Message about the land of the breadwinner. A generous and immeasurable nurse in love is our planet
Anatoly ONEGOV.
Science and life // Illustrations
Pear-like cucumbers grow in the garden when there is a lack of potassium in the soil.
Oats were sown in the fields behind barley.
Meadow areas are shrinking, followed by a decrease in the number of livestock and manure.
Probably, you had to meet at the end of summer on cucumber beds, when the crop is almost all harvested, freak cucumbers. Some of them look like peppers - the tails of cucumbers are thin and bent; others - on a pear - the "head" is poorly developed, and the bottom is swollen exactly like a pear. Cucumbers that look like gnarled peppers grow in beds when plants lack nitrogen, and pear-like fruits grow when potassium is lacking.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, as well as sulfur, magnesium, calcium, iron are required by plants in large quantities, therefore they are called macronutrients. Other substances necessary for nutrition - trace elements - plants need in much smaller doses. Trace elements are: boron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, silicon, cobalt, sodium, iodine.
It has long been known how plants behave when they lack the nutrition of one or another macro- or microelement. There will not be enough nitrogen - and the plants will immediately slow down their growth, and the leaves will turn from green to light green.
There is a lack of phosphorus - their growth, flowering and fruit ripening will be delayed, the leaves will begin to acquire purple and side shoots will not form.
Not enough potassium - the leaves will become lethargic, and brown spots will appear on them, and the edges will turn yellow.
With calcium deficiency, plants will not grow, they will remain tiny dwarfs.
And in the absence of copper, they cannot develop at all and die soon after germination.
All of these plant nutrients come from the soil. Potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, iron ... are found in the earth, the same clay that lies below the upper fertile soil layer is rich in them. But nitrogen is not contained in the soil - it comes from the air as a result of the activity of special bacteria that absorb nitrogen in the air and enrich the soil with this element.
For the successful operation of such bacteria, two conditions are required: access to the soil of oxygen and its weak acidity. This is why soils in low, damp places are much poorer in nitrogen than soils in high, dry places.
Unfortunately, the natural accumulation of nitrogen in the soil is slow, and extracting it cultivated plants can very quickly - only a few years are enough for this. Quite quickly, other nutrients can be taken out of the soil.
Back in the early 1980s in Finland, I was shown a drawing from a book addressed to schoolchildren. In the picture, there were two loaves side by side. One is small, and the other is a giant bread. Under the picture there were such signatures: quite recently, in order for our body to receive all the trace elements it needs, it was enough to eat a small loaf of bread; now that the earth has already worked for people, in order to get the same amount of essential trace elements, one must eat such giant bread. So the Finnish schoolchildren were explained that without introducing microelements into the soil, the normal life of people would soon be impossible at all. It was no longer said that all macronutrients should be added to the soil - it was true.
Somehow in scientific literature I read about the grain harvests that were harvested under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the Russian North (we were talking about monastic lands). These harvests were characterized by the following numbers: "self-5", "self-7", "self-11", and even "self-13". What is "self-5"? They sowed a pood of grain, but got five poods And "sam-13" - they sowed one pood, and grew 13 poods! Very high figures even today: if at least 200 kilograms of grain are spent per hectare of arable land, then the harvest can be 26 centners per hectare. Keep in mind that in those times there were no today's seeders, and grain was not sown in rows, but scattered by hand, and bread grew in a solid thick wall.With this method of sowing, not 200-250 kilograms of seeds went per hectare of arable land, but 400, and the harvest "sam-13" looked different : not 26 centners per hectare, but 52 centners! And this is on the northern arable lands, orphan podzols, reclaimed at one time from the forest with the help of fire! The forest was burned down to the ground, and the soil, its upper fertile layer, burned out along with it. in place of the ashes contained all the macro- and microelements, but there was no nitrogen in it.Nitrogen did not remain in the soil either - it volatilized. there was nothing alive: neither aerobic microorganisms, nor bacteria capable of fixing nitrogen and transferring it to the soil. The bare desert only for a year or two gave some kind of harvest due to the ash (ash is the first mineral fertilizer encountered by the person). Then people left the recent conflagration, and it gradually overgrown first with Ivan-tea (fireweed), then raspberries, later birch, aspen, and alder. And on such a land-ashes in the 17th century they harvested a crop that is unattainable today for many modern farms?! And the magic wand was the most common manure, which in the spring was taken out to the fields and plowed into the soil. Manure turned out to be the second fertilizer that a person met, both organic, giving food to various microorganisms, and complete, containing all the nutrients the plant needs, including nitrogen.
At the same time, when rich crops were harvested in the northern lands, manure was a commodity there, had its price, and cows were often kept on the farm not for the sake of milk and butter, but for the sake of fertilizer.
