Recreational resources short message. Recreational resources

Recreational resources(from Lag. recreation- restoration) is a set of natural phenomena, as well as natural and man-made objects used by them for recreation, treatment, and tourism. Recreational resources include natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, water bodies, vegetation, wildlife); cultural and historical sights; the economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

This type of resource was singled out as an independent relatively recently, but it is already firmly rooted in the minds of people. Appearance various kinds recreation is due to the goals of their creation. For the purposes of rehabilitation, territories with unique healing properties such as a favorable climate, a special combination of terrain with vegetation, mineral springs, geothermal waters, sea and mountain air, etc.

For the purposes of recreation and tourism, including sports, such recreational resources are used as coasts and water areas of lakes, rivers, seas and oceans, mountainous areas, nature reserves and National parks, forest areas, historical sites, etc.

More familiar, in contrast to recreational resources, is the concept of "resort" (from it. whale - treatment and Oit- place, area) - recognized by the current legislation, mastered and used specially protected natural area, which has natural healing resources and the necessary conditions for their use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes (treatment, medical rehabilitation, disease prevention, health improvement), as well as the buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities.

The first resorts were given to man by nature. The well-known Roman baths were originally a creation of nature, and not a miracle of the architecture of Ancient Rome. The Italian thermal resorts of Monsummano, Montegrotto and Montecatini are interesting in that thermal clinics have been created here by nature - the hot water of the springs fills the numerous grottoes with steam. Today it is difficult to say where man-made terms first appeared. IN ancient Greece public bathing devices were an integral part of sports facilities. Baths in Bulgaria were built by the emperors Trajan, Septimius Severus, Maximilian, Justinian. In the Renaissance, the culture of treatment on the waters began to revive. So, on the map of Europe in the XV century. appeared one of the most famous resorts of our time - Karlovy Vary. Resorts on the Baltic Sea, the German resorts of Baden-Baden and Aachen, the Belgian Spa and others are now popular resorts soon became the meeting places of high society.

In Russia, the first resort appeared at the beginning of the 18th century, when, by decree of Peter I, the Marcial Waters resort was built (1719). In the same years, the German scientist X. Paulsen, at the behest of Peter I, founded the "Bader baths" on the Lipetsk salt waters, which soon gained popularity in Russia and became the basis of its second resort. The first official information about the mineral springs of the Caucasus is contained in the reports of Dr. G. Shober (1717), who was sent by the royal decree of Peter the Great to the region of the North Caucasus “to look for spring waters” (the Arab traveler Ibn Battuta in the middle of the 14th century wrote about a hot mineral spring on North Caucasus - in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Pyatigorsk).

The study of recreation and recreational activities is one of the youngest areas of modern science. In 1963-1975. A team of specialists from the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences (V. S. Preobrazhensky, Yu. A. Vedenin, I. V. Zorin, B. N. Likhanov, L. I. Mukhina, L. S. Filippovich, and others) prepared a monograph "Theoretical basis recreational geography". The ideas contained in it served as the basis for further research by the same team (“Geography of recreational systems of the USSR” (1980); “Territorial organization of recreation for the population of Moscow and the Moscow region” (1986); “Recreational resources of the USSR” (1990)) and received a response in domestic and foreign research. They are also reflected in the curricula of universities. In 1992, the Russian International Academy of Tourism published a new monograph “The Theory of Recrealogy and Recreational Geography” (V. S. Preobrazhensky, Yu. A. Vedenin, I. V. Zorin, V. A. Kvartalnov, V. M. Krivosheev, L. S. Filippovich). It summarized the results of many years of research and formulated the beginnings of recreationology as an interdisciplinary science: a set of emerging ideas and concepts about the recreational system was outlined; recreational needs as a generating factor;

recreational activities as a backbone factor; about models of the recreational system.

Recreation(from lat. recreation- recovery and logos- teaching, science) is a science that develops at the intersection of recreational geography, population geography and medical geography. The object of her research is the recreational system, which consists of interconnected natural and cultural complexes, engineering structures, service personnel and vacationers themselves (recreants).

In many countries, recreational services are a major sector of the economy.

The result of scientific and technological revolution and urbanization is that recently there has been a “recreational boom” all over the world, which manifests itself in the massive visitation of people to various parts of nature, resort areas, tourism and recreation areas. The need for people to restore the spiritual and physical strength, as well as meeting their needs in visiting territories with historical and architectural monuments - a sign of the rapid development of modern civilization, which is characterized by intensive human activity that requires periodic unloading.

Almost every country in the world has some kind of recreational resources. Countries in which successfully rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights, to the greatest extent attract people who want to restore the forces they spent in the process of creation. Recently, such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Greece, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, Egypt, Turkey, Thailand, etc. have been especially popular for recreation, tourism and treatment. Development international tourism brings many countries a considerable income, and for some it is the main part of the country's budget.

Natural recreational resources are territories that have the potential to be used for organizing various types of recreation. The territorial concentration of recreational resources contributes to the formation and development of recreational areas, determines the areas of specialization of these areas and the degree of their economic efficiency.

