General information. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: capital, districts and cities

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a national-state entity. The district was created on December 10, 1930. As an equal subject, the district is part of the Russian Federation. Administrative center district - the city of Salekhard.
The area of ​​the district is 750.3 thousand km2. Its territory could accommodate Spain, Portugal and Greece combined.
The total population of the district is more than 508 thousand people. The most densely populated strips are along railways and river transport arteries. The average population density of the district is less than 1 person per 1 km2. The industrial development of the district in recent decades has contributed to rapid growth urban population (more than 85% of the total population of the district)
Now in the Yamalo-Nenets District there are 8 cities of district subordination - these are Salekhard, Labytnangi, Muravlenko, Nadym, Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk, Tarko-Sale and Gubkinsky, 7 urban-type settlements: Korotchaevo, Limbayakha, Pangody, Stary Nadym, Tazovsky, Urengoy, Kharp and 103 small rural settlements. The number of rural residents is declining due to the transformation of rural settlements into urban areas and as a result of the outflow of the population from rural areas. Among the rural Yamal settlements, non-agricultural (rotational, oil and gas, transport), small national settlements (fishing, reindeer herding, hunting) predominate. The number of inhabitants in rural settlements is on average 910 people. The presence of mobile settlements of indigenous peoples (pastures, plagues, huts) is also characteristic.

SALEKHARD

Salekhard, the capital of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, is a city in Western Siberia, the center of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The city is located 2436 kilometers northeast of Moscow and 1982 kilometers north of Tyumen.
The city of Salekhard is located on the Poluy Upland, on the right bank of the Ob River, at its confluence with the Poluy River, near the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone. It is the only city in the world located on the Arctic Circle.
The climate here is sharply continental, harsh. Average temperatures in January are from -22 to -26 degrees, in July - + 4 - +14 degrees. Precipitation falls 200 - 400 mm per year.
nearest railroad station- Labytnangi (line to Kotlas) - 20 km from Salekhard, on the opposite bank of the Ob; connected with Salekhard in summer by river tram, in winter - by bus.
The population of modern Salekhard is more than 35.5 thousand inhabitants (end of 2002). Of these, 5,600 foreigners and 4,450 temporary residents.

History reference. The city was founded by the Siberian Cossacks more than 400 years ago, more precisely in 1595 under the name Obdorsk (from the name of the Ob River and the word "dor", translated from the Komi language - "a place near", "near something"), however, the Nenets have long called the village of Sale-Kharn, that is, "a settlement on a cape."
In the middle of the 18th century, merchants came here for fairs, and at the end of the 18th century the fortress was abolished. Since the 20s of the 19th century, Russians began to settle in Obdorsk for permanent residence.
In the XYII - early XX centuries, Obdorsk became part of the Belozersky district of the Tobolsk province. In 1897, in the settlement of Obdorsk there were 30 houses, 150 trading shops, there were 500 permanent residents, who were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing and trade. At that time, the village was famous for its large fairs. Every year from December 15 to January 25, the Obdorskaya Fair was held here (the turnover exceeded 100 thousand rubles). During this period of time, the population of the city exceeded several thousand people. Russian merchants, mainly from Tobolsk, brought flour, bread, wine, cloth, iron and copper products, tobacco and jewelry, receiving in return furs, fish and fish glue, bird feathers, mammoth ivory and walrus tusks. The fox skins and paws were mainly considered the monetary unit.
In 1897, a fishing school was formed in the city of Obdorsk.
In December 1930, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug was formed, the city of Obdorsk became its center, and since 1933 it became known as Salekhard. The village received city status in 1938. This is the first and only city on the Arctic Circle.
Modern Salekhard is a large cultural and industrially developed city.

city ​​industry. There is no serious manufacturing industry in the city and therefore the city is always supported by the district. The city's industry is represented by: factories - fish canning and dairy, house-building plant.
Salekhard is the center of exploration expeditions. This is a major transport hub. The Salekhard fish cannery is the largest in the Tyumen region and is one of the first-born industrial development of the north of Western Siberia.
The city of Salekhard is a major river port. 72 years ago (in 1933) the North Ural Trust of the Main Northern Sea Route was established in Salekhard. He is engaged in shipbuilding, fur harvesting, fur slaughter, and timber export.
Since 1951, a mink fur farm has been operating in the city of Salekhard, where fur-bearing animals are bred - arctic foxes, nutrias and minks
There is also a modern airport, the grand opening of which took place on May 31, 2000. Iron Birds fly to many cities in Russia and even abroad (for example, to the city of Budapest. It is also planned to fly to Cyprus and Turkey).
Air communication with the capital of the Tyumen region, the city of Tyumen, was opened back in 1935, in 1937 the first regular air line Salekhard - Novy Port began to operate.
A newly built highway connected the district capital with other cities and towns of Yamal.

cultural life of the city. There are five secondary specialized educational institutions in the district center: a pedagogical college, a veterinary technical school, a school of culture and art, a trade school, and the oldest medical school in the country. The medical school has a preparatory department for indigenous northerners.
In 1932, the oldest national pedagogical college in Yamal was opened, which over the years has trained many excellent teaching staff.
In Salekhard, there is a museum of local lore, which contains products of local art crafts - bone carving, beaded jewelry, embroidery and appliqué (a pattern made using scraps of various materials) on fur, leather and cloth.
In 1990, the city of Salekhard was included in the list of historical cities. A protected historical zone has been created in the city, because there are many buildings of historical and architectural value.

Sports life of the city. Salekhard is a sports city, where almost every resident goes in for sports. This is facilitated by a large number of cultural and sports institutions of the city. The Ice Palace, which has recently opened its doors to lovers of active recreation, is very popular. What kind of sections are not there, what kind of competitions were not held here!
On April 9, 2001, a polar chess school named after world chess champion Anatoly Karpov was opened in the city of Salekhard. Now chess competitions are held here every year. There is a tennis club in the city with the beautiful name "Polyarny" (this is a veteran club, more than 30 people are involved in it). Members of the club - Vladimir Medvedev, Viktor Chikhirev and others - took part in the personal championship of Russia and took 8 prizes. A children's and youth sports school operates here, in which many sports personnel have been trained.
For lovers of skiing, a ski base has been created in the city, where there is a beautiful illuminated ski track, equipped buildings for recreation.
Every year, the republican championships in national sports are held in the capital of the district; they have been held since 1974. This proves that Yamal pays great attention to national sports.

In recent years, the ancient city of Salekhard, which no one has been engaged in for more than 400 years, can be said to have been reborn. At present, it has become a major cultural and industrial center, with modern, well-appointed houses.
The appearance of the district capital is constantly changing, a lot of construction is being carried out there and colossal work is being done to improve the urban area. Today's inhabitant of the city amazes with its architectural thoughtfulness and originality. The city has great prospects and plans for the future; according to the leaders of the city and the district, this will be a city designed for 40,000 inhabitants.

Truly, the age for the Siberian cities is considerable. And our city is one of the oldest among them.
Yes, it is comparable in age with the Siberian cities. However, it cannot be compared - not only with Siberian, but also with all other cities of the world - in its own way. geographic location. Salekhard (formerly Obdorsk) is the only city in the world located right on the Arctic Circle. The only one ... But mother Russia is not spoiled.
The city grew slowly, as if looking with distrust at the rapid development of the Siberian sister cities, older and younger, who survived in the whirlpool of history and disappeared in it. He did not want the latter, but in striving for the former, wishing to survive in life, he was modest and unfussy. He lived with dignity, maintaining a sense of proportion in everything: both in humility and in self-consciousness.
Obdorsk's date of birth is called differently in many sources: in some - 1592 or 1593, and in others - 1595. The difference, of course, in the scale of history is insignificant. Besides but each of the named dates certainly has the right to exist. It all depends on what is considered the foundation of Obdorsk: whether the arrival of the Cossacks in the lower reaches of the Poluy, whether the construction of a small winter hut near its confluence with the Ob, or the emergence here of an already solid - by the standards of that time - fortification.
Time was running its course...
And now Salekhard is rapidly gaining strength as the capital of a powerful gas and oil power. It is becoming a real Russian outpost, coordinating the flow of powerful flows of hydrocarbon raw materials not only on the territory of the Russian Federation, but also abroad. There is something to be proud of the people of Salekhard...

In recent years, our ancient city, one might say , was born again. Literally before our eyes, new five-story buildings are being built, modern highways are being laid, a modern airport has been built, and the entire infrastructure of the Yamal capital is rapidly developing. The second youth of Salekhard, which came to him as a result of intensive construction, strikes today's layman with its architectural thoughtfulness and originality. Keep it up Salekhard!

//Yamal meridian.-2000.-№9.-p.24-25

SALEKHARD, center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 2436 km to the north-east. from Moscow and 1982 km north of Tyumen. Located on the Polui Upland, on the right bank of the river. Ob, at the confluence of the river. Poluy, near the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone. The climate is sharply continental, harsh. January average temperatures from -22 to -26°С, July 4-14°С. Precipitation is 200-400 mm per year. The nearest railway station - Labytnangi (line to Kotlas) - 20 km from Salekhard, on the opposite bank of the Ob; connected with Salekhard in summer by river tram, in winter - by bus. River port. The airport. Population 30.6 thousand people (1992; 13 thousand in 1939; 17 thousand in 1959; 22 thousand in 1970; 25 thousand in 1979). Founded in 1595 as a Cossack fortress (at that time - the northernmost in Siberia) under the name. Obdorsk (from the name of the river Ob and the word "dor", translated from the Komi language - a place near, near something), but the Nenets have long called the village of Sale-Kharn, that is, a settlement on a cape. From the middle of the 18th century merchants came here for fairs; at the end of the 18th century the fortress was abolished. From the 20s. 19th century Russians began to settle in Obdorsk for permanent residence. In the 18th - early 20th centuries. became part of the Berezovsky district of the Tobolsk province. In 1897, there were 30 houses, 150 trading shops in Obdorsk, there were 500 permanent residents who were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing and trade; Every year from December 15 to January 25, the Obdorskaya Fair was held (the turnover exceeded 100 thousand rubles); during this period, the population of Obdorsk increased to several thousand people. Russian merchants (mainly from Tobolsk) brought flour, bread, wine, cloth, iron and copper products, tobacco and jewelry, receiving in return furs, fish and fish glue, bird feathers, mammoth ivory and walrus tusks. In 1897 a fishing school was founded in Obdorsk. In 1930, the Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug was formed, with Obdorsk as its center; since 1933 it has been called Salekhard. City - since 1938. In modern Salekhard: factories - fish canning, dairy; house building plant. Lumber base. Salekhard is the organizational center of exploration expeditions. Museum of Local Lore (in the exposition - art products of local masters: bone carving, embroidery and appliqué on fur, leather and cloth - “maleva”).
Near Salekhard - sites of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages (2-1st millennium BC).

// Cities of Russia: encyclopedia. – M.:
Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1994. - P.391.

Salekhard(Salyakhard), a city on the right bank of the Ob near the Arctic Circle and the mouth of the river. Poluy, the center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. At the end of the XVI century. in this place was the Obdorsky Nosovaya town, which belonged to the Khanty (Ostyaks). They, according to Miller G.F., called it Puling-avat-vash - “Poluisky Nosal City”. or "City on the nose (cape)". The Komi-Zyryans of the land adjacent to the mouth of the Ob called obdor, i.e. "a place near the Ob" or "the mouth of the Ob" (dor - "a place near something", "the mouth "). Already in one of the letters of the beginning of the 16th century, Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich is called Prince Kondinsky and Obdorsky. Therefore, the Ostyak Nosovoy town was often called Obdorsky Nosovoy town. The Russians, mastering the lower reaches of the Ob, in 1595 built the Obdorsky prison on this strategically advantageous place , which they often called Nosovoy Gorodok as well.Therefore, a complex name was used - "from Obdora from Nosovoy Gorodok". In 1933, Obdorsk was renamed Salekhard, from the Nenets sale - "cape", hard - "house", "settlement", i.e. "settlement on the cape". In 1938, Salekhard became a city.

//Atlas of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. - Omsk, 2004.- P.296

In 1953, near the mouth of the Northern Sosva, on the site of the Ostyak yurts of Sumgut-Vozh, the governor Nikifor Trakhaniotov founded the fortress-fortress Berezov. The Ostyaks and Voguls, who previously depended on Vymi, were assigned to the new town. In 1595, under the leadership of the same Berezovsky governor N. Trakhaniotov, Obdorsky prison. The northern Ostyaks and Samoyeds, lined with yasak, brought tribute to the Obdorsky town to the Cossacks sent from Berezov. In S. Remezov's "Drawing Book of Siberia" Obdorsky prison is depicted very schematically: four triangles - tent roofs of fortress towers and a church with a bell tower. At the mouth of the Poluy River, “yurts of Prince Taisha Gindin and his comrades” are indicated, and on the Kunovat River, the yurts of “Prince Danilko Gorin” are indicated. In the “Description of the Tobolsk Viceroyalty” it is said about Obdorsk: “Abdorsky prison 1, at the river Poluya on the right bank on the mountain, in it there is a church, a quadrangular fortress, fenced with a standing fence, two carriageways and two northern corners of the tower, surrounded by slingshots, in which there is for caution from ... wild peoples, two cannons, a few gunpowder and buckshot. And they are sent from Berezov to the annual guard with one foreman of the Cossacks, 12 people each, in which baptized and unbaptized Ostyaks and nomadic Samoyeds gather in Obdorsk volost in November and December to the position of yasak, and in January they migrate in the first days.

