Since recreational resources are distributed extremely unevenly on the planet, all large quantity people goes on a journey with recreational goals and motives. These recreational trips (medical, health-improving, educational, sports) have become the basis for the development of recreational tourism. Recreational aspects are always present in business tourism (business tourism, congress tourism, shopping tourism).

The implementation of the tourism business in market conditions can be carried out in the presence of four main components: capital, technology, personnel, recreational resources. This means that, having insufficient capital, to acquire personnel, technology and engage in tourism. To do this, you need to choose a place where there are recreational resources, and if there is no such place, then create it. This is one of the specific features of the tourism business in the market. Since the fourth component - recreational resources - is the cheapest, in general, this determines the high profitability of the tourism business. If tourism is associated with the creation of a tourist resource, then the cost tourism product increases sharply.

Knights Costume Festival, USA

Recreational resources are understood as a set of natural and artificially created objects suitable for creating a tourist product. As a rule, recreational resources determine the formation of the tourism business in a particular region. These resources have the following main properties: attractiveness (attractiveness), climatic conditions, accessibility, degree of study, excursion significance, socio-demographic characteristics, potential reserve, method of use, etc., these resources are used for health, tourism, sports and educational purposes.

Recreational resources can be conditionally divided into natural and socio-economic (socio-cultural).

Natural tourism resources are classified:

§ by belonging to certain components of the natural environment (climatic, water, forest, etc.).

§ on functional purpose(health, educational).

§ by exhaustibility (exhaustible: objects of hunting, fishing and inexhaustible: sun, sea water).

§ by renewability (renewable: plants, animals and non-renewable: therapeutic mud, cultural monuments).

Socio-economic resources include:

§ cultural and historical objects (monuments and memorable places, museums, architectural ensembles).

§ cultural and historical phenomena (ethnographic, religious).

§ economic (financial, infrastructural, labor).

Despite its social and humane role, tourism modifies the environment. Reducing the damage of the tourism industry to the environment is regulated at the state and international levels through environmental education, tax regulation, limiting the tourist and recreational load on natural resources, etc.

Thus, recreational resources are considered as one of the factors in the development of tourism and the basis for planning the production of a tourism product.

The structure of recreation.

An analysis of the scientific and specialized literature of the 1970s and 1980s shows that most publications on recreational geography deal only with issues related to tourism, and not with recreation in general. Thus, in the domestic literature, there is a strong idea that recreation and tourism are close concepts, in most publications they are identical, but to be precise, recreation includes tourism, excursions and recreation without moving from the usual environment of existence. Thus, tourism is the most important component of recreation. All terms that include the word "recreational" are focused primarily on issues related to tourism or recreation in general. One of the most well-developed concepts that even entered the school curriculum in the 80s is "recreational resources".

A different understanding of the word "recreation" abroad, which began to be actively introduced into the Russian language. In English tourism literature, recreation is understood as a set of phenomena and processes associated with the restoration of strength in the process of rest and treatment. Therefore, the English-language "Recreation and Tourism" should be taken more as "Recreation and Tourism". However, in modern tourism literature, the expression "Recreation and tourism" is constantly encountered, which is nonsense for the Russian language, since tourism is an integral part of recreation. Moreover, they began to single out "recreational tourism", which in the traditional sense of these terms is a tautology.

The replacement of the term "recreational resources" has begun, which is very well developed and its meaning is clear. Instead of "recreational resources" they use the term "tourist resources", the essence and theory of which have not yet been developed, and the definition itself is very vague. Often these concepts are considered as synonyms, then it is not clear why a new term should be introduced instead of an established and theoretically justified one. There is a statement that recreational resources are part of tourist resources, which again is a terminological confusion, since tourism is part of recreation, and not vice versa.

Thus, the borrowing of foreign terminology without taking into account the existing conceptual apparatus within the framework of domestic science and practice leads, firstly, to philological paradoxes, and secondly, confuses the presentation of the material due to semantic contradictions. Ignoring the existence of recreational geography brings only harm to tourism.

A number of borrowings from in English just redundant. One of the now fashionable words "destination" is translated simply as "direction" and does not carry any other semantic load. Attempts to interpret the destination as a destination that attracts tourists with recreational resources and provides conditions for accommodation, transportation, food and entertainment for tourists are not convincing. This is any tourist destination: France with 70 million tourists a year and the microstates of Oceania, Paris and a village in Siberia, the Adriatic and the North Pole. Reflecting the tourist specifics of the concept, one could translate the word "destination" as "tourist (recreational) direction", which is noted in a number of publications. The author does not propose to abandon the term, which has rapidly entered the Russian tourist terminology, but aims to draw the attention of the tourist community to the excessive clogging of the language with foreign terminology.

Along with the appearance of terms that contradict the established conceptual apparatus, publications appear that distort the theory of recreational geography. For example, I.V. Zorin and V.A. Quarterly recreational potential is called "the ratio between the actual and the maximum possible number of tourists, determined based on the availability of recreational resources." Potential cannot be a "relationship", although its study allows us to estimate the maximum possible number of tourists. The recreational potential of the territory is "a set of natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic prerequisites for the organization of recreational activities" (Mironenko, Tverdokhlebov, 1981), the main integral part recreational potential are recreational resources.

From the definition of recreational resources according to I.V. Zorin and V.A. Firstly, it is not clear to Kvartalnov why they are part of tourist resources, what is not included in them, and secondly, where in this definition their most important part is cultural and historical recreational resources. Apparently, the authors understand only the natural component as recreational resources. In the same work, explaining the concept of "capacity of recreational resources" (essentially natural!), The "anthropogenic load" is considered. Anthropogenic load does not have norms defined "in order to prevent violation of the ecological state of the natural environment", since this is a real load that can be lower, equal to or greater than the maximum allowable one and is called recreational load in tourism (anthropogenic load is a violation of nature in any human activity, not only recreational). Maximum permissible recreational loads are not "determined in accordance with the legislation Russian Federation", because they are different for each landscape, and the existing standards relate to isolated cases, for example, beaches, nature protection zones.

