardless of the position of this switch.

Activation of the tool for constructing elevations of elevations also changes the appearance of the information palette (Fig. 8.16).

Rice. 8.16. Information palette when the elevation tool is activated

On the information palette, the abovementioned elements for setting the elevation elevation parameters become available.

Dimensions in the drawings are applied in accordance with GOST 2.307 - 68 *
taking into account the requirements of GOST 21.501 - 93 for construction drawings.

The dimensional numbers printed on the drawing serve as the basis for determining the size of the depicted product ( structural element, node, building, structure). The drawing should have a minimum number of dimensions, but sufficient for the manufacture of a product or structural element, as well as for the production of work.

Dimensions in the drawing are indicated by dimension numbers and dimension lines. Dimensions are in millimeters, without specifying the unit of measurement. If the dimensions are indicated in other units of measurement, then the corresponding dimensional numbers are recorded with the designation of the unit of measurement (cm, m, etc.) or indicated in technical requirements... The dimension number should always indicate the actual size of the part (structure), regardless of the scale of the drawing.

Dimension lines are preferably applied outside the outline of the image, and should not be separated or crossed by any drawing lines.

Dimensional and extension lines are drawn in solid thin lines. To limit dimension lines at their intersections with contour lines, extension, axial, center and others, use: serifs - in the form of a short stroke drawn by the main line tilted to the right at an angle of 45˚ to the dimension line; in the form of an arrow - for the sizes of diameters, radii, angles; in the form of a point - when there is not enough space for serifs on the dimension lines located in a chain. The distance of the dimension line from the parallel line of the contour, axial, extension and other lines, as well as the distance between parallel dimension lines, must be at least 7 mm, and from the dimension line to the circle of the coordination axis - 4 mm. For drawings of general views (plans, sections, facades, etc.), dimension lines are placed, depending on the size of the images, at a distance of at least 10 mm (14 ... 21 mm is allowed) from the line of the outer contour. In fig. 3 shows examples of drawing dimension and extension lines in drawings.

Fig. 3. Dimension and extension lines

Conditional marks of levels (heights, depths) on plans, sections, facades show the distance in height from the surface level of any structural element of a building located near the planning surface of the earth. This level, as a rule, the level of the "clean" floor of the first floor is taken as zero. On facades and sections, marks are placed on extension lines or contour lines. The horizontal and vertical leader lines are drawn with a solid thin line. The mark mark is an arrow with a shelf (Fig. 4). The mark sign can be accompanied by explanatory inscriptions, for example: “Lv. h. p. " - the level of the finished floor; "Lv. s. " - ground level.

On construction drawings, level marks are indicated in meters with three decimal places separated from a whole number by a comma. Conditional zero mark is designated - 0.000. The dimension number indicating the level of the element below the zero mark has a minus sign (for example, - 1,200), and the one located above it has a plus sign (for example, + 2.750).

On the plans, the dimensional number of marks is applied in a rectangle, the outline of which is outlined with a thin solid line, or on the shelf of the leader line, with the obligatory placement of a plus or minus sign (Fig. 5).

Rice. 4. Application of elevation marks on drawings of facades,
cuts and sections

Rice. 5. Application of level marks on the building plan:

a - in a rectangle; b - on the leader shelf

Depending on the adopted image method and the nature of the dimensions on construction drawings, some dimensions (for example: slopes, lengths of structural elements, dimensions of rolled profiles, etc.) are applied without dimension and extension lines. The magnitude of the slope (the tangent of the angle of inclination, that is, the ratio of the elevation to the laying) is indicated by a dimensional number in the form of a simple fraction. It is allowed, if necessary, to indicate the value of the slope in decimal fractions with an accuracy of the third decimal place.

