Maxim: the meaning of the name, character and fate. Maxim, the meaning of the name, character and fate for boys When and where was Gorky born
Born in Nizhny Novgorod. The son of the manager of the shipping company Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov and Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina. At the age of seven, he was left an orphan and lived with his grandfather, once a rich dyer, who had gone bankrupt by that time.
Alexei Peshkov had to earn his living from childhood, which prompted the writer to take on the pseudonym Gorky in the future. In early childhood he served as an errand boy in a shoe store, then as an apprentice draftsman. Unable to bear the humiliation, he ran away from home. He worked as a cook on the Volga steamer. At the age of 15, he came to Kazan with the intention of getting an education, but, having no material support, he could not fulfill his intention.
In Kazan, I learned about life in slums and rooming houses. Driven to despair, he made an unsuccessful suicide attempt. From Kazan he moved to Tsaritsyn, worked as a watchman on the railway. Then he returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where he became a scribe at the barrister M.A. Lapin, who did a lot for the young Peshkov.
Unable to stay in one place, he went on foot to the south of Russia, where he tried himself in the Caspian fisheries, and in the construction of a pier, and other works.
In 1892, Gorky's story "Makar Chudra" was first published. The following year, he returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where he met with the writer V.G. Korolenko, who took a great part in the fate of the beginning writer.
In 1898 A.M. Gorky was already a famous writer. His books sold in thousands of copies, and fame spread beyond the borders of Russia. Gorky is the author of numerous stories, the novels "Foma Gordeev", "Mother", "The Artamonov Case", etc., the plays "Enemies", "Petty Bourgeois", "At the Bottom", "Summer Residents", "Vassa Zheleznova", the epic novel " Life of Klim Samgin.
Since 1901, the writer began to openly express sympathy for the revolutionary movement, which caused a negative reaction from the government. Since that time, Gorky has been repeatedly arrested and persecuted. In 1906 he went abroad to Europe and America.
After the completion of the October Revolution of 1917, Gorky became the initiator of the creation and the first chairman of the Writers' Union of the USSR. He organizes the publishing house "World Literature", where many writers of that time got the opportunity to work, thereby escaping from hunger. He also has the merit of saving from arrest, the death of representatives of the intelligentsia. Often during these years, Gorky was the last hope of those persecuted by the new government.
In 1921, the writer's tuberculosis worsened, and he left for treatment in Germany and the Czech Republic. From 1924 he lived in Italy. In 1928, 1931, Gorky traveled around Russia, including visiting the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp. In 1932, Gorky was practically forced to return to Russia.
The last years of the life of a seriously ill writer were, on the one hand, full of boundless praise - even during the life of Gorky, his native city of Nizhny Novgorod was named after him - on the other, the writer lived in practical isolation under constant control.
Alexei Maksimovich was married many times. First time on Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina. From this marriage he had a daughter, Catherine, who died in infancy, and a son, Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov, an amateur artist. Gorky's son died unexpectedly in 1934, which gave rise to speculation about his violent death. The death of Gorky himself two years later also aroused similar suspicions.
The second time he was married in a civil marriage to the actress, revolutionary Maria Fedorovna Andreeva. In fact, the third wife in the last years of the writer's life was a woman with a stormy biography, Maria Ignatievna Budberg.
He died not far from Moscow in Gorki, in the same house where V.I. Lenin. The ashes are in the Kremlin wall on Red Square. The writer's brain was sent to the Moscow Brain Institute for study.
Real name and surname - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov.
Russian writer, publicist, public figure. Maxim Gorky was born March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod in a petty-bourgeois family. He lost his parents early, was brought up in the family of his grandfather. He graduated from two classes of a suburban elementary school in Kunavin (now Kanavino), a suburb of Nizhny Novgorod, but could not continue his education due to poverty (his grandfather's dyeing establishment went bankrupt). M. Gorky was forced to work from the age of ten. Possessing a unique memory, Gorky was intensely engaged in self-education all his life. In 1884 went to Kazan, where he participated in the work of underground populist circles; connection with the revolutionary movement largely determined his life and creative aspirations. In 1888-1889 and 1891-1892. wandered around the south of Russia; impressions from these "walks in Russia" subsequently became the most important source of plots and images for his work (primarily early).
The first publication is the story "Makar Chudra", published in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz" September 12, 1892. In 1893-1896. Gorky actively collaborated with the Volga newspapers, where he published many feuilletons and stories. The name of Gorky received all-Russian and all-European fame shortly after the release of his first collection, Essays and Stories (vols. 1-2, 1898 ), in which the sharpness and brightness in the transfer of life's realities were combined with neo-romantic pathos, with a passionate call for the transformation of man and the world ("Old Woman Izergil", "Konovalov", "Chelkash", "Malva", "On Rafts", "Song of Sokole, etc.). The symbol of the growing revolutionary movement in Russia was the "Song of the Petrel" ( 1901 ).