There are many definitions of the term recreational resources, some more successful, others less. V.I. Prelovsky uses a completely acceptable definition of natural recreational resources, "which should be understood natural phenomena, processes or individual elements of the landscape (more capaciously and better - "elements and phenomena of the geographical environment"), ... which can be used to organize recreational activities. "However, in recent scientific and educational publications, an unsuccessful, in our opinion, definition is given, and explanations distort the essence of the term with incidental accusations of everyone and everything of misunderstanding it.According to V.I. Prelovsky, natural recreational resources are "natural bodies, phenomena, processes or individual relief elements ... that can be used for recreation and tourism purposes", this "components of the natural environment". Natural recreational resources, like any resources, are not a component of the natural environment, but a combination of elements of the entire geographical environment, i.e., the recreational resources of the beach are a certain combination of the characteristics of the relief, climate and sea, as well as vegetation and wildlife In our opinion, it is unfortunate to use the words "natural bodies" to define recreational resources, which carry the physical and philosophical sophic load. Rather, we should talk about natural objects or elements of the geographical environment. Plants, animals, beaches, waterfalls, etc. require a different definition. It looks strange to add concrete among abstract concepts - "separate elements of relief".

Most importantly, a recreational resource, like any other, requires study, but it will be a resource regardless of whether it has been explored or not. If a waterfall is known and attracts tourists, it is a resource, regardless of whether its height is measured and how many people can visit it, if the beach attracts people to relax and swim, then this is a resource, regardless of whether we know its area, the duration of the beach-swimming season and recreational capacity. Since ancient times, man has been using the energy resources of wind and falling water, having no idea about kilowatts. Patricians in ancient Rome bathed in baths at mineral springs, not knowing anything about their debit, chemical composition, temperature scales Celsius and Fahrenheit, but they used the healing resource. Thus, the statement that the natural condition becomes a resource only when it is studied, that "climatic conditions become a resource only if the duration of the period with comfortable conditions is known" (according to V.I. Prelovsky), is incorrect. Natural conditions and natural resources are one of the basic concepts of geography, closely related to the natural-philosophical category "geographical environment". Natural conditions are those elements of the geographical environment that a person does not directly use in production activities, but without which his existence is impossible, this is the air that we breathe, this is the climate in which we live (independently warm climate or cold, causing huge costs for warm construction and for fuel). Natural resources are those elements of the geographical environment that a person directly uses in his production activities (mineral, energy, water, etc.). The climate becomes not a condition, but a resource when it begins to be used in economic activity. In relation to agriculture, it is an agro-climatic resource, since the amount of heat and precipitation of a given climate is important for agriculture. For urban cognitive, for festival, even for hunting tourism - the climate is a natural condition, but for bathing, beach or ski tourism - it is a resource. As the productive forces develop, new elements of the geographic environment become a resource. The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age is associated with the development of a new mineral resource - iron ore, with the advent of mills, wind and mountain rivers turn from natural conditions into valuable energy resources. Thus, the boundary between a condition and a resource is very shaky and is determined by the use in economic activity, and not by the degree of knowledge

38) the main types of recreation.

ACTIVITIES

beach holiday

Beach holidays are the most common type of holiday. Warm rays of the sun, splash sea ​​waves, the whisper of a light breeze, as well as interesting entertainment programs and discos arranged by guides. Sunbathe on the beach, wander on the warm sand, dive under water, take pictures of seascapes.

The combination of a beach holiday with interesting excursions and all kinds of entertainment diversifies your vacation.

Someone prefers to have an active rest - attend all kinds of excursions, go diving, surfing or go on safaris to remote corners of a particular country. Others choose a relaxing holiday on golden beaches, with the opportunity to leisurely contemplate the beauty of local landscapes and enjoy life away from the bustle of big cities.

All this happiness awaits you at the resorts Turkey, Egypt, Cyprus, Thailand, Tunisia, UAE etc.

Excursion rest

Excursion tourism will give you the opportunity to get acquainted with the history of the country, its customs and traditions.

Such tours usually include visits to several cities with accommodation in different hotels and a rich excursion program, and may include air travel or bus travel.

Excursion tours are divided according to the degree of saturation and exoticism. The most affordable - bus in Europe, expensive - sea cruises. Many people think that a bus tour is boring. It all depends on how this tour is organized. The most annoying thing is a night move, so always check if there will be such moves. The second thing to pay attention to is cities. It is more interesting when a big city has at least a day and a half.

Most sightseeing tours focus on Western Europe, primarily because of the simplicity of the Schengen Visa, when you can move freely within the borders of the Schengen zone.

Excursion tourism is the most informative and fascinating routes, acquaintance with culture and history France, Czech Republic,Germany, Italy etc.

Exotic tours

An exotic vacation is a vacation in countries that are not mass destinations, due to the lack of direct regular flights, and yet, in terms of the level of service, it competes with many destinations.

Gorgeous white sandy beaches, tropical vegetation, impenetrable jungle, roaring waterfalls, blue skies, crystal clear seas in all shades of blue-green. At any time of the year, eternal summer and a riot of rich colors are striking.

Holidays in exotic countries attract tourists not only with the hot sun and clean beaches, but also with the opportunity to get extraordinary experiences that you will be pleased to share for many years after visiting the resort.

Rich story and the culture of these countries and natural diversity create a wide range of opportunities for travel and recreation.

Exotic vacation - Dominican Republic, Seychelles, Island Bali, Cuba, China, India, Malaysia, Maldives.