Drawing outline rules. Inscriptions. The scale. Dimension. Elevations for binding elements of buildings and structures in height. Product marking

The rules for the graphic design of drawings are similar to the rules for the execution of mechanical engineering drawings, taking into account some features in the choice of scales, application of dimensions, the sequence of execution of drawings, etc. Construction drawings are outlined in accordance with GOST 21.501-93. The thickness of the lines when outlining drawings of plans, sections and facades is taken depending on the adopted scales. So, for example, at a scale of 1: 100, the thickness of the contour lines when outlining plans and sections of buildings and structures made of stone and reinforced concrete is taken equal to 0.6-0.7 mm, and of facades, window and door openings - 0.4-0.5 mm; at a scale of 1: 400, the thickness of the contour lines is taken as 0.4 mm and 0.3 - 0.4 mm, respectively. The thickness of the contour lines when outlining the details of stone, brick and concrete elements at a scale of 1:20 is taken equal to 0.8 mm, and at a scale of 1: 1 - 1 mm. On the plans of architectural and construction drawings, overlappings are highlighted with thicker lines, and the contours of the walls are outlined with lines somewhat thinner. In drawings building structures reinforcement is also highlighted with thick lines, and the contours of the structure itself are thinner, etc.

Inscriptions on construction drawings are made in font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81. The font size for different labels is applied differently. In the title block: the name of the design organization, object, sheet, etc. executed with a height of 5-7 mm, other inscriptions - with a height of 3.5-5 mm; the name of the main drawings and tables is 5-7 mm high, and the secondary drawings and text instructions are 3.5-5 mm; digital data for filling in tables –2.5-3.5 mm. The designation of the coordination axes, reference and numbering marking of nodes, position numbers with a diameter of circles up to 9 mm is carried out with a font size of 3.5 or 5 mm, and with a diameter of more than 10 mm - 5 or 7 mm.

The height of the dimensional numbers in the drawings made at a scale of 1: 100 and larger is taken equal to 3.5 mm, and for scales 1: 200 and less - 2.5 mm.

Scales on construction drawings in accordance with GOST 21.101-79 are not affixed. However, if necessary, it is allowed to specify the scale in the title block as 1:10, 1: 100, etc., and above the image as "А-А (1:50)". scale of images of plans, facades, sections, structures, etc. should be taken as a minimum, taking into account the complexity of the image, but it is necessary to ensure the clarity of the image, taking into account modern ways reproduction of drawings. The scale of images of plans, sections, facades, structures, etc. civil, industrial, agricultural, transport buildings and structures are performed in accordance with GOST 2.302-69, taking into account the requirements of GOST 21.501-93. So, for example, floor plans (except technical), sections, facades, plans, floors, coverings, wiring diagrams wireframes are drawn at a scale of 1: 400, 1: 200, 1: 100, and with a higher saturation of images - 1:50; plans of the roof, floors, technical floors - on a scale of 1: 1000, 1: 800, 1: 500, 1: 200; fragments of plans, facades, plans and sections of stairs, assembly diagrams of internal walls - on a scale of 1: 100, 1:50; foundation plans - on a scale of 1: 200, 1: 100; nodes - on a scale of 1:20, 1:10, 1: 5, etc.

Dimensions on construction drawings are applied in accordance with GOST 2.303-68, taking into account the requirements of the system project documentation for construction - GOST 21.105-79. Dimensions in mm on construction drawings, they are applied as a closed chain without specifying a unit of measurement. If the dimensions are specified in other units, for example, in cm, then they are stipulated in the note to the drawings. Dimension lines are limited by serifs 2 to 4 mm long at an angle of 45 ° to the dimension line with a slope to the right. The thickness of the serif line is taken to be equal to the thickness of the solid main line adopted in this drawing. Dimension lines should protrude 1 - 3 mm beyond the extreme extension lines. The dimension number is located above the dimension line at a distance of up to 1 mm. The distance from the outline of the drawing to the first dimension line is taken at least 10 mm. The distance between parallel dimension lines should be at least 7 mm, and from the dimension line to the circle of the coordination axis - 4 mm (Figures 10.5-10.8).