//Yamal: the verge of centuries and millennia. - Salekhard, 2000. - P.333.

OBDORSKAYA FORTRESS, fortification. Replaced the Obdorsky prison after the gene. reconstruction in 1731. Unlike the prison, the O. k. had powerful double walls with loopholes, decks, and a roof. In the center of the O. k. stood the voivodship house, the clerk's hut from the treasuries. premises, amanatskaya hut. A new church of St. Basil the Great with a chapel of St. Nicholas of Myra, a bell tower was erected. In O. k., there were streets along which “tenant houses” were erected; there were many barns, there were treasuries. bathhouse, bread hut, barracks, tea rooms. In O. to. there were yurts of Ostyats. and Samoyed, princes and princes. Huts and yurts were also installed from the outside. side O. to. The garrison was originally composed. 50 year-olds, in 1754 it was increased to 100 people. By the end of the XVIII century. O. to. began to decline. The number of households was reduced to 5. In 1799 they stopped sending yearlings; the guns were dismantled and taken to Tobolsk. In 1807, by order of the Tobolsk governor A. M. Kornilov, the dilapidated fortress. walls and towers were demolished. O. to. ceased to exist, and the remaining village. received new status- from. Obdorskoye (Obdorsk).

in 3 volumes. T. 2. - Tyumen: Publishing house of the Tyumen State University, 2004. - P.221.

OBDORSKY FOREIGN ADMINISTRATION, organized in the 40s of the XIX century. In adm.-territ. respect corresponded to the Obdorsk foreign volost. At the head of the council were representatives of the princely Taishin dynasty - Matvey Yakovlevich and Ivan Matveevich. From the 50s of the XIX century. in the council there was "one of the foremen closest to Obdorsk at the choice of the prince." In 1858, the council of the Main Administration. Zap. Siberia recognized it necessary that the head-prince was elected "from the people." In 1865 O. and. y. divided into Obdorsk Ostyak and Obdorsk Samoyed councils. Both councils were located in Obdorsk, located in the same room. The office work of both councils was managed by a common clerk.

//Yamal: Encyclopedia of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
in 3 volumes. T. 2. -Tyumen: Tyumen State University Publishing House, 2004. - P.221.

GUBKINSKY

Gubkinsky- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The municipal formation is the city of district subordination. The city is located two hundred kilometers from the Arctic Circle, on the left bank of the Pyaku-Pur River, 16 km from the Purpe station on the Tyumen - Surgut - Novy Urengoy railway. It is connected with the mainland by a motorway, the nearest airport is located 250 km away in the city of Noyabrsk.

History reference. The city of Gubkinsky arose as a base center in connection with the industrial development of a group of the northernmost oil and gas fields in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which are promising in terms of reserves and are distinguished by unique properties. At the beginning of 1986, troops landed almost out of nowhere to build the Gubkinsky gas processing plant and the city, which had no exact name.
The history of the city of Gubkinsky begins on April 22, 1986, on the birthday of V.I. Lenin, when specialists, workers and builders gathered for a rally on the occasion of the laying of a new city called Purpe (a memorial stone dedicated to this event was installed on the central square of the city), but the city later became known as Gubkinsky.
The name of the city was not easy. At first they wanted to give it the name Tarasovsky - after the name of the first field being developed, but this hasty (in a good sense) initial version could not stand the competition with two other names - Purpe and Gubkinsky, and the main struggle unfolded between them.
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated April 18, 1988, the village on the territory of the Purpeysky village council of the Purovsky district was named after Gubkinsky (currently the city has seceded from the Purovsky district).
The status of the city of the settlement of oil and gas workers Gubkinsky received on December 2, 1996.
Geographically, Gubkinsky is located in the northeastern part of the West Siberian Lowland in the forest-tundra zone, which is represented here by larch and coniferous woodlands (birch, willow, pine, cedar, larch), peat bogs, and swamps with moss-lichen cover. There is an abundance of berries in the forest and swamps: cloudberries, cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, there is a princess, as well as many white and other mushrooms. The animal world is very diverse and interesting. The local forests are inhabited by: flying squirrel, white hare, chipmunk, brown bear, elk, wolf, fox, wolverine, marten, sable, lynx, Siberian weasel, ermine, badger, otter, muskrat... Wild deer enter the taiga from the north. Bird families are widely represented: capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, stone pine, many waterfowl. All animals are of hunting and commercial importance. The abundance of food and spawning grounds favors the reproduction of fish - the rivers and surrounding lakes are rich in valuable species.
According to the schematic map of climatic zoning, the territory of the city of Gubkinsky belongs to the first uncomfortable climatic zone, which is characterized by severe long winters and short summers: the absolute minimum is minus 61°C, the absolute maximum is plus 34°C.
The total area of ​​the city is 7220 hectares. Of these, 45% are forests; 36.4% - water bodies (rivers, lakes, swamps); the remaining 18.4% are under residential, industrial, communal, warehouse development and household plots, including 1.7% are occupied by transport communications.
The most important development potential of the city is its multinational population - people of 37 nationalities live in the city of Gubkinsky.
Over the past ten years, the population of the municipality has grown rapidly, largely due to migration, and by now it has reached the optimal value for the city of 21.1 thousand people. The average age of Gubkin residents is 29 years, and the birth rate exceeds the death rate by 2.8 times. In general, the demographic structure of the city is conducive to economic recovery. On the territory of the city of Gubkinsky, 776 enterprises are registered, representing almost all sectors of the economy (industry, culture, art, Agriculture, communications, finance, credit, trade, etc.)

city ​​industry. A feature of the city's economy is the clear majority of oil and gas industry enterprises, which together produce up to 97% of industrial output. The oil and gas industry is represented by Rosneft-Purneftegaz, an open joint-stock company of the vertically integrated company Rosneft, which is the main city-forming enterprise of the city and produces about 65% of the company's total production.
The processing of associated gas is carried out by Gubkinsky Gas Processing Complex OJSC, where the associated gas resources of the Tarasovsky and Barsukovsky fields of Rosneft-Purneftegaz OJSC are used as raw materials. The enterprise produces dry gas, stable gasoline, oxygen, antifreeze, propane.
The commissioning of the Gubkinskoye gas field in 1999 marked the beginning of the development of the gas production industry, which is represented by ZAO Purgaz.
In addition, a branch of LLC Noyabrskgazdobycha of OAO Gazprom, the Komsomolsky gas field, has been deployed in the city, which produces 29 billion m3 of natural gas per year, which is 61% of the total gas production of Noyabrskgazdobycha.
Mineral exploration, field geophysical surveys and perforating and blasting operations in wells of oil and gas fields are carried out by MUE "Purneftegeofizika".
The city's economy employs 24.8 thousand people, including 14.2 thousand permanent residents; the rest work on a rotational basis.
The city is getting better and better every year. The work is carried out in accordance with the adopted "Comprehensive program for the improvement of the city."

Education. Taking into account the fact that the average age of the population is less than 30 years, local governments pay special attention to the system of education and culture
The city has 6 pre-school educational institutions for 1125 places, 8 general education schools, the Northern Lights folk dance school, the Olimp sports school for children and youth, a vocational school, including an interschool educational complex. A branch of the Udmurt State University with different levels of education has been opened in the city: secondary specialized and higher education; forms of education - full-time and part-time. Thus, a system of continuous education has developed in the city: kindergarten - school - college - college - university.
Informatization of education has made it possible to reach a qualitatively new level of management of the educational process, to effectively use new pedagogical technologies.

Issues of health protection and restoration growing Gubkintsy are a priority. Sanatorium groups for TB-infected children were opened in the Kindergarten Educational Institution "Skazka" and a special general education correctional school for children with developmental disabilities (120 students); groups of physiotherapy exercises have been created at the Youth Sports School.
General medical assistance to the population of the city is provided by the municipal healthcare institution "City Hospital" with a hospital complex for 283 beds and all specialized departments. The city employs 87 doctors of all specialties and 297 paramedical personnel, more than 70% of whom have qualification categories. Over the past years, the Gubkinskaya hospital, which recently celebrated its 15th anniversary, has been known for one of the best medical indicators in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

cultural life of the city. The city authorities pay great attention to the support of cultural and national traditions. The network of cultural institutions is widely developed: three cultural and sports complexes: Neftyanik, Fakel and Olimp, a recording studio, a centralized library system that includes three libraries (including a computer one), and a municipal art workshop. The city has the only Museum of the Development of the North in the region, two children's art schools, and a youth center. Two years ago, a public organization of Gubkinsky writers and poets "Gubkinsky spring" was born in the city. The city has 62 writers and poets, the youngest of whom is 9 years old, the most mature - 72 years old. The library publishes the city literary almanac "Taste of the Yamal berry". The city is famous for folk groups: "Pearl of Yamal", a choir of teachers of the art school, a song and dance ensemble, an ensemble "Northern Lights", a Tatar-Bashkir group; pop groups: RecSaund and Image.

The TV and radio company "Vector" operates in the city, which includes television, radio "Vector Plus" and the newspaper "Vector Inform";

Sports life of the city. Taking into account the extreme living conditions in the Far North and realizing that diseases are easier to prevent than to treat, the municipality is constantly working to form a healthy population. lifestyle, which is facilitated by a network of institutions of physical culture and sports. For residents of Gubkinsky there are: Youth Sports School (Children's and Youth Sports School "Olimp"), sports club "Vityaz", ski base "Snezhinka" with artificial lighting shooting range "Fortune". Gubkinsky resident Nikolai Chipsanov in 2003 became the first Russian world champion in karate.

The city of Gubkinsky is a comfortable and beautiful northern city where oil and gas workers live and work. The city looks to the future with confidence.

The city of Gubkinsky is a member of the Association of Siberian and Far Eastern Cities, the Union of Cities of the Arctic and the Far North.

LABYTNANGI

- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, district subordination. It is located 20 km from the capital of the district, the city of Salekhard. The city is located on the eastern slopes of the Polar Urals, beyond the Arctic Circle. This is a city-pier on the left bank of the Ob River. The population of the city with the settlements of Kharp and Polyarny is more than 40 thousand people. Kharp and Polyarny are satellite villages of Labytnangi, the base of the construction industry of the entire district.

History reference. Labytnangi is a Khanty phrase. It means "seven larches". It is known from Khanty folklore that the number "seven" has magical powers. Larch is a sacred tree for the indigenous population, so seven larches are a doubly sacred concept. Previously, it was a settlement of Khanty reindeer herders living in temporary dwellings - tents. The settlement received the status of a city on August 5, 1975 (this is the first working settlement in Yamal to receive the status of a city).
In 1975, it was a small village with 11,000 inhabitants. There were two industrial enterprises here: a timber depot, which employed about two thousand people, and a basic refrigerator for the fishing industry - there were 150 jobs. The city had one school, a small hospital.
A new life was given to the settlement by the railway that came here - the brainchild of the Stalinist Gulag. Thanks to this road, the city has become a springboard for the development of Urengoy, Yamburg and other major gas fields. In 1986, the construction of a new railway Labytnangi - Bovanenkovo ​​was started and is now almost completed. It is the northernmost railway in the world. Built for the development of the Bovanenkovo ​​gas field. A comfortable building of the railway station was also built.

city ​​industry. Modern Labytnangi is a timber transshipment base, a laboratory of the Institute of Animal and Plant Ecology of the Ural Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Wood from here is sent to the mines of Vorkuta and Donbass, to Moldova, Krasnodar, the Moscow region, the Baltic States, Belarus and even abroad - to England, Finland, Hungary.
The industry of the city is represented by such large enterprises as JSC "Yamalneftegazzhelezobeton". It is a city-forming enterprise. The following enterprises operate in the city of Labytnangi: Municipal Unitary Enterprise "Labytnangi Dairy Plant" (June 1988), a bakery (October 1993)

cultural life of the city. The cultural space of the city is very large. This is evidenced by the fact that more than 250 holidays are held in the city. There are 15 cultural institutions here.
Of the cultural and educational institutions in the city, there are: the city library (opened in 1998), the children's art school (opened in 1998), the House of Culture "30 Years of Victory" (opened in 1975), which includes the Center for National Cultures, 11 pre-school educational institutions (they are attended by more than 1.5 thousand children), 10 general education schools, the Center for Children's Creativity, the only press club for teenagers in Yamal, an orphanage (it was given the status of the "City Experimental Site"), the city museum. The funds of the city museum contain unique exhibits about the history of the North, about the development of those places where the city of Labytnangi is located.
There are several higher educational institutions in the city: the station of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (established in 1953 on the initiative of academician S.S. Schwartz), which laid the foundation for a systematic study of the nature of Yamal. In Labytnangi, the local newspaper “Vestnik Zapolyarye” is published (the first issue of the newspaper was published on April 13, 1989). Since April 1991 it has its own television studio.