Recreation is located at the intersection of natural and socio-economic systems. When determining the effect of the development of recreation, it is necessary to take into account natural, environmental, social and economic factors. When recreation allows you to combine different directions of recreation and achieve several goals, it gives maximum effect(for example, a simultaneous combination of health-improving, medical and cultural and educational activities).

The possibilities and effectiveness of the use of recreational resources largely depend on natural conditions and the saturation of the territory of possible recreational use with valuable objects of natural and cultural heritage.

The following main factors affecting the involvement of recreational resources of a particular area in use can be distinguished:

1) climatic conditions;

2) availability of water areas, their quality and comfort for use;

3) the presence of mineral springs, therapeutic mud and other balneological resources;

forest scenery,

river and lake scenery,

Sea and mountain landscapes.

Cultural and historical recreational resources are the legacy of past years and eras community development. They are an important factor for organizing educational recreational trips.

Cultural and historical resources are not only an important prerequisite for the development of recreational activities, but also play an educational role.

Cultural and historical recreational resources are not included in the category of natural resources. But in modern society they are increasingly considered together with natural ones. Thus, the UN for Culture, Science and Education compiled a list of the world heritage of mankind, which combines natural and cultural heritage sites.

There are 15 cultural and natural world heritage sites in Russia (their list is given in Table 2 of the appendix),

In Russia, balneological resources and resorts in places where healing mineral springs come out have long been famous.

Balneological resources have:

North Caucasus (Mineralnye Vody, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Zhelsznovodsk);

Central Russia (Tula region, Tver region - Kashin, Krainka),

North - Republic of Karelia (Marcial waters),

Volga region,

Primorsky Krai.

Medicinal muds, especially peat and silt, are of great therapeutic value. They are found in the North Caucasus and Siberia, in their salty lakes and estuaries. The combination of mud baths with water baths (sea or mineral) gives a particularly great therapeutic effect.

As a result, the North Caucasus has the most significant natural recreational resources. Good prerequisites for the development of recreation also have the Central Region, Siberia (especially the vicinity of Baikal and the Altai Mountains), the Kaliningrad Region and some other territories of Russia.

natural conditions(geological features, relief, climate, natural zoning etc.) are not directly involved in production, but they also largely determine the territorial organization of people's lives and economic activities.

Natural conditions have the strongest influence on agriculture, the efficiency and specialization of which directly depend on soil fertility, climate, and the water regime of the territory.

Natural conditions also affect the lifestyle of people - the need for housing, clothing, diet.

As a result, it is natural conditions that often determine the socio-economic feasibility of building settlements, transport routes, industrial enterprises, and the development of mineral resources.

Geological conditions and relief areas significantly affect the nature of production activities and the resettlement of people.

Main elements geological structure The territories of Russia are platforms and plates, as well as the folded (geosynclinal) belts separating them.

Platforms and plates are stable areas of the earth's crust, the base of which is composed of solid crystalline rocks. In some places, the base comes to the surface of the earth in the form of shields, but, as a rule, it is covered by a cover consisting of loose sedimentary rocks.

On the territory of Russia there are the East European and Siberian platforms (the most ancient), connected by the Turan and West Siberian plates (younger in time of formation).

Between the platforms there are younger folded areas - geosynclinal belts:

Ural-Mongolian (Urals, Altai, Sayans, Kuznetsk Alatau, Transbaikalia);

Pacific (Verkhoyano-Kolyma, Primorsky, mountain systems, the mountains of Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk).

In these belts, mountain building continues, accompanied by increased seismicity and volcanism.

Geological conditions determine the presence of certain mineral natural resources. The platforms and slabs in the sedimentary rock masses contain mainly fuel resources. Mobile geosynclinal areas and shields, as well as platform bases, have deposits of ore minerals. Knowledge of the geological patterns of the distribution of mineral resources is the main prerequisite for the discovery of new deposits.

Today, from a geological point of view, only about 80% of the territory of Russia has been studied - relatively little compared to the global level and the degree of geological knowledge of many foreign countries.

The geological structure determines the dominant landforms of the territory. On the territory of Russia, internal plains and plateaus with heights up to 1000 m predominate - the Russian, West Siberian, and Central Siberian plateaus.

Mountain ranges are located in the southern and eastern parts of the country, the highest of which are the Caucasus (Mount Elbrus - 5642 m above sea level), the mountains of Kamchatka (Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano - 4750 m), Altai (Mount Belukha - 4499 m).

In general, the country's relief is assessed as favorable for economic activity. Large plains, occupying about 3/4 of the country's territory, favor the development of agriculture, shipping, and construction.

But the relief of Russia also has negative features. There are no significant mountain ranges in the north of the country, which makes it possible for cold arctic air to penetrate deep into the country. On the contrary, the mountainous regions in the south and east prevent warm air masses from penetrating deep into Russia.

Climatic conditions. Due to their significant size, Russia is quite diverse.

Most of the country's territory is dominated by a temperate continental and subarctic climate, and an arctic climate is common in the north. All of them are distinguished by very severe winters and relatively short summers, which causes a lack of heat, excessive moisture, and the spread of permafrost (which occupies more than half of the country's area). It is here (in the east of Yakutia) that the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is located.