Figure 10.5 - Coordination axes: a - no more than 3; b - more than 3; c - with alphabetic and digital axes; d - when orienting the coordination axes

The elevations for binding the elements of buildings and structures in height are indicated in meters with three decimal places after the occupied one. For the conditional zero mark, the level of the finished floor of the first floor, designated 0.000, is taken. The marks above the conditional zero are indicated without a sign, and below the conditional zero - with a minus sign (-). On facades and sections, marks are placed on extension lines or contour lines. The mark mark is an arrow with a shelf. The arrow is drawn with main lines 2 - 4 mm long, drawn at an angle of 45 ° to the extension line or contour line. The mark sign may be accompanied by explanatory inscriptions. For example: Lv. h. p. - the level of the clean floor, Lv. h. - ground level (Figure 10.6).

Figure 10.6 - Application of elevation marks on drawings of facades, sections, sections: a - conventional mark mark; b - the location of the mark mark and shelf; c - use of the sign; d - the same, with explanatory signs

Figure 10.7 - Limitation of dimension lines: a - serif; b - arrow, (s - thickness of the main line); at - point

Figure 10.8 - Drawing dimension and extension lines

Typical products are designated stamps in accordance with the drawings of typical products, catalogs and standards.

The product mark on construction drawings is applied next to the products or on the shelves of extension lines. For example, for prefabricated panel buildings, the interior wall panel might be B24 and the exterior wall H14, etc. (Figure 10.9).

Figure 10.9 - An example of marking products (window and door openings) in the drawing

The design and construction of buildings and structures is carried out in strict accordance with building codes and regulations (SNiP), "Unified system for design documentation" (ESKD), which are collections of state standards (GOST), "System of design documentation for construction" (SPDS), instructions on the composition and design of drawings, the use of which is mandatory for all design and construction organizations.

Dimensions in the drawings are applied in accordance with GOST 2.307 - 68 * taking into account the requirements of GOST 21.501 - 93 for construction drawings.

Dimensional numbers printed on the drawing serve as the basis for determining the size of the depicted product (structural element, assembly, building, structure). The drawing should have a minimum number of dimensions, but sufficient for the manufacture of a product or structural element, as well as for the production of work.

Dimensions in the drawing are indicated by dimension numbers and dimension lines. Dimensions are in millimeters, without specifying the unit of measurement. If the dimensions are indicated in other units of measurement, then the corresponding dimensional numbers are recorded with the designation of the unit of measurement (cm, m, etc.) or indicated in the technical requirements. The dimension number should always indicate the actual size of the part (structure), regardless of the scale of the drawing.

Dimension lines are preferably applied outside the outline of the image, and should not be separated or crossed by any drawing lines.

Dimensional and extension lines are drawn in solid thin lines. To limit dimension lines at their intersections with contour lines, extension, axial, center and others, use: serifs - in the form of a short stroke drawn by the main line tilted to the right at an angle of 45˚ to the dimension line; in the form of an arrow - for the sizes of diameters, radii, angles; in the form of a point - when there is not enough space for serifs on the dimension lines located in a chain. The distance of the dimension line from the parallel line of the contour, axial, extension and other lines, as well as the distance between parallel dimension lines, must be at least 7 mm, and from the dimension line to the circle of the coordination axis - 4 mm. For drawings general types(plans, sections, facades, etc.), the dimension lines are placed depending on the size of the images at a distance of at least 10 mm (14 ... 21 mm is allowed) from the line of the outer contour. In fig. 3 shows examples of drawing dimension and extension lines in drawings.

Fig. 3. Dimension and extension lines

Rice. 4. Drawing elevation marks on drawings of facades, sections and sections

Rice. 5. Application of level marks on the building plan:

a - in a rectangle; b - on the leader shelf

For the designation of slopes, see Fig. 6

Fig. 6. Ways to indicate the slope.

In private and industrial construction, preliminary calculations, sketches and drawings are required. All recommendations, rules for drawing up drawings and requirements for their design are set out in GOST 21.501-2011, GOST 21.501-93 and many other construction and regulatory documents, the main provisions of which must be considered if necessary to engage in individual or other construction in 2017.