Sports life of the city. Labytnangi is one of the most sporting cities in the region. Sports are of great importance in the city.
The municipality has 2 shooting ranges, one hockey court, one swimming pool, 16 sports clubs, 20 sports halls and facilities, a modern ski base, a ski slope is being built in Kharp. More than 2,000 people are involved in the sports arenas of the city.
A whole galaxy of famous athletes grew up here. For example, Luiza Noskova (Cherepanova), who was the first of the Yamal athletes to become an Olympic champion in Lillehammer, as well as the famous biathlete Albina Akhatova, who became the silver medalist of the Olympic Games in the city of Nagano.
Since 1999, the city has hosted the Khanty national holidays "Raven's Day", which symbolize the arrival of spring, the awakening of nature and the revival of the traditions and customs of the indigenous peoples of the North.

The city of Labytnangi is not just a base city, but a supporting city of the polar oil and gas complex. This is the base of geologists, seismic explorers, a major center of the construction industry. Without him, there would be no Urengoy, no Medvezhy, no Yamburg, no other famous giants. This is a profitable transport hub, which in the future will be an outpost for the development of the Polar Urals. And the city connects all its prospects with the further development of this complex.

Muravlenko

Muravlenko- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, district subordination. The birth of the city is directly related to another Yamal city - Noyabrsk, from which it is located 95 km.

History reference. By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on August 6, 1990, the village of Muravlenkovsky (that's what it was called before) was given the status of a city of district subordination and the name Muravlenko. Thus, the name of one of the discoverers of large Siberian oil and gas, the head of Glavtyumenneftegaz, Hero of Socialist Labor Viktor Ivanovich Muravlenko, was immortalized. The date of the beginning of the city (then still a small village Muravlenkovsky) is November 5, 1984, when the Muravlenkovsky village council was formed. Today the population of the city is more than 58 thousand people, who are representatives of more than 70 nationalities.

city ​​industry Muravlenko is a city of oil and gas workers. The main city-forming industrial enterprises are the Oil and Gas Production Department "Sutorminskneft", "Muravlenkovskneft", "Sugmutneft". They are engaged in the development of deposits. The largest of them is Muravlenkovskoye, opened in 1978.
There is also a gas processing plant (opened in 1987), which employs more than 400 people.

Cultural life of the city. Cultural organizations of the city are represented by: the recreation center "Ukraine" for 450 seats (opened in 1988), the city Leisure Center (there are 11 hobby groups), the Children's Art School (opened in 1993), the City Museum of Local Lore (opened in October 1997). ), the Children's Art School, the Children's Music School, the city library system (there are 5 libraries in the CLS structure), the Chance club (it trains young fashion models).
In addition, since 1996 the Park of Culture and Leisure has opened its doors to the citizens. The station of young technicians, opened in 1998 (hundreds of children study here in 10 circles), the Ant communication club, and the Fakel teenage club, are very popular among children.

Education. In the city 21 educational institution with a total enrollment of over 11,000 students. There is a Center for pre-university and university education, on the basis of which representative offices of the Tyumen Oil and Gas University have been created. Currently, the city has 5 secondary, 1 primary, 1 evening school, where more than 7 thousand people study, 11 preschool institutions (there are about 3,000 children), 2 institutions of additional education, and a training and production plant.
In 2000, a branch of the Noyabrsk Oil and Gas College was opened in the city. 467 people study in absentia. In addition, a department has been opened at the technical school, where students study accounting, economics and organization of production.
There is also a branch of the Tyumen Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Ishim Pedagogical Institute. The preparatory department of the St. Petersburg Institute of Communications prepares for admission to the university.

Muravlenka residents also have their own local newspaper, Our City, which covers all city news on its pages, as well as its own local television.
Muravlenko is a young city, so weddings are often celebrated here. This happens in the House of Love and Consent - this is how the registry office is called in the city, opened on April 10, 1997.
At the service of citizens is the City Hospital, which includes 3 polyclinics - for adults, children and dental. It consists of 30 divisions. 940 people work here.

Sports life of the city. Muravlenko is a sports city. Every year more than fifty competitions are held here, in which almost 4 thousand athletes take part.
Sports life is managed by the Department of Physical Culture and Sports, established in 1997. For outdoor enthusiasts, there are the Yamal sports complex, the Neftyanik sports complex, the Sever and Kashtan gyms, a children's and youth sports school, a ski base, and an indoor hockey court. Six sports halls are located in secondary schools. Sports celebrities of the city - Rustam Tashtemirov, he is the winner of the Russian championship in boxing, Alexei Velizhanin was a member of the Russian ski team.
The city of Muravlenko is successfully growing and developing. Its appearance has been formed, which is in complete harmony with the environment, economic and social infrastructures, cultural environment have been established, external and internal communications, an appropriate management mechanism has been created, and their own traditions have begun to take shape.

NADYM

Nadym- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, district subordination. Nadym is the center of the Nadymsky district. The place where the city is located has long been known for rich moss pastures, where the Nenets grazed their deer. In total, 80 thousand people live in the region.
There are nine villages on the territory of the district, including three villages of indigenous people, where more than three thousand people live. Local authorities pay great attention to the preservation and development of their traditional life and economy. This is the first city that appeared on the territory of the district, thanks to the largest natural gas fields discovered in Yamal.
The city of Nadym is located 1225 kilometers from Tyumen and 563 kilometers southeast of Salekhard. It is located in the north of Western Siberia, on the Nadym River. The nearest railway station (Labytnangi) is located 583 km from Nadym.
The population of the city, together with the satellite of the city, the village of Pangody, is more than 60 thousand people (1999). The village of Pangody is located near Nadym. This is a small well-maintained village with many hundreds of inhabitants, most of whom are young people.

History reference. In the mid-60s, in order to accelerate the development of the Medvezhye deposit, it was decided to lay a foundation near the city. The development of the deposit and the construction of the city of Nadym were carried out at an unprecedented pace. Half a million square meters of housing were put into operation annually, thousands of kilometers of gas pipelines were laid. The status of a city was given to the small settlement of gas workers Nadym in 1972.

city ​​industry. The basis of the city's economy is the gas industry. The main enterprise is Nadymgazprom, which is engaged in the industrial development of the Medvezhye gas field and its satellite fields, Yubileynoye and Yamsoveisky. The city has a plant for large-panel housing construction.
A system of gas pipelines originates in Nadym, such as the North of the Tyumen region - the Urals - the Volga region - the Center, as well as the Medvezhye field - Nadym and Nadym - Punga.
A powerful compressor station has been built here. Since 1974, Nadymsky gas has been supplied to the capital of our Motherland, Moscow. The length of this gas pipeline is 3,000 kilometers (during the Soviet era, the length of gas pipelines was no more than 600 kilometers).
The industry of the city is represented by a bakery, a pig complex, a dairy plant and many others. There are more than 500 trade enterprises in the city
The city of Nadym is connected to the mainland by air, rail and road.
Nadymsky airport is one of the oldest airports in Russia. Its history begins back in 1969. Now it accepts all types of aircraft, including heavy airliners ("Tu-154")
The city of Nadym is often called the northern capital of gas workers, and this is quite true, because Nadym is a large modern city near the Arctic Circle, it is the pride of the entire Tyumen region.
The city has 7 well-maintained micro-districts with a total area of ​​over 200 thousand square kilometers.

cultural life of the city. Nadym is a fairly large cultural and leisure city.
At the service of citizens and guests of the city: 2 Houses of Culture, a widescreen cinema "Pobeda" (the first in the Tyumen region), a television center "Orbita", a House of Culture for 500 seats, a music school and an art school, a House of Nature, a Children's Art Center, where over 5 thousand people.
There are a large number of monuments and monuments in the city: a monument to the writer Nikolai Ostrovsky (opened on September 28, 1980), a monument to the pioneers was erected in the city center.
Educational institutions of the city are represented by: a technical school (provides vocational education for young people), five secondary schools, and a music school. There are 6 branches of regional universities and institutes of other cities of Russia, there is a research institute of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences for the study of the problems of the North.
There are 8 wonderful nursery schools, 12 city libraries and much more for little Nadym residents.
The city also has its own television studio, 7 programs on-air television and 27 - cable.
Nadym is a city that takes several hours to get from the capital on the fastest air liner, has a reliable telephone connection with Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk and many other cities in Russia and neighboring countries.
The city administration pays close attention to environmental issues in order to preserve the unique nature of the Subpolar region. Waste treatment facilities, waste storage sites, waste processing plants and much more are being built.
An example of respect for nature is a relic cedar grove in the city center, which is the pride of the townspeople ( history testifies that the cedar grove was left by the first builders as a monument of the northern unique nature). In winter, the most popular illuminated ski run in the city is here, and in summer it is a place for walking.
The city newspaper "Worker Nadym" is the hallmark of the city. An interesting, always up-to-date publication brings readers on its pages the latest messages from industrial enterprises, construction sites, tells about the heroes of labor.

Sports life of the city. In a city where the average age of residents is 27 years old, the vast majority of residents are fond of sports. The construction of a swimming pool, a new stadium has begun, there are many outdoor hockey courts, and volleyball, basketball and tennis competitions are held in sports halls. There is a hockey club "Arktur", a weightlifting section has been created.
The city of Nadym is the base for holding a scientific and practical conference on the creation of a domestic airship and its use in the development of the North.
The city of Nadym is a small town in terms of population, but with a well-developed infrastructure. It has a bright future, which is associated with the further development and operation of gas and oil fields, for the development of which it was founded.
The city continues to build new residential buildings, social and cultural facilities, the construction of an Orthodox church is being completed.

In the year of its 30th anniversary, the city of Nadym became the winner in the competition for the title "The most comfortable city in Russia" among the cities of the 3rd category of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and took third place among the cities in All-Russian competition in the same category.
The uniqueness of the city, which is called a fabulous city among the silent tundra and permafrost, lies in the fact that its birth, formation and thirty-year history created a special cohort of Nadym people, people who dedicated their lives to Nadym, devoted to him and proudly asserting: “We live in the most beautiful and best city. They were able to do a lot. And this means that Nadym has a future, and children born here will definitely draw their beloved and native city of Nadym on a sheet of paper with bright colors.

NEW URENGOY

New Urengoy- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, district subordination. The city is located 450 km east of the district capital Salekhard.
Novy Urengoy is the second largest city (after Noyabrsk) in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Together with the population of two villages Korotchaevo (7 thousand inhabitants) and Limbyakha (2.5 thousand inhabitants), 89.6 thousand inhabitants live here (2001).
It is located in Western Siberia on the Evo-Yakha River (a tributary of the Pur River), 60 km south of the Arctic Circle.

History reference."Urengoy" is a Nenets word, it means "bald hill" or "hill on which larches grow" in translation.

The history of this northern city of oil and gas workers dates back to September 1973. It arose in connection with the development of the Urengoy gas condensate field of the Urengoygazprom Production Association (extraction and processing of oil and gas) - the largest hydrocarbon raw material in the Far North in terms of volume. The uniqueness of the emergence of the city and the development of the field lies in the fact that the gas workers followed the prospectors of the bowels, that is, almost on virgin soil. Therefore, the country began to receive Urengoy gas already in April 1978 (the city had not yet crawled out of the rural “diapers”). An unusual feature of the development of the Urengoy gas fields is that all gas fields are fully automatic and practically without people. On August 18, 1975, Novy Urengoy received the status of a settlement, and on June 16, 1980, the status of a city. The population is constantly growing, because the standard of living of citizens is above the average for Russia, especially among workers in the gas industry.

