Human life in different climatic conditions

The geographical and climatic difference in places of settlement, differences in nutrition - this is what made people so different from each other. Climate and nutrition influenced the difference in skin color, physique, and jaw sizes of inhabitants of different continents. The hot zone is considered the most favorable for life. Here are located both “the cradle of mankind - the African savannah, and the centers of the most ancient states - India, Ethiopia, the states of Mesopotamia, Greece; today there are many resorts and recreation areas. The warm humid climate and the abundance of wild vegetation helped man in the transition from gathering to farming. In areas with two seasons - dry and wet - the crop can be harvested twice a year; where seasonal changes are not observed, - even more often.

But such a generosity of nature has done a disservice to the inhabitants of favorable climatic zones - today the industry is not as developed here as in areas farther from the equator. The population of many countries in many countries is completely dependent on the crop, and drought can cause famine.

The color of a person's skin shows whether his ancestors were adapted to a hot or cold climate. Caucasians living in the temperate and cold zones have preserved fair skin, while Negroids - the descendants of the inhabitants of the hot zone - have dark skin color. They are also characterized by thick curly hair - such a "cap" does not block the access of air to the head and protects against overheating.

The Negroes of Africa and the Melanesians of the Pacific have the same black skin, but they are as little racially related to each other as they are to white people. It turns out that skin color does not mean belonging to a particular race. Just black skin is good for the "big sun", and white - for the "small". A white person in the sun will blister, and a black person in cool foggy countries will have difficulty producing vitamin D, which promotes bone growth.

So the difference in skin color is the result of different climatic conditions of life of the same subspecies of living beings, people, descendants of the same mother. It took millennia to "paint" us all like that.

So, the Negro has a large body surface, compared to its volume (tall, thin, long limbs). But in hot weather it has good heat transfer. The Eskimo, on the contrary, is small in stature, densely built - he has a smaller body surface with a larger volume, but there is less heat loss through the surface. This also contributes to the fatty subcutaneous layer. In a cold climate, the human body needs more meat food. This need coincides with the possibilities of the Arctic lands. It is practically impossible to grow edible plants here; since ancient times, the inhabitants of the Arctic have been eating venison, seal and fish, and occasionally berries supplement their diet. But there are no problems with storing food - meat placed in a hole in snow or ice will not deteriorate.

Inhabitants of the Far North are protected from the cold by clothes and houses. There they build semi-dugout houses lined with stone, boards or skins; the entrance to such a house is usually located below the floor level so that the heated air does not go outside. The inhabitants of the polar coasts use the bones of whales in construction. Eskimos in the Arctic belt build igloo houses out of snow. Igloos are small, about 2 meters high and 3-4 meters wide; 1-2 families live there - it is easier to keep warm in cramped quarters. Furniture can also be made of ice, it is covered with skins. The fur clothes of the peoples of the Arctic served as a "prototype" for the equipment of polar expeditions, and the jacket with a hood came to us from the wardrobe of the Eskimos.

Living in a particular climate even affects the appearance of a person. When scientists and travelers come to the Arctic or Antarctica, they must wear glasses with dark lenses - the sun's rays reflect off the snow and dazzle. And the indigenous peoples of the North have adapted to this for many millennia - they have a narrow section of the eyes. The inhabitants of the arid plains in the warm and temperate zones are adapted to dust storms and constant windy weather - their eyes are protected by a special fold of the upper eyelid.

The tribes that lived along the equator and ate fruits gathered from the earth were constantly short of food. This led to the survival of only people of small stature! This is how the Pygmy tribes were formed in Africa and in the state of Kerala in India, Ceylon, the Andaman Islands and Malaysia, the islands of Palawan, Luzon, Mindanao, Sumbawa, Timor. Building materials in the hot zone are reeds, bamboo, palm leaves, and clay. Ground structures have always prevailed here, which protect primarily from the wind, the scorching sun and heat. In the same way, clothes - travelers should wrap themselves up in long hoodies or cloaks made of camel hair in order to avoid sunstroke, overheating, burns, chapping, to protect themselves from dust and sand.