Cruises

Cruise is perfect way take a break from everyday life, this is a great opportunity to enjoy absolute freedom, discover new countries.

None of the trips can compete with a cruise for the comfort of moving from one corner of the world to another.

During the day you go ashore, see the sights of those cities where your liner calls, and in the evening you will find a variety of shows with the participation of singers, dancers, magicians, magicians, gala evenings and masquerades, games and karaoke - this is just a small part of the evening entertainment program. Waltz, tango, salsa, mambo, rock, rap orchestra will perform a variety of melodies for you. And dance lovers can go to a disco or a nightclub.

And another significant plus in the treasury of cruises is the cost. After all, if you break any of the cruise routes into components and calculate how much time and money you would need to spend visiting each country separately, then you would see for yourself the legitimacy of the statement that a cruise is also profitable!

Ski holidays

Today, winter ski holidays in European resorts are a great alternative to a beach holiday.

Recreational opportunities are varied. They depend on the country in which you decide to relax. Winter in the mountains is not only about skiing. fans unusual species sports can choose to travel on snowshoes or paragliding. And on the frozen lakes, ice skating and windsurfing are very popular.

Resorts Andorra, Austria, France, Italy you will find excellent ski slopes, working lifts, carefree rest, various exciting excursions and many pleasant impressions that will stay with you for a long time.

Therapeutic

How to use 2-3 weeks of vacation not only to pamper yourself, but also to improve your health? The latest resort technologies allow for an examination and an effective treatment course in a short time.

Recovery traditionally includes SPA services, thalassotherapy, massages, anti-aging, anti-stress, cosmetic, relaxation, weight loss and other programs.

A bath with essential oils, massage, meditation - this is how the morning begins in hotels where there are SPA centers. It is here that you can relieve stress, fatigue and pamper your body with pleasant procedures. Many clinics specialize in the treatment of specific types of diseases.

A measured rest with the opportunity to improve your health is what many people would like to get during their vacation. You can’t buy health, but you can try to correct it at the best medical resorts in the world: Austria, Germany,Switzerland, France, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Israel.

Introduction

Recreational resources are an important component in human life, especially in our dynamic time, because they help to satisfy people's needs for rest and recovery. vitality. Therefore, previously unknown objects are being discovered, more and more new territories of natural landscapes are being developed. And in the future, in order to increase the level of development of recreation in various territories, various places of recreation are being equipped, health resorts, sanatoriums, and boarding houses are being built. In cities, there is an increase in the number and area of ​​parks and squares, artificial lakes are being created, water parks are being built. But for all this it is necessary to know how favorable this or that territory is for the development of recreational activities. And in this regard, experts different areas activities develop their own methods for evaluating recreational resources.

The purpose of this work is to analyze various methods assessment of recreational resources. At the same time, the following tasks were solved:

Definition of the concept of recreational resources and indicators characterizing them;

Identification of the main approaches to the assessment of recreational resources;

Assessment of cultural and historical recreational resources;

Assessment of natural recreational resources;

Consideration of various approaches to economic evaluation.

Recreational resources: concept and characteristics

Recreational resources are resources of all kinds that can be used to restore and develop the physical and spiritual strength of a person, his ability to work and health in recreation and tourism.

Recreational resources include:

natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, wildlife, national parks);

cultural and historical (cultural, archaeological sites, historical sites, monuments, ethnographic diversity)

· socio-economic (economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources).

The most important characteristics of recreational resources are the following:

1. volume of reserves (debit of mineral waters; area of ​​recreational territories; excursion potential (in hours) of tourist centers) necessary to determine the potential capacity of territorial and recreational complexes, the level of development, optimization of loads;

2. the area of ​​distribution of resources (dimensions of aquifers, beaches; forest cover, watering of the territory; boundaries of stable snow cover), which makes it possible to determine potential recreational lands, to establish sanitary protection districts;

3. period of possible operation (duration of favorable climatic period, swimming season, the occurrence of stable snow cover), which determines the seasonality of tourism, the rhythm of tourist flows;

4. territorial immobility of most types of resources, causing the attraction of recreational infrastructure and flows to places of their concentration;

5. relatively low capital intensity and low cost of operating costs, which allows you to quickly create infrastructure and obtain social and economic effects, as well as independently use certain types resources;

6. the possibility of multiple use, subject to the norms of rational nature management and carrying out the necessary measures for reclamation and improvement.

By origin, natural recreational resources are divided into physical, biological, energy-informational.

Physical recreational resources are all components of inanimate nature classified as physical and geographical resources - geological, geomorphological, climatic, hydrological, thermal.

Energy-informational recreational resources are fields of noospheric nature that serve as factors of the attractiveness of the area or landscape and positively affect the psychophysical (emotional and spiritual) state of a person. This type of resource is the basis for the development of cultural and religious tourism.

Biological recreational resources are understood as all components of wildlife, including soil, faunistic, floristic.

Recreational resources(from lat. recreatio - restoration).

Now in the world great value acquired recreational resources. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment, tourism. These resources combine both natural objects and objects of anthropogenic origin, which include historical and architectural monuments (Peter Palace, the French Versailles, the Roman Colosseum, the Athenian Acropolis, the Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China). But still, the basis of recreational resources is made up of natural elements: sea coasts, banks of rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, healing springs and mud.

AT last years there is a “recreational explosion” on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature. This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, the isolation of man from nature.

Each country in the world has some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, Egypt. In these countries, rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions. The development of international tourism brings considerable income to many countries.

Recreational resources wikipedia
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On the present stage Recreational resources have become of great importance in the world. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment and tourism. In recent years, a “recreational explosion” has been observed on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature.

This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution and the isolation of man from nature. The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights are the most popular.

international tourism

Cyprus and Israel).
3.

Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and Southeast Asia, 4. Australia and Oceania).