Novy Urengoy is the largest transport hub of the YNAO with the railway to Tyumen and Yamburg, with JSC "Sevtyumentransput", with the road to Tyumen, with the airport. The highway connects Novy Urengoy with the city of Nadym, Yamburg - a gas settlement on the Taz Peninsula, but from there the path is only to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Ten main pipelines originate from here, supplying natural gas to the national economy of the country, the export gas pipeline Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod to the countries of Western Europe.

city ​​industry There are more than 2,000 organizations in the city, including the largest gas producing enterprises in the country - Urengoygazprom LLC, Yamburggazdobycha LLC, Northgas CJSC, Promgaz LLC, Promgaz LLC, Production of Gas Condensate and Oil LLC, etc. , which account for 74% of the produced gas in Russia. There are an experimental plant for the production of building materials, a dairy and a wine and vodka factory, and a printing house. A gas chemical complex is being built near the city. There are agricultural cooperatives "Agrarnik" and "Champignon", a city station for the fight against animal diseases. About 600 construction enterprises and organizations are based in the city, incl. OJSC "Urengoygazpromstroy", OJSC "Severstroy", CJSC "Novourengoyneftegazkhimstroy", LLC "Yamalpromzhilstroy" and others. commercial bank"Pripolyarny", joint-stock commercial resettlement bank "Compatriots", insurance companies and branches of insurance companies.

healthcare represented by a multidisciplinary hospital, a neuropsychiatric dispensary, the West Siberian Regional Scientific and Practical Center for Human Health, a dental clinic, a aesthetic medicine center, an ambulance and emergency medical care station, and a sanitary and epidemiological supervision center. test

Cultural life of the city. There are many cultural and sports institutions in the city. The museum of fine arts, the Palace of Culture "October", which is a large information and methodological center, and the school museum of local lore, the exposition of which presents the entire history of the region, are open here. The Center of National Cultures unites clubs of German, Ukrainian, Mari, Nenets, Slavic and Tatar-Bashkir cultures, 2 cultural and sports complexes in the Limbyakha and Korotchaevo microdistricts, a production and art workshop arranges all creative events in the city, an audio studio; the centralized library system consists of 7 branches and 2 city central libraries; there are 3 children's art schools, 3 creative municipal groups: the children's exemplary song and dance ensemble "Shining", the ensemble of folk instruments, the city brass band.

The TV and radio company "Sigma", the regional TV and radio broadcasting company "Novy Urengoy", the TV and radio news agency "Novy Urengoy-Impulse", the TV company "Accent", the advertising agency "M, ART", the state news agency "Nordfact", the editorial office of the city newspaper "Pravda" North".

Education. In Novy Urengoy, there are 14 secondary schools, 3 primary schools, a general education and an Orthodox gymnasium, special. (correctional) school for children with developmental disabilities, pedagogical and vocational schools, gas industry technical school. The city has branches of Moscow universities - the state Open University and the non-state Open Social. University, Tyumen State University and Tyumen Oil and Gas University. The only school in the Tyumen North with a closed winter garden, built the first kindergarten with a swimming pool.

Novy Urengoy became a member of the Association of Siberian and Far Eastern Cities, the Union of Cities of the Arctic and the Far North, and on June 19, 1998, Novy Urengoy entered Congress as part of the ASDG municipalities Russian Federation.

NOYABRSK

Noyabrsk- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, district subordination. It is the southernmost city of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It is located southeast of Salekhard, 1065 km northeast of the city of Tyumen. The city is located in the central part of the picturesque Siberian Ridges, on the watershed of the Ob and Pur rivers, near Lake Tetu-Mamontotyai.
On April 28, 1982, the settlement of Noyabrsk received the status of a city. Then 30 thousand inhabitants lived in it, and at present - more than 108 thousand people of more than 100 nationalities. During the existence of the city, 28 thousand young Novembers were born here. Noyabrsk is the largest city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District in terms of population.

History reference. The city of Noyabrsk was founded in 1975, when the first helicopter assault force landed on the ice of the Ikhu-Yakha River, located in the central part of the West Siberian Lowland, to begin the development of the Kholmogorskoye field - the first step in the development of a new oil region - Noyabrsky. On May 20, 1978, Noyabrskaya station, the first Yamal station on the Surgut-Novy Urengoy railway, received a freight train. A year later, there were already about a hundred organizations and institutions in the village, with a variety of departments. The city of Noyabrsk initially had two variants of the name - Khanto (after the name of the lake in the vicinity of the city) and Noyabrsky. We decided: let it be Noyabrsky, since the first landing force landed in November. It turns out that the name of the city was chosen according to the weather, according to the calendar.
The city of Noyabrsk in its geographical position is the "southern gate" of the district. The Tyumen - Novy Urengoy railway and the highway connecting Noyabrsk with the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug and further with the "mainland" pass through Noyabrsk.
The city has excellent air links, there is a modern airport capable of receiving heavy aircraft. The airport opened on July 1, 1987. It is called the gate to the Far North. It is the November branch of the airline "Tyumenaviatrans". The airport serves oil workers, geologists, power engineers, builders, gas workers, it is constantly at the epicenter of events, life and activity of the city.
The developed transport system of the city (there are more than 35 thousand cars in the city) makes it possible to provide the south of the region with material resources necessary for the life support of cities and towns of the Purovsky district of the YaNAO, where more than 90% of the volume of oil produced in the whole district is extracted.

city ​​industry. There are over 1,000 enterprises of various profiles in Noyabrsk, a significant part of which are entrepreneurial structures.
largest enterprises cities are: Sibneft-Noyabrskneftegaz JSC with an annual oil volume of 20 million tons (this is the leading enterprise) - a subsidiary of Siberian Oil Company OJSC, and the Noyabrsk Department for Gas Production and Transportation - a subsidiary of Surgutgazprom. The leading city-forming enterprise, which has been counting its activities since May 31, 1977, employs 18 thousand people, 24 deposits, over 13 thousand wells.
In addition, the city has a shoe factory, a sewing enterprise, a dairy plant, a bakery, a brewery, a brick factory and other enterprises. There are 8 bus routes in the city, in addition, there are 20 thousand units of personal transport.
Noyabrsk has a fairly wide and extensive network of commercial and industrial enterprises - more than 300. Among them are the largest trading companies that offer customers high-quality goods of domestic and foreign companies: Absolut Trading Company, Noyabrskneft LLC, Ekran LLC, etc. d.
Noyabrsk has a developed system of humanitarian and technical education, which is represented by 95 educational institutions. Among them are 15 general education schools, 12 branches of universities, an Orthodox gymnasium, a Sunday school, a pedagogical college, an oil technical school, business School, a branch of the Ural Academy of Law, a branch of the Salekhard Medical School. There are also 34 preschool institutions attended by over 5,800 children.

cultural life of the city. The city of Noyabrsk is the center of cultural life. Today, the city of Noyabrsk has more than 20 cultural institutions offering a wide range of leisure activities to residents and guests of the city.
There are 6 houses of culture in Noyabrsk - centers of communication and spiritual development of citizens, KSK "Yamal" (where there is a concert hall, a swimming pool, a sports hall).
Much attention is paid to small Novembers. For young citizens, there is a Children's Amusement Park, a Children's World store, and on November 5, 1993, the only Children's Museum in Russia was opened (information about the museum is included in the Directory of European Museums).
The district museum of local lore and the district museum of fine arts work (the museum funds contain about ten thousand items of storage). More than 1,300 children study in three music schools, one of which is the best in Russia.
There are two research institutes in the city dealing with the problems of oil production and the ecology of the Far North.
Noyabrsk is a city of youth, so such an institution as a registry office is also important. It opened in the city in January 1978. This is the only separate registry office building in Yamal with an area of ​​almost 500,000 square meters. During this time, almost 18 thousand families have been created in the city and more than 25 thousand newborns have been registered.

Sport life. Noyabrsk is one of the most sporting cities in Yamal. There are 64 sports clubs here, which are attended by over 10 thousand residents of the city. There are 101 masters of sports in the city, from the bottom 8 - international class.
Noyabrsk has its own radio broadcasting - the children's and youth news agency "Krugozor" and "Radio Noyabrsk". A few months after Noyabrsk was granted the status of a city, the first city newspaper, Severnaya Vakhta, was created.
The health care of Noyabrsk is represented by the following medical institutions - the Central City Hospital, the Ambulance Station, the Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance, the Municipal Unitary Enterprise “Pharmacy” (consists of 8 pharmacies, 12 pharmacy points and the Optika store), a neuropsychiatric dispensary, a city dental polyclinic, Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS, sanatorium "Ozerny". More than 3 thousand qualified medical workers work here.

Noyabrsk is a member of the Association of Siberian and Far Eastern Cities, the Union of Cities of the Arctic and the Far North.

Today Noyabrsk is the largest oil metropolis in the YNAO, it is the pearl of Yamal, the largest business and industrial center of the YNAO, which is home to a fifth of the population of the district and produces almost a quarter of industrial output. This is a beautiful, European-style modern city, which, undoubtedly, has become the cultural and spiritual center of the south of Yamal. Under these conditions, the city of Noyabrsk has a prospect for the next 25-30 years to become a base city for the development of subsoil reserves in the south of Yamal.

TARKO-SALE

Tarko-Sale- a city in the YaNAO, the center of the Purovsky district. The population is about 20 thousand inhabitants.
The city is located in the most beautiful places, at the confluence of the Ayvasedapur and Pyakupur rivers and the formation of the Pur river. The distance by air transport to Tyumen is 1117 km, to Salekhard - 550 km. The nearest railway station is Purovsk, located 11 km from Tarko-Sale. Population - about 20,000 people. The village of Kharampur (about 600 people) is under administrative control.

transport scheme. The city is connected with the "Great Land" by an airport, a pier on the Pyakupur River, and a paved road to the town of Gubkinsky. The city has an air squadron of helicopter pilots engaged in the transportation of goods and passengers to hard-to-reach places in Yamal, tracking fires with timely notification of the relevant services about their liquidation.
In summer, Tarko-Sale is connected by water to many settlements in the Purovsky district and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug; in winter, such communication is carried out along the winter road.

History reference. Founded in 1932 as the administrative center of the newly created Purovsky District. In the Nenets dialect, the name Tarko-Sale means "cape at the fork." Once upon a time, a shaman came to the place where the city stands and opened a camp at the confluence of two rivers. The beginning of the city is associated with the development of hydrocarbon reserves.
On March 23, 2004, the State Duma of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug decided to give the urban-type settlement Tarko-Sale the status of a city. Now every year on April 3, City Day will be celebrated. In honor of this event, a memorial sign was erected in the central part of the city.

city ​​industry. Represented by oil producing enterprises NGDU Purneft (OJSC Purneftegazgeologia), OJSC NK Tarkosaleneftegaz, CJSC Purovskaya Oil Company, CJSC Oil Company Yamal, CJSC Oil and Gas Company Nega, OJSC Khancheiskoe NGDU, OJSC "Yangpur", CJSC "Yamalnefteotdacha", OJSC "Sibur-Yamal" and others. Center for geological exploration: OJSC "Purneftegazgeologia", scientific and production enterprise "Purgeoservis", LLC "Geophysicist", OJSC "Purneftegazgeologiya", OJSC "Polyarnaya exploration company". On the territory of Tarko-Sale, there is an agricultural cooperative "Verkhne-Purovsky" (reindeer breeding, fur farming, fur trade), regional vet. Animal Disease Control Station. More than 20 construction enterprises and organizations, the department of mechanized and rigging works, the road maintenance construction association "Purdorspetsstroy", the linear department for the construction and operation of gas pipelines, OJSC "Purgeostroy", OJSC "Tarko-Saly Combine of the Construction Industry", LLC "Purstroymaterialy", etc. .

cultural life of the city. There are three libraries, a regional museum of local lore, a Center for National Cultures, a House of Children's Creativity, a center for children's tourism and local history. The city has its own television and radio company "Luch" with a youth editorial office, radio, the newspaper "Northern Luch", and a printing house.

Education represented by four schools (two secondary, one primary, secondary sanatorium boarding school for children of the indigenous population engaged in traditional economic activities) and seven kindergartens,

Sports life of the city. The city is famous for sports records, here they go in for mini-football, table tennis, powerlifting, parachuting (there is a parachuting club "Paratrooper"), swimming, Greco-Roman wrestling. Olga Gemaletdinova - 2003 world champion in powerlifting).
It is gratifying to realize that at the beginning of the 21st century, new cities appear on the map of the Motherland. Tarko-Sale, thanks to the labor exploits of its inhabitants, not only became known in Russia, but also in other countries, as one of the base points for the development of the hydrocarbon resources of Siberia. But Tarko-Sale is famous not only for tons of oil and cubic meters of gas. The deserved status to a city was brought by people.

Authors: G. S. Samoilova (Nature: physical and geographical essay), N. F. Chistyakova (Nature: geological structure and minerals), M. D. Goryachko (Population), N. V. Fedorova (Historical essay: archeology ), M. D. Goryachko (Economy), A. N. Prokinova (Health), P. S. Pavlinov (Architecture and fine arts: architecture)Authors: G. S. Samoilova (Nature: physical and geographical essay), N. F. Chistyakova (Nature: geological structure and minerals), M. D. Goryachko (Population); >>

YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS OCIRCLE, subject Ros. Federation. Located in the northwest of the Asian part of Russia; partly beyond the Arctic Circle. Territorially included in Tyumen region. In the north, it is washed by the waters of the Karsky m., as part of the district - the islands of Bely, Oleniy, Shokalsky, etc. It is part of the Ural Federal District. Pl. 769.3 thousand km 2. US. 534.1 thousand people (2016; 62.3 thousand people in 1959; 486.2 thousand people in 1989). Adm. center - Salekhard. Adm.-terr. division: 7 districts, 6 mountains. districts; 8 cities, 4 villages type.