With the beginning of Gorky's work in 1900 in the publishing house "Knowledge" began his many years of literary and organizational activities. He expanded the publishing program, organized from 1904 the release of the famous collections "Knowledge", rallied around the publishing house the largest writers close to the realistic direction (I. Bunin, L. Andreev, A. Kuprin, etc.), and actually led this direction in its opposition to modernism.
At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. the first novels of M. Gorky "Foma Gordeev" were published (1899) and "Three" ( 1900) . In 1902 in the Moscow Art Theater, his first plays were staged - "Petty Bourgeois" and "At the Bottom". Together with the plays "Summer Residents" ( 1904 ), "Children of the Sun" ( 1905 ), "Barbarians" ( 1906 ) they identified a kind of Gorky type of Russian realistic theater of the early 20th century, based on acute social conflict and clearly expressed ideological characters. The play "At the Bottom" is still preserved in the repertoire of many theaters around the world.
Involved in active political activity at the beginning of the first Russian revolution, Gorky was forced to in January 1906 emigrate (returned at the end of 1913). The peak of the writer's conscious political engagement (social-democratic coloring) fell on 1906-1907 years, when the plays "Enemies" were published ( 1906 ), the novel "Mother" ( 1906-1907 ), publicistic collections "My Interviews" and "In America" (both 1906 ).
A new turn in Gorky's worldview and style was revealed in the stories "The Town of Okurov" ( 1909-1910 ) and "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin" ( 1910-1911 ), as well as in autobiographical prose 1910s.: stories "The Master" ( 1913 ), "Childhood" ( 1913-1914 ), "In people" ( 1916 ), a collection of short stories "In Russia" ( 1912-1917 ) and others: Gorky turned to the problem of the Russian national character. The same trends were reflected in the so-called. second dramatic cycle: plays "Eccentrics" ( 1910 ), "Vassa Zheleznova" (1st edition - 1910 ), "Old Man" (created in 1915, published in 1918 ) and etc.
During the revolutions 1917 Gorky sought to fight the anti-humanistic and anti-cultural arbitrariness, which the Bolsheviks staked on (a series of articles "Untimely Thoughts" in the newspaper "New Life"). After October 1917 on the one hand, he got involved in the cultural and social work of the new institutions, and on the other, he criticized the Bolshevik terror, tried to save representatives of the creative intelligentsia from arrests and executions (in some cases successfully). The intensified disagreements with the policies of V. Lenin led Gorky to October 1921 to emigration (formally it was presented as going abroad for treatment), which actually (with interruptions) continued before 1933.
First half of the 1920s marked by Gorky's search for new principles of artistic worldview. The book Notes from a Diary. Memories" ( 1924 ), in the center of which is the theme of the Russian national character and its contradictory complexity. Collection "Stories 1922-1924" ( 1925 ) is marked by an interest in the secrets of the human soul, a psychologically complicated type of hero, and a gravitation towards conventionally fantastic vision angles unusual for the former Gorky. In the 1920s Gorky began work on wide-ranging artistic canvases highlighting Russia's recent past: "My Universities" ( 1923 ), the novel "The Artamonov Case" ( 1925 ), epic novel "The Life of Klim Samgin" (parts 1-3, 1927-1931 ; unfinished 4 hours, 1937 ). Later, this panorama was supplemented by a cycle of plays: "Egor Bulychov and Others" ( 1932 ), "Dostigaev and others" ( 1933 ), "Vassa Zheleznova" (2nd edition, 1936 ).
Finally returning to the USSR in May 1933, Gorky took an active part in cultural construction, led the preparation of the 1st All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, participated in the creation of a number of institutes, publishing houses and magazines. His speeches and organizational efforts played a significant role in establishing the aesthetics of socialist realism. The journalism of these years characterizes Gorky as one of the ideologists of the Soviet system, indirectly and directly speaking with an apology for the Stalinist regime. At the same time, he repeatedly appealed to Stalin with petitions for the repressed figures of science, literature and art.
The peaks of M. Gorky's work include a cycle of memoir portraits of his contemporaries (L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, L.N. Andreev, etc.), created by him at different times.
June 18, 1936 Maxim Gorky died in Moscow, was buried in Red Square (the urn with the ashes was buried in the Kremlin wall).
If you ask: "What do you think about the work of Alexei Gorky?", then few people will be able to answer this question. And not because these people do not read, but because not everyone knows and remembers that this is the well-known writer Maxim Gorky. And if you decide to complicate the task even more, then ask about the works of Alexei Peshkov. Here, only a few will remember for sure that this is the real name of Alexei Gorky. It was not just a writer, but also an active one. As you already understood, we will talk about a truly popular writer - Maxim Gorky.