Further. To the north, in the strip from Egypt and Europe to China, due to prolonged overpopulation and lack of food, people of medium height, but of a fragile constitution, lived. As soon as living conditions improved, the size of the body changed. (In the 60s, children of Italian immigrants born in the USA were studied in America. It turned out that children in most cases are taller than their parents. This is the result of improved living conditions - it manifested itself in the next generation) Where the humidity was too high for human life, people built houses on stilts or climbed mountains and made settlements there. To protect things from dampness, they are not placed on the floor, but hung up.

The size of the teeth also depends on the diet. Large teeth in peoples who are accustomed to eating rough raw food (Aborigines of Australia, residents of southeast India, west Africa). Long-term consumption of cooked food led to a reduction in those facial structures associated with chewing. The smallest teeth in the population of Europe, the Middle East, China. The lower jaw tended to decrease until the teeth of the upper jaw began to overlap the lower ones.

Live in different conditions also influenced the "nosedness" of different peoples. In the highlands, there is less oxygen in the air; frost is severe in the north. A Chukchi with an aquiline nose will quickly catch a cold and die, a Caucasian with small nostrils will be tormented by a lack of air.

The use of tools reduced the need for powerful muscles and strong bones. As a result, everywhere the skeletons become less durable, and the overall structure is fragile.

Undoubtedly, from all of the above, the climatic conditions of human life and the methods of nutrition associated with them determined the features of both the external structure of a person - height, body weight, nose, hair, and the features of its internal structure (for example, different jaw sizes). Changing the place of residence will accordingly lead to a change in these features.

Similar abstracts:

Habitats, culture, features and appearance of representatives of the hominid family: Tumai, Orrorin, Afar, Anamen, African, Ethiopian Australopithecus, skillful, upright, working, Heidelberg, Idaltu and reasonable.

Essay on the topic: Cro-Magnon Man

About 150 million years ago, in the Jurassic period, mammals already lived on Earth. And there were a lot of them - both in number and species diversity they were not too inferior to the "kings of nature" of that time - the dinosaurs. But much less is known about them.

Abstract on biology on the topic "Australopithecine" Australopithecus "Australopithecine" should be understood not as "Australian", but as "southern monkey" (a combination of lat.Australis - southern, and Greek Pithekos - monkey). This not very successful term was introduced into science by the discoverer - an...

The history of the first bird on earth and its characteristics.

The structure of the eyes is similar to a camera. Its wall consists of three shells. The outer one forms the frame of the eyeball. Its back is the sclera (from the Greek "skleros" - "dense") white color and is clearly visible between the eyelids on both sides of the cornea - the anterior part of the outer shell. The cornea is thin, translucent...

Anthropology is the science of man. Ethnic anthropology: the concept of race. The significance of the problem of ethnogenesis (the origin of the people). Appearance, classification, territorial distribution of races. Factors of racial genesis (genetic drift, isolation, mixing of populations).

At the end of the 19th century, great efforts were made to find a fossil "missing link" ("missing link") - a transitional form between apes and humans. Dryopithecus. The oldest people. Ancient people. human races.

You have probably heard fairy tales, songs, and poems about the stork. It is he who walks trustingly in the meadow near the village itself and builds his large wide nest, built of twigs and branches, right on the roof of the village house.

Stages of growth, development of the body. age periodization. General periodization of ontogeny. Physico-biological and social factors of Homo sapiens evolution. Ethnic anthropology. Anthropological composition of the peoples of the world at present and in the past.

Specific traits and the geography of residence of representatives of the Negroid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid race. Influence natural conditions to the appearance characteristic features human races. Urban development and the impact of urbanization on the state environment.

Paleontological evidence for the origin of man. The discovered remains and structural features of the skull and facial bones of Australopithecus, Neanderthal, Pithecanthropus, Cro-Magnon. The unity of the structure of the leading signs in people of different human races.

Section 1. "MY HOUSE"

Topic. "WHERE AND HOW WE LIVE". Lesson 4.

Target:To acquaint children with the concepts of "Distant countries", "Globe", "Climate", with the living conditions of people in distant countries.

Tasks: 1. Introduce children to the globe, map. 2. Form concepts about different conditions of human life in different parts planets. 3. Show the dependence of man on climatic conditions. 4. Observe how a person adapts to the conditions that surround him.

Lesson equipment : globe, map, textbook, pictures of human dwellings in different climatic zones.