Government departments

The system of state bodies. The authorities of the Autonomous Okrug are determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Charter (Basic Law) of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (1998). State power in the Autonomous Okrug is exercised by: The Legislative Assembly of the Autonomous Okrug is the legislative (representative) body of the state. authorities; Governor - the highest official of the Autonomous Okrug; The government is the highest executive body of the state. authorities of the Autonomous Okrug; other performers. state bodies. authorities formed in accordance with the law of the autonomous region. The Legislative Assembly consists of 22 deputies elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot by citizens of the Russian Federation with active suffrage: 11 deputies are elected from a single constituency in proportion to the number of votes cast for the lists of candidates for deputies nominated by electoral associations; 11 - for single-mandate constituencies formed on the territory of the autonomous okrug, on the basis of the majoritarian electoral system of relative majority. The term of office of deputies is 5 years. The governor is the highest official of the autonomous region and heads the government. The governor is elected by the deputies of the Legislative Assembly for 5 years (with the right of one re-election). He organizes the work of the government and presides over its meetings; approves the structure will perform. state bodies. authorities of the Autonomous Okrug; exercise other powers.

Nature

The coastline of the Kara m. is heavily indented. So. part of the territory of the district is made up of the Yamal, Tazovsky and Gydansky peninsulas, separated by the Gulf of Ob and the Gulf of Taz.

Relief

The district is located within West Siberian Plain and partly on Polar Urals. The lowlands dominate. up to 100 m in combination with areas of gently sloping hilly relief (height up to 200 m). The largest lowlands are Nizhneobskaya, Nadymskaya, Purskaya, Tazovskaya, Messoyakhskaya; uplands - Poluiskaya, Nenets, Pur-Tazovskaya, Srednetazovsky, Nizhneeniseyskaya (spurs). The lowlands are swampy, there are many permafrost landforms (thermokarst basins, heaving mounds, etc.). South border form Siberian Ridges. West of the river valley The Ob stretches Muzhinsky Uvals (height up to 290 m), passing into the foothills and middle mountains of the Polar Urals (height up to 1472 m, Mount Payer is the highest point of the district).

Geological structure and minerals

The flat part of Ya.-N. but. about. located within West Siberian platform(plates) and is confined to the intensely dissected Yamalo-Taz megasyneclise in the most subsided part of the Inner tectonic region. Megasyneclise includes deep depressions - Nadym-Taz, Ust-Yenisei, Yamalo-Gydan and Pursky Trench. On the folded Karelian-Baikal basement, reworked by intensive rifting in the Riphean-Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, Paleozoic carbonate deposits occur at the base of the Meso-Cenozoic terrigenous sedimentary cover. In the most submerged zone in the north-east. part of the plate, the total thickness of the weakly dislocated cover exceeds 10 km. A gas-oil sub-basin (part of West Siberian oil and gas province) with a rhythmic structure: large transgressive and regressive cycles are clearly distinguished in it. Main productive intervals of the cover are associated with deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Cenomanian - Turonian (mainly gas bearing), Aptian - Albian (oil and gas bearing) and Neocomian (condensate and oil bearing) of the Lower Cretaceous, Upper and Middle Jurassic (condensate and oil bearing).

The mountainous part of Ya.-N. but. about. represented by a folded structure east. slope of the Polar Urals (northern end of the Hercynian Ural folded system), in the structure of which dislocated sedimentary, volcanogenic-sedimentary and volcanogenic rocks decomp. degrees of metamorphism of the Proterozoic and Paleozoic age and non-metamorphosed rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic age.

I.-N. but. about. ranks first in the Russian Federation in terms of reserves of natural combustible gas; 2nd place - in terms of oil reserves. From the beginning of the geological study of the territory of the district is open to St. 200 hydrocarbon deposits. Among the fields with gas reserves, there are 18 unique ones, up to 80% of explored reserves are concentrated in their depths: Urengoy field , Bovanenkovo ​​oil and gas condensate field , Yamburgskoye field , Zapolyarnoye field denie et al. 70 oil fields were discovered; 3 of them have unique reserves (Urengoyskoye, Russkoye and Vostochno-Messoyakhskoye). The Yamburgskoye, Pestsovoy, Bovanenkovskoye, Kharasaveyskoye and Zapolyarnoye fields contain large reserves of condensate. The Polar Urals is rich in various minerals: deposits of ores of manganese, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, cobalt, antimony, and rare metals (niobium, tantalum) have been discovered; phosphorites, barite, bauxites, etc. The Sosva-Salekhardsky brown coal basin is located on the territory of the district; in the Shchuchinsky and Baydaratsky zones, brown coal seams reach a thickness of 37 m. Huge reserves of fresh mineralization are contained in the bowels of the district. (iodine-bromine, etc.) and prom. water with a temperature of up to 200 ° C; there are deposits of natural buildings. materials (diorites, gabbro, clays, limestones, diatomites).

Climate

The district is located in the arctic, subarctic. and temperate zones. Sev. parts of the Yamal, Gydansky and Kara Islands are located in the Arctic. belt. The winter is long (more than 8 months), severe, the duration of stable frosts is 220 days. Wed January-February temperatures are -27 °C and below (absolute minimum -55 °C, Gyda). The height of the snow cover is 20–25 cm, the duration of occurrence is 240 days or more. Strong winds (up to 20–30 m/s) and snowstorms (more than 100 days) are typical. Fog is not uncommon in the west of Yamal and on the islands. Summer is short (about 50 days), cold. Wed July temperature 3.4–4.5 °C (max. 31 °C). Cloudy weather prevails with drizzling rain. Precipitation is less than 200 mm per year. To the center. and south. areas of the peninsulas (up to the Arctic Circle) the climate is subarctic. The winter is severe, the duration of stable frosts is 200–210 days. Wed January temperature from -22 (-24) °C in the west to -26 (-27) °C in the east (absolute minimum -57 °C, Tazovsky). The height of the snow cover is 35–50 cm, the duration of occurrence is 210–220 days. Summer is cool (65–68 days). Wed July temperature 8–13 °C (absolute maximum 28 °C, Marre-Sale). Precipitation 250–280 mm per year (predominantly in the 2nd half of summer). Vegetac. period up to 44 days. In the south parts of the district the climate is continental, the degree of its continentality increases towards the east. The winter is cold, the duration of stable frosts is 180–190 days. Wed January temperatures from -23 °C in the west to -26 °C in the east (absolute minimum -61 °C, Tarko-Sale). The height of the snow cover is from 60–70 cm in the mountains to 80 cm in the east (the basin of the Taz River), the duration of occurrence is 200 days. Avalanches are dangerous in the mountains. Wed July temperature 14–16 °C (absolute maximum 34 °C, Tolka). Precipitation up to 500 mm per year (mainly in August). Vegetac. a period of 110–115 days. All in. regions, continuous permafrost (thickness 300–400 m) is widespread, in the south - discontinuous; under the river beds - thawed soils.

Inland waters

All 50 thousand rivers of the district belong to the Kara Sea basin. Ch. rivers - Ob (with tributaries Kunovat, Poluy, Sonya, Voykar, Sob), Nadym, Pur, Taz. The rivers are fed by snow, partly by rain. A long winter low water is replaced by a high flood. Freeze lasts 7–8 months. In the spring, traffic jams in the lower reaches are typical. All rivers have wide floodplains, meandering channels, channels and branches. Small rivers freeze to the bottom. There are 300 thousand lakes in the district (thermokarst, floodplain, peat, coastal lagoon, glacial, etc.), the largest of them are Shuryshkarsky Sor, Neito, Yarato. So. areas are occupied by swamps.

Soils, flora and fauna

2/3 of the area of ​​the district is occupied by tundra. In the extreme north of the Yamal and Gydansky peninsulas and on the islands, arctic is widespread. tundra with arctotundra soils. Polygonal lichen, small grass tundras with single flowering plants (polar poppy, saxifrage, etc.) are combined with fragmentary miners. low-lying (polygonal-hypnum) swamps and bare spots of soil. On marine terraces in depressions, grass-sedge coastal meadows (tampas) are formed on marsh soils. To the center. In parts of the peninsulas, shrub-moss-lichen (typical) tundras are common on tundra-gley soils in combination with sedge-cotton grass lowland bogs on peat-gley and marsh-frozen soils. South tundra - shrub (dwarf birch and willow) on tundra illuvial-humus soils with an abundance of bogs (tussock, ridge-hollow) on peat-bog soils. All types of tundra are used for reindeer pastures.

In a narrow strip of the forest-tundra zone, sparse areas with Siberian larch (sometimes with an admixture of spruce) are combined with moss-shrub tundra and swamps. Subzone sowing. the taiga is represented by sparse larch forests with an admixture of spruce, cedar, and pine on illuvial-humus podzols. Podzolized gley soils have formed in the southeast, where there is a significant proportion of dark coniferous forests. Large-hilly peatlands are developed. In the Ural part, spruce forests are replaced in the low mountains by spruce-larch sparse forests and crooked forests, above which dwarf-moss-lichen tundras are widespread along the slopes of the middle mountains, turning into stony tundras and bald mountains with migratory snowfields.

The fauna is diverse, there are 300 species of vertebrates, 200 species of birds, 40 species of fish. Lemming, arctic fox, reindeer, tundra partridge, snowy owl, etc. are found in the tundra. Beluga whales and killer whales swim in the Ob Bay. Polar bears and walruses are common on the islands. All in. the taiga is inhabited by sable, squirrel, hazel grouse, capercaillie, bear, wolf, fox, elk, marten, etc. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish, they account for 70% of the world stock of whitefish (muksun, pizhyan, etc.); a significant proportion of sturgeon and salmon, a lot of pike, burbot, ide, perch, etc.

State and environmental protection

Ecological the situation was sharply worsened by the development of oil and gas fields and emissions of pollutants by fuel and energy enterprises. complex (especially in the Purovsky, Nadymsky, Tazovsky, Krasnoselkupsky and Yamal regions). The total volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere is 716.2 thousand tons, including from stationary sources - 632.2 thousand tons, from road transport - 84.0 thousand tons (2015). Over the past 5 years, emissions have decreased by 23%. Water intake from natural water sources 236 million m3, discharge of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies 23 million m3 (2015). 60% of surface and 13.2% of underground water sources do not meet hygienic standards. norms. In rivers near large cities (Urengoy, Salekhard, etc.), MPCs of pollutants are exceeded dozens of times; areas - hundreds of times. Great damage has been done to reindeer pastures, especially on the Yamal Peninsula, their degradation due to overgrazing is observed, the number of deer has decreased (up to 600 thousand heads). To preserve and increase fish stocks on the river. Sob released a large number of juvenile muksun and peled.

Protected natural areas occupy 10.9% of the area of ​​the district, among them - Verkhnetazovsky Reserve , Gydan Reserve, 7 regional reserves, 3 federal reserves, 1 natural park, 1 natural monument.

Population

B. h. of the population of Ya.-N. but. about. are Russians (61.7%) and Ukrainians (9.7%). The Nenets (5.9%), Khanty (1.9%), Komi (1%), Selkup (0.4%), as well as Tatars, Bashkirs, Azerbaijanis and others live.

Demographic the situation is better compared to the average for the Russian Federation due to a younger age structure and a relatively low mortality rate, as well as economic. factors (dynamically developing gas producing region). In 1990–93, due to migration. outflow, the population decreased by about 25 thousand people, then began to increase again (by more than 75 thousand people in 1993–2015); in 2015 there was a slight decrease (about 5 thousand people). natural growth of 11.3 per 1000 inhabitants. (2015; 5th place in the Russian Federation): birth rate 16.6 per 1000 inhabitants. (10th place), mortality 5.3 per 1000 inhabitants. (3rd place); infant mortality 7.3 per 1000 live births. Migratz. the mobility of the population is high, intensive inflow and outflow are observed (Ya.-N. AO is an attractive region for labor migrants, but the natural and climatic conditions for permanent residence are extremely unfavorable). Since 2012, migration has been observed. population decline (223 per 10 thousand inhabitants, 2015). The proportion of women is 49.9%. In the age structure, the share of the population younger than working age (under 16) is 23.8% (in the Russian Federation 18.0%), older than working age is 10.0% (in the Russian Federation 24.6%). Wed life expectancy is 71.7 years (men - 66.9, women - 76.4). Wed population density is extremely low - 0.7 people / km 2; accommodation of the population is in the main. focal character. So. part of the settlements in the Nadym-Purovsky, Novourengoysky and Noyabrsky districts is associated with enterprises in the oil and gas industry; in app. part of the district an important role of trade and transport-distribute. node is played by Salekhard. Share of mountains US. 83.7% (2016), the largest cities (thousand people): Novy Urengoy (111.2) and Noyabrsk (106.6), where about half of the citizens of the district live.

Religion

On the territory of Ya.-N. but. about. registered: 27 Orthodox organizations belonging to the Salekhard diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church (formed in 2011 by separation from the Tobolsk-Tyumen diocese); 17 Muslim organizations, including the Regional Spiritual Administration of Muslims Ya.-N. but. about.; 19 Protestant organizations dec. denominations [Baptists (8), Pentecostals (5), Evangelical Christians (4), Evangelical Christians (2)].

