Russian Federation is considered to be one of the world's leading oil exporters.

About 505 million tons of "black gold" are mined in the country annually.

To date, the developed in terms of the volume of proven natural oil reserves have brought Russia to the 7th place in the world.

The main deposits are Samatlorskoye, Romashkinskoye, Priobskoye, Lyantorskoye, Fedorovskoye, Mamontovskoye

Samotlor

The largest oil field in Russia is in 6th place in the world list. Long time its location was considered a state secret.

At the moment, this information is no longer classified. It has been under development for over 45 years, and its use will last until the end of the 21st century.

• Explored in 1965. The expedition was led by V.A. Abazarov.
• Start of operation: 1969
• Location: Nizhnevartovsk district of the Khanty-Mansky Autonomous Okrug.
• Geological reserves: about 7,100,000,000 tons.
• Recoverable reserves: about 2,700,000,000 tons.
• Production method: drilling rigs on artificial islands, cluster drilling.

Over the years of operation, more than 2,300,000,000 tons of hydrocarbons have been produced. At the moment, work is underway at the field to stimulate production. More than 570 new wells are planned to be built. The main part of the development belongs to NK Rosneft.

Romashkinskoe

Belongs to the Volga-Ural oil and gas basin. It is strategically important for the country. For several decades in a row, it has served as a kind of "testing ground" for testing new oil production technologies.

• Opened in 1948 by the team of S. Kuzmin and R. Khalikov.
• Start of operation: 1952
• Location: Leninogorsk district, Almetyevsk, Tatarstan.
• Geological reserves: about 5,000,000,000 tons.
• Recoverable reserves: about 3,000,000,000 tons.
• Production method: in-circuit waterflooding method, drilling with a turbodrill on water.

More than 2,200,000,000 tons of oil have already been extracted from the depths of the field. For 2010 the volume of explored reserves is 320,900,000 tons. The development is carried out by TATNEFT.

Priobskoe

Multilayer low-productivity field. It has great potential, but its implementation requires significant financial investments. The development is complicated by the swampiness of the territory, flooding, the close location of fish spawning grounds.

• Explored in 1982.
• Start of operation: 1988.
• Location: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansiysk.
• Geological reserves: 5,000,000,000 tons.
• Recoverable reserves: 2,400,000,000 tons.
• Production method: hydraulic fracturing technologies, water drilling.

The field belongs to the West Siberian oil and gas basin. More than 80% of it is located in the floodplain of the Ob River. Already extracted about 1,350,000,000 tons of hydrocarbons. The development is carried out by the companies Rosneft and Gazprom Neft.

Lyantorskoe

It is considered one of the most difficult Russian deposits to develop. Belongs to the West Siberian oil and gas province.

• Explored in 1965.
• Start of operation: 1978.
• Location: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Surgut region, Lyantor.
• Recoverable reserves: 380,000,000 tons.
• Production method: nine-point reverse development system, flowing well operation.

The main operator of the field is OJSC “Surgutneftegas”.

Fedorovskoe

Belongs to the Surgut arch, the southeastern part of the Chernorechensky uplift. Included in the class of giant deposits.

• Opening: 1971.
• Start of operation: 1971
• Location: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Surgut.
• Geological reserves: 2,000,000,000 tons.
• Recoverable reserves: 189,900,000 tons.
• Production method: horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, physicochemical treatment of the bottomhole zone, etc.

It is the backbone of the resource base of Surgutneftegaz. Since its commissioning, the field has produced over 571,000,000 tons of oil.

Mamontovskoe

Belongs to the class of large. Hydrocarbon deposits are located at a depth of approximately 2 - 2.5 km.

• Explored in 1965. Expedition leader - I.G. Shapovalov.
• Start of operation: 1970.
• Location: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Pyt-Yakh.
• Geological reserves: 1 400 000 000 tons.
• Recoverable reserves: 93,400,000 tons.

The deposit is complex in terms of its geological structure. Since the beginning of operation, 561,000,000 tons of oil have been pumped out. Development in this moment operated by Rosneft.

A large amount of oil is spilled during its transportation, read the link, which ecological problems arise in connection with this at the Sea of ​​Azov

Exploration continues

There are promising places in our country where production can reach large volumes.

In 2013, the Velikoye field was discovered. According to initial estimates, the geological reserves of oil in it are close to 300,000,000 tons. There is still no exact information on how much of this volume of hydrocarbons is recoverable.