More favorable conditions are in the Far East (regions of temperate maritime and monsoon climate near the coast Pacific Ocean) and especially in the west of the country, where in the European part of Russia a temperate temperate continental climate prevails, turning into a subtropical one in the very south. Winters in these types of climates are relatively mild, while summers are warm and long. Negative Traits- excessive moisture in the east, insufficient - in the west in the areas adjacent to the Caspian Sea.

In general, the country's climatic conditions are assessed as unfavorable for human life and economic activity, especially for crop production. The lack of heat in Russia reduces the productivity of cultivation cultivated plants compared with the world average by 3-5 times.

On a third of the country's area, the cultivation of cultivated plants in open field almost impossible. In general, about 95% of the area of Russia is a zone of risky farming.

Natural zonality in Russia is determined by the peculiarities of the climate and topography. The most common in the country are the zones of taiga, tundra and forest-tundra, including mountain taiga and tundra in areas with altitudinal zonality. These zones correspond to extremely infertile podzolic, permafrost-taiga and tundra soils. The center of the European part of the country, as well as the south of the Far East, is occupied by mixed and broad-leaved forests, under which relatively fertile sod-podzolic, gray forest and brown forest soils have formed.

Significant areas in the south of the European part, as well as in the south of Siberia, are occupied by steppes and forest-steppes with the most fertile chernozem soils. In the southeast of the European part of Russia there is an area of dry steppes and semi-deserts with open sands and other infertile soils. As a result, we can say that the soil conditions of the country are relatively favorable for the development of agriculture, since large areas are occupied by soil types with high natural fertility.

On the present stage in the world great value acquired recreational resources. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment and tourism. IN last years there is a “recreational explosion” on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature. This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution and the isolation of man from nature. The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights are the most popular. The development of recreational nature management and international tourism can bring a lot of income to these countries (Fig.). Among the natural and recreational objects, the most famous are: the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, Caribbean, Red Seas; Hawaiian, Maldives, Canary, Bahamas and other islands; therapeutic mud of the Crimea; mineral water Caucasus.

Rice. international tourism

The use of modern world recreational resources is characterized by significant territorial unevenness.

The World Tourism Organization distinguishes six main regions:
1. European (all European countries, countries former USSR+ Turkey,

Cyprus and Israel).
2. American (all countries of North and South America).
3. Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and South- 4. East Asia, Australia and Oceania).
5. Middle East (countries of Southwest Asia + Egypt and Libya).
African (all African countries except Egypt and Libya).
6. South Asian (countries of South Asia).

European countries are leading in terms of the number of World Heritage sites. About 1/5 of the world heritage sites are natural monuments. The unsettled socio-economic and political situation in some Asian countries, as well as the remoteness of some parts from Europe, reduces its attractiveness as a center of world tourism and recreation. Due to ongoing civil and political unrest travel companies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia. The vast majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Rice. Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

Recreational nature management is travel and excursions, hiking, relaxing on the beach, mountain climbing, sea and river cruises, visiting cultural and sporting events, recreation at tourist bases, fishing and hunting.

One of the types of recreational nature management is ecological tourism. Ecological tourism is divided into: seaside, mountain, river, sea, urban, scientific and educational. The objects are national and natural parks, individual landscapes, natural and natural-cultural attractions. Ecotourists travel to their own and neighboring countries, but their main flow is directed from Europe and North America to tropical countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Costa Rica, Ecuador). According to modern estimates, ecological tourism is the most rapidly developing part of the world's recreational nature management. Getting more widespread extreme tourism travel to the Arctic, Antarctica.

The greatest tourist and recreational activity is distinguished by people aged 30 to 50 years. At least 25% of all tourists are young people who developed countries they are financially well-off, have a good education and strive to satisfy their peculiar interests in the knowledge of nature. In the richest country of capital in the United States, more than 70% of families with an annual income of less than 2 thousand dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population 78.8% do not travel. IN developing countries foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the vast majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country. According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century, more than 2 billion people never left their village or city. The greatest interest in travel is shown by middle-income strata of the population: employees, youth, intellectuals, and entrepreneurs.
According to numerous surveys and questionnaires, the following factors influence the choice of turfima:

Advice from friends and acquaintances: 31.6%;
Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service set: 15.6%;
Terms and experience in the market: 14.8%;
Personal experience communication with this firm: 13.0%;
Expert advice: 11.3%;
Employee friendliness: 8.8%;
Travel firm ratings: 4.7%;
Advertising: 3.7%;
Mention of a travel company in directories: 3.4%;
Good office: 2.5%;
Convenient location: 2.5%;
Other indicators: 5.9%.

The tourism industry is a significant factor contributing to the more intensive economic development of those areas the globe which are located far from large industrial centers and have insignificant economic resources. In a number of states, tourism has become a large independent branch of the economy, occupying a leading position in the economy. This is largely due to the fact that the modern tourism industry provides a large amount of services consumed by tourists during their travel abroad.