Course progress

Checking homework

Stories on the topic "On what health depends" and "My home is an ecological system."

What provides comfortable life person in the house? (Light, heat, water, food).

A man is the master in his house, he is responsible for the order in it. What is house order?

These are all conditions of life that are formed and regulated by the person himself. A person must take care of himself and those around him.

Work on the topic of the lesson: "Where and how do we live?"

Answering the questions of the teacher, the children find out that there are territories with different climates on our planet. The most characteristic of them stand out: Far North, taiga, steppes and deserts, mountainous regions, tropics.

1. North. The dwelling is called CHUM. How is it built? Why is it comfortable? The dwelling of the northern peoples is adapted for nomadic life. The inhabitants of the North are mainly engaged in fishing and reindeer herding. Reindeer need new pastures and people often have to change their place of residence, roam. The dwelling is built quickly from poles (thin trees), they are covered with deer skins (see picture). Northern peoples eat meat and fish. It is warm in the plague, a fire burns there, and fish soup is prepared from tasty fish. If the northern peoples change their way of life, his housing changes. There is no building timber in the far north. In the cities built in the far North, almost everything is made of materials imported from other parts of the country.

Kovalenko N.D.

I live in the northern part of the planet

And to be honest, I don't regret it at all.

Snow and deer, and chum my dear,

A river with cold and clear water,

Frosts and blizzards surround me,

I can't live without them, they know it.

I do not need a hot and sunny south.

I love it when plagues, deer around.

2. Taiga.The dwelling is a log hut. People are engaged in hunting, harvesting mushrooms, berries, and logging. Houses are built solidly and for a long time. construction timber- PINE. It is warm in a wooden house, it is easy to breathe.

3. Steppes and deserts. Steppes occupy large areas. People also live there, they are engaged in cattle breeding. There the dwelling is called YURTA. This is temporary housing. The nomadic way of life is necessary in order to feed the cattle on the new pastures. A yurt is similar to a tent, but it is larger and different in shape.

4. Mountainous area. The mountains are inhabited by many peoples. They have adapted to live at the foot of the mountains and high in the mountains. People are building a dwelling and there is a lot of material there. This is a stone. Houses made of stone are very durable, they can stand for centuries. The house is warm in winter and cool in summer. Windows in such houses are small.

I am a mountaineer and proud of it,

That I wake up with the dawn

And I see: the clouds are floating below,

Good people live here.

Thank you mother earth

What life gives you and me

5. Tropics.In the tropical forest, eternal summer. But there is also a season of heavy rains, so people build houses on special logs, raise them higher from the ground so that rainwater does not flood the dwelling. In this part of the planet, houses are built from tropical plants. There is no need for thick pine logs, as in Siberia, where it is cold. Here it is warm and housing is needed more to escape the heat, the scorching sun. It is also comfortable to live in such a house, although it is built of tropical trees, huge leaves.

So a person has adapted to the area where he lives.

Question: Can residents of different parts of the world and natural areas change their homes? Why can't they?

Kovalenko N.D.

My home home! The planet is blue!

Live, dear, grief, troubles without knowing.

Earthlings - we are your own children,

You are the best thing in the world for us.

You gave birth to us, Mother Earth-Planet!

We are grateful to the mother for this!

Cosmic distances beckon,

Long-range flights, awards and medals.

Yes, but no matter how long they fly,

Native Land - Mom was remembered.

And we still flew to it,

They thought they were alive if they stood on the ground.

Space distance, don't wave

Oh people, look at the planet.

She's sweet and so pretty

And in people she has all the power!

O man, you are an earthly creature,

Turn on the "fifth" of your consciousness.

Keep your home - the blue planet.

The only one you won't find.

You think far ahead

Then the planet will not die.

Years will pass, you will become a grandfather,

You will be happy only with this.

Let life go on and not stand still

Everyone on the planet is not crowded.

And the point is that life should be

Planet - Mother lived!

Outcome.

Homework assignment.