Historical outline

MVK them. I. S. Shemanovsky (1, 2), Shuryshkar Museum Complex (3) Archaeological finds on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: 1 - a ceramic vessel from the settlement of Gorny Samotnel I. Eneolithic; 2 - horn figurine of an owl from the Ust-Poluy sanctuary. one...

To the oldest archeological The monuments of the region (perhaps, about 20 thousand years ago) include Upper Paleolithic stone tools. appearance found on the banks of the river. Voikar. The Mesolithic is represented by five sites in the taiga zone, their multicomponent nature is noted; one of the hunting pits has radiocarbon calibrated dates in the range of 7500–6350 BC. e. Due to permafrost, a number of monuments of this and later times have preserved products and remains of structures made of organic materials. materials. The Neolithic is known in the east of the region; complexes of hunting pits, stone mines, settlements of fishermen and hunters, united in the Etta cultural type, were studied.

The Eneolithic of the Lower Ob region (3rd millennium BC) is represented by three economic and cultural types: settlements of settled fishermen on the Ob (Mountain Samotnel I and others); seasonal parking on small rivers (Yasunskaya culture), parking of hunters south. tundra (Yorkuta type of monuments). The Bronze Age has been studied in the main. in the east of the region - in the upper reaches of the river. Pyakupur and the river basin. The pelvis where the imposition on the local basis is fixed Ymyyakhtakh culture. At the settlement of the early Bronze Age Vary-Khadyta II (south of the Yamal Peninsula), several. fragments of copper-bronze items, ceramics with zoomorphic moldings, etc.

The complexes of the early Iron Age are concentrated in the zones of sowing. taiga and forest-tundra; they, like later ones, are close to the taiga cultures and types of monuments common to the south (see Historical outline in Art. Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug); stands out Ust-Polui culture. From the 1st century BC e. reindeer breeding becomes an important factor in development, which ensured the growth of population mobility, the possibility of communications with the south and west; with the introduction of draft reindeer husbandry (not earlier than the Middle Ages), the Yamal and Gydan peninsulas were developed. The richness and safety of the finds is distinguished by the early medieval complex Zeleny Yar (Priuralsky district) with a bronze casting workshop, burial grounds (including those with mummified human remains). Wed-century. complexes are considered within the framework of the Ob-Irtysh cultural and historical. community, osn. whose monuments are located to the south.

The interaction of different Ugric and Samoyedic groups led to the formation of Samoyeds (Nenets) and Ostyaks (Khanty). The centers of the Ugric "principalities" are connected with Nadymsky (see in the article Nadym), Voykarsky, Poluysky and other "towns" Obdorsk land late medieval and modern times.

The active penetration of Russians into the Obdorsk land began in the last quarter. 15th c. During the campaign, the Russian troops 1499-1500 was founded Ostrozhek Obdorsky (soon abandoned). The Obdorsk principality retained its independence virtually until the end. 16th century, although the name "Obdorsky and Kondinsky" was included in the title of led. princes of Moscow in 1514 or 1516. In 1595, in response to the siege by the Ostyaks and Samoyeds of the city of Berezov, a military operation was undertaken. Russian expedition. troops under command. book. P. I. Gorchakov and the head of A. V. Khrushchov, which led to the submission of the Obdorsky Prince-va. On the site of its capital in the same year (according to other versions, in 1596) a Russian was founded. the fortress of Poluisky Nosovy Gorodok (Nosovy Obdor; later Obdorsky Ostrog, Obdorsk, from the 19th century, the village of Obdorskoye). Around the same time, the Obdorskaya volost arose as part of the Berezovsky district. Despite this, up to the 1st quarter. 19th century Russian authorities did not seriously intervene in the internal. the structure of the Ostyaks and Samoyeds, the princely Ostyak dynasty was also preserved, whose representative Taisha converted to Orthodoxy in 1714 with the name Alexei (his descendants were called the princes Taishins). The Ostyaks and Samoyeds of Yamal regularly raised their weapons. speeches against the Russians. authorities (1600, 1607, 1644, 1649, 1662–63, 1678). In 1601 on the banks of the river. Taz was founded by the city of Mangazeya, which became the center of a vast county, which included east. and southeast. lands of modern I.-N. but. about. In 1672 the center of the Mangazeya district. was moved to the city of Novaya Mangazeya (later Turukhansk; now the village of Staroturukhansk in the Krasnoyarsk Territory).

The territory of modern I.-N. but. about. was part of the Siberian (1708–82) and Tobolsk (1782–1804) provinces, then most of it was part of the Tobolsk (1804–1920) and Tyumen (1920–23) provinces, and the east. (Gydan Peninsula, etc.) and southeast. the districts were part of the Tomsk (1804–22) and Yenisei (1822–1925; eastern districts until 1923) provinces. In 1717 and 1726, Metropolitan of Tobolsk and Siberia Filofey (Leshchinsky) made missions to the Obdorsk volost and baptized part of the local population. An important role in the development of the region was played by the introduction of the Charter on the management of foreigners 1822. In 1825, the Obdorskaya Fair was founded, which reached its peak by the end. 19th century In 1825-29 and 1832-1841 there were performances by the Nenets under the leadership of Vauli Piettomin (Vavlo Nenyanga). In 1832-33 and 1854 - early. 1920s the Obdorskaya Spiritual Mission (founded in 1828) was in operation. In 1865–1918, the Obdorsk Ostyak and Obdorsk Samoyed foreigners acted to control the local population. councils. In the 19th century on the lands of the Ob basin there was a mass resettlement of the Komi-Zyryans because of the Urals. In 1923, the main part of the region is included in Ural region, and southeast. districts - in Siberian region(1925–30), West Siberian Territory (1930–34) and Krasnoyarsk Territory (1934–44).

Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 10, 1930 formed the Yamal (Nenets) nat. district centered in Obdorskoye (Obdorsk; since 1933 a working village of Salekhard, since 1938 a city). Originally divided into 4 districts. It was part of the Ural region. (1930–34), Ob-Irtysh region (1934), Omsk region. (1934–44), since 1944 Tyumen region. Since 1934, the name Yamalo-Nenets nat. district, which was officially fixed in 1940. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 10.8.1944 in the Yamalo-Nenets nat. The district was transferred to 4 village councils of the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In the 1940s-50s. Salekhard was a support base for the distribution of prisoners who were under the jurisdiction of the Ob Department of Correctional Labor Camps, 501st and 503rd Ch. directorates of the camps of the railroad. construction, engaged in the construction of the Transpolar Highway (Chum - Salekhard - Igarka; 501st building). Traffic is open on the railway. lines Chum - Labytnangi (1955, permanent since 1958), Stary Nadym - Pangody and Pangody - Yagelnaya (Novy Urengoy) (both 1970s), Surgut - Novy Urengoy (1985), Novy Urengoy - Yamburg (1989, working) . From the beginning 1960s The district is developing as the largest gas production region in the USSR (since 1991 in the Russian Federation), approx. 10 large deposits, including Tazovskoye (1962), Urengoyskoye (the largest in the world; 1966), Medvezhye (1967), and others, on the territory of Ya.-N. but. about. the largest gas pipelines begin, including Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod (1983) and Yamal - Europe (2006). The development of the gas industry fundamentally changed the face of J.-N. but. o., Nadym (1972), Labytnangi (1975), Novy Urengoy (1980), Noyabrsk (1982), Muravlenko (1990), Gubkinsky (1996), Tarko-Sale (2004) received the status of cities. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1977 (confirmed by the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 and the Law of the RSFSR of November 20, 1980 "On Autonomous Okrugs") Yamalo-Nenets nat. The Okrug was renamed the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

10/18/1990 People's Council deputies Ya.-N. but. about. 21st convocation adopted the Declaration on the state. sovereignty of the Yamalo-Nenets Republic within the RSFSR, but this transformation was not consolidated in Russian. legislation. According to the Federal Treaty (1992) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), it became independent. subject within the Russian Federation, territorially remaining part of the Tyumen region. On April 10, 1997, an agreement was concluded on the delimitation of the powers of the Tyumen region. with the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and Ya.-N. but. about. Since 2000 it has been part of the Ural Federal District.

economy

I.-N. but. about. included in the West Siberian economic. district, is a resource region of the Russian Federation. The share of the region in dew. GDP 2.7%. The volume of prom. production is approximately 1000 times greater than the volume of agricultural products. products (2015). The district accounts for approx. 80% grew. volume of natural gas production, approx. 75% gas condensate, St. 4% oil, approx. 1.5% of production is building. non-metallic materials.

The structure of GRP by types of economic. activities (%, 2014): mining 50.2, construction 14.8, wholesale and retail trade, decomp. household services 10.5, transport and communications 8.7, real estate operations, rent and services 6.4, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 2.1, state. management and support of the military. security, compulsory social security 2.1, other activities 5.2. The ratio of enterprises by form of ownership (by the number of organizations, %, 2015): private 79.7, municipal 8.6, companies. and religious organizations (associations) 5.0, state. 3.9, other forms of ownership 2.8.

Economically active us. 316.0 thousand people, of which approx. 95%. The structure of employment by types of economic. activities (%, 2015): construction 19.8, mining 19.1, transport and communications 13.6, real estate operations 7.8, education 6.9, wholesale and retail trade, decomp. household services 6.1, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 5.8, healthcare and social services 4.5, manufacturing 3.8, etc. communal, social and personal services 2.5, etc. activities 10.1. The unemployment rate is 3.6%. Cash income per capita us. 66.9 thousand rubles per month (219.4% of the average for the Russian Federation, 2nd place; 2015); 7.5% of us. has an income below the subsistence level.

Industry

The volume of prom. products 1696.4 billion rubles. (2015); of these, 79.7% are mining, 17.4% are manufacturing industries, 2.9% are the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water. Sectoral structure of manufacturing industries (%): production of petroleum products, chemical. industry 94.4, mechanical engineering 4.6, other industries 1.0.

Electricity production 7.1 billion kWh (2015). Large power plants: Urengoyskaya GRES (Novy Urengoy; installed capacity of more than 500 MW), Noyabrskaya steam-gas power plant (more than 122 MW). There is no unified power supply system; in a number of municipalities (including in Salekhard) there are isolation units. electric power systems; in small settlements - diesel power plants.

I.-N. but. about. ranks first in the Russian Federation in the production of natural gas (507.7 billion m 3, 2015) and gas condensate (24.1 million tons); they also produce oil (20.7 million tons). In the district, St. 200 deposits of hydrocarbon raw materials, of which approx. 1/3 is located in prom. development. Main fields under development: Zapolyarnoye, Urengoyskoye (both gas condensate and oil), Bovanenkovskoye, Yamburgskoye, Yuzhno-Russkoye, Beregovoye, Yurkharovskoye (all oil and gas condensate), Ety-Purovskoye, Nakhodkinskoye (both oil and gas), Medvezhye (gas). Getting ready for prom. development (ser. 2017) South-Tambeyskoye gas condensate and Kharasaveyskoye (Kharasoveyskoye) oil and gas condensate fields. Leading companies: subsidiaries of Gazprom (approx. 75% of gas production in the district, as well as approx. 50% of gas condensate), NOVATEK (approx. 40% of gas condensate), Rosneft, etc.

The processing of hydrocarbon raw materials (the main products are raw materials for the petrochemical and chemical industries, including a wide fraction of light hydrocarbons) is carried out at the gas processing plants of the SiburTyumenGaz company: Gubkinsky (Gubkinsky), Vyngapurovsky and Muravlenkovsky (both in the Purovsky district), the Purovsky gas condensate processing plant of the NOVATEK company (Tarko-Sale). The Novy Urengoy plant of the Gazprom company operates to prepare gas condensate for transportation. A plant for the production of liquefied natural gas (on the basis of the Yuzhno-Tambeyskoye field; the Yamal-LNG project) is under construction (ser. 2017), Novourengoy gas chemical plant. complex.

Chrome ores are mined in small volumes (the Central deposit, developed by the Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Plant), in the village. mountains type Harp Priuralsky district - will enrich. factory. Main specialization in mechanical engineering. enterprises - service maintenance of the oil and gas complex. Works approx. 100 mining enterprises. construction raw materials (including subdivisions of the Gazprom company). In the food and flavor industry, the production of fish (the Yamal Product company in Salekhard) and meat (the Yamal Deer enterprise, the village of Yar-Sale; semi-finished products from venison) products is distinguished.

Main prom. centers: Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk, Gubkinsky.

Foreign trade turnover 1389.0 million USD (2015), including exports 669.0 million USD St. 98% of the export value is fuel and energy products. complex. Imports are dominated by engineering products (over 95%).