Since the complexity construction sites, especially industrial and production, is not specified, then all the requirements for the implementation of the project must be reflected on paper or in electronic form as accurately as possible, in compliance with all sizes, the rules for drawing other requirements for standardization, which abound in modern construction. Reality today is such that it is not always convenient and practical to use electronic gadgets to study drawings directly at a facility under construction. It is much faster to work with paper drawings that can be deployed anywhere without fear of damaging the documentation and without taking additional measures to protect the drawings from damage or damage.

These standards determine the content and norms for the design of working documents for structural and architectural problems solved during the construction of buildings and construction projects, as well as rules and regulations for working documents accompanying products for use in the construction industry.

How to correctly draw up drawings according to the standards of GOST 21.501-93

The norms and rules for the design of architectural and construction drawings require the use of drawing-linear graphic techniques, which is reflected in the work with lines of various thicknesses for clarity and expressiveness of a sketch or drawing. Sectional drawings of elements are highlighted with thicker lines, areas behind the cut are drawn with thinner lines. According to GOST in the drawings, you can use lines with limit values(0.2 millimeters for ink drawing or 0.3 millimeters for pencil drawing) -1.5 millimeters. Which lines to use in drawings for different purposes is determined based on its scaling and content. The table below shows the requirements for scaling images in drawings:

Drawings of plans and facades of the object and drawings of sections of small structures are drawn up on a scale of 1:50;
Drawings of larger structures are drawn up on a scale of 1: 100-1: 200;
Very large industrial objects are made with scaling from 1: 400 to 1: 500;
Elements, details, structures and individual elements of building objects for any purpose are compiled at a scale of 1: 2-1: 25.

The position of all parts of the object is calculated along the coordinate axes. The lines of the horizontal and vertical axes are displayed with a long dash-dotted line, they are marked with a circle (for example, ①) with the corresponding numbering.

Longitudinal centerline on general plan should be located on the left side of the drawing, the transverse axes at the bottom of the drawing. If the passage of opposite axes does not coincide on the sides of the drawing of the construction plan, they are marked on the drawing with continuous numbering on each side.

Important: transversely running axles are marked with Arabic numerals from left to right. The longitudinal axes of the section are marked with uppercase Cyrillic letters (except for the following letters: Y, Z, E, E, O, X, Y), in the direction from bottom to top

The diameter of the marking circle is adapted to the scale of the drawing:

Marking Ø6 millimeters - for drawing scale ≤ 1: 400;
A circle of Ø8 millimeters is used in the scale range 1: 200-1: 100;
Circle Ø10 millimeters - for drawings on a scale of 1:50;
Circle markings Ø12 mm apply to scaling 1:25, 1:20 and 1:10.

The main rules for the execution of architectural and construction working drawings have also been developed in relation to drawing fonts: the character size, which is used for detailing the axes, increases approximately 2 times relative to the size of the main font of the drawing.

Before dimensioning, all the main lines are marked. Lines for specifying dimensions, located outside the drawing, above which the dimensions of the elements are written, are drawn behind the outline of the sketch, there can be from 2 to 4 pieces. The first (from left to right) line is supplemented with the dimensions of the smallest sections and projections, the second and the following lines contain the dimensions of the larger sections. The last outer line must contain the full center-to-center dimension, snapped to the outer walls of the object. Also, the first outer line should start 15-21 mm from the beginning of the drawing. The step between the lines is 6-8 mm, taking into account the placement of size designations between them (in the figure No. 2 - position No. 1).

According to GOST 21.501-93 there are general rules for drawing different sizes of segments on external lines. Segments that visually indicate the dimensions of external structures (window, door, partition) are crossed out with extension lines, which are applied 3-4 mm from the beginning of the drawing to the point of intersection with the outer line. At the intersection points, serifs (/ or \) are drawn with an inclination of 45 0. When using a small font size, it is allowed to use dots instead of serifs for dimensioning. Lines for specifying dimensions from the outside are taken out beyond the extension lines, and are applied along the edges of the plan at a distance of 1-3 mm from the boundaries.