Municipal state educational institution
Novosibirsk district of the Novosibirsk region -
Plotnikovskaya average comprehensive school № 111

Address: Russia, Novosibirsk region, Novosibirsk region, Plotnikovo village
Beregovaya st., 19

Natural sciences (geography)

Influence of climate on traditional dwellings of people in different parts of the world

Head: Lavrentyeva Svetlana Vladimirovna,
geography teacher

Content
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Theoretical part
1.1. Main climatic factors.. 5
1.2. Climatic zones..5
1.3. Design features climate-dependent dwellings..7
Chapter 2. Practical part
2.1. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the equatorial climatic
belt 8
2.2. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the subequatorial climatic
belt.. .. 9
2.3. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in a tropical climate
belt..10
2.4. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in a subtropical climate
belt 11
2.5. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in a temperate climate
belt.. ... 11
2.6. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the subarctic and arctic climatic zone 13
Conclusion 15
Sources of information 16

Once people lived
Without roofs over your head
The rocks were protected
And the forests are alive.
Flashing year after year
Century follows century,
depend on nature
The person does not want.
useful tools,
Created by your own work
People have become stronger
And now the house is built!
Anatoly Roshchin

Introduction

All over the world, people build houses to provide shelter and protection from the elements. For numerous peoples living in different parts of our planet, the concept of "bad weather" has a different meaning. Somewhere bad weather is heat and incessant rain, and somewhere frost and blizzard. People live everywhere: beyond the Arctic Circle, in the middle latitudes, high in the mountains, in the steppes and deserts. Natural conditions are different everywhere, but people adapt to live in different climatic conditions. And in order to live, you need to build a home.
As you know, the national houses of the peoples of the world are very diverse in form, layout and materials used for construction. And if the shape and layout of dwellings most often depend on national traditions, then the choice of building material is dictated by natural and climatic conditions, as well as the way of life of the people (settled or nomadic). When building dwellings, people use wood, stone, clay, herbs and shrubs, tree leaves, fabrics, animal skins, and even snow, silt and dung.
V Lately there has been a strong increase in interest in climate-integration issues in the construction of residential buildings. People need more and more housing. There was a problem of mass construction of dwellings in areas of new industrial and agricultural development. Therefore, interest in construction in deserts, in the North and in mountainous regions, interest in protecting dwellings from showers, dust, etc. is natural. The task of new construction determines the need to expand our knowledge in the field of architectural and construction climatology, to identify architecture. But in order to create something new, it is necessary to study the previously accumulated experience of nationalities in the construction of traditional houses.

The problematic issue of our study is: what explains the diversity of types of traditional dwellings of people living in different parts of the Earth?
Purpose: to prove the relationship between climate and the type of traditional dwellings of people in different corners Earth and create a visual aid for geography that demonstrates this relationship.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:
1. Study the material of a geography textbook about climate and its types.
2. Collect and analyze information from various sources about traditional dwellings of people in different parts of the world.
3. Determine whether the type of dwelling depends on the climate.
4. Select materials for making models of houses.
5. Construct models of houses from improvised materials and place them on the world map.
6. Analyze the results of the work and draw conclusions.

novelty and practical significance given research project is that we have created a manual for geography lessons, which can be used in primary and secondary schools to increase interest in studying the subject.
The object of our study is the traditional dwellings of people. The subject of the study is the relationship between climate and design features dwellings.

At the beginning of the study, we assumed that there is a close relationship between the type of climate and the type of traditional dwellings of people: the more severe the climate, the warmer and more durable a person's house should be.

The following methods were used in the research process:
Theoretical:
Selection and analysis of information from scientific sources about types of climate and traditional houses of people.
Comparison of types of dwellings.
Analysis of the received data.
Experimental:
Modeling of models of dwellings from various materials.
Photographing project results.

Chapter 1. Theoretical part.
Main climatic factors

From weather forecasts that are broadcast on television and radio, published in newspapers and the Internet, it is clear that the weather is different in different parts of the Earth.
Changes in air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation and moisture in the air, cloudiness occur in the lower part of the atmosphere. All these phenomena characterize the weather. Weather is the state of the lower layer of the atmosphere (troposphere) in a given place over a certain period of time.
The weather in the same place on Earth is constantly changing, but each area is characterized by a special weather regime, which is called climate.
Climate in each area globe has its own characteristics. In the equatorial part of the Earth every day there is hot weather with heavy rains. In the polar regions of the Earth all year round the weather is cold, so the snow on land almost does not melt there and turns into a glacier over time. In our (middle) latitudes, there is a change of seasons: the warmest season is always summer, and the coldest is winter.
The main characteristics of the climate are average temperatures, the average amount of precipitation per year and the mode of precipitation, as well as information about the prevailing winds.