Velikoye is one of the largest oil fields discovered onshore in recent decades. The license for its development was obtained by the AFB company. It is likely to attract other operators as partners.

In 2015, it is planned to start the development of the Bazhenov formation - this is the most large Russia... It is very difficult to extract oil from shale; this requires the involvement of export equipment. But plans may move due to the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation.

In 2014, a new field, named Pobeda, was discovered in the Kara Sea - 100,000,000 tons.

DEPOSITS AND DEPOSITS OF OIL AND GAS

AA Bakirov subdivides oil and gas accumulations into two categories: local and regional. He refers to the local ones:

1) oil and gas deposits;

2) oil and gas fields.

Regional accumulations of oil and gas A. A. Bakirov and other researchers subdivide into:

1) oil and gas accumulation zones;

2) oil and gas regions;

3) oil-bearing provinces or belts.

The classification of deposits for prospecting and exploration purposes is based on the following features:

1) the ratio of gas, oil and water in them;

the shape of the traps.

Classification of deposits by phase composition

An oil and gas reservoir is a natural local (single) accumulation of oil and gas in a trap. The reservoir is formed in that part of the reservoir in which a balance is established between the forces that cause oil and gas to move in the natural reservoir, and the forces that prevent it.

Gas, oil and water are zoned in the deposit:

q gas, as the lightest, occupies the roofing part of the natural reservoir, under the cover;

q below the pore space is filled with oil,

q even lower - with water.

According to the predominance of the liquid phase over the gas phase (or vice versa), the deposits are divided into:

q single phase - oil, gas, gas condensate

q two-phase - oil and gas, oil and gas.

According to the phase ratios of the hydrocarbons contained in the reservoir, 6 types of accumulations are distinguished:

gas,

gas condensate,

oil and gas condensate,

oil and gas,

gas-oil,

oil.

Gas reservoir(Fig. 7.1) contains mainly methane and its homologues (ethane, propane, etc.).

Rice. 7.1. Gas reservoir scheme

In a number of regions, gas deposits, in addition to hydrocarbon components, contain hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, as well as inert gases (argon, neon, krypton) in small quantities.

When visually examining the core of the productive horizons of oil fields, you can see smears and oil inclusions in the pores and cracks of the rock. In purely gas fields, the core from the productive strata does not differ from the samples taken from the upstream or downstream sediments. They can be distinguished only immediately after lifting from the well by the smell of gasoline, which quickly evaporates and after a short period of time the core no longer carries any traces of hydrocarbons. In this regard, drilling of wells in gas-bearing areas must be under constant geological control and must be accompanied by gas logging.

Gas condensate deposits(Fig. 7.2) are accumulations of greasy gas and heavier HCs (C 5 H 12 and higher) dissolved in it.

Rice. 7.2. Gas condensate reservoir scheme

Their concentration at a high reservoir height increases down the section of the productive strata.

As examples, one can cite such gas condensate fields, largest in terms of reserves, as Astrakhanskoye, Vuktylskoye, Shurtanskoye, Zapadno-Krestishinskoye, Yablonevskoye. Gas fractions of these fields, in addition to hydrocarbons, also contain the most valuable accompanying components. So, in the composition of the gas of the Astrakhan field, in addition to methane (40-50%) and heavy hydrocarbons (10-13%), it contains 22-23% of hydrogen sulfide and 20-25% carbon dioxide... The content of stable condensate in the hydrocarbon gas of the same Astrakhan field, according to available data, varies over the area from 130 to 350 cm 3 / m 3.

When calculating reserves, along with hydrocarbon gas and condensate, these components must be taken into account.

Oil and gas condensate deposits(Fig. 7.3) differ from the previous ones by the presence of liquid hydrocarbons in the lower part of the productive strata, which are light oil.

Rice. 7.3. Scheme of oil and gas condensate deposits

An example is the Karachaganak field. The height of the massive reservoir in this field exceeds 1.5 km. From top to bottom, the amount of condensate gradually increases and about 200 m of the lower part of the productive stratum is filled with oil.

Oil and gas reservoir contains an accumulation of gas underlain by oil (over the entire area or partially), the geological reserves of which do not exceed half of the total hydrocarbon reserves of the deposit as a whole. The predominant gas is usually greasy, i.e. in addition to methane, it contains a certain amount of heavy hydrocarbons.