European countries are leading in terms of the number of World Heritage sites.

About 1/5 of the world heritage sites are natural monuments. The unstable socio-economic and political situation in some Asian countries, as well as the remoteness of some parts of Europe, reduces its attractiveness as a center of world tourism and recreation. Due to ongoing civil and political unrest, travel companies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia.

The vast majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Rice. Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

extreme tourism

At least 25% of all tourists are young people who are financially well-off in developed countries, have a good education and strive to satisfy their unique interests in the knowledge of nature. In the richest country of capital in the United States, over 70% of families with an annual income of less than $2,000.

dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population 78.8% do not travel. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the vast majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country.

According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century more than 2 billion

Recreational areas and resorts

people never ventured outside their village or town. The greatest interest in travel is shown by middle-income strata of the population: employees, youth, intellectuals, and entrepreneurs.

Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service set: 15.6%;

Expert advice: 11.3%;

Advertising: 3.7%;
Good office: 2.5%;
Other indicators: 5.9%.

Related information:

VII. AT.

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World recreational resources

At the present stage in the world, recreational resources have acquired great importance. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment and tourism. In recent years, a “recreational explosion” has been observed on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature. This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution and the isolation of man from nature.

The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights are the most popular.

The development of recreational nature management and international tourism can bring a lot of income to these countries (Fig.). Among the natural and recreational objects, the most famous are: the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, Caribbean, Red Seas; Hawaiian, Maldives, Canary, Bahamas and other islands; therapeutic mud of the Crimea; mineral water Caucasus.

international tourism

The use of modern world recreational resources is characterized by significant territorial unevenness.

The World Tourism Organization distinguishes six main regions:
1. European (all European countries, countries of the former USSR + Turkey,

Cyprus and Israel).
2. American (all countries of North and South America).
3. Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and South-4.

East Asia, Australia and Oceania).
5. Middle East (countries of Southwest Asia + Egypt and Libya).
African (all African countries except Egypt and Libya).
6. South Asian (countries of South Asia).

European countries are leading in terms of the number of World Heritage sites. About 1/5 of the world heritage sites are natural monuments. The unstable socio-economic and political situation in some Asian countries, as well as the remoteness of some parts of Europe, reduces its attractiveness as a center of world tourism and recreation.

Due to ongoing civil and political unrest, travel companies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia. The vast majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

Recreational nature management is travel and excursions, hiking, relaxing on the beach, mountain climbing, sea and river cruises, attending cultural and sports events, resting at tourist bases, fishing and hunting.

One of the types of recreational nature management is ecological tourism.

Ecological tourism is divided into: seaside, mountain, river, sea, urban, scientific and educational. The objects are national and natural parks, individual landscapes, natural and natural-cultural attractions.

Ecotourists travel to their own and neighboring countries, but their main flow is directed from Europe and North America to tropical countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Costa Rica, Ecuador). According to modern estimates, ecological tourism is the most rapidly developing part of the world's recreational nature management. Getting more widespread extreme tourism travel to the Arctic, Antarctica.

The greatest tourist and recreational activity is distinguished by people aged 30 to 50 years.

At least 25% of all tourists are young people who are financially well-off in developed countries, have a good education and strive to satisfy their unique interests in the knowledge of nature.

The main recreational areas of the world

In the richest country of capital in the United States, more than 70% of families with an annual income of less than 2 thousand dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population 78.8% do not travel. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the vast majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country.

According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century, more than 2 billion people never left their village or city.

The greatest interest in travel is shown by middle-income strata of the population: employees, youth, intellectuals, and entrepreneurs.
According to numerous surveys and questionnaires, the following factors influence the choice of turfima:

Advice from friends and acquaintances: 31.6%;
Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service set: 15.6%;
Terms and experience in the market: 14.8%;
Personal experience with this firm: 13.0%;
Expert advice: 11.3%;
Employee friendliness: 8.8%;
Travel firm ratings: 4.7%;
Advertising: 3.7%;
Mention of a travel company in directories: 3.4%;
Good office: 2.5%;
Convenient location: 2.5%;
Other indicators: 5.9%.

The tourism industry is a significant factor contributing to a more intense economic development those areas of the globe that are located far from large industrial centers and have insignificant economic resources.

In a number of states, tourism has become a large independent branch of the economy, occupying a leading position in the economy. This is largely due to the fact that the modern tourism industry provides a large amount of services consumed by tourists during their travel abroad.

Related information:

1. V1: Information resources of enterprises and organizations
VII.
2. VII.3. Land resources of the world and their use
3. A) for full-time students. Topic 2. Financial resources of the corporation
4. Bibliographic links to electronic resources
5. Library and Information Resources
6. Biological resources of the oceans
7. In general, it should be noted that over the past 15 years, the world has seen a fairly clear trend towards a decrease in the growth rate of demand for primary energy resources.
8. C) software and Internet resources
AT.

The phenomenon of political power. Subjects, objects, resources, sources, forms of power. Types of legitimacy of power. The theory of separation of powers.

9. Process owner, inputs, outputs, process resources
10. Power as an attitude and process: genesis, essence, sources, resources

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Recreational resources are divided into natural-recreational and cultural-historical.

Natural and recreational include sea and lake coasts, mountainous areas, territories with a comfortable temperature regime, they are used for such types of tourism: beach (Cote d'Azur of France, Italian Riviera, Golden Sands of Bulgaria, islands of the Mediterranean and caribbean, Oceania), winter (Alps, Scandinavian mountains, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Cordillera), ecological (visiting national parks and undeveloped territories).

Resources of the World Ocean. Since the second half of the XX century. Considerable attention is paid to the development of the resources of the World Ocean. The ocean is rich in biological, mineral and energy resources. AT sea ​​water more than 70 dissolved chemical elements, for which it is called "liquid ore". Using Newest technologies, some of them are already withdrawn from the water, in particular bromine, iodine, magnesium, table salt, etc.