Recreational resources(from lat. recreatio - restoration).

Recreational resources have acquired great importance in the world today. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment, tourism. These resources combine both natural objects and objects of anthropogenic origin, which include historical and architectural monuments (Peter Palace, French Versailles, Roman Colosseum, Athenian Acropolis, Pyramids of Egypt, The great Wall of China). But still, the basis of recreational resources is made up of natural elements: sea coasts, banks of rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, healing springs and mud.

In recent years, a “recreational explosion” has been observed on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature. This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, the isolation of man from nature.

Each country in the world has some kind of recreational resources, but the most tourists are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, Egypt. In these countries, rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions. The development of international tourism brings considerable income to many countries.

Recreational resources wikipedia
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At the present stage in the world, recreational resources have acquired great importance. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment and tourism. In recent years, a “recreational explosion” has been observed on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature.

This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution and the isolation of man from nature. The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights are the most popular.

international tourism

Cyprus and Israel).
3.

Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and Southeast Asia, 4. Australia and Oceania).

European countries are leading in terms of the number of World Heritage sites.

About 1/5 of the world heritage sites are natural monuments. The unsettled socio-economic and political situation in some Asian countries, as well as the remoteness of some parts from Europe, reduces its attractiveness as a center of world tourism and recreation. Due to ongoing civil and political unrest, travel companies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia.

The vast majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Rice. Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

extreme tourism

At least 25% of all tourists are young people who are financially well-off in developed countries, have a good education and strive to satisfy their unique interests in the knowledge of nature. In the richest country of capital in the United States, over 70% of families with an annual income of less than $2,000.

dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population 78.8% do not travel. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the vast majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country.

According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century more than 2 billion

Recreational areas and resorts

people never ventured outside their village or town. The greatest interest in travel is shown by middle-income strata of the population: employees, youth, intellectuals, and entrepreneurs.

Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service set: 15.6%;

Expert advice: 11.3%;

Advertising: 3.7%;
Good office: 2.5%;
Other indicators: 5.9%.

Related information:

VII. IN.

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World recreational resources

The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights are the most popular.

The development of recreational nature management and international tourism can bring a lot of income to these countries (Fig.). Among the natural and recreational objects, the most famous are: the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, Caribbean, Red Seas; Hawaiian, Maldives, Canary, Bahamas and other islands; therapeutic mud of the Crimea; mineral waters of the Caucasus.

international tourism

The use of modern world recreational resources is characterized by significant territorial unevenness.

The World Tourism Organization distinguishes six main regions:
1. European (all European countries, countries of the former USSR + Turkey,

Cyprus and Israel).
2. American (all countries of North and South America).
3. Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and South-4.

East Asia, Australia and Oceania).
5. Middle East (countries of Southwest Asia + Egypt and Libya).
African (all African countries except Egypt and Libya).
6. South Asian (countries of South Asia).

Due to ongoing civil and political unrest, travel companies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia. The vast majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

One of the types of recreational nature management is ecological tourism.

Ecological tourism is divided into: seaside, mountain, river, sea, urban, scientific and educational. The objects are national and natural parks, individual landscapes, natural and natural-cultural attractions.

Ecotourists travel to their own and neighboring countries, but their main flow is directed from Europe and North America to tropical countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Costa Rica, Ecuador). According to modern estimates, ecological tourism is the most rapidly developing part of the world's recreational nature management. Getting more widespread extreme tourism travel to the Arctic, Antarctica.

The greatest tourist and recreational activity is distinguished by people aged 30 to 50 years.

At least 25% of all tourists are young people who are financially well-off in developed countries, have a good education and strive to satisfy their unique interests in the knowledge of nature.

The main recreational areas of the world

In the richest country of capital in the United States, more than 70% of families with an annual income of less than 2 thousand dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population 78.8% do not travel. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the vast majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country.

According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century, more than 2 billion people never left their village or city.

The greatest interest in travel is shown by middle-income strata of the population: employees, youth, intellectuals, and entrepreneurs.
According to numerous surveys and questionnaires, the following factors influence the choice of turfima:

Advice from friends and acquaintances: 31.6%;
Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service set: 15.6%;
Terms and experience in the market: 14.8%;
Personal experience with this firm: 13.0%;
Expert advice: 11.3%;
Employee friendliness: 8.8%;
Travel firm ratings: 4.7%;
Advertising: 3.7%;
Mention of a travel company in directories: 3.4%;
Good office: 2.5%;
Convenient location: 2.5%;
Other indicators: 5.9%.

The tourism industry is a significant factor contributing to the more intensive economic development of those areas of the globe that are located far from large industrial centers and have little economic resources.

In a number of states, tourism has become a large independent branch of the economy, occupying a leading position in the economy. This is largely due to the fact that the modern tourism industry provides a large amount of services consumed by tourists during their travel abroad.

Related information:

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VII.3. Land resources of the world and their use
A) for full-time students. Topic 2. Financial resources of the corporation
Bibliographic links to electronic resources
Library and Information Resources
Biological resources of the oceans
In general, it should be noted that over the past 15 years, the world has seen a fairly clear trend towards a decrease in the growth rate of demand for primary energy resources.
IN) software and Internet resources

The phenomenon of political power. Subjects, objects, resources, sources, forms of power. Types of legitimacy of power. The theory of separation of powers.