Depending on the type of reservoir and the nature of the filling of the trap, the oil part can be in the form of either an oil rim or an oil cushion (Fig. 7.4).

Rice. 7.4. Oil and gas reservoir scheme

If a deposit is found in a reservoir , then the oil part of the reservoir will be located on the periphery of the trap, and in this case there are solid external and internal oil-bearing contours and external and internal gas-bearing contours. Within the inner gas-bearing contour, the wells reveal the purely gas part of the deposit, between the outer and inner gas-bearing contours - the gas-oil and outside the outer gas-bearing contour - the purely oil or water-oil part of the deposit.

Due to geological (reservoir replacement) or hydrodynamic (regional water pressure) reasons, the oil rim can be shifted towards better reservoirs or lower water heads and appear as a one-sided rim .

In a massive and incomplete reservoir, the oil part in the form of an oil cushion is located throughout the entire part of the trap or, as in the previous case, can be partially displaced to its periphery. .

The formation of a rim can occur due to the displacement of oil by gas that entered the trap after the formation of an oil reservoir. An indicator of such an origin of the reservoir is the presence of residual associated oil throughout the section of the productive strata. The presence of an oil rim may also be due to the entry of oil into the trap after the formation of a gas reservoir. In this case, no traces of oil are found in the gas-saturated part of the formation.

Various ratios of gas and oil parts of the reservoir are clearly visible on the example of the Urengoyskoye field. This field in the Cenomanian deposits contains a purely gas reservoir, in the Lower Cretaceous gas condensate, oil and gas condensate deposits and in the Callovian-Oxfordian - oil. In some productive horizons, oil underlies the entire gas condensate reservoir. In others, the oil rim is displaced to the northern periclinal part of the structure.

Oil and gas reservoir represents an oil accumulation with a gas cap (Fig.7.5) .

Rice. 7.5. Oil and gas reservoir

Geological oil reserves exceed half of the total hydrocarbon reserves of the deposit. This type of reservoir is found in many oil and gas provinces of the world.

The formation of a gas cap can occur either due to the release of gas from oil in connection with the raising of the trap at the last stages of its development and, consequently, a decrease in reservoir pressure, or as a result of gas inflow after the formation of an oil reservoir.

Oil reservoir contains an accumulation of oil with gas dissolved in it (Fig.7.6) .

Rice. 7.6. Oil reservoir

The phase relationships of hydrocarbons in deposits of all types, except for purely gaseous ones, are determined by thermobaric conditions of occurrence. In the process of development, these conditions change, the balance of the natural system is disturbed. So, in the process of developing an oil reservoir in a natural mode, the reservoir pressure decreases, and if it becomes lower than the saturation pressure, then free gas is released in the reservoir and a gas cap is formed; in a gas condensate reservoir. on the contrary, liquid hydrocarbons fall out. In other words, when a deposit is influenced, its equilibrium state changes and at some stage it passes into a new quality.

The transition of the considered natural system to a new qualitative state depends, on the one hand, on the nature of its interconnections with natural systems of higher hierarchical levels (regional background), on the other, on the degree of technogenic impact on it.

By complexity geological structure productive horizons deposits are divided into two main groups:

A) simple structure - productive horizons are characterized by the relative consistency of the lithological composition, reservoir properties and productivity throughout the entire volume of the deposit;

b) a complex structure - broken up by tectonic disturbances into a number of isolated blocks and zones, or deposits with a variable nature of productive horizons.

April 16th, 2014

A new giant oil field has been discovered in Russia. The Minister told Business FM about this. natural resources Sergey Donskoy. It is about the Velikiy deposit in the Astrakhan region.

“The reserves of the field are unprecedented - about 300 million tons of oil and 90 billion cubic meters of gas. Such openness confirms the high prospects of the Astrakhan region from the point of view of such major discoveries, ”the minister explained.

It is noteworthy that the previous major discovery was also made in the Astrakhan region. In 2006, on the Caspian shelf, LUKOIL geologists discovered the Filanovsky field with recoverable reserves of more than 150 million tons of oil.

As for the Velikiy deposit, the AFB company will probably be engaged in its development. The oilman has been working in the Astrakhan region for several years and made another major discovery there two years ago. Then the company discovered 140 million tons of oil in the neighboring Tambov area.