The biological resources of the oceans are marine organisms that humans use.

There are 180 thousand animal species and 20 thousand species in the Ocean.

Tourist zoning of the world: geocultural approach

plant species. Fish, marine invertebrates (oysters, crabs), marine mammals (whales, walruses, seals) and seaweeds are of economic importance. So far, they provide the food needs of mankind by only 2%. The shelf zone is the most productive.

The mineral resources of the World Ocean are very diverse. Now on the shelf of the ocean oil, natural gas, coal, iron ores, diamonds, gold, amber, etc. The development of the ocean bed began. Large reserves of iron-manganese raw materials have been found here, significantly exceeding its reserves on land. In addition to the main components, ocean deposits contain more than 20 useful elements: nickel, cobalt, copper, titanium, molybdenum, etc.

The USA, Japan, Germany and other countries have already developed technologies for the extraction of iron-manganese ores from the ocean floor.

The energy resources of the oceans are inexhaustible and diverse. Tidal energy is already being used in France, CILLA, Russia, Japan. A significant reserve is the energy of waves, sea currents, water temperature differences.

Nowadays there is a problem economical use riches of the World Ocean, protection of its resources. The world community is especially concerned about the oil pollution of the ocean.

After all, only 1 g of oil is enough to destroy life in 1 m3 of water. To preserve the nature of the World Ocean, international agreements are being concluded on the protection of waters from pollution, rules for the use of biological resources, and a ban on testing weapons of mass destruction in the Ocean.

Great hopes are placed on the use of truly inexhaustible resources in the future: the energy of the Sun, wind, internal heat Earth, space.

recreation
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Soil pollution
Water pollution
Air pollution
Environment protection
Environmental objects

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Approaches to the tourist and recreational zoning of the world. Borders of macroregions and tourist and recreational zones of the world.

The concept of tourist and recreational zoning.

Approaches to tourist and recreational zoning: according to the degree of favorableness for a particular type of activity, according to the degree of development of resources, according to the degree of development of tourist infrastructure. Territorial approach to tourist and recreational zoning. Macro-regions of the world: European, Asian, American, African, Australia and Oceania. Borders of macro-regions and tourist-recreational zones.

Tourist and recreational zoning- this is the division of the territory into certain zones (areas) according to the principle of homogeneity of features and the nature of tourist and recreational use.

In the tourism literature, there are different approaches to tourist and recreational zoning.

For example, by degree of development of the territory (developed, medium developed, underdeveloped), depending on concentration in a certain area of ​​a particular type of tourism (regions of seaside tourism, lake, river, sports, etc.)

In world tourism statistics, the most commonly used territorial approach on the basis of which it is customary to distinguish five large tourist macro-regions: 1) Europe; 2) Asia; 3) Africa; 4) America; 5) Australia and Oceania.

To European macro-region include the countries of Western, Northern, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel, Cyprus, Turkey).

To Asian macro-region include the countries of West and Southwest Asia (including Egypt and Libya), East, South (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia.

AT African macro-region includes the states of the African continent, with the exception of Egypt and Libya.

American macro-region- these are the countries of North, South and Central America, island states and territories of the Caribbean.

To Australia and Oceania includes the country of Australia and all groups of Pacific islands (Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia).

Most detailed counts territorial approach to tourist and recreational zoning proposed Dmitrievsky Yu.D. .

The hierarchy of tourist areas, in his opinion, should include, in addition to macro-regions, zones and districts (as in the generally accepted zoning), also smaller elements such as macro-district, meso-district, micro-district. In this regard, he identifies ten tourist macro-regions of the world ( Foreign Europe, Russia, Western and Central Asia, South and East Asia, Australia and Oceania, Muslim North Africa, Central and South Africa, North America, Mesoamerica (Mexico, Central America, Caribbean America (West Indies)), South America), which are also divided into zones, districts, macro-districts, meso-districts and microdistricts.

Tourist and recreational potential and geography of tourist centers of the North European tourist and recreational zone.

Geographical position: location on the mainland and in the macro-region, countries included in the composition, access to the oceans and seas.

Climatic features, types of climates. Favorable time to visit.

The concept of tourist and recreational potential. Tourist and recreational potential of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland. Geography of the centers of educational, ecological, ethnographic, extreme, sports, lake, children's, entertainment tourism.

The tourist and recreational potential of the territory is all the opportunities necessary for the formation and development of tourist and recreational activities within a certain area.

In this case, the possibilities are natural conditions and objects, historical and cultural sights and ethno-cultural features.

Northern Europe

Northern Europe is distinguished by natural attractiveness, and special kind: the natural environment of the northern European countries is very peculiar, although, by ordinary standards, it is very harsh; it (environment), compared with other regions of Europe, to a greater extent retained its virgin, pristine character (although, of course, not everywhere).

The ever-increasing tourist demand for visiting the Nordic countries has led to the fact that they "began to build for tourists modern facilities accommodation - hotels, boarding houses, motels, campsites, bungalows, fishermen's houses, sportsmen's houses, etc.

means of transport and roads are being modernized. Sea cruises are organized to the regions of the Arctic Circle with dog sledding, hunting for birds and animals. Arctic safaris are also organized in Greenland with hunting for polar animals, including polar bears.”

The Nordic countries as a whole are more of a supplier of tourists, but still constantly strive to increase the influx of tourists to their tourist area.

At the same time, it should be taken into account that many tourists coming to Northern Europe visit several countries at once, partly because the number of objects of historical and cultural educational tourism in most of them is quite limited.

Basically, these countries specialize in "GREEN TOURISM" (travel to clean, untouched corners of nature without harming it). Green tourism includes such areas as rural tourism, eco-tourism, agritourism.