The internal lines indicate the dimensions of the premises and other internal structures of the structure. The step between these lines and boundaries inside structures and parts of the construction object is chosen arbitrarily, but in such a way that it is convenient to read the drawing.

The lines for setting out dimensions and their designations in the drawings should be designated as solid thin. Numerical graphic displays should be with character sizes ≤ 2.5 millimeters in ink, and ≤ 3.5 millimeters in pencil, they should be located parallel to the outer line for writing dimensions and above it, closer to the center. Dimensional designations are in Cyrillic capital letters and dimensions are indicated in millimeters.

How the marks of the surface levels and slopes of parts and structures are indicated (in figure No. 3 - position No. 2): Dimension marks visualize the location of individual components. Elevations on the plans of objects are applied if there is a difference in heights along the floor elevation. The origin of the elevation by level starts from a conditional zero - this is the surface of the floor or ceiling of the first floor in a multi-storey building. If it is necessary to mark the dimensions below the zero level, all marks are marked with a "-" sign. The "+" sign is not used in the marks of the positive level. Numerical marks are indicated without designation of dimensions, indicated by meters with an accuracy of three decimal places (X, XXX).

The 45 ° arrow symbol (\ or /) is used to visualize elevation elevations, as well as to fix elevations in section and section drawings. The arrow should rest on the contour line of the designated part, or on the line of the structural level for dimensions (opening of a window or doors, niche, partition). Internal marks are written inside the drawing, external marks - outside (in the figure №3 - position №1).

On the plan, the dimension lines should be solid thin. Numeric designations of dimensions should have a character size of ≤ 2.5 mm with ink, and ≤ 3.5 mm with a pencil, drawn parallel to the outer extension line and above it, closer to the center. Dimensions are written in millimeters in Cyrillic characters.

On the plans of structures, the marks are drawn in a rectangle or on the drawn shelf of the extension line. In this case, the level sign must be indicated: "-" or "+". The difference is in one - for structural drawings, the marks are indicated on the extension lines, and on the architectural drawings, the marks are drawn in a rectangle (in figure # 3 - position # 2).

The degree of inclination in the instructions of the cuts is written as simple or decimal accurate to three decimal places. The slope symbol is written as follows: Ð. This symbol is written above the contour line or on the extension line-shelf (in figure No. 3 - positions No. 3 and No. 4). In drawings of plans of buildings and structures, the slope vector of the surface is denoted by the symbol Р, next to which the slope angle in degrees is written.

How to indicate the place of a cut or section of a part: this is an open solid line with a transfer to the drawing. It denotes the continuation of the start and end points of the cutting plane. If it is necessary to indicate a broken section of a complex configuration, then the drawing should show excerpts from the overlapping of the cutting planes.

The direction in which the drawing should be viewed is indicated in 2-3 millimeters from the end of the open line in the form of an arrow ® or →. All areas of cuts and cuts are indicated by Cyrillic letters and numbers located under the direction arrow (for a cut across the part), and on the side outside of the arrow - for a cut along the part or longitudinal unit (positions No. 1 and No. 2 in Figure No. 4).

How the area of the object is indicated in the drawings and indoor spaces: area values are indicated in m 2, two characters are written after an integer, the dimension of the area is not additionally indicated, the numbers are underlined below. The place designation of the area for each room in the drawing is in the lower right corner. Additionally, the total and useful area of housing is indicated - this is done in the form of a simple fraction with the living area in the numerator, and with the useful area in the denominator of the fraction. Before the designation of the area, the number of all rooms in the house or apartment is indicated in numbers without underlining.