“In fact, the field is not easy. It has a complex geological structure, but on the onshore part of the Astrakhan region, this is the first field with practically no hydrogen sulfide impurities. That is, if we confirm the stated figures, then economically its development will be extremely profitable and more than profitable, ”said Vladimir Kudinov, chief geologist of AFB at the time.

The largest shareholder of the oil company is Vitaly Vantsev, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Vnukovo Airport. Several years ago, he invested more than $ 100 million in an oil company, and these investments clearly paid off.

“Based on the reserves, the value of the Velikoye field can be estimated at $ 0.9-1.1 billion," said Alexey Kokin, an analyst at Uralsib Capital. "Now the company and the investor have a pleasant choice - to develop the project on their own or to attract a partner." According to the expert, given the lack of large onshore fields, all major players in the industry will certainly show interest in participating in the project. The most likely candidates for partners are Rosneft and LUKOIL, whose assets are located in neighboring regions.

In Russia, there has been no discovery of large deposits for a long time. Onshore, the last major field discovered was Vankor, which geologists discovered in 1988. The field is being developed by Rosneft, its reserves exceed 500 million tons of "black gold". Two years ago, the state sold licenses for the Lodochnoye, Shpilmana and Imilorskoye large deposits, which were considered the last. The assets were acquired by Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz and LUKOIL, respectively. Now only deposits with a volume of up to 20 million tons remain in the unallocated fund.

And some more interesting things about oil:

Oil is a combustible liquid and is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Various types oils differ significantly in chemical and physical properties: in nature, it is presented in the form of black bituminous asphalt, and in the form of light volatile varieties. Contrary to the common expression "black gold", oil is distinguished by a variety of colors - it can be black, brown, cherry, green, amber, yellow. Its smell can also be completely different - from pleasant and even fragrant to disgusting sulphurous.

Crude oil contains about 1000 components. Alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons prevail among them. Other organic compounds present in oil contain nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or trace amounts of metals - iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. By chemical composition oil is very similar to coal- in it, too, the main constituent component is carbon. Therefore, oil and gas, along with coal, peat and schists, belong to the same class of fossils - caustobiolites.

The deposits of this most valuable mineral are located at a depth of tens of meters to 5-6 km. The origin of oil is still highly debated. Most scientists are supporters of the biogenic theory, according to which oil was formed from the remains of living organisms - mostly plankton. Residues accumulated at the bottom of water basins, then compacted and dehydrated. Under conditions of limited oxygen access, various biochemical processes took place in them. The layer of residues was then lowered to a depth where oil formation took place under conditions of high temperature and pressure. This theory of the appearance of oil is called "biogenic". However, it is not the only explanation for the emergence of this invaluable resource.
Quite a few scientists and specialists hold a different opinion on this issue, advocating the theory of "abiogenic synthesis". Even D.I.Mendeleev suggested that oil is formed from deep fluids - liquid and gaseous components of magma or solutions circulating in the depths of the earth, saturated with gases. He believed that during mountain building processes, water seeps down the cracks that cut the earth's crust. Meeting in the depths with iron carbides, water reacts with them under the action of high temperatures and pressure. This reaction produces iron oxides and hydrocarbons such as ethane. Along the same faults, hydrocarbon-saturated fluids rise to the upper crustal layers and fill solid reservoir rocks. This is how oil and gas fields are formed.

Geologists later found out that deposits are often formed in the zone of deep faults - this confirms Mendeleev's hypothesis. But the most serious argument in favor of the abiogenic theory was the discovery in 1988 of the White Tiger field. This field on the sea shelf of Vietnam is located at a depth of more than 3 km not in the sedimentary rocks, but in the granite "basement". The well was drilled immediately, and oil still flows out of it with good pressure. The presence of living organisms or plankton from which oil could form is not possible in such an environment. Since oil can accumulate in solid crystalline rocks, in which there are no organic residues, the abiogenic theory seems to be quite logical.

The question of the origin of oil is not an abstract scientific problem. He is important to all of us. If organic synthesis is still going on in the bowels of the earth, there is hope for the discovery of more and more new deposits of oil. If it is of purely organic origin, the prospects are disappointing. It is believed that if the current level of consumption is maintained and oil is extracted from readily available sources, it will end in the second half of this century. However, with the development of technologies, oil will be able to be extracted from where it simply could not be extracted from before - for example, from natural bitumen, the reserves of which amount to 600 billion tons, which is more than four times higher than the proven traditional oil reserves.