NORWAY

Tours to Norway are an excellent choice for connoisseurs of the charm of northern nature.

In fact, it is not as cold there as it seems to an uninitiated tourist, even in winter the temperature on the coast does not fall below -5 ° C.

Recreational resources

The mild climate of Norway provides Gulfstream.

You can go to Norway with children at any time of the year, but such a trip will be especially pleasant in July or August.

budget holidays in Norway hard to name, but the deal is always worth the money - in this country, the quality of goods and services one hundred percent justifies their cost.

Norway's main tourist attraction - the famous fjords- These are narrow sea bays formed during the ice ages.

The fjords are resources for active, extreme, ecological types of tourism.

Respectable tourists admire them from the ship, adventurers conquer seemingly impregnable rocks on foot and by bike, and fearless base jumpers jump down from steep cliffs.

The best fjords are the picturesque Geirangerfjord, the long Sognefjord and the most spectacular Lysefjord.

Historical-cultural and historical-architectural tourism developed in cities such as OSLO, BERGEN, TRONDHEIM.

OSLO (“after God”) is one of the smallest and cleanest capitals in Europe (500,000 sq.

pers.). The city center is an interweaving of old and new architecture with an abundance of museums and monuments.

Sights: the old quarters of the city, the building of the national theater, the Norwegian Maritime Museum, the Norwegian Folk Museum.

BERGEN is a very picturesque place in Norway, and there are much more attractions here than in the capital.

Once in Bergen, you will not miss its main attraction in any way. Bryggen, the historic Hanseatic Promenade, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, flaunts in full view of the harbor.

The very first houses in the city were built here.

TRONDHEIM is a vibrant university city and technology capital of Norway. Thanks to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), as well as numerous research centers, Trondheim is rightfully considered a city of innovation, science and business.

Centers ski and ski tourism those around Lillehammer are counted.

This is Gausdal, Skei-Gesdal.

A well-known landmark of Norway is also considered arch. Svalbard. Half of the arch. They make up nature reserves with unique species of polar animals. This region is famous for the largest PRICH BAZARS.

More than 8.5 million people live in Sweden. The capital city of Stockholm has more than 1.5 million people.

Sweden attracts tourists with its strict nature: sea beaches, numerous lakes (Venern, Vättern).

natural water bodies supplemented by artificial canals, including the Goethe Canal (500 km), connecting Stockholm and the second largest city of Gothenburg.

As it should be in Scandinavia, tourist Sweden does not flaunt its dignity. But there are a lot of them: for example, the mountains there are higher than in neighboring Finland, and offer more varied skiing. In addition, Sweden guarantees snow cover on the slopes of ski resorts. November to April, as well as the excellent equipment of the slopes, a well-thought-out system of lifts, many services and entertainments for the smallest tourists - it is not for nothing that Sweden is called behind the eyes "children's kingdom" However, if you want to be satisfied with your vacation in Sweden, make sure you are ready to spend - the country cannot be classified as cheap.

Moderate, transitional from maritime to continental.

In winter, the air temperature in most of the country does not fall below -16 ° C, only in the north frosts below -22 ° C are not uncommon, in summer it is rarely warmer than +22 ° C (and in mountainous areas +17 ° C). Humid maritime air masses from the North Atlantic and Baltic Sea often bring quite changeable weather with precipitation and winds, especially in the off-season.

The main city of Sweden, STOCKHOLM (“well preserved”): in this capital on 14 islands there really is something to see in terms of museums, architecture and other “excursions”.

Among other things, Sweden is "Carlson who lives on the roof" and award ceremonies Nobel Prizes. The main principle of the inhabitants of Sweden: good quality in everything and maximum comfort for a person - both at work and at leisure. And last but not least, Sweden is famous for its cuisine - simple, hearty and so similar to Russian.

Large cities - Gothenburg, Malmö.

Ski resorts in Sweden:

§ Idre

§ Salen

§ and Are

The main beauties of Sweden have natural origin: the harsh tundra of Lapland, the islands of the Gulf of Bothnia, the green hills of the west, the rocks of Norrbotten, the most beautiful lakes.

Cultural attractions are mostly located in major cities: Malmö, Gothenburg and Stockholm.

Among other things, the magnificent castles of Sweden deserve the closest attention.

City tours (bus and walking) are usually included in most group tours. Royal Palace, Museum of the ancient ship Vasa, Museum of fairy tales Astrid Lindgren Junibacken. Open Air Museum Scansen.

Sweden occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the quality of water treatment.

Tap water in Sweden is safe to drink without boiling it first. Therefore, do not be surprised if they are served tap water in a bar or restaurant.

FINLAND

The country is located in the east of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Population 5.5 million people The country also includes the Aland Islands, 6.5 thousand islands off the southwestern coast of the country.

Types of tourism: in winter ski tourism(in the city of

Jyväskylä has 2 ski centers: for children skiing and with difficult slopes), in summer you can swim 100 meters from the Arctic Circle (Lake Saima is the largest in the country), fishing on the Finnish lakes and the Aland Islands, historical and cultural tourism in the cities of Helsinki, Turku, Tampere.

Helsinki is the capital, located on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia, famous for its fresh air and beautiful scenery.

Sea Life Scandinavian Marine Center with 28 large aquariums. There are over 60 churches in the city. The most interesting architectural structure is the church carved into the rock "Church in the Rock" or "Snow Church" (organ concerts are often held). The East of Finland is endless hills, lakes, primeval forests, where original Karelian peoples live.

This is the area ecotourism and active recreation.

Lapland is one of the most exotic and popular places in Finland. The capital, Rovaniemi, is the home of Santa Claus.

The country is located on the Jutland Peninsula and the Danish archipelago in the Baltic Sea. Denmark is the birthplace of H.H. Andersen.