Climatic zones
Due to the uneven distribution of solar heat and precipitation on the earth's surface, the Earth's climates are very diverse. The famous climatologist Boris Pavlovich Alisov identified 13 climatic zones on Earth, which differ from each other in temperature conditions and air masses (Fig. 1). Climatic zones are divided into basic and transitional. Transitional climatic zones are located between the main zones, their names contain the prefix "sub", which is translated from Latin means "under".

Climatic zones:

equatorial climatic zone - from year to year there is uniformly hot and humid weather;

subequatorial belts - the climate changes in two seasons: in summer it is similar to equatorial, and in winter - to tropical;

tropical zones - here all year round it is very heat and little precipitation;

subtropical zones - the climate changes in two seasons: hot summers and warm winters;

temperate zones - the seasons are pronounced here (winter, spring, summer and autumn), much colder than in the tropics and a significant annual amount of precipitation;

subarctic and subantarctic belts - two seasons are distinguished: moderate air prevails in summer, and arctic air prevails in winter;

arctic and antarctic belts - here with little rainfall, all year round low temperatures and strong winds.

Design features of dwellings, depending on climate

When building a house, first of all, the climate features of the area in which the house is being built are taken into account and, in accordance with this, the shape of the house and its layout are selected, Construction Materials, acceptable designs and necessary thermal protection. At the same time, such requirements for the house as warm, dry and comfortable remain decisive in most cases. Which of the physical and climatic factors, temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction, snow cover height and amount of precipitation, soil freezing depth, number of sunny and cloudy days per year, should be taken into account when building a cozy home?
In cold regions have long been built compact houses with thick heat-insulating walls and small windows, in warm and humid pavilions for the possibility of through ventilation, in dry desert areas with massive walls that made it possible to stabilize huge daily temperature fluctuations, and sometimes buried or underground.

Dependence on the outdoor temperature.
The most important factor influencing the choice of building material for the walls of the house is the outside temperature. V log cabin or in a house with massive walls on the frostiest day, a person does not feel the cold. Such houses are built in harsh climates where temperatures are low in winter.
If outside temperatures are high all year round, then the walls can be made of thin, lightweight materials. Or, on the contrary, to make dwellings in the recesses of the rocks, so that thick walls keep cool inside the dwelling.
Humidity dependence.
In addition to the outdoor temperature, it is also necessary to take into account the humidity in the construction area. Moisture has a huge impact, very often negative, on the thermal performance of fences. It is known that water conducts heat perfectly, and air, especially dry air, has thermal insulation qualities. Therefore, building materials with a large number of air-filled pores have good heat-shielding properties. However, if the pores are filled humid air or moisture penetrates into them, the thermal insulation ability of any material deteriorates. In addition, moisture dissolves chemical substances, which leads to the rapid destruction of materials. The walls become damp, the microclimate of the premises deteriorates sharply, a person gets cold and often catches a cold.

Wind dependent.
Considering the influence of climatic factors on the thermal protection of the house, one cannot fail to mention the wind, which brings a lot of trouble in the cold season. Indeed, at an air temperature of about -5 ° C and strong wind a person freezes in the same way as in a 25-degree frost. The wind contributes to the penetration of cold air into the room, more intensive air movement inside the house. Strong drafts, ventilating the heat from the rooms, lead to a decrease in the temperature of the indoor air and sharp increase heat loss in winter.

Part 2. Practical.

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the equatorial climate zone.

Equatorial Africa, Indonesia, Amazonia (South America). The sultry and humid equatorial climate implies protection from the sun, rain and poisonous insects.
We can say about these places: “Here, if it rains, then it rains, if a tree is so giant, if a butterfly is like a bird, and if a house is like that on stilts.” When the time of the Big Rains comes, the whole month pours like a bucket. Wherever you step, there is water everywhere. And in the houses it is dry, because the "stilts" raise them high above the ground. Can't get water. And it is difficult for snakes, insects and rodents to climb.
Houses here are built in the form of huts, tents and sheds, they are always raised above the ground.
Branches of low shrubs, bamboo, palm trees, and clay serve as building materials. Depending on the climatic zone, dwellings are covered with leaves of ficus, banana and other herbs. The connecting material is always clay, sand and camel dung.
I made models from dry grass, branches, sticks.