Process owner, inputs, outputs, process resources
Power as an attitude and process: genesis, essence, sources, resources

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Back to Recreational Resources

Recreational resources are divided into natural-recreational and cultural-historical.

Natural and recreational include sea and lake coasts, mountainous areas, territories with a comfortable temperature regime, they are used for such types of tourism: beach (Cote d'Azur of France, Italian Riviera, Golden Sands of Bulgaria, islands of the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, Oceania), winter ( Alps, Scandinavian mountains, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Cordillera), ecological (visiting national parks and undeveloped territories).

Resources of the World Ocean. Since the second half of the XX century. Considerable attention is paid to the development of the resources of the World Ocean. The ocean is rich in biological, mineral and energy resources. IN sea water more than 70 dissolved chemical elements, for which it is called "liquid ore". Using the latest technology, some of them are already withdrawn from the water, in particular bromine, iodine, magnesium, table salt, etc.

The biological resources of the oceans are marine organisms that humans use.

There are 180 thousand animal species and 20 thousand species in the Ocean.

Tourist zoning of the world: geocultural approach

plant species. Economic importance have fish, marine invertebrates (oysters, crabs), marine mammals (whales, walruses, seals) and seaweeds. So far, they provide the food needs of mankind by only 2%. The shelf zone is the most productive.

The mineral resources of the World Ocean are very diverse. Now on the shelf of the ocean oil, natural gas, coal, iron ores, diamonds, gold, amber, etc. The development of the ocean bed began. Large reserves of iron-manganese raw materials have been found here, significantly exceeding its reserves on land. In addition to the main components, ocean deposits contain more than 20 useful elements: nickel, cobalt, copper, titanium, molybdenum, etc.

The USA, Japan, Germany and other countries have already developed technologies for the extraction of iron-manganese ores from the ocean floor.

The energy resources of the oceans are inexhaustible and diverse. Tidal energy is already being used in France, CILLA, Russia, Japan. A significant reserve is the energy of waves, sea currents, water temperature differences.

Nowadays there is a problem economical use riches of the World Ocean, protection of its resources. The world community is especially concerned about the oil pollution of the ocean.

After all, only 1 g of oil is enough to destroy life in 1 m3 of water. To preserve the nature of the World Ocean, international agreements are being concluded on the protection of waters from pollution, rules for the use of biological resources, and a ban on testing weapons of mass destruction in the Ocean.

Great hopes are placed on the use of truly inexhaustible resources in the future: the energy of the Sun, wind, the internal heat of the Earth, space.

recreation
Air pollution
Soil pollution
Water pollution
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Environment protection
Environmental objects

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Approaches to the tourist and recreational zoning of the world. Borders of macroregions and tourist and recreational zones of the world.

The concept of tourist and recreational zoning.

Approaches to tourist and recreational zoning: according to the degree of favorableness for a particular type of activity, according to the degree of development of resources, according to the degree of development of tourist infrastructure. Territorial approach to tourist and recreational zoning. Macro-regions of the world: European, Asian, American, African, Australia and Oceania. Borders of macro-regions and tourist-recreational zones.

Tourist and recreational zoning- this is the division of the territory into certain zones (areas) according to the principle of homogeneity of features and the nature of tourist and recreational use.

In the tourism literature, there are different approaches to tourist and recreational zoning.

For example, by degree of development of the territory (developed, medium developed, underdeveloped), depending on concentration in a certain area of a particular type of tourism (regions of seaside tourism, lake, river, sports, etc.)

In world tourism statistics, the most commonly used territorial approach on the basis of which it is customary to distinguish five large tourist macro-regions: 1) Europe; 2) Asia; 3) Africa; 4) America; 5) Australia and Oceania.

TO European macro-region include the countries of Western, Northern, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel, Cyprus, Turkey).

TO Asian macro-region include the countries of West and Southwest Asia (including Egypt and Libya), East, South (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia.

IN African macro-region includes the states of the African continent, with the exception of Egypt and Libya.

American macro-region- these are the countries of North, South and Central America, island states and territories of the Caribbean.

TO Australia and Oceania includes the country of Australia and all groups of Pacific islands (Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia).

Most detailed counts territorial approach to tourist and recreational zoning proposed Dmitrievsky Yu.D. .

The hierarchy of tourist areas, in his opinion, should include, in addition to macro-regions, zones and districts (as in the generally accepted zoning), also smaller elements such as macro-district, meso-district, micro-district. In this regard, he identifies ten tourist macro-regions of the world (Foreign Europe, Russia, Western and Central Asia, South and East Asia, Australia and Oceania, Muslim North Africa, Central and South Africa, North America, Mesoamerica (Mexico, Central America, Caribbean America (West Indies)), South America), which are also divided into zones, districts, macro-districts, meso-districts and microdistricts.

Tourist and recreational potential and geography of tourist centers of the North European tourist and recreational zone.