CLIMATE Moderate maritime, rather mild climate without sharp temperature fluctuations and with relatively uniform precipitation throughout the year. Air temperature in January is 0..-7°C.

The summer is cool, the average July temperature is +15..+16°C. best time to visit the country July August when it is warmest and there is relatively little rainfall.

The capital city of Copenhagen, home to the most oldest, large and popular amusement park in — Tivoli. By the way, it is also considered the oldest amusement park in the world.

In Copenhagen: Guinness World Records Museum, Believe It or Not Museum of Jokes and Pranks.

Large cities are also Orhuns, Odense.

In Odense: the house where the famous storyteller G.

H. Andersen, park. Andersen, open-air museum "Funian Village".

ICELAND

The country is located on the island of Iceland. Population 281 thousand people. The capital is Reykjavik.

Business card countries - dozens of active (Hekla) and dormant volcanoes, numerous geysers, waterfalls.

Therefore, the most common type of tourism is natural cognitive.

Near Reykjavik is the extinct volcano Esja - this perfect place for trekking(sports hikes on the crater of the volcano, descents from steep slopes)

Iceland is a country sport fishing(fishing for trout, salmon) and extreme tourism(rock climbing, horse riding, diving).

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Recreational resources are natural and anthropogenic objects that have such properties as uniqueness, historical or artistic value, aesthetic appeal, health significance.

According to the features of origin, recreational resources can be divided

into two subtypes:

Natural and recreational;
anthropogenic and recreational.

Natural and recreational resources include sea coasts, banks of rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, mineral water outlets, therapeutic mud, and favorable climatic conditions.
Recreational resources of anthropogenic origin are also called cultural and historical resources. Such objects include, for example, the Moscow Kremlin, the Genoese fortress in the Crimea.

Picturesque. Excursion object or area where people have a rest should be beautiful. The concept of beauty is largely subjective, but some generally accepted norms exist (an example is given in the description of landscape resources).

Diversity. It is desirable that various natural complexes and cultural recreational objects be located in the recreation area. In one round, it is desirable to combine events with different goals.

Uniqueness. The more rare an item is, the more valuable it is. Objects that are unique on a global scale (Egyptian pyramids, Lake Baikal), on an all-Russian scale (the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus), on a regional scale (Lake Svetloyar for the Volga-Vyatka region), and on a local scale (Divnye Gory in the Voronezh region) are singled out.

Fame. It is a derivative of uniqueness and how this uniqueness is known among the general population. For example, everyone knows Lake Baikal, and the name of the ridge "Central Sikhote-Alin" in the Far East says little to an ordinary worker, although the nature of this

the ridge is also unique.

Transport accessibility to the tourist site. This concept includes the fare, type of transport, travel time, frequency of transport, its comfort, etc. It depends both on the territory where the object is located and on the place where the group of tourists gathers.
Service conditions determined by the recreational infrastructure of the area where the facility is located. This is the presence of tourist and health-improving institutions, their capacity, comfort, quality condition, profile and other characteristics, the presence of a road transport network and institutions serving it (railway stations, ports, stations, lockers, etc.), the availability and quality of communication facilities , financial institutions, engineering communications etc.

Physical recreational resources are all components of inanimate nature classified as physical and geographical resources (geological, geomorphological, climatic, hydrological and thermal).
Biological recreational resources- these are all components of wildlife, including soil, faunistic and floristic.
Energy information recreational resources are specific fields of noospheric nature that serve as factors of the attractiveness of the area or landscape and positively affect the psychophysical state of a person. This type of resource is the basis of development

cultural, scientific, educational, ecological and religious tourism.
All natural recreational resources - physical, biological and energy-informational, organically united among themselves and inextricably linked by flows of matter and energy, form complex recreational resources, or resources of natural-territorial recreational complexes, which are divided into: natural-continental near-aquatic
Each of them is divided into natural (reserves, river valleys, etc.), natural and anthropogenic (parks, squares, forest parks, national parks).
Unique integrated recreational resources are artificially isolated from natural and natural-anthropogenic landscapes. This is due to the fact that unique resources (natural monuments) are extremely important for the development of a recreation-oriented economy, being the most attractive tourist sites.
On this basis, types of natural recreational resources are identified: geological, geomorphological, climatic, etc.
Each type of natural recreational resources has its own characteristics and properties inherent only to them, on the basis of which types are distinguished:

1. possible use (direct and indirect);

2. according to the degree of attractiveness;

3. for healing and health-improving properties;

4. by historical and evolutionary uniqueness (natural monuments, endemic and relict species);

5. according to environmental criteria.

For economic evaluation, it is important to determine the possibility of using natural recreational resources. Under direct recreational resources refers to those forces of nature that directly contribute to the restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of man. These include geomorphological, climatic, hydrological and energy-informational, floristic (plants), faunistic (animals).
Indirect recreational resources influence the formation of direct resources. These include geological, soil, partially geomorphological, energy-informational, floristic and faunal
Integrated natural recreational resources is a combination of all natural recreational resources, inextricably linked by flows of matter and energy, having medical, biological, psycho-aesthetic and scientific value for the restoration of spiritual and physical

forces.
Only under the condition of a combination of natural recreational resources collected in one region or in one territory, can this area be classified as recreational or considered as a single integrated natural recreational resource. The more diverse the recreational resources, the higher the recreational potential of the region and the possibility of its economic development.