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the subequatorial climatic zone.

New Guinea. The Korowai tribe live in tree houses, some of which reach 40 meters in height, thus they avoid the attack of large predators, a variety of small pests. The house is light, made of straw and branches, because protection from the cold is not required, since it is hot all year round.

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the tropical climate zone.

Mexico, Sahara desert and southern Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Australia. The dwellings of people here should be protected from the scorching sun, sand storms.
Mexico. The Anasazi are a prehistoric Native American culture that existed in what is now the United States. The Anasazi are characterized by their own style of building dwellings: houses were built of clay or cut directly into the rock. Thick walls protected from the heat. Multi-storey dwellings with thick stone walls and small windows are typical of dry, hot climates.

Sahara Desert. The traditional dwelling for the Bedouins was tents made of felted camel or goat hair, painted black. Felij is the name of this tent. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as burning Samoum or Sirocco are not afraid of nomads who have taken refuge in tents.

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the subtropical climate zone.

Central America, Mediterranean, Central Asia, Japan; southern Africa, South America and Australia.
Minka (minka; literally "house of people") is a traditional Japanese house. The "skeleton" of the house and the roofs, walls and supports are made of wood.
In the manufacture external walls bamboo and clay were often used, and internal walls were not erected, but sliding partitions were used instead.
High roofs made it possible to do without a chimney and arrange extensive storage facilities, and also - first of all - protect the house from moisture, because the climate on the Japanese islands is humid.
Thanks to the design of the roof, snow or rain immediately rolled down without stopping, so the roof was “waterproof”, and the straw covering it almost did not rot.

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the temperate climate zone.

North of the USA, south of Canada, Europe, Asia. South of South America.

In Russia, people from time immemorial lived in chopped wooden houses- hut. Master carpenters cut the hut from spruce or pine logs and covered it with a roof made of planks. Log cabin with wooden walls has the properties of a natural air conditioner, providing air renewal twice a day. The thermal conductivity of wood is such that it keeps the house warm in winter and cool in summer. The corners of the house are tightly and securely connected in the castle and do not freeze through.

In Germany, the traditional dwelling was one-story or two-story frame house. Frame from wooden poles tied on top with crossbars, plastered and whitewashed. Such a building accommodates under one roof living rooms, cowshed and barn. Inside it is made in the form of a large hall with rooms located on the sides. Since the country is located in the temperate maritime zone, with a transition to a continental climate, various natural disasters are extremely rare here ( very coldy, heat, storms, and so on) and the frame house fully fulfills its protection functions.

The North American Indians, due to their nomadic lifestyle, needed their home to be easily moved from place to place. Therefore, they came up with a special design of poles with skins thrown over them. Such a building is called a tipi, it is sometimes mistakenly called a wigwam. "Tee-pee" ("for life" in the language of the Lakota Indians). Tipis covered with birch bark, later with skins, are typical of the temperate continental climate of the Great Plains.

According to the same principle, the ancient Mongols, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Yakuts and many other peoples built their housing - yurts, who even now have not forgotten how it is done. A yurt is a dwelling made of felt (specially dressed wool of domestic animals, such as sheep). The yurt protects from the steppe climate of strong winds and temperature extremes. Felt coverings keep the hearth warm in summer and keep it warm in winter.
The word "yurt" means, translated from Turkic, "home, homeland".

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the subarctic and arctic climatic zones.

North of Canada, Yakutia, Karelia, Magadan, Kamchatka and Murmansk regions, as well as the islands of the Arctic Ocean and its seas.
Due to the harsh climate, this region is one of the most difficult for people to live in. Approximately 40 northern indigenous peoples live here - Eskimos, Nenets, Pomors, Enets, Chukchi, Evenks, Yukaghirs, etc. For many centuries they have preserved the traditional way of life established by their ancestors.

The Chukchi live in distant Chukotka, which they call Chau-chu, which means "rich in deer." Yaranga is the home of the Chukchi. Instead of walls, this house has poles covered with deer skins. Inside deer skins fenced off square room. Here people sleep and eat. And behind the canopy they have pantries and a kitchen. A fire crackles in an iron stove, warming the yaranga.