Geographical position: location on the mainland and in the macro-region, countries included in the composition, access to the oceans and seas.

Climatic features, types of climates. Favorable time to visit.

The concept of tourist and recreational potential. Tourist and recreational potential of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland. Geography of the centers of educational, ecological, ethnographic, extreme, sports, lake, children's, entertainment tourism.

The tourist and recreational potential of the territory is all the opportunities necessary for the formation and development of tourist and recreational activities within a certain area.

Opportunities in this case are understood as natural conditions and objects, historical and cultural sights and ethno-cultural features.

Northern Europe

Northern Europe is distinguished by natural attractiveness, and special kind: the natural environment of the northern European countries is very peculiar, although, by ordinary standards, it is very harsh; it (environment), compared with other regions of Europe, to a greater extent retained its virgin, pristine character (although, of course, not everywhere).

The ever-increasing tourist demand for visiting the northern countries has led to the fact that they "began to build modern accommodation facilities for tourists - hotels, boarding houses, motels, campsites, bungalows, fishermen's houses, sportsmen's houses, etc.

means of transport and roads are being modernized. Sea cruises are organized to the regions of the Arctic Circle with dog sledding, hunting for birds and animals. Arctic safaris are also organized in Greenland with hunting for polar animals, including polar bears.”

The Nordic countries as a whole are more of a supplier of tourists, but still constantly strive to increase the influx of tourists to their tourist area.

At the same time, it should be taken into account that many tourists coming to Northern Europe visit several countries at once, partly because the number of objects of historical and cultural educational tourism in most of them is quite limited.

Basically, these countries specialize in "GREEN TOURISM" (travel to clean, untouched corners of nature without harming it). Green tourism includes such areas as rural tourism, eco-tourism, agritourism.

NORWAY

Tours to Norway are an excellent choice for connoisseurs of the charm of northern nature.

In fact, it is not as cold there as it seems to an uninitiated tourist, even in winter the temperature on the coast does not fall below -5 ° C.

Recreational resources

The mild climate of Norway provides Gulfstream.

You can go to Norway with children at any time of the year, but such a trip will be especially pleasant in July or August.

budget holidays in Norway hard to name, but the deal is always worth the money - in this country, the quality of goods and services one hundred percent justifies their cost.

Norway's main tourist attraction - the famous fjords- These are narrow sea bays formed during the ice ages.

The fjords are resources for active, extreme, ecological species tourism.

Respectable tourists admire them from the ship, adventurers conquer seemingly impregnable rocks on foot and by bike, and fearless base jumpers jump down from steep cliffs.

The best fjords are the picturesque Geirangerfjord, the long Sognefjord and the most spectacular Lysefjord.

Historical-cultural and historical-architectural tourism developed in cities such as OSLO, BERGEN, TRONDHEIM.

OSLO (“after God”) is one of the smallest and cleanest capitals in Europe (500,000 sq.

pers.). The city center is an interweaving of old and new architecture with an abundance of museums and monuments.

Sights: the old quarters of the city, the building of the national theater, the Norwegian Maritime Museum, the Norwegian Folk Museum.

BERGEN is a very picturesque place in Norway, and there are much more attractions here than in the capital.

Once in Bergen, you will not miss its main attraction in any way. Bryggen, the historic Hanseatic Promenade, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, flaunts in full view of the harbor.

The very first houses in the city were built here.

TRONDHEIM is a vibrant university city and technology capital of Norway. Thanks to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), as well as numerous research centers, Trondheim is rightfully considered a city of innovation, science and business.

Centers ski and ski tourism those around Lillehammer are counted.

This is Gausdal, Skei-Gesdal.

A well-known landmark of Norway is also considered arch. Svalbard. Half of the arch. Make up nature reserves unique species polar animals. This region is famous for the largest PRICH BAZARS.

More than 8.5 million people live in Sweden. The capital city of Stockholm has more than 1.5 million people.

Sweden attracts tourists with its strict nature: sea beaches, numerous lakes (Venern, Vättern).

Natural water bodies are complemented by artificial channels, among which are the Goethe Canal (500 km), connecting Stockholm and the second largest city of Gothenburg.

As it should be in Scandinavia, tourist Sweden does not flaunt its dignity. But there are a lot of them: for example, the mountains there are higher than in neighboring Finland, and offer more varied skiing. In addition, Sweden guarantees snow cover on the slopes of ski resorts. November to April, as well as the excellent equipment of the slopes, a well-thought-out system of lifts, many services and entertainments for the smallest tourists - it is not for nothing that Sweden is called behind the eyes "children's kingdom" However, if you want to be satisfied with your vacation in Sweden, make sure you are ready to spend - the country cannot be classified as cheap.

Moderate, transitional from maritime to continental.

In winter, the air temperature in most of the country does not fall below -16 ° C, only in the north frosts below -22 ° C are not uncommon, in summer it is rarely warmer than +22 ° C (and in mountainous areas +17 ° C). Humid maritime air masses from the North Atlantic and the Baltic Sea often bring quite changeable weather with precipitation and winds, especially in the off-season.