Agriculture

The cost of agricultural products 1.6 billion rubles. (2015), livestock accounts for St. 90%. S.-x. lands make up only 0.3% of the territory of Ya.-N. but. about. Potatoes and vegetables are grown (Table 1). Main animal husbandry specializes in reindeer breeding (more than 600 thousand heads - about half of the Russian deer population; 2015), cattle, pigs, sheep and goats are also bred in small quantities (tables 2, 3). Cellular animal husbandry. Fur trade. Fishing (the main commercial species are nelma, muksun, broad whitefish, peled, etc.). Almost the entire land area (St. 99%) belongs to the lands of agricultural - x. organizations. OK. 90% milk, St. 45% of livestock and poultry for slaughter, approx. 40% vegetables, approx. 30% of potatoes are produced in the village - x. organizations; OK. 70% potatoes, approx. 60% vegetables, St. 50% of livestock and poultry for slaughter, approx. 10% of milk - in households (2015). There are slaughter complexes for processing venison (in the settlements of Seyakha, Antipayut, Nyda, as well as in the Yamal and Ural regions), approx. 20 fishing enterprises (including Gydaagro, Tazagrorybprom, Novoportovsky and Salemalsky fish factories, Aksarkovsky fishing enterprise), as well as Verkhne-Purovsky State Farm (Purovsky district; sable breeding; reindeer breeding; production of fur - fur products, including souvenirs), "Sovkhoz Baidaratsky" (Priuralsky district; breeding of arctic foxes, foxes; reindeer breeding; production of dairy products, etc.), firm "Nyda-resource" (Nadym; processing of meat, wild berries and mushrooms). Construction of greenhouse complexes is underway in Salekhard and Gubkinsky (mid-2017).

Table 1. Main types of crop production, thousand tons

Table 2. Livestock, thousand heads

	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015
Cattle	6,8	4,1	2,1	1,1	1,0	1,0
Pigs	12,5	12,3	8,8	1,6	2,2	1,1
Sheep and goats	0,3	0,4	0,1	0,1	0,1	0,1

Table 3. Main types of livestock products

Services sector

In addition to trade, operations with real estate, state. management and support of the military. security, financial and other services, the development of tourism (cultural, educational, ethnographic, event, extreme, sports, ecological) is of great importance. I.-N. but. about. has a high tourist-recreational. potential: a number of indigenous people live here. peoples of the North, who have preserved traditions. types of farms. activities (main arr. in the Yamal and Ural regions, near Salekhard - the natural and ethnographic complex "Yamal patrimony of Prince Taishin"), are held nat. holidays (including Reindeer Herder Day); tourism developed. routes (including "In the footsteps of mammoths" in the Yamal region; rafting on the mountain rivers of the Polar Urals, climbing the mountain peaks of the Kharpsko-Raiz zone in the Ural region), on the territory of the district - a number of specially protected natural areas, including those of federal significance.

Transport

The length of public railways is 481 km (2015). On the territory of the district are sections of the railway. lines Chum - Labytnangi, Tyumen - Novy Urengoy (both carry out passenger traffic), lines Novy Urengoy - Yamburg, Novy Urengoy - Nadym-Pristan, Obskaya - Bovanenkovo ​​- Karskaya (all are focused on the transportation of goods). Length of paved roads approx. 2.2 thousand km (2015); length of winter roads approx. 1.4 thousand km. Automobile transport is used by Ch. arr. for cargo and passenger transportation over short distances. River navigation (navigation approx. 9 weeks per year) in the main. along the rivers Ob, Nadym, Pur and Taz; main river ports: Salekhard, Nadym, Urengoy, there are a number of marinas. Main sea ports (navigation 3–4 months a year): Yamburg, Tambey, Cape Kamenny, Novy Port. The sea is active. loading terminal "Gate of the Arctic" (oil export from the Novoportovoye field). As part of the implementation of the Yamal-LNG project, the construction (mid-2017) of the Sabetta port infrastructure is being completed. Air transport - main. type of communication within the district. Airports in Nadym, Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk, Salekhard, pos. Sabetta (since 2015; international), as well as in district centers. A number of pipelines pass through the territory of the district, including the gas pipeline Bovanenkovo ​​- Ukhta - Torzhok; oil pipeline Zapolyarye - Purpe; product pipeline Purovsky gas condensate processing plant - Tobolsk-Neftekhim.

healthcare

In Ya.-N. but. about. per 10 thousand inhabitants accounts for: doctors 41.9, persons cf. honey. personnel 119.4; hospital beds 84.4 (2014). General morbidity per 1 thousand inhabitants. is 2096.8 cases (2014). Diseases of the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems predominate. The incidence of tuberculosis was 50.2 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants. (2014). Main causes of death: diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, accidents, injuries, poisoning.

Education. Scientific and cultural institutions

Educational institutions are managed by the Department of Education. Main the regulatory document is the Law on Education (2013, edition 2016). The education system includes preschool education, primary, secondary, prof.-technical. and higher education. There are (2016, data from Yamalstat): 194 preschool institutions (over 46 thousand pupils), 130 general educational institutions. educational institutions (about 69.7 thousand students). A feature of the education system Ya.-N. but. about. is the presence of a large number of boarding schools in rural areas [in 2016 - 24 (over 9 thousand students)]. There are 8 organizations of prof.-tech. education (over 5 thousand students), 12 branches of universities (about 2.6 thousand students). Ch. scientific institutions, universities, libraries and museums are located in Nadym, Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk, Salekhard.

Media

Leading periodicals. publications: newspapers (Salekhard) Krasny Sever (published since 1931, in Russian; 2 times a week, circulation 8.5 thousand copies), Nyaryana Ngerm (since 1931, since 1991 independent. edition, in the Nenets language, weekly, 1.5 thousand copies). Television and radio broadcasts are carried out by the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company "Yamal", the district state. television and radio broadcasting company "Yamal-Region" (1998). Information agency - Sever-press.

Architecture and fine arts

The oldest monuments of art in Ya.-N. but. about. - ornaments. ceramics (from the Neolithic), ceramics were found at the settlement of the early Bronze Age Vary-Khadyta II. vessels with zoomorphic moldings. On a number of archaeological monuments in permafrost preserved products and structures from organic. materials. During the excavations of the settlement at the confluence of the river. Poluy in the Ob (the territory of Salekhard) Ust-Polui cultures s received a unique collection of wood, birch bark, bone, horn, bronze and other items, decorated with rich ornaments, including sculptural, carved, engraved images of people, animals, birds (late 1st millennium BC - beginning of the 1st millennium AD, stored in Kunstkamera, Yamalo-Nenets District Museum and Exhibition Complex), the remains of trees were studied. buildings. The collection from the excavations of the early medieval Zeleny Yar complex includes the remains of fur clothing (from hats to shoes), a leather belt with rich metalwork. headset, anthropo- and zoomorphic plastic, jewelry, including imported with niello, grain, gilding, imported metal. and local ceramics. dishes, including those with ornaments, etc. The art and architecture of the local population of the developed Middle Ages and the New Age are presented in the main. finds in the "towns", including Poluysky, Voykarsky, Nadymsky (see in the article Nadym). Earth dwellings, round and rectangular in plan, were built with hipped trees. roofs, with pillars around the center. outbreak (sites near Salekhard and near Cape Tiutey-Sale on the Yamal Peninsula, beginning of the 2nd millennium).

From con. 16th century Russian construction was underway. prisons (Obdorsky, 1595 or 1596, now Salekhard; Mangazeya, 1607; all not preserved) with log trees. houses and fortifications, rebuilt in the 17th century. (Obdorsky jail also in 1730-31). From con. 16th century trees were erected. churches (Trinity Cathedral in Mangazeya, 17th century, not preserved). From the 18th century brick buildings were also built. One of the oldest surviving buildings - c. Apostles Peter and Paul in Russian-Byzantine style in Salekhard (1886–94, German architect G. Zinck).

Since the 1930s the city of Salekhard (master plan 1950) and the villages of Yar-Sale, Muzhi, Nyda, Krasnoselkup, Tazovsky, Tarko-Sale (since 2004 - a city), Urengoy were improved. Since the 1970s new cities with high-rise buildings were built: Nadym (1972), Labytnangi (1975), Novy Urengoy (1980), Noyabrsk (1982), Muravlenko (1990), Gubkinsky (1996).

In the 1990s–2010s new temples were erected: c. St. Nicholas in Nadym (1992–98), c. Archangel Michael in Noyabrsk (1997–2005), c. St. Nicholas in Tarko-Sale (2003–05), Epiphany Cathedral in Novy Urengoy (2007–15), c. Christmas in the village Pangody (2009–11), Transfiguration Cathedral in Salekhard (2012–17). Among the trees. churches: Nativity of Christ in the village. Khanymei (2004), in honor of the icon of the Mother of God "Inexhaustible Chalice" in the village. Purpe (2005–07), St. Nicholas on about. White (2013). In 1994–2006, the Obdorsky Ostrog Museum was built in Salekhard (a copy of the 17th-century prison; with a church in honor of the icon of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow”, 2006–07). The building of the government of J.-N. but. about. in Salekhard (2009), new bridges.

From the beginning 20th century worked Nenets artist, writer and researcher T. Vylka (student of V. V. Pereplyotchikov and A. E. Arkhipov). From 1950–60s. the artist and wood carver G. A. Puiko, the master of applied arts V. A. Sablina worked. In the 1970s–90s. artists V. M. Samburov, L. A. Lar, M. V. Kanev, R. K. Bekshenev, masters of arts and crafts G. E. Khartaganov, A. M. Kudelin, L. K. Agicheva , A. M. Syazi, N. M. Taligina, I. L. Khudi, V. F. Yadne.

In Nar. The creativity of the Nenets and Selkups developed carving on bone, wood and horn, fur appliqué, making products from birch bark (with a pattern in the form of zigzags, “deer horns” and “pike teeth”). Women's clothing is decorated with a strip of rhythmic geometric. pattern sewn from pieces of deer fur. Bone foreheads of deer are covered with an engraved "eye" ornament. Among the Selkups, on the leather clothes of shamans, there are contour images of people, animals and birds. Manufactured metal. jewelry (earrings, rings, pendants, etc.).

Music

The basis of music culture - the traditions of Russians, Ukrainians, Nenets, Tatars, Khanty, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Komi, Selkups and other peoples. Cultural and educational work among the local population since 1932 was carried out by the Yamal district “House of the Nenets” (founded in 1925 under the name “House of the National Men”, since 1930 “House of the Native”) in Obdorsk (since 1933 Salekhard). In 1947, nat. music collectives, including the Komi choir. In 1949, the "House of the Nenets" was renamed into the District House of Culture of the Peoples of the North, in 1987 - into the District Center of the National. cultures (since 1986 in a modern building with two concert halls); reorganized in 1992, became the largest cultural center of the district (contributes to the preservation of national musical folklore, holds various festivals, performances, concerts, etc.). Since 1990 Prof. ensemble of national songs "Syoyotei Yamal" (founded in 1969 at the Salekhard Pedagogical School as a national song and dance ensemble; since 1987 in the status of a folk, since 2014 governor); his repertoire includes songs of the Nenets, Komi, Selkups, Khanty in authentic and adapted versions. In Salekhard, the state also works. Cultural and business center with a concert hall (founded in 2006, opened in 2008), in Noyabrsk - a branch of the Tyumen state. philharmonic.

Ural federal district. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The area is 769.3 thousand square kilometers. Formed on December 10, 1930.
The administrative center of the federal district - city ​​of Salekhard.

- a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Ural Federal District, located in the Arctic zone of the West Siberian Plain. According to the Charter of the Tyumen region, it is also part of the Tyumen region, being an equal subject of the Russian Federation. The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean (Kara Sea) from the north. The Yamal Peninsula is located on the territory of the Okrug - the northernmost mainland point of the Okrug.

It is part of the West Siberian economic region. The basis of the economy of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is oil and gas production. The largest herd of deer in Russia is grazed on Yamal - over 700 thousand heads. The county is a leading exporter of reindeer meat to foreign markets. The world's largest herd of whitefish is concentrated in the rivers and lakes of Yamal. The basis of the ichthyofauna is the famous northern white fish - nelma, muksun, pyzhyan, vendace. The district is also a major supplier of furs: silver-black foxes, blue foxes, and colored minks are bred on fur farms. The main types of economic activity in the region are the fuel and energy complex, construction, trade, transport and communications.

On December 10, 1930, the Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug was formed as part of the Ural Region. Later, the Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug was part of the Ob-Irtysh and Omsk regions.
On August 14, 1944, the Yamalo-Nenets National District became part of the Tyumen Region.
In 1977, the Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug received autonomous status.
Since 1992, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has been a subject of the Russian Federation.

Cities and districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Cities of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Salekhard, Gubkinsky, Labytnangi, Tarko-Sale, Muravlenko, Nadym, Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk.

Urban districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: City of Salekhard, City of Gubkinsky, City of Labytnangi, City of Muravlenko, City of Novy Urengoy, City of Noyabrsk.

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

1. Territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, administrative structure

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a subject of the Russian Federation. According to the Charter of the Tyumen region, it is also part of the Tyumen region, being an equal subject of the Russian Federation. It is part of the Ural Federal District.

Territory of the Autonomous Okrug. In terms of area, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ranks 6th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The administrative center of the district is the city of Salekhard. The Autonomous Okrug includes 13 municipalities.