Why is oil so important to us? Due to its high energy intensity and transportability, it has been the most important energy source in the world since the middle of the 20th century. Up to 84% of the volume produced today is used for fuel production. The remaining 16% are used as raw materials for processing into plastics, solvents, fertilizers, medicines and other products, without which modern civilization is simply impossible. Even if oil loses its priority role as a fuel in the distant future, its value will not diminish. Humanity will still not be able to do without items, the essential component of which is oil. Thus, with the development of alternative and renewable energy sources, all more oil will be spent on the needs of the petrochemical industry.

And a dozen more interesting facts about oil:

1. The word oil means - "something plucked out (by the earth)"
In the Russian language, the word oil came from Turkish (from the word neft), which came from the Persian nаft, and which in turn was borrowed from the Semitic languages. The Akkadian (Assyrian) word nartn "oil" comes from the Semitic verbal root nрt with the original meaning "to spew, expel" (Arabic nаft, nаftа - "spewed out, expelled").

There are other versions of the meaning of the word oil. For example, according to some sources, the word oil comes from Akkadian napatum, which means "to flare up, ignite", according to others - from the ancient Iranian nаft meaning "something wet, liquid".

But, for example, the Chinese, who were the first, by the way, to drill an oil well back in 347 AD, called and still call oil - shi you, which literally means "mountain oil".

The English word petroleum, which the Americans and the British call crude oil, also, by the way, means "mountain oil" and comes from the Greek petra (mountain) and the Latin oleum (oil).

2. Do you think the oil was formed from extinct dinosaurs?

This may sound strange to the oil industry, but many people outside the oil industry think that oil was formed from dinosaurs and other ancient animals.

Oil really came from organic material(remains of living organisms), but these were organisms much smaller than dinosaurs. According to scientists, source material microorganisms inhabiting coastal sea ​​waters- plankton, 90% of which is phytoplankton.

3. Or maybe you think that oil lies underground in the form of oil lakes or seas?
This is another of the misconceptions that people far from the oil industry often sin. In fact, there are no oil lakes in the bowels of the earth. The earth's crust is composed of rocks of various mineral composition and different density. Rocks with a relatively low density, which have the property of containing mobile substances (fluids), such as oil, gas, water, are called reservoirs. Such reservoir rocks, saturated with oil, form oil fields.

4. Oil has been used by humans for over 6,000 years.

Oil has been known to people since ancient times. In ancient Babylon, bitumen was used in the construction of buildings and to seal ships. Tar was first used in the 8th century in Baghdad for the construction of roads. The Ancient Lamp The ancient Egyptians and later the Greeks used primitive lamps for lighting, fueled by light oils.

During the Byzantine Empire "Greek fire" - an incendiary mixture, was a formidable weapon, since attempts to extinguish it with water only intensified the burning. Its exact composition has been lost, but scientists assume that it was a mixture of various petroleum products and other combustible substances.

5. Do you like whales? Good, because it was only thanks to oil that they were saved from complete annihilation.

In the nineteenth century, there was a huge demand for whale oil. Whale oil was widely used in lighting lamps as it burned slowly without emitting smoke and unpleasant odor... In addition, whale oil was used to make candles, as a lubricant for watch movements, as protective coating in early photographs, as well as how required element in the manufacture of medicines, soaps and cosmetics.

Due to increased demand, hunting for whales by the middle of the 19th century led to the almost complete extinction of these animals. But thanks to the cheaper kerosene from the distillation process and the discovery of its safe use as a source of lighting, the demand for whale oil began to decline sharply. The whaling fleet of the USA, for example, in 1846 consisted of 735 ships, and by 1879 there were only 39 of them left. In the end, whale hunting almost completely stopped, as it lost any economic sense.

The only thing whale oil is still used for is space exploration. It turned out that whale oil (more precisely, the fat of sperm whales) does not freeze even when abnormally low temperatures(which exist in outer space). Thereby unique property Whale Oil is an ideal lubricant for use in space probes.

