Vertical layout: we assign the marks of the corners of the building. Why determine the zero level in construction? Zero cycle excavation technology

I'm sorry, there are a lot of professional terms in the rhyme, I'm afraid it will be difficult to grasp the essence of the riddle without explanation. In our construction, the level of the floor of the first floor is taken as the “zero” mark. And in life we ​​are used to counting the floors: the first, above it the second and third (higher), and the elevator buttons are arranged. Below the first is the cellar. Conventional, but usually, zero and first are combined, so that in a three-story house we always count three floors (the basement is separate). And in the west in a three-story house - two floors and zero, and if it is lower, which is located, it is indicated with a minus sign. Everything is simple. There, as you know, their "zero" - this is the designation of our "first". There is a very large “O” on the elevator button (so as not to miss the fool). I have two educations (architect and builder), when I studied for 10 years, I didn’t go abroad, and the question didn’t stand squarely. And, they would hardly have explained then, and today, even more so. Now wedges. Is this some kind of game of uncles and aunts teaching us, or an accident? Yes, they themselves "nichrome" do not understand! Such a conclusion. They are accustomed to: shaft, plan, mark, zero, first, crossbar, floor covering, riser-pipe, ridge and weather vane ... And there is also a perspective, a kind of three-dimensional drawing of facades with one and two vanishing points on the horizon line (splicing earth with the sky - sky), where the rays of your gaze rush in reality. It all depends: look at the building with two eyes, or through the eye (on this matter). And there is also the opposite perspective: everything that is further is closer to you. Anyway. You will never guess what the keyword is here and why everything is so serious in construction...

I'm in the west, not the first
pressing the elevator button,
zero shakes my nerves,
as I descend, I pay attention:
I firmly believe in the line
to the horizon, to two vanishing points!
We are people, even Jews
and sway, from sunrise:

Bite, Lord, save
and tease with checkers,
- You do not go, you want a taxi?
You, what's the difference!
Bees are all one deck,
perspective is a distraction,
to the dust of the Lord from nature
golden section for me:

The eye is always there
at least oblique in one eye,
even with a scythe go to the bottom,
even to the point in God's manhole.
Not thieves * and dedicated,
a tale for hibernation, a wonderful dream.
Though a truncated column,
Well, what is your reason?

Jerusalem gave us Srul,
and where the first is a guest room,
their floor started from scratch,
we have zero...
Hall? stomping on the floor
Sergius marked with zero
with a unit to this school
count to conceive, I'm talking about mine.

Pressing the elevator button
I'm getting first...
- Zero me! below heaven
unit shakes the nerves.
Unwilling to explain
- You are a builder and, from God,
and She, as if lifeless,
- What's the matter, tell me, Seryoga?

Fool, so as not to miss,
and don't mess with the answer:
- See if this is a vase,
everything else is welcome!
Here is a rose in a jug,
Well, what's the question here?
Above-under-wall, on top
above the lines of all, stripes ...

Sky we slipped through
- Here in their language, - basement?
Valentines rolled up
but he will be impatient - in the hayloft!
- And look, with the eyes of a miracle:
risers, skates and weather vane:
where do the pipes come from?
A and B sold Judas...

Zero and One, seducing?
You don't understand, you don't understand...
plus by minus, combining,
Christ Himself ordered to stand!
Responsible for romance
the letter Yat, fucked up in vain!
Not in the egg-needle in the light,
I no longer believed in anything.

How do I turn back to Russia,
so I press, as I pressed,
poke spears - I rush about myself,
the spool on the road is small.
The key here is: "under the shaft",
- Walled up, demons!
almost "got under the horse"
what they are and are made.

I would change my profession
yes, I really like it!
You draw zero, the floor will captivate,
and you think it's beautiful!
Pockmarked chicken, - scattering,
eggs of golden prophecy,
where is the euro zone, - zero,
by the name. Without patronymic.