Urban districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug:

-city ​​district of Salekhard;

-urban district of Gubkinsky;

-city ​​district of Labytnangi;

-urban district Muravlenko;

-city ​​district Novy Urengoy;

-urban district of Noyabrsk.

Districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug:

-Krasnoselkupsky district;

-Nadymsky district;

-Priuralsky district;

-Purovsky district;

-Tazovsky district;

-Shuryshkarsky district;

-Yamal region.

2. Economic and geographical position of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located in the center of the Far North of Russia. More than half of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle.

The northern border of the Autonomous Okrug is washed by the waters of the Kara Sea (provides fishing). In the west, along the Ural Range, the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug borders on the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic, in the south - on the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, in the east - on the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Assessing the position of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, one can single out positive and negative sides:

-There is access to the sea;

-provision with electric power resources;

-YNAO is the leader of the Russian gas industry.

-Remoteness of territories;

-the density of transport routes is extremely low, the use of sea transport is limited due to difficult natural and climatic conditions;

-agriculture is poorly developed;

-low population density;

-tourism is practically not developed.

3. Natural conditions and resources

The climate of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is harsh, sharply continental. The territory of the district is located mainly in three climatic zones: arctic, subarctic and the zone of the northern (taiga) zone of the West Siberian lowland. The relief of the district is represented by two parts: mountainous and flat.

Huge reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials make it possible to call the district the world's largest oil and gas resource base. The district contains approximately 78% of Russian gas reserves (in terms of proven reserves and production of which the district ranks first in the Russian Federation) and 18% of oil reserves (in terms of proven reserves of liquid hydrocarbons, the YaNAO ranks second after the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug).

Water resources The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are rich and diverse. Water resources are represented by the rivers Ob, Pur, Taz, Nadym. The largest river is the Ob. The main water management and transport functions are performed by the Ob River. On the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug there are huge reserves of artesian and thermal waters.

The reserves of chromium, iron, tin, lead of noble and non-ferrous metals, and other minerals are mainly concentrated in the western part of the district, in the mountains of the Polar Urals.

In the forest-tundra and northern taiga, the soils are gley-podzolic, gley weakly podzolic, and illuvial-humus podzolic. The vegetation cover of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a pronounced latitudinal zonality. In total, five landscape zones are distinguished: arctic, moss-lichen tundra, shrub tundra, forest tundra, and northern taiga.

The fauna of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is rich and varied.

38 species of mammals, 255 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles, 4 species of amphibians and 40 species of fish live in the tundra, forest-tundra, taiga and mountain-Ural natural-geographic zones.

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to the areas of extreme residence, since natural conditions unfavorable for economic activity and human life.

4. Population, labor resources

The population of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug amounted to 539.6 thousand people, which is 0.4% lower than the level of the corresponding date of the previous year. It ranks 71st in terms of population among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The decline in population was due to migration loss. Population density - 0.70 people / km 2(2014), more than 10 times lower than the average for Russia. The proportion of the urban population, as in many other northern regions, high - 84.7%.

The ethnic composition of the population is heterogeneous: Russians make up 61.7%, Ukrainians 9.7%, Tatars 5.6%, Nenets 5.9% according to the 2010 census.

The demographic situation was characterized by a decrease in the number of births by 0.9% compared to 2012, per 1000 population - 16.4 births. The natural increase per 1,000 population in 2013 was 11.3 people. The birth rate in Yamal, according to long-term data, is higher than the national average, and the death rate is lower. Natural growth is observed in all cities and districts of the district.

The Okrug has a high share of the population of working age - 71.8%, the share of the population younger than working age is also higher than the Russian average - 22.7%, and the share of the population older than working age - 5.5% is noticeably lower than the national average. The unemployment rate in 2013 was 3.2% - the lowest in the Urals Federal District. Quite intensive migration processes are observed in the Autonomous Okrug. Migration decline in population in 2013 is 7 times higher than in 2012.

It should be noted that the migration of the population in the Autonomous Okrug occurs mainly within the Russian Federation (in 2013, 74.9% of the total number of arrivals arrived in the territory of the Autonomous Okrug, 83.6% of the total number of those who left). The main reasons for the arrival of migrants to the territory of the Autonomous Okrug are personal, family circumstances and job search. Labor activity in the Autonomous Okrug is attractive, first of all, for labor migrants from neighboring countries.

5. Characteristics of the economy

Level of development, structure of the economy

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is an industrial resource-producing region. In its structure, industry accounts for 53.5%, agriculture - 0.1%, construction - 15.1%, transport - 5.8%, trade and commercial activities for the sale of goods and services - 4%. Main industries: oil and gas, fish. The economy of the district is highly specialized.

YNAO ranks 8th among all subjects of the Russian Federation in terms of gross regional product, 5th in terms of industrial production and 4th in terms of investment. The gross regional product of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is growing by an average of 14.5% per year. In terms of per capita GRP, it ranks second after the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The main source of investment in the country as a whole is attracted funds, in the district this figure is on average 15-20% higher than the national average. To increase the investment attractiveness, the industrial and social infrastructure is being actively developed.

Development and placement of industries of market specialization

Market branches of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of specialization are:

-Oil and gas industry;

-agro-industrial complex.

The Yamalo-Nenets Okrug is the backbone of Russia's fuel economy. Yamal produces 91% of the country's natural gas (a fifth of its world production) and more than 14% of Russian oil and gas condensate. In total, the district produces more than 54% of Russia's primary energy resources. On the territory of the district, work is underway at the Urengoy gas field, the Nakhodka gas field, the Yuzhno-Russkoye oil and gas field, the Ety-Purovskoye oil field, and the Yamburg oil and gas condensate field.

Due to natural and climatic conditions, the agro-industrial complex of the Autonomous Okrug is focused on traditional industries: reindeer herding, fishing, hunting, processing of fur raw materials. Gross agricultural production is 57.9% (deer meat, fish). The sectoral structure is dominated by livestock products - 90.9%. Reindeer pastures account for 64% of the land. The Autonomous Okrug has the largest herd of reindeer in Russia and in the world. Reindeer breeding is one of the highly promising agricultural sectors in the region. The traditional types of agricultural activity include fishing (fishing objects - whitefish, whitefish, nelma, sturgeon). In fact, Yamal produces half of the Russian whitefish catch. Further development reindeer breeding is associated with the improvement of the cycle of non-waste production, and the fishing industry - with an increase in the volume of catch and processing.

Characteristics of industries complementing the economic complex

The industry complementing the economic complex is the electric power industry. Over 80% of the YNAO's needs in the electric power industry are covered by its own production. Nadymsky and Purovsky districts, the cities of Noyabrsk, Muravlenko, Gubkinsky and Novy Urengoy are connected to the system of centralized power supply from energy sources and electrical networks. In total, 672 power plants with a total capacity of 1.4 million kW operate on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Level of development and location of industrial and social infrastructure

The region is characterized by the presence of hard-to-reach and sparsely populated areas, a complex transport scheme, underdevelopment of land transport along with spatial extent. The density of transport routes is extremely low: the density of railways. public roads - 7 km per 10 thousand km 2, paved roads - 1.3 km per 1 thousand km 2. Operating length of railway tracks - 496 km, the length of paved roads - 960 km.

Air Transport forms the basis of inter-municipal and inter-settlement transport communications in the district, and during the thaw period it is the only way to deliver people and goods to most remote and hard-to-reach settlements. Airports are located in a number of cities (Salekhard, Noyabrsk, Novy Urengoy, Nadym, Tarko-Sale). In summer, a significant role in the transportation of passengers and the delivery of goods is played by water transport. Developed network of pipelines. Gas pipelines connect YNAO with European Russia and foreign countries. The largest of them is "Shine of the North".

Medical care for the population of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is provided in 34 healthcare institutions. There are 237 healthcare institutions in YNAO. Provision of hospital beds - 115.8 per 10 thousand people. There are 48.8 doctors per 10 thousand inhabitants, 135.6 people. middle medical personnel.

There are 184 institutions of pre-school education and 141 secondary schools in the Autonomous Okrug. Vocational education is underdeveloped. The system of vocational education of the Autonomous Okrug is represented by 5 institutions of primary vocational education, 6 institutions of secondary vocational education. The Okrug has one university - the West Siberian Humanitarian Institute in Nadym, 25 branches of institutions of higher professional education.

Provision of housing below the national average - 17.3 m 2per person, while the proportion of dilapidated and dilapidated housing is three times higher. The electricity tariff is 1204 rubles. / Gcal. The tariff for cold water is on average 45 rubles per cubic meter, for hot water 55 rubles per cubic meter. The price on the primary housing market in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is 42,000 rubles per square meter. meter.

The budget of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a pronounced social orientation: more than 80% of the expenditure part is directed to solve the social problems of the population. Housing construction is developing powerfully in the district, modern schools, hospitals, and sports facilities are being built.

6. Territorial structure of the economy

In Novy Urengoy, the creation of a gas chemical cluster and the construction of the Khimpark Yamal-Polymer enterprise began. At the initiative of specialists from the Yamal Okrug Technopark, next to the gas chemical complex, it is planned to build the Yamal-Polymer Chempark enterprise, which will produce various goods from polyethylene. Planned commissioning of the Novy Urengoy gas chemical complex - early 2015.

In the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, oil and gas and agro-industrial complexes have been developed.

The oil industry is concentrated in the north of the district; southern territories - gas chemical complex.

7. Internal differences and cities, attractions

In the Autonomous Okrug, there is a fairly high (3rd place), in comparison with other regions, the average level wages. The average salary in YaNAO in 2013 was 52,400 rubles. The highest level of wages is noted in the areas of oil and gas production, the lowest - in the rural areas of the Autonomous Okrug. The poverty rate is the lowest among the regions. In terms of per capita GRP, it ranks second after the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Major cities: Novy Urengoy - the largest city of YNAO, population - 116.5 thousand people.

Noyabrsk - 108 thousand people

Nadym - 46.8 thousand people

Salekhard - 46.6 thousand people

There are no agglomerations.

Tourism in YNAO is practically not developed. Most promising direction tourism is considered natural-ethnographic. The created tourist complexes make it possible to get acquainted with the life of the indigenous population of the tundra, with their way of life and traditions, however, the demand for such services from the non-Yamal population is small.

Sightseeing: Stele "66 parallel" (Arctic Circle), Gydan Reserve, Ust-Poluy archaeological site.

8. Economic ties

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug maintained relations in 2013 with trading partners from 36 countries: Great Britain, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Denmark, Poland.

In 2013, the foreign trade turnover decreased by 10.3% compared to 2012. The total volume of trade with non-CIS countries (98.8% of the total foreign trade turnover), with the CIS countries - 1.2%.

The volume of exports - 1972.1 million US dollars, in 2013 decreased by 9.8% compared to 2012.

The volume of imports - 251.8 million US dollars, in 2013 decreased by 0.4% compared to 2012.

.United Kingdom (33.1%)

Netherlands (29.1%)

.Republic of Korea (12.1%)

.Mineral fuel

.Oil and products of their distillation

USA (15.9%)

China (14.7%)

Ukraine (13.0%)

.Machinery, equipment and vehicles

.Metals and products from them.

9. Problems, development prospects

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug today is a stable, dynamically developing region, where a solid foundation has been laid for further socio-economic development, which makes it possible to build large-scale plans for the future.

The development strategy developed by the Government of the Autonomous Okrug until 2020 links the development of the fuel and energy complex with the formation of new branches of the regional economy necessary for modern life. One of the global long-term projects is the development of gas reserves of the Kara Sea peninsula and shelf. 11 gas-bearing and 15 oil and gas condensate fields have been discovered here. Another major undertaking is the creation in the territory of the Polar Urals of a new center of the mining industry, which provides the metallurgy of neighboring regions with raw materials.

Together with the Siberian Scientific Analytical Center and RAO "Russian railways» The district administration is currently working on the development of a network of railways and roads and telecommunications systems. They should connect the Arctic Yamal with the large industrial centers of the Urals.

Social problems are a highly specialized, resource-based economy, high cost of living in adverse conditions, low life expectancy of the indigenous peoples of the North.

The priority goals of the socio-economic development of the Autonomous Okrug in the medium term are:

increase in the resource base of minerals;

creation of gas and oil refineries and enterprises;

development of the mining industry;

environmental Safety and efficient nature management;

development of small and medium business;

development of the affordable housing market and an increase in the pace of housing construction, a decrease in the volume of dilapidated and dilapidated housing;

maintaining and improving social support for the population; - increasing employment and reducing unemployment;

More than thirty social programs are being implemented in the region.

population resource county industry

List of sources

1.Bank of cities. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">2. Website of the Government of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Geography [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Subjects of the Russian Federation. YaNAO [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Website of the Government of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Geography [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Wikipedia. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Access mode: #"justify">. World of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Website of the Government of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Economics [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Portal Compatriots [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Portal InterEnergo [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://ieport.ru (Date of access: 17.04.14)