6. Gasoline was once extremely cheap ... as it was useless.

At the dawn of the development of the oil industry, kerosene was the target product of oil refining. This was before passenger cars became a popular and widespread means of transportation. Gasoline, which was at that time a by-product of the distillation of oil into kerosene, did not have significant demand. It was a very cheap product that was used to treat lice or as a solvent to cleanse tissue from greasy stains... In fact, gasoline was so cheap that many oil companies simply dumped it into the river.

7. The reason why Saudi sheikhs are so rich.

Oil production is a rather complex process, but at the same time, oil production technology has been studied and worked out well enough. Saudi Aramco is a national oil producer in Saudi Arabia and fully owned by the state. This company is the world's largest oil company in terms of oil production.

Do you know how much it costs Saudi Aramco to extract one barrel of oil?

Forbes magazine knows it. Here's what he writes:

Saudi Aramco is the most profitable company on the planet. It does not fully disclose its financial performance, but roughly it has a net profit of $ 200 billion a year with annual revenues in excess of $ 350 billion. Oil Minister Ali Al-Naimi told reporters last year that the average a barrel of oil in Saudi Arabia is $ 2. This barrel of oil is on sale for $ 130. If the same barrel of oil is passed through a complex petrochemical plant, it will easily generate $ 500 in revenue.

DEPOSITS AND DEPOSITS OF OIL AND GAS

AA Bakirov subdivides oil and gas accumulations into two categories: local and regional. He refers to the local ones:

1) oil and gas deposits;

2) oil and gas fields.

Regional accumulations of oil and gas A. A. Bakirov and other researchers subdivide into:

1) oil and gas accumulation zones;

2) oil and gas regions;

3) oil-bearing provinces or belts.

The classification of deposits for prospecting and exploration purposes is based on the following features:

1) the ratio of gas, oil and water in them;

the shape of the traps.

Classification of deposits by phase composition

An oil and gas reservoir is a natural local (single) accumulation of oil and gas in a trap. The reservoir is formed in that part of the reservoir in which a balance is established between the forces that cause oil and gas to move in the natural reservoir, and the forces that prevent it.

Gas, oil and water are zoned in the deposit:

q gas, as the lightest, occupies the roofing part of the natural reservoir, under the cover;

q below the pore space is filled with oil,

q even lower - with water.

According to the predominance of the liquid phase over the gas phase (or vice versa), the deposits are divided into:

q single phase - oil, gas, gas condensate

q two-phase - oil and gas, oil and gas.

According to the phase ratios of the hydrocarbons contained in the reservoir, 6 types of accumulations are distinguished:

gas,

gas condensate,

oil and gas condensate,

oil and gas,

gas-oil,

oil.

Gas reservoir(Fig. 7.1) contains mainly methane and its homologues (ethane, propane, etc.).

Rice. 7.1. Gas reservoir scheme

In a number of regions, gas deposits, in addition to hydrocarbon components, contain hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, as well as inert gases (argon, neon, krypton) in small quantities.

When visually examining the core of the productive horizons of oil fields, you can see smears and oil inclusions in the pores and cracks of the rock. In purely gas fields, the core from the productive strata does not differ from the samples taken from the upstream or downstream sediments. They can be distinguished only immediately after lifting from the well by the smell of gasoline, which quickly evaporates and after a short period of time the core no longer carries any traces of hydrocarbons. In this regard, drilling of wells in gas-bearing areas must be under constant geological control and must be accompanied by gas logging.

Gas condensate deposits(Fig. 7.2) are accumulations of greasy gas and heavier HCs (C 5 H 12 and higher) dissolved in it.

Rice. 7.2. Gas condensate reservoir scheme

Their concentration at a high reservoir height increases down the section of the productive strata.

As examples, one can cite such gas condensate fields, largest in terms of reserves, as Astrakhanskoye, Vuktylskoye, Shurtanskoye, Zapadno-Krestishinskoye, Yablonevskoye. Gas fractions of these fields, in addition to hydrocarbons, also contain the most valuable accompanying components. So, in the composition of gas from the Astrakhan field, in addition to methane (40-50%) and heavy hydrocarbons (10-13%), it contains 22-23% hydrogen sulfide and 20-25% carbon dioxide. The content of stable condensate in the hydrocarbon gas of the same Astrakhan field, according to available data, varies over the area from 130 to 350 cm 3 / m 3.

When calculating reserves, along with hydrocarbon gas and condensate, these components must be taken into account.