If the design requires the designation of individual parts, then the explanatory inscriptions are placed on a broken line-shelf, which is directed towards the part by its slope. The dimensions of the part are written on the horizontal line of the shelf. If the drawing is small, then it is allowed to draw the extension line without ending with an arrow. The inscriptions, which are placed on special lines, and indicating the dimensions of multicomponent structures, are made in the form of "flags". The labels are placed one after the other, in the same order in which the structural layers and structural components are visible from left to right and from top to bottom. The thickness of each layer is indicated in millimeters without an alphabetic indication of the dimension.

The marking of structural elements to indicate their location is indicated by extension polylines. It is allowed to connect several shelves into one or indicate the marking of the part without taking out the dimensions directly next to the image of the part. The font of the marking must be larger than the general font of the drawing (position No. 1 in Figure No. 5).

The numbering and decoding of the dimensions of the fragments of the structure is an important part of the design of the sketch, and helps to quickly understand the drawing. Marking aims to combine separate enlarged fragments of the drawing and more detailed painted sections of the main drawing.

When making a visual leader of the details of the object, the corresponding area is indicated by a solid closed line in the form of an oval or circle, indicating ordinal numeric or alphabetic characters on the extension shelf. If it is impossible to place a separate node on the same drawing with the main sketch, it is taken out on a separate sheet, and the serial number of the drawing sheet is written under the extension line shelf (position No. 2 in Figure No. 5). On the side or above the taken out part, regardless of the sheet numbering, a double circle Ø 10-14 millimeters is drawn, in which the serial number of the taken out part is written.

Construction drawings for technical purposes must have explanatory labels for images, text explanations, tables and other explanatory elements. For explanatory footnotes, a straight standard font is used according to GOST type A and GOST type B with a character height of 2.5-14 millimeters. Fonts ranging in size from 5 to 10 millimeters are used for writing the names of drawing graphics, fonts in sizes 2.5-3.5 millimeters are used for writing text, and 10 and 14 millimeters are used to accompany illustrations to drawings. Headings for images must be placed above them and underlined, like the headings of accompanying texts, with a solid line line. Only the headings of tables and specifications are not underlined.

Detailing the floor plan of the house and explication of the premises

Drawing terminology provides for an indication in the headings of plans to indicate zero level floor (or the ordinal number of the floor). Example: "Floor plan at elevation X, XXX", or "Floor plan X-XX". GOST is allowed in the title of the plan to indicate the functional purpose of the objects on the floor. It can be "Layout of a technical room", "Basement plan".

A floor plan is a horizontal section at window level, 5-10 centimeters above the top of the window sill, or a floor section at a height of one third from the bottom. If the windows on the floor are located in several tiers, then the plan is drawn up within the boundaries of the lower windows of the floor. All parts passing along the cut in plan are highlighted with a thick solid line.

The floor plan should include the following elements:

Object coordinate axes, indicated by a thin dash-dotted line;
Sequential indication of the dimensions of structures plus the width between the axes, the width of partitions and walls, dimensions of doors and windows;
The level of the finished floor, if the floor on the floor has several levels;
Indication of sections with the presence of windows and doors in them;
Door and window markers, marking of internal wall lintels with a circle ⃝ 5 mm, executed with a thin line;
Names of details and planning sites;
The names and sizes of the area of all rooms on the floor.

The standards allow the headings of the names of the premises and the amount of area to be indicated in the explication in the appropriate form. That is, not headings or titles are indicated, but detailed numbering of objects is done. For individual drawings of internal areas and objects, visualization is carried out by drawing a thin solid line indicating the main bearing elements. Everything that is above the cut line is shown as a thin dash-dotted line with two points, without detailing.

Figure 6 shows detailed plan one floor of a building made of foam blocks. What includes detailing using different building materials:

Walls of aerated concrete (standard sizes foam block - 390 x 190 x 190 mm);
1. The thickness of all walls should be (according to the plan) a multiple of 100 mm;
2. The minimum thickness of internal foam concrete walls is 200 mm;
3. The maximum thickness of the external brick walls of the house is 600 mm plus 100 mm for the thermal insulation layer;

External walls for a brick house:

Thickness outer wall must be a multiple of 130 mm, up to 640 mm inclusive;
Dimensions (edit) ceramic bricks- standard, 250 x 120 x 65 (or 88) mm.