Childhood and youth
The years of life of Gorky (Peshkov) Alexei Maksimovich - 1868-1936. They fell on an important historical epoch. The biography of Alexei Gorky is rich in events, starting from his very childhood. The native city of the writer is Nizhny Novgorod. His father, who worked as a manager of a steamship company, died when the boy was only 3 years old. After the death of her husband, Alyosha's mother remarried. She passed away when he was 11 years old. The grandfather was engaged in the further education of little Alexei.
Being an 11-year-old boy, the future writer already "went among people" - he earned his own bread. Whoever he worked: he was a baker, worked as a delivery boy in a store, a dishwasher in a buffet. Unlike the stern grandfather, the grandmother was a kind and believing woman and an excellent storyteller. It was she who instilled in Maxim Gorky a love of reading.
In 1887, the writer will attempt to commit suicide, which he will associate with the difficult feelings caused by the news of his grandmother's death. Fortunately, he survived - the bullet did not hit the heart, but damaged the lungs, which caused problems with the respiratory system.
The life of the future writer was not easy, and he, unable to stand it, ran away from home. The boy wandered a lot around the country, saw the whole truth of life, but in an amazing way he was able to maintain faith in the ideal Man. He will describe his childhood years, life in his grandfather's house in "Childhood" - the first part of his autobiographical trilogy.
In 1884, Alexei Gorky tries to enter Kazan University, but because of his financial situation, he learns that this is impossible. During this period, the future writer begins to gravitate toward the romantic philosophy, according to which the ideal Man does not look like a real Man. Then he became acquainted with Marxist theory and became a supporter of new ideas.
The emergence of a pseudonym
In 1888, the writer was arrested for a short period of time for his connection with the Marxist circle of N. Fedoseev. In 1891, he decided to start traveling around Russia and eventually managed to reach the Caucasus. Alexei Maksimovich was constantly engaged in self-education, saving up and expanding his knowledge in various fields. He agreed to any job and carefully kept all his impressions, they later appeared in his very first stories. Subsequently, he called this period "My Universities".
In 1892, Gorky returned to his native places and took his first steps in the literary field as a writer in several provincial publications. For the first time his pseudonym "Gorky" appeared in the same year in the newspaper "Tiflis", in which his story "Makar Chudra" was published.
The pseudonym was not chosen by chance: he hinted at the "bitter" Russian life and that the writer would write only the truth, no matter how bitter it was. Maxim Gorky saw the life of the common people and, with his temperament, could not help but notice the injustice that was on the part of the rich estates.
Early creativity and success
Alexey Gorky was actively engaged in propaganda, for which he was under the constant control of the police. With the help of V. Korolenko in 1895, his story "Chelkash" was published in the largest Russian magazine. Following were printed "Old Woman Izergil", "The Song of the Falcon", They were not special from a literary point of view, but they successfully coincided with the new political views.
In 1898, his collection Essays and Stories was published, which was an extraordinary success, and Maxim Gorky received all-Russian recognition. Although his stories were not highly artistic, they depicted the life of the common people, starting from their very bottom, which brought Alexei Peshkov recognition as the only writer who writes about the lower class. At that time, he was no less popular than L. N. Tolstoy and A. P. Chekhov.
In the period from 1904 to 1907, the plays "Petty bourgeois", "At the Bottom", "Children of the Sun", "Summer Residents" were written. His earliest works did not have any social orientation, but the characters had their own types and a special attitude to life, which readers really liked.
revolutionary activity
The writer Alexei Gorky was an ardent supporter of Marxist social democracy and in 1901 wrote "The Song of the Petrel", which called for revolution. For open propaganda of revolutionary actions, he was arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod. In 1902, Gorky met Lenin, in the same year his election as a member of the Imperial Academy in the category of fine literature was canceled.
The writer was also an excellent organizer: from 1901 he was the head of the Znanie publishing house, which published the best writers of that period. He supported the revolutionary movement not only spiritually, but also materially. The writer's apartment was used as a headquarters for the revolutionaries before important events. Lenin even spoke at his apartment in St. Petersburg. After that, in 1905, Maxim Gorky, for fear of arrest, decided to leave Russia for a while.
Life abroad
Alexey Gorky went to Finland and from there - to Western Europe and the USA, where he raised funds for the struggle of the Bolsheviks. At the very beginning, he was met there friendly: the writer made acquaintance with Theodore Roosevelt and Mark Twain. In America, his famous novel "Mother" is published. However, later the Americans began to resent his political actions.
In the period from 1906 to 1907, Gorky lived on the island of Capri, from where he continued to support the Bolsheviks. At the same time, he creates a special theory of "god-building". The point was that moral and cultural values are much more important than political ones. This theory formed the basis of the novel "Confessions". Although Lenin rejected these beliefs, the writer continued to adhere to them.