That's all for you, the difference
and where are we, "heaven-O-earth" ...
The elevator will get stuck - they tease,
but that's all there is to it!
Be in the west, I'm the first
elevator button, pressing w,
Zero, shakes the nerves,
- Is there a blonde?
And what is it?

Well, give or take, redhead,
all sunny burning
- Do you want an apple? shameless
Well, we've reached paradise!
It’s worth it, quite the Snow Maiden,
- Wrong, who do you want?
Sergei Zavatsky-Kurochkin,
plus or minus
how bad...

* thieves is also an initiate in translation, as it was customary from the ophenists, it has withered ...
* Srul, Akaki, Sergius - one name, means - Jerusalem.

Content

At any site, zero-cycle work is carried out, during which the site is being prepared, conditions are being created for subsequent stages. All works of the zero cycle of construction are divided into organizational and excavation. During the second, an examination of the soil, digging pits, trenches and much more is carried out. In most cases, zero-cycle construction works also involve the delivery and unloading of the bulk of materials for laying the foundation and erecting wall structures.

The zero cycle in construction is the construction of foundations and, including other underground parts of a residential building, as well as the ceiling above them. Zero work in construction got its name from the term "zero mark" (± 0.000) - the mark of the "clean" floor of the first floor. All levels of underlying elements and structures in the drawing are indicated by a minus sign (-).

Zero cycle excavation technology

Zero cycle work technology starts from the beginning construction works it is necessary to carefully examine the surface of the site, identify damp places, determine the general direction of the slope, outline the withdrawal surface water into a common drain or into a special storage pool.

It is necessary to organize the relief of the entire site so that storm drains are not directed to the construction site. The main collectors and conductors of storm and melt water can be drainage open and closed channels. The need for drainage is sometimes caused by high standing ground water and the construction of retaining walls.

Before earthworks of the zero cycle are carried out, it is necessary to uproot stumps on the construction site and cut off mounds that will interfere with the marking, and then remove the vegetation layer of the earth to a depth of about 20 cm and subsequently use it for reclamation.

Zero work cycle in construction

Starting zero work in construction, it should be remembered that shallow foundations cannot be left on winter period unloaded or underloaded (when the building is not fully built). If for some reason this is not feasible, a temporary heat-insulating coating is made around the foundations from sawdust, slag, expanded clay, slag wool, straw and other materials that protect the soil from freezing. This is also included in the work of the zero cycle in the event of difficulties and the appearance of other adverse factors.

It is forbidden to arrange shallow foundations on a frozen base. AT winter time their construction is allowed only under the condition of deep occurrence groundwater with preliminary artificial defrosting frozen ground and obligatory backfilling of the sinuses with non-porous material. The entire cycle includes activities such as site clearing, trench preparation, bulk materials plant.

The development of trenches during the construction of the foundation should be started only after all necessary materials. The process of building a foundation should take place continuously, starting from the construction of trenches and ending with the backfilling of the sinuses, compaction of the soil and the blind area.

All vertical dimensions and levels for new walls and buildings are measured from a single fixed point on the construction site. This point is called the “reference mark” (zero mark) and is usually determined on the site before any construction work begins. The reference mark may also be referred to as a "temporary benchmark".

Most often, at a construction site, the level of a horizontally located waterproofing gasket (waterproofing layer) of the designed building or wall is taken as the zero level mark. For a completely separate structure, the zero mark can simply be set at a suitable point near the proposed structure by driving in a wooden peg so that its top is 150 mm above the completed zero level; 150 mm is the minimum height of the waterproofing layer above the completed ground level for new buildings, as required by building codes.

Although for boundary walls and garden fences, there are no legal requirements, special reasons to change this minimum height no.

For walls being erected and buildings located next to an existing structure, it is customary to use the level of the waterproofing layer of the existing building as the zero mark. The peg is simply set next to that building at its waterproofing layer level, and then the zero level mark is transferred to the right place, either using a building level and rule, or using a Cowley level.