The main city of Sweden, STOCKHOLM (“well preserved”): in this capital on 14 islands there really is something to see in terms of museums, architecture and other “excursions”.

Among other things, Sweden is "Carlson who lives on the roof" and award ceremonies Nobel Prizes. The main principle of the inhabitants of Sweden: good quality in everything and maximum comfort for a person - both at work and at leisure. And last but not least, Sweden is famous for its cuisine - simple, hearty and so similar to Russian.

Large cities - Gothenburg, Malmö.

Ski resorts in Sweden:

§ Idre

§ Salen

§ and Are

The main beauties of Sweden have natural origin: the harsh tundra of Lapland, the islands of the Gulf of Bothnia, the green hills of the west, the rocks of Norrbotten, the most beautiful lakes.

Cultural attractions are mostly located in large cities: Malmö, Gothenburg and Stockholm.

Among other things, the magnificent castles of Sweden deserve the closest attention.

City tours (bus and walking) are usually included in most group tours. Royal Palace, Museum of the ancient ship Vasa, Museum of fairy tales Astrid Lindgren Junibacken. Open Air Museum Scansen.

Sweden occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the quality of water treatment.

Tap water in Sweden is safe to drink without boiling it first. Therefore, do not be surprised if they are served tap water in a bar or restaurant.

FINLAND

The country is located in the east of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Population 5.5 million people The country also includes the Aland Islands, 6.5 thousand islands off the southwestern coast of the country.

Types of tourism: in winter ski tourism(in the city of

Jyväskylä has 2 ski centers: for children skiing and with difficult slopes), in summer you can swim 100 meters from the Arctic Circle (Lake Saimaa is the largest in the country), fishing on the Finnish lakes and the Aland Islands, historical and cultural tourism in the cities of Helsinki, Turku, Tampere.

Helsinki - the capital, located on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia, is famous for fresh air and wonderful landscapes.

Sea Life Scandinavian Marine Center with 28 large aquariums. There are over 60 churches in the city. The most interesting architectural structure is the church carved into the rock "Church in the Rock" or "Snow Church" (organ concerts are often held). The East of Finland is endless hills, lakes, primeval forests, where original Karelian peoples live.

This is the area ecotourism and active recreation.

Lapland is one of the most exotic and popular places in Finland. The capital, Rovaniemi, is the home of Santa Claus.

The country is located on the Jutland Peninsula and the Danish archipelago in the Baltic Sea. Denmark is the birthplace of H.H. Andersen.

CLIMATE Moderate maritime, rather mild climate without sharp temperature fluctuations and with relatively uniform precipitation throughout the year. Air temperature in January is 0..-7°C.

Summer is cool average temperature July +15..+16°C. best time to visit the country July August when it is warmest and there is relatively little rainfall.

The capital city of Copenhagen, home to the most oldest, large and popular amusement park in — Tivoli. By the way, it is also considered the oldest amusement park in the world.

In Copenhagen: Guinness World Records Museum, Believe It or Not Museum of Jokes and Pranks.

Large cities are also Orhuns, Odense.

In Odense: the house where the famous storyteller G.

H. Andersen, park. Andersen, open-air museum "Funian Village".

ICELAND

The country is located on the island of Iceland. Population 281 thousand people. The capital is Reykjavik.

Business card countries - dozens of active (Hekla) and dormant volcanoes, numerous geysers, waterfalls.

Therefore, the most common type of tourism is natural cognitive.

Near Reykjavik is the extinct volcano Esja - this perfect place for trekking(sports hikes on the crater of the volcano, descents from steep slopes)

Iceland is a country sport fishing(fishing for trout, salmon) and extreme tourism(rock climbing, horse riding, diving).

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Research hypothesis

Conservation of recreational resources and their rational use will be if:

Each person is aware of the importance of recreational resources;

- each person will understand the structure of recreational resources and the biological almost that the conditionality of the restoration of recreational resources;

Each person will understand how and where recreational resources can be used.

Verification of the proposed hypothesis required a solution the following tasks:

Analysis of the role of recreational resources for human health;

Identification of types of recreational resources and their placement on the territory of Russia;

- identification of the most effective ways to preserve the recreational resources of Russia and their rational use.

Research methods. To solve the tasks set, a set of methods was chosen: analysis of theoretical literature, analysis of the correctness of the placement of recreational resources, analysis of the ecological state of objects, analysis of potential ecological use.

Chapter 1. What are recreational resources and their types

1.1. Natural recreational resources

Recreational resources- components of the natural environment and phenomena of a socio-cultural nature that can be used to organize recreational activities. Classifying recreational resources, some authors distinguish them according to their origin into two main types: natural recreational resources and socio-cultural resources (cultural-historical recreational resources). Other authors subdivide recreational resources according to the nature of use. Baransky N.N. identifies four main types:

Recreational and medical (for example, treatment with mineral waters);

Recreational and health-improving (for example, bathing and beach areas);

Recreational and sports (for example, ski resorts);

Recreational and educational (for example, historical monuments).