Residents northern regions no caves or wood are available. They cut bricks for their dwellings from the most accessible material - snow. Such houses, which are called igloos, are still being built by northern peoples.
The igloo is built by Canadian Eskimos living in the Arctic Circle. It is made from large snow blocks. The furniture in the house is also made of snow. The building is given a domed character, due to which it retains heat in the room. Gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. An interesting fact is that when the air is heated, the internal surfaces of the walls of the igloo melt, but do not melt due to the fact that the snow quickly removes excess heat outside the house, and due to this, a comfortable temperature for a person is maintained in the room. Moreover, snow walls are able to absorb excess moisture, so the igloo is always dry.

We have placed all models of dwellings on the climate map of the world:

Conclusion

As a result of the study, we concluded that the type of traditional human dwellings depends on the climate, available natural materials, human skills and tools.
A person's dependence on weather and climate is direct, rigid and in many respects determining for his health, and economic activity, and life! Thus, the hypothesis that there is a close relationship between the type of climate and the type of traditional dwellings of people was confirmed.

So, if the climate is warm, without sudden changes in temperature, then the dwellings are quite simple, the walls are thin. The main thing in such conditions is to build walls and a roof that would protect from precipitation and heat. To build such houses, it is enough to be able to weave tree branches or dig holes.
If the climate is harsh, cold and windy, then people have to build warmer and more durable dwellings.

During research work models of dwellings were created: a house on stilts, a hut, a canopy, a tree house, a house in a rock, a felij, a hut, a German house, a tipi, a yurt and an igloo. It is planned to create more models of minka, yaranga and wigwam.
The material found during the study and the created models of dwellings will become a guide for geography lessons in the main school and lessons " The world" in primary school.
Knowledge of the main climatic factors and the characteristics of their influence on the quality of building materials allows people to build houses on their own, as well as make it warm, dry and comfortable.

Sources of information

Gerasimova T.P. Geography. Initial course. Grade 6: textbook for educational institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukov. – M.: Bustard, 2013. – 159 p.

Korinskaya V.A. Geography: Geography of continents and oceans. Grade 7: textbook / V.A. Korinskaya, I.V. Dushina, V.A. Shchenev. – M.: Bustard, 2014. – 335 p.

Dietrich A., G. Yurmin, R. Koshurnikova. Why. Encyclopedia for children. - M .: Pedagogy, 1987.

13PAGE\*MERGEFORMAT141615

Antarctic

tree house model

Tipia model is made of white interlining and wooden sticks

The igloo model is made of foam and paper.

The model of the yurt is made of a plastic frame and fabric.

The model of the felija, a Berber tent, is made of black interlining and cocktail tubes.

In winter and summer in the tundra and forest tundra

The model of the hut is made of branches and planks

The model of the German house is made of foam, paper and wooden sticks.

Stilt house model

Hut model

canopy model

Model of a house in the rock

The model is made of dry leaves, sticks and matches.

The model is made from polyurethane foam, painted with gouache.

Authors:

7th grade students

MOU SOSH with. Buturlinka

Olga Smyslova

Sergey Feduleev

Alesya Romanycheva

Research objectives and plan:

• Consider the features of human residential buildings in various climatic zones.

• Reveal the relationship of living conditions with climate and natural areas.

• Find similarities in the method and material of construction on different continents, but within the same belt.

• Find out if the way of life and traditional occupations of the population influence their type of dwelling.

• Make a conclusion: in the process of building your house, what does a person put in the first place: beauty, convenience or practicality?

What do we want to know?

• 1. What are houses built in different parts of the world?

• 2. How does climate determine the architecture of a building?

• 3. Do the way of life and traditional occupations of peoples affect the form, content, and appearance of a dwelling?

The climatic features of the construction site of the house have always had a significant impact on the types of housing.

Climatic zones of the Earth

Equatorial climate zone

The territory located within this belt is characterized by

the predominance of equatorial air masses and low atmospheric pressure; high air temperatures and high rainfall throughout the year.

Types of housing in the equatorial belt

Houses on stilts are common in the southeast. Asia, Oceania, some areas of Africa and South America. Such buildings

are reliable protection against floods. Light bamboo huts, covered with palm leaves, stand high above the ground, and the inhabitants are not afraid of either floods or predators.