Oil and gas condensate deposits(Fig. 7.3) differ from the previous ones by the presence of liquid hydrocarbons in the lower part of the productive strata, which are light oil.

Rice. 7.3. Scheme of oil and gas condensate deposits

An example is the Karachaganak field. The height of the massive reservoir in this field exceeds 1.5 km. From top to bottom, the amount of condensate gradually increases and about 200 m of the lower part of the productive stratum is filled with oil.

Oil and gas reservoir contains an accumulation of gas underlain by oil (over the entire area or partially), the geological reserves of which do not exceed half of the total hydrocarbon reserves of the deposit as a whole. The predominant gas is usually greasy, i.e. in addition to methane, it contains a certain amount of heavy hydrocarbons.

Depending on the type of reservoir and the nature of the filling of the trap, the oil part can be in the form of either an oil rim or an oil cushion (Fig. 7.4).

Rice. 7.4. Oil and gas reservoir scheme

If a deposit is found in a reservoir , then the oil part of the reservoir will be located on the periphery of the trap, and in this case there are solid external and internal oil-bearing contours and external and internal gas-bearing contours. Within the inner gas-bearing contour, the wells reveal the purely gas part of the deposit, between the outer and inner gas-bearing contours - the gas-oil and outside the outer gas-bearing contour - the purely oil or water-oil part of the deposit.

Due to geological (reservoir replacement) or hydrodynamic (regional water pressure) reasons, the oil rim can be shifted towards better reservoirs or lower water heads and appear as a one-sided rim .

In a massive and incomplete reservoir, the oil part in the form of an oil cushion is located throughout the entire part of the trap or, as in the previous case, can be partially displaced to its periphery. .

The formation of a rim can occur due to the displacement of oil by gas that entered the trap after the formation of an oil reservoir. An indicator of such an origin of the reservoir is the presence of residual associated oil throughout the section of the productive strata. The presence of an oil rim may also be due to the entry of oil into the trap after the formation of a gas reservoir. In this case, no traces of oil are found in the gas-saturated part of the formation.

Various ratios of gas and oil parts of the reservoir are clearly visible on the example of the Urengoyskoye field. This field in the Cenomanian deposits contains a purely gas reservoir, in the Lower Cretaceous gas condensate, oil and gas condensate deposits and in the Callovian-Oxfordian - oil. In some productive horizons, oil underlies the entire gas condensate reservoir. In others, the oil rim is displaced to the northern periclinal part of the structure.

Oil and gas reservoir represents an oil accumulation with a gas cap (Fig.7.5) .

Rice. 7.5. Oil and gas reservoir

Geological oil reserves exceed half of the total hydrocarbon reserves of the deposit. This type of reservoir is found in many oil and gas provinces of the world.

The formation of a gas cap can occur either due to the release of gas from oil in connection with the raising of the trap at the last stages of its development and, consequently, a decrease in reservoir pressure, or as a result of gas inflow after the formation of an oil reservoir.

Oil reservoir contains an accumulation of oil with gas dissolved in it (Fig.7.6) .

Rice. 7.6. Oil reservoir

The phase relationships of hydrocarbons in deposits of all types, except for purely gaseous ones, are determined by thermobaric conditions of occurrence. In the process of development, these conditions change, the balance of the natural system is disturbed. So, in the process of developing an oil reservoir in a natural mode, the reservoir pressure decreases, and if it becomes lower than the saturation pressure, then free gas is released in the reservoir and a gas cap is formed; in a gas condensate reservoir. on the contrary, liquid hydrocarbons fall out. In other words, when a deposit is influenced, its equilibrium state changes and at some stage it passes into a new quality.

The transition of the considered natural system to a new qualitative state depends, on the one hand, on the nature of its interconnections with natural systems of higher hierarchical levels (regional background), on the other, on the degree of technogenic impact on it.

According to the complexity of the geological structure of productive horizons, deposits are divided into two main groups:

A) simple structure - productive horizons are characterized by the relative consistency of the lithological composition, reservoir properties and productivity throughout the entire volume of the deposit;

b) a complex structure - broken up by tectonic disturbances into a number of isolated blocks and zones, or deposits with a variable nature of productive horizons.

The Velikoe oil field, discovered in the Astrakhan region, belongs to large fields. Despite the fact that this is one of the largest deposits discovered for recent times on land, it is very far from the largest deposits in Russia and the world.