For a house from a bar:

The thickness of the outer walls of the house is 150-220 mm;
The minimum thickness of the interior walls of the house is 180 mm.
The maximum thickness of the outer walls is 220 mm.

For a house made of rounded logs:

External thickness load-bearing walls should be a multiple of 20 mm, and range from 180 to 320 mm;
The minimum thickness of internal load-bearing walls is 180 mm;
The maximum thickness of external walls is 180-320 mm;
Internal walls - from timber frame with insulation (in the figure No. 7 - positions No. 1-5);
Frame thickness - up to 180 mm;
The minimum thickness of internal load-bearing walls is 100 mm;
The maximum thickness of the outer walls is 150 mm.

Internal partitions:

Aerated concrete 190 mm thick;
Brick 120 mm thick;
Wooden frame 75 mm thick;
Plasterboard with a partition thickness of up to 70 mm.

Windows and entrance doors:

In the aerated concrete wall;
In a brick wall;
V wooden walls from various lumber.

The system of coordination of axes in is intended for the correct distribution of area and volume in the building, the optimal distribution of areas, and for the basis when calculating the dimensions of parts. Based on this task, all elements of the object are snapped to axial coordinates.

Coordination axes in the drawing of a building object are lines along the central axes in different directions, parallel to which all internal structures of the structure are drawn. The span in the drawing is the distance between the axes in one placement vector of the main structure of the object. The distance between the axes in another (any) vector is a step. Steps and spans are determined by the dimensions of the building beams, slabs, columns or girders.

GOST 21.101-97
INTERSTATE STANDARD
SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN AND WORKING DOCUMENTATION

5. GENERAL RULES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DOCUMENTATION

Coordination axes

5.4. On the image of each building or structure, coordinate axes are indicated and assigned independent system designations.

Coordination axes are applied to images of a building or structure with thin dash-dotted lines with long strokes, denoted by Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (except for letters: E, 3, Y, O, X, Ts, Ch, Shch, b, Y, b) in circles with a diameter of 6-12 mm.

Omissions in digital and alphabetic (except for those indicated) designations of the coordination axes are not allowed.

5.5. The numbers indicate the coordination axes on the side of the building and structure with large quantity axes. If there are not enough letters of the alphabet to designate the coordinate axes, the subsequent axes are designated by two letters.
Example: AA; BB; BB.

5.6. The sequence of digital and letter designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top (Fig. 1a) or as shown in Fig. 1b, c.

5.7. The designation of the coordination axes, as a rule, is applied to the left and lower sides of the building and structure plan.
If the coordination axes of the opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of these axes at the points of divergence are additionally applied on the upper and / or right sides.

5.8. For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main supporting structures, additional axes are applied and denoted as a fraction:
above the line indicate the designation of the previous coordination axis;
under the line - an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes in accordance with Fig. 1d.

It is allowed to assign digital and letter designations to the coordination axes of half-timbered columns in the continuation of the designations of the axes of the main columns without an additional number.

5.9. In the image of a repeating element tied to several coordination axes, the coordination axes are designated in accordance with Fig. 2:

"A" - when the number of coordination axes is not more than 3;
"B" - when the number of coordination axes is more than 3;
"In" - for all alphabetic and digital coordination axes.

If necessary, the orientation of the coordination axis, to which the element is attached, with respect to the adjacent axis, is indicated in accordance with Fig. 2d.

Rice. 2

5.10. To designate the coordination axes of the block-sections of residential buildings, the "c" index is used.
Examples: 1s, 2s, Ac, Bs.

On the plans of residential buildings, composed of block sections, the designations of the extreme coordination axes of the block sections are indicated without an index in accordance with Fig. 3.

Rice. 3