Recreational natural resources are divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible

An important condition for the emergence and development of the tourism and recreational sector of the economy is the demand for tourism and recreational resources and services, as well as the availability and development of the region, which is largely determined by the geographical location and the state of the tourism and recreational infrastructure. It should be emphasized that each of the natural recreational resources is most effective only in combination with other natural resources, and if any of the natural resources that can potentially be used to restore the spiritual and physical strength of a person is in combination with natural resources that do not have this property, then this potentially recreational resource will remain unclaimed and, therefore, will not be recreational. Natural recreational resources are the basis for the formation of resort areas and regions.
Classify natural recreational resources and according to the criterion of their mandatory use. Technologically obligatory, or necessary, and technologically optional, or accompanying, natural recreational resources are allocated. The first group includes resources without which recreational activities of a certain type are impossible, for example, ski tourism requires snowy mountain peaks.
The second group includes resources that are not directly involved in the recreational process, but without which the recreation process is impossible, for example, a sufficient amount of clean drinking water, mountainous terrain favorable for the construction of access roads, etc.
It should be emphasized that for the stable development of tourist centers, a systematic approach to accounting and evaluating all available recreational resources that are part of a single recreational complex is of paramount importance. The latter is impossible without the development of automated information systems that make it possible to collect together data on all natural recreational resources, conduct their economic assessment and make a forecast for the future.

Territory and its geographical position is a resource for the development of recreational economy. In addition, each territory has certain specific resources, which are called recreational.

Recreational resources- these are objects, phenomena and processes of natural and anthropogenic origin that are used or can be used for the development of recreation and tourism. They are the material and spiritual basis for the formation of TRS different type and taxonomic rank.

The main property of recreational resources is that they have the ability to restore and develop the spiritual and physical strength of a person. Such resources are suitable for both direct and indirect consumption, the provision of various services of a resort and medical and recreational and tourist nature.

Recreational resources are divided into two main groups: natural and historical and cultural.

Natural recreational resources include natural and natural-anthropogenic geosystems, natural objects, phenomena and processes that have internal and external properties and characteristic features for organizing seasonal or year-round recreational activities. Within the framework of natural recreational resources, one can single out climatic, landscape, orographic, balneological, biotic, mud, water and other resources. In turn, each of these types consists of separate subspecies, for example, balneological resources are divided into mineral waters of various chemical composition, and consequently, different therapeutic effects.

Historical and cultural recreational resources include recreationally attractive historical monuments, archeological architecture, places associated with the life and work of prominent historical figures, territories where pronounced ethnographic features have been preserved, places of worship, museums, art galleries, etc. All these recreational resources attract people in order to satisfy their spiritual needs and are able to satisfy the thirst for knowledge, changes in the environment for the psychophysiological restoration of the personality.

The material and technical equipment of recreation and tourism with the latest fixed assets, the ever more pronounced intervention of economic levers in this sphere of management, constructive changes in the natural and historical and cultural environment, which are systematically carried out by man, necessitate the allocation of socio-economic recreational resources. These include the material and technical base of recreation and tourism, the corresponding transport infrastructure, labor resources, etc., as well as various water parks, swimming pools, stadiums, tennis courts, etc. The share of such artificially created recreational resources is constantly growing.

The concept of "recreational resources" is not only geographical, but also historical. Therefore, over time, new types of recreational resources have arisen, arise and will continue to arise. Understanding this fact allowed the well-known Ukrainian scientist in the field of recreational geography A. Beydik to identify ufological recreational resources - territories where anomalous phenomena caused by contacts with extraterrestrial civilizations were found. Although such contacts have not been proven by science, the recreational-tourist economy is increasingly attracting areas of probable presence of life forms of extraterrestrial origin to tourist sites.

For recreational geography, a comprehensive and specialized assessment of the territory's recreational resources is of great importance. In many ways, it is subjective and depends on the experience, intellectual and educational level of researchers. Recreational resources are evaluated qualitatively, quantitatively, in points and cost.

For a qualitative assessment, the words "best", "best", "worse", "most", "more", "attractive", "averagely accepting", "more profitable" and others are used. Qualitative assessment in recreation is always a place. People have an inherent ability to compare. Having visited at least two recreational facilities, they will definitely compare their quality. This qualitative assessment, in all its subjectivity, significantly affects the general opinion about the level of attractiveness of certain recreational facilities and territories.

Quantitative assessment determines the formal characteristics of recreational resources in meters, kilometers, grams per liter, temperature, salinity, water pollution level, depths of coastal waters, precipitation, etc. Assessing the recreational attractiveness of Batumi beaches in comparison with the beaches of Odessa, one can qualitatively characterize Odessa beaches as better, because there is a dry climate in summer and there is sand, not pebbles, but you can name the amount of precipitation in millimeters in July in Odessa and Batumi, and also compare air humidity in the corresponding quantitative indicators.

The score is somewhere in the middle between qualitative and quantitative. Based on the subjective action of developing rating scales, one or another type or subspecies of recreational resources receives a certain score. The most commonly used is the 37-step scale. For example, a 5-point scale corresponds to the qualitative rating "best", "above average", "average", "below average" and "worst".

The valuation of recreational resources currently dominates in the field of their economic development. Investments are directed to the use of the most attractive resources, which, as a rule, have the highest price. The recreational component in the price of one hundred square meters or a hectare of land around large cities, in the Crimea, the Carpathians is overwhelming. The constant rise in prices of recreational resources is the imperative of the times.

V. Stafiychuk proposes to use the following methods for evaluating and analyzing recreational resources: normative-index, balance, graphic, cartographic, scoring, expert, comparative-geographic, statistical and mathematical-statistical (threshold analysis, factorial, correlation, regression, cluster methods , potential method, latent structural method, spatial diffusion method, Berry method), modeling, etc.

Questions and tasks

1. Define recreational resources.

2. What is the main property of recreational resources?

3. What groups are recreational resources divided into?

4. What applies to natural recreational resources?

5. What do historical and cultural recreational resources include?

6. Name the components of socio-economic recreational resources.

7. How are recreational resources valued?

8. What methods of assessment and analysis of recreational resources do you know?