Inhabitants of the equatorial forests

A humid and hot, stable climate, generously supplying man with everything necessary, has led to the emergence of peoples who are not inclined to long hard work. Some tribes of the rainforests do not know how to build dwellings, sculpt pots, till the soil

subequatorial belt

Inhabitants of the savannas and woodlands

Tropical climate zone

The territory within the tropical zone is characterized by high atmospheric pressure and the dominance of tropical air masses; in summer the air temperature is high, in winter it is cool. Rain is rare.

The area is sparse in vegetation.

Typical types of housing in the deserts of Asia

pueblo

In dry, treeless, as well as in foothill and mountainous areas, starting from the Neolithic, stone, adobe, mud-brick, adobe and combined dwellings developed. different types, existing today in Central, Central and Western Asia, in the Caucasus, in the South-East. Europe, in North Africa, in the south-west. North America, Mexico, Yucatan, Andean Highlands.

Quite often, such dwellings, closely interlocking with each other and even piled one on top of the other, form multi-tiered stone or adobe structures (for example, settlements of the type pueblo to the southwest North America).

Desert dwellings

Nomadic Bedouin Arabs in Saudi Arabia and now they contemptuously call the settled Arabs people of clay, and proudly call themselves people of wool - because they live in tents made of coarse fabric, which Bedouin women make from goat hair. This wool is good because the material from it almost does not absorb water, otherwise it would be impossible to load the tent on a camel after the rain - it is already quite heavy. In cold regions, tents usually have double walls, and the open side of the dwelling is hung with a special curtain.

Wet tropics and subtropics

Unlike the dry tropics, they are rich in forests.

In warm and humid zones - pavilion-type houses, for the possibility of through ventilation.

Traditional dwellings of the Australian Aborigines - windscreens, sheds, huts. In Oceania - frame-pillar with a high gable roof made of palm leaves.

temperate climate zone

This CP occupies vast areas of the Earth. Main features:

the predominance of temperate air and westerly winds; distinct seasons. Growing continental climate from west to east, cold winters and hot summers. Precipitation is plentiful but unevenly distributed.

Vegetable world diverse, with a predominance of coniferous and deciduous forests.

Typical housing types in the temperate zone

In regions with cold winters, compact houses were built with thick, insulated walls and small windows. Typical representative countries are Canada, Russia, Norway.

Since these latitudes are rich in forest, the main building material is wood.

Steppes and semi-deserts of the temperate zone

The steppes and semi-deserts of the arid zone of the temperate zone of Central Asia are characterized by the economic and cultural type of semi-nomadic and semi-sedentary pastoralists-farmers with portable, collapsible dwellings in the form of yurts of various types.

Arctic and Antarctic belt

The predominance of cold air masses, low air temperatures all year round, low rainfall.

The absence of almost any vegetation, except for mosses and lichens.

Arctic and Subarctic

An igloo is a house made of snow blocks, usually domed, which is built by the Eskimos of Canada and Greenland at winter camps.

Yarangi - traditional dwellings of the Eskimos, reindeer herders, which was also built from improvised material. The walls of the yarangas were often lined with turf, made of stones or boards.

As a conclusion:

The house is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Native dwelling gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, their culture and features of life are revealed to a large extent. Appearance dwellings, building materials and the method of construction depend on the environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people who create it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter how it looks, among all peoples it is considered the center around which the rest of the world is located.

Progress has come a long way, but many peoples continue to live and build traditional houses that are characteristic of their area.

A man always called his house - a fortress.

Conclusion:

1. Dwelling is one of essential elements material culture of each people.

2. The architecture of the peoples of the world always takes into account the natural and climatic conditions and the way of life of a person.

3. The dwelling must meet all the necessary requirements to ensure comfortable and safe living. When building his house, a person strives to ensure that it is for him first of all:

- practical, resisted and protected him from all natural adversities;

- convenient, so that life proceeds easily and usefully;

- and finally, beautiful, for the joy of the owner's eyes and beauty on Earth.

Sources of information:

• http:/ www.etnolog.ru/

• http://www.cultinfo.ru/

• http://images.geo/

• http://www.geoport.ru/