Return to Russia
In 1913, Alexei Maksimovich returned to his homeland. During the First World War, he lost faith in the power of Man. In 1917, his relations with the revolutionaries worsened, he became disillusioned with the leaders of the revolution.
Gorky understands that all his attempts to save the intelligentsia do not meet with a response from the Bolsheviks. But later, in 1918, he recognizes his beliefs as erroneous and returns to the Bolsheviks. In 1921, despite a personal meeting with Lenin, he failed to save his friend, the poet Nikolai Gumilyov, from execution. After that, he leaves Bolshevik Russia.
Repeated emigration
In connection with the intensification of bouts of tuberculosis and according to Lenin, Alexei Maksimovich leaves Russia for Italy, in the city of Sorrento. There he completes his autobiographical trilogy. The author was in exile until 1928, but continues to maintain contacts with the Soviet Union.
He does not leave his writing activity, but writes already in accordance with new literary trends. Far from the Motherland, he wrote the novel "The Artamonov Case", stories. An extensive work "The Life of Klim Samgin" was begun, which the writer did not have time to finish. In connection with the death of Lenin, Gorky writes a book of memoirs about the leader.
Return to the Motherland and the last years of life
Alexei Gorky visited the Soviet Union several times, but did not stay there. In 1928, during a trip around the country, he was shown the "front" side of life. The delighted writer wrote essays about the Soviet Union.
In 1931, at the personal invitation of Stalin, he returned to the USSR forever. Alexey Maksimovich continues to write, but in his works he praises the image of Stalin and the entire leadership, without mentioning the numerous repressions. Of course, this state of affairs did not suit the writer, but at that time statements that contradicted the authorities were not tolerated.
In 1934, Gorky's son dies, and on June 18, 1936, Maxim Gorky dies under unclear circumstances. The entire leadership of the country saw off the national writer on his last journey. The urn with his ashes was buried in the Kremlin wall.
Features of the work of Maxim Gorky
His work is unique in that it was during the period of the collapse of capitalism that he was able to very clearly convey the state of society through the description of ordinary people. After all, no one before him described with such detail the life of the lower strata of society. It was this undisguised truth of the life of the working class that won him the love of the people.
His faith in man can be traced in his early works, he believed that a person can make a revolution with the help of his spiritual life. Maxim Gorky managed to combine the bitter truth with faith in moral values. And it was this combination that made his works special, the characters memorable, and made Gorky himself a writer of workers.
Aleksey Peshkov did not receive a real education, he only graduated from a vocational school.
In 1884, the young man came to Kazan with the intention of studying at the university, but did not enter.
In Kazan, Peshkov became acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
In 1902, the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature. However, the election was annulled by the government because the newly elected academician "was under police surveillance."
In 1901, Maxim Gorky became the head of the publishing house of the Znanie partnership and soon began to publish collections, where Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreev, Alexander Kuprin, Vikenty Veresaev, Alexander Serafimovich and others were published.
The pinnacle of his early work is the play "At the bottom". In 1902, it was staged at the Moscow Art Theater by Konstantin Stanislavsky. Stanislavsky, Vasily Kachalov, Ivan Moskvin, Olga Knipper-Chekhova played in the performances. In 1903, the Berlin Kleines Theater staged a performance of "The Lower Depths" with Richard Wallenthin as Satine. Gorky also created the plays Petty Bourgeois (1901), Summer Residents (1904), Children of the Sun, Barbarians (both 1905), Enemies (1906).
In 1905, he joined the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Party, Bolshevik wing) and met Vladimir Lenin. Gorky provided financial support for the revolution of 1905-1907.
The writer took an active part in the revolutionary events of 1905, was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, released under pressure from the world community.
In early 1906, Maxim Gorky arrived in America, fleeing the persecution of the Russian authorities, where he stayed until autumn. Pamphlets "My Interviews" and essays "In America" were written here.
Upon his return to Russia in 1906, Gorky wrote the novel Mother. In the same year, Gorky left Italy for the island of Capri, where he stayed until 1913.
Returning to St. Petersburg, he collaborated with the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda. During this period, the autobiographical novels "Childhood" (1913-1914), "In People" (1916) were published.
After the October Revolution of 1917, Gorky was actively engaged in social activities, participated in the creation of the World Literature publishing house. In 1921 he went abroad again. The writer lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin and Prague, and since 1924 - in Sorrento (Italy). In exile, Gorky repeatedly opposed the policy pursued by the Soviet authorities.
The writer was officially married to Ekaterina Peshkova, nee Volzhina (1876-1965). The couple had two children - son Maxim (1897-1934) and daughter Katya, who died in childhood.
Later, Gorky tied himself in a civil marriage with actress Maria Andreeva (1868-1953), and then Maria Brudberg (1892-1974).
The writer's granddaughter Daria Peshkova is an actress of the Vakhtangov Theatre.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
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