Natural recreational resources are a complex of physical, biological and energy-informational elements and forces of nature that are used in the process of restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, his ability to work and health. Almost all natural resources have recreational and tourist potential, but the degree of its use is different and depends on the recreational demand and specialization of the region.

According to the economy nature management classifications based on the dual character concepts" natural resources", reflecting them natural origin, on the one hand, and economic importance, on the other, natural recreational resources can be grouped by:

origin;

types of recreational use;

exhaustion rates (fast exhaustible, slowly exhaustible, inexhaustible);

possibilities of self-healing and cultivation (renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable);

opportunities for economic replenishment (replaceable, irreplaceable);

the possibility of replacing one resource with another.

In recent years, there has been increasing attention to natural resources in terms of their use for active recreation of the population and health-improving, preventive and medical measures. The transition of the country to market relations raised the issues of exploitation of resort areas in a new way, as well as the development of the capabilities of the components of the natural environment directly for medical purposes.

There are areas in Russia where recreational activity is the defining industry in the structure of their social reproduction. It includes a network of recreational enterprises and organizations.

Characteristics of recreational resources in the main landscape and climatic zones allows us to evaluate these zones in comparison (by the richness of these resources), which helps to identify the most effective directions for the development of the resort network of our country

About a third of the territory of Russia is occupied by the taiga zone. All of it is potentially favorable for active climatotherapy. At the same time, the presence of blood-sucking insects has a negative effect, causing great concern to people and animals and creating uncomfortable conditions for treatment and outdoor recreation. A serious problem is also the epidemiological situation in certain years. The greatest wealth in terms of recreational resources are zones of mixed forests and forest-steppe. It was here that the most favorable conditions for existence and life activity for the population of Russia were formed and preserved, which may represent an ecological optimum for the development of civilization in Eastern Europe and part of the Siberian Territory. It was here that a unique Russian culture was formed in its expanded understanding, taking into account its future sustainable development. In this regard, the recreational conditions of this special zone are most favorable for conscious work in recreation, which can always be nearby and will not be replaced by short-term and annoying, albeit exotic-educational resorts.

As for the recreational resources of the semi-desert and desert zones, their landscape conditions are not very favorable for the development of resort construction, with the exception of individual oases. The Mediterranean zone, which includes wet and dry subtropics, is very favorable for accommodating health resorts. However, the collapse of the USSR significantly reduced the recreational opportunities in Russia in this regard. Of the mountainous regions, the Caucasus is of the greatest interest. The Altai Territory and a number of eastern mountainous regions are promising.

1.2. Cultural and historical recreational resources

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources located in cities and villages and in inter-settlement territories and representing the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for the organization of cultural and cognitive types of recreational activities, on this basis they optimize recreational activities in general, performing quite serious educational functions.

The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the direction of excursion routes.

Cultural and historical objects are divided into material and spiritual. The material ones cover the totality of the means of production and other material values of society at each historical stage of its development, while the spiritual ones cover the totality of society's achievements in education, science, art, literature, in the organization of state and social life, in work and life. In fact, not all the legacy of the past refers to cultural and historical recreational resources. It is customary to rank among them only those cultural and historical objects that have been researched and evaluated by scientific methods as being of public importance and can be used with existing technical and material capabilities to meet the recreational needs of a certain number of people for a certain time.

Among the cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are most attractive and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of cognitive and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 main types: history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art, documentary monuments. Thus, buildings, structures, memorable places and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, the development of society and the state can be classified as historical monuments.

Monuments of archeology are settlements, burial mounds, the remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, sections of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

The following objects are most characteristic of urban planning and architectural monuments: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remnants of ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements; buildings of civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, fine, decorative, applied, landscape gardening art, natural landscapes.

Monuments of art include works of monumental, fine, decorative, applied and other types of art.

Documentary monuments are acts of organs state power and government bodies, other written and graphic documents, film and photo documents and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, folklore and music recordings, rare printed publications.

The cultural and historical premises of the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original industrial enterprises, agriculture, transport, scientific institutions, higher educational institutions, theaters, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, oceanariums , ethnographic and folklore sights, handicrafts, as well as preserved folk customs, festive rituals, etc. All objects used in educational and cultural recreation are divided into two groups - immovable and movable.

The first group consists of monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those

art pieces that form an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.

The second group includes art monuments, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources of this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated. Geographical distribution of World Cultural Heritage sites - table No. 1 in the Appendix )

Recreational resources are characterized by socio-cultural spatial and temporal relativity. Depending on the initial point of view and the time of evaluation, the same object can be evaluated differently.

In general, recreational resources are characterized by contrast with the habitual human environment and a combination of various natural and cultural environments. Almost any place that meets the following two criteria is recognized as a recreational resource:

1) the place is different from the usual human environment;

2) is represented by a combination of two or more naturally different environments.

Statistically the most attractive are the edge zones, the junction of various environments (water - land, forest - glade, hill - plain, etc.). The most attractive are combinations of several contrasting environments: mountains + sea + diverse cultural environment. This creates the most highly rated recreational areas, such as California or the Mediterranean. resources Russia (6)Abstract >> Geography

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