Now the "Classification of reserves and probable resources of oil and combustible gases" is applied, established by Order No. 298 of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation of November 1, 2005.

• unique - more than 300 million tons of oil or 500 billion cubic meters. m of gas
• large - from 30 million to 300 million tons of oil, or from 30 billion to 500 billion cubic meters. m of gas
• medium - from 5 million to 30 million tons of oil, or from 5 billion to 30 billion cubic meters. m of gas
• small - from 1 million to 5 million tons of oil, or from 1 billion to 5 billion cubic meters. m of gas
• very small - less than 1 million tons of oil, less than 1 billion cubic meters. m of gas

The Velikoe deposit

Discovered at the end of 2013, it is a federal oil field; the field's C2 reserves are estimated at 300 million tons.

One of the major fields discovered recently onshore.

AFB has a through license for the Velikoye field, which is likely to attract large oil companies as partners to the project.

At first glance, 300 million tons are vast reserves, but this level will not even allow you to enter the top 10 fields in Russia, not to mention the largest fields in the world.

The largest oil fields in Russia

Samotlor field

Opened in May 1965 in the Nizhnevartovsk region of the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region. Industrial mining started in 1969

The recoverable reserves of the Samotlor field are 2.7 billion tons.

Also included in the list of the largest in the world.

The operator of the field is TNK-BP.

Romashkinskoe field

Opened in 1948 near the city of Almetyevsk, Republic of Tatarstan. Commercial mining began in 1952.

The recoverable reserves of the Romashkinskoye field are 2.3 billion tons.

The operator of the field is Tatneft.

Priobskoye field

Opened in 1982 near Khanty-Mansiysk.

One of distinctive features is the division of the deposit by the river. Commercial production on the left bank of the Ob River began in 1988, on the right bank in 1999.

The recoverable reserves of the Priobskoye field are 1.7 billion tons.

The field is operated by Rosneft and Gazprom Neft.

Lyantorskoye field

Opened in 1965 near Khanty-Mansiysk.

Commercial production began only in 1978.

The recoverable reserves of the Lyantorskoye field are 2 billion tons.

Fedorovskoye field

Opened in 1971 near Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

The recoverable reserves of the Fedorovskoye field are 1.5 billion tons.

The operator of the field is Surgutneftegaz.

Mamontovskoe deposit

Opened in 1965, located in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

The development began in 1970.

The recoverable reserves of the Mamontovskoye field are 1 billion tons.

Arlanskoye field

Opened in 1966 in Bashkiria.

The development began in 1958.

The recoverable reserves of the Arlanskoye field are 500 million tons.

The field is known for being the first to use the method of waterflooding of productive formations with high oil viscosity.

Vankor field

Opened in 1988. Located beyond the Arctic Circle, 140 km from Igarka, Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The development began only 20 years later in 2008.

The recoverable reserves of the Vankor field are 490 million tons.

The operator of the field is Rosneft.

Russkoe field

Opened in 1968 in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Commercial production started in 2008.

The recoverable reserves of the Russkoye field are 410 million tons.

The operator of the field is Gazprom.

Tuimazinskoye field

Opened in 1937 180 km from Ufa.

Commercial mining began in 1939.

The recoverable reserves of the Tuimazinskoye field are more than 300 million tons.

The operator of the field is Bashneft.

But even the largest Russian deposits in terms of reserves lag significantly behind the largest deposits in the world.

The largest oil fields in the world

The field was discovered in 1948, and development began in 1951.

The giant field is located in Saudi Arabia, and its proven and recoverable reserves are estimated at 8.1-12 billion tons of oil.

Gavar is wholly owned by the state, and all indicators for it are carefully hidden.

According to some reports, this field produces more than 6% of all oil in the world per day.

Big Burgan

Discovered in 1938, but commercial mining did not begin until after World War II in 1946.

Located in the south of Kuwait, it belongs to the Persian Gulf basin.

Proved and recoverable reserves are estimated at 8.0-10.1 billion tons of oil, and this is about 75% of all Kuwait reserves.

Kantarel

Discovered in 1976, development began in 1981.

Located in Mexico in the Campeche Bay.

Initial oil reserves are 5.7 billion tons.

Opened in 1971, industrial development began in 1922.

Located in Venezuela in the Maracaibo oil and gas basin.

Bolivar shelf oil reserves amount to 8.3 billion tons of oil.