The zero level peg should be located on the construction site in a place where it can be seen and easily approached, but where it cannot be touched or otherwise affected by construction workers passing by, falling materials and equipment. Maintaining an accurate zero point is critical as all vertical dimensions and elevations for a wall under construction are referenced from it, and if the zero point changes in the course of work, this can be disastrous.

The peg that sets the zero level mark must be driven into the ground, and then, if possible, concreted. The larger the building site, the longer the zero mark peg will be required, so additional protection in the form of a triangular wooden structure, as it shown on the picture.

When the zero mark is set, it must be transferred to both ends of the wall being erected or to all corners of the new building, again using either building level and a rule, or a Cowley level.

Concrete foundations cannot be expected to be flat or even, so the zero mark must be transferred to each corner of the building or to extreme points walls, so that the bricklayer, when erecting corners, can check the height of the row brickwork from the top concrete foundation. Thus, any height adjustments (thickening or thinning) should be made below ground level, thereby ensuring that when the waterproofing layer is reached, all brickwork will be leveled horizontally.

To avoid having to level the row height below ground level, the ground peg can be used as a reference to determine how deep the foundation trench should be dug so that when the concrete is placed, the vertical distance between the top of the foundation and the mark zero level exactly matched the height of the row of brickwork and there was no need to adjust the thickness of the bed joints (in other words, it would be a multiple of 75 mm).

As an example, suppose that minimum thickness simple strip foundation is 150 mm, and let the distance between the top of the concrete foundation and the completed zero level be 1000 mm.

Assuming that the zero mark is set at the level of the waterproofing layer at a height of 150 mm above the finished ground level, the total distance from the zero mark to the base of the foundation will be 1300 mm (calculated as follows: 150 mm + 1000 mm + 150 mm), while the top of the finished the foundation is 150 mm higher - at a depth of 1150 mm below the zero mark. Dividing 1150 mm by the height of a row of brickwork of 75 mm, we will end up with 15.33 rows of masonry from the top of the foundation to the zero level mark. It is clear that this value is not a multiple of the row height: 15 rows of masonry will not be enough, and 16 rows of masonry will be too high. Considering that you need to get only 0.33 of the row height (approximately 25 mm), the bricklayer usually chooses to adjust the height by increasing the thickness of the bed joints at the masonry stage from the ground level.

There is an alternative to increasing the thickness of the bed seams: rounding to the integer value of the series. This means laying 16 rows from the foundation level to the ground level, but the foundation trench is dug a little deeper to maintain the row height that would not require adjustment. It is possible to round up to 15 rows, but this means an increase in the level of the foundation with a possible risk of violating the requirements for the minimum depth of the foundation. When rounded to 16 rows, the foundation trench will need to be dug to a depth of 1350 mm, i.e. 16 rows x 75 mm + 150 mm (concrete thickness).

Obviously, the bricklayer will have to make a decision based on the following conditions: bed seams can be thickened to add 25 mm, or maintain a row height of 75 mm, taking on the labor of marking and deepening the entire trench under the foundation by another 50 mm and laying another row of bricks. Undoubtedly, in the second case, more time will be required, more soil will need to be removed, more bricks will be used and mortar and it will cost more. In most cases, the convenience associated with the absence of the need to adjust the thickness of the bed seams is very expensive, which is not always advisable. Rounding up to 15 rows avoids all the extra work of dredging, extra bricks and mortar, but still takes time to accurately mark the corrected depth.

Most bricklayers will probably prefer thicker bed joints to achieve the required 25mm.

Construction sites with a high slope

For obvious reasons, the zero mark on construction sites with a large slope should be located on the top of the site so that the elevation marks are transferred down, down the slope, and not up. When marking and transferring elevations on such sites, it is recommended that the marking start with short pegs at the top of the site, and as you go down the slope, longer pegs are used. If the elevation is transferred up the slope from the lower starting point, then there is a chance that you will be below ground level before you set the last peg. That is why markup should always be done from top to bottom! It should be borne in mind that when viewed with the naked eye, the true value of the slope may not seem the same as it really is, and the site often has a much greater slope than it appears at first glance.