In the spring, manure, still in the snow, was taken out to the fields. After the snow melted, when the earth dried up, it was plowed up. The arable land filled with manure rested until autumn, and in autumn the field was sown with winter rye. The next year, rye was harvested, the stubble left after bread was plowed in autumn, and new spring in this field, spring crops were already grown, the same barley. In the third year, oats were sown after barley.
The oats were harvested, and only the next spring the manure was again taken out to the field. That is, manure was brought into the ground once every four years: 40 tons per hectare of arable land. This amount of manure was produced in four years by one cow with a calf and a small herd of sheep. It turns out that one cow could provide one hectare of arable land with full-fledged fertilizer. If you want to plow and harvest from two hectares of arable land, start two cows.
By the way, 40 tons of manure per hectare of arable land is also today's norm of fertilizer for growing bread, potatoes, cabbage. This proportion must also be maintained in our garden, if we manage alone organic fertilizers. On a bed 1 meter wide and 10 meters long, 40 kilograms of manure must be applied once every four years - at the rate of 4 kilograms of manure per 1 square meter, or a bucket of manure (raw) for 2 square meters vegetable garden. From fresh manure introduced in autumn, either cabbage or potatoes can be grown; then root vegetables, green vegetables. Before the third, and even more so the fourth crop, the soil must be corrected, because we do not allocate our land for fallow.
So the secret was revealed to me high yields in our northern land. And how was the situation with grain harvests to the south, in the same middle lane our country?.. Here the yields were much smaller, and over the years they continued to decline. Let's open the Complete Encyclopedia of Russian Agriculture, volume X. The harvest of rye in Russia in the last decade of the 19th century (average for all regions) was 40 pounds per tithe, a little more than 6 centners per hectare. While in Germany 14 centners per hectare. But rye is the main bread for the Non-Chernozem Region, 6 centners per hectare is not a net profit, from here we must also subtract the grain that was left for seeds. What then happened to the peasant and his family for a whole year of life?
Before me is a small book - a lecture by Professor K. A. Timiryazev "Science and the farmer." On the cover there is an author's note: "The fee from this book is intended for the benefit of the hungry."
The book appeared in 1906 and, apparently, is in no way confined to a specific famine year caused by the elements - we are talking about the victims of another, chronic famine in Russia:
"At the present time, unless some of Shchedrin's generals realize that Russia is fed by the peasant. He himself calls the land his breadwinner. But is it really so? Here is what, no later than yesterday, could be read in the newspapers: " According to the information received by the Supremely approved meeting under the chairmanship of I. A. Goremykin on meeting the needs of the rural population, it turns out that in general in 50 provinces, the amount of bread per capita of both sexes does not reach the annual food norm for one soul, 20 poods - 3.4 poods, i.e., 17 percent less than the norm. "He who feeds Russia is malnourished himself. And he is malnourished because the old breadwinner, the earth, refuses to feed him as before ... What needs to be done, to solve this problem about two ears of corn? Who will bring this clue?"
The reason for the chronic famine in Russia lay primarily in the lack of manure. At one time, the German proverb was widely known - "meadow - the breadwinner of arable land." Moreover, it was known exactly what size meadow could feed arable land with an area of 1 hectare: 2 hectares of meadow - 1 hectare of arable land. These figures can be confirmed by the same norm of manure: one cow supplies manure to 1 hectare of arable land, and a cow is fed hay during the stall period by a meadow measuring 2 hectares.
But such correlations "meadow-arable land" were preserved only where there was plenty of land. In the north, there was prosperity, in the south the population grew very quickly, and in order to feed people, it was necessary to increase arable land at the expense of the meadow. The areas of meadows were reduced, the number of livestock and manure decreased, and then crops also fell.
But this is not all the troubles of the land, which was once known as a generous nurse. The meadows, where from year to year they made hay for cattle, of course, lost their strength, their fertility, because at that time they were not fertilized. Each time, the hay contained less and less macro- and microelements necessary for plant nutrition. It turns out that manure became less and less valuable. In addition, potassium and phosphorus, which are spent on the construction of plant tissues, returned to the field a little more than 40%. This is how the arable land lost its strength, because the meadow lost its strength, and then the manure. But hay was harvested from the same meadow from year to year and in the north, and the crops there for a long time kept high enough.
It turns out that in the north, hay was most often mowed from floodplain meadows, from lowlands, which were washed by spring waters every spring. spring water carried a large number nutrients washed in different places during the flood, and left them in the floodplain of the river, stream, in a damp low meadow. The soil was fertilized every spring again and again, and therefore the beautiful grass always grew here, which goes to feed the livestock.
But even in former times, not every farm was provided with floodplain lands. And ordinary, non-floodplain meadows were not always enough. And then they plowed up those lands where they had recently harvested hay for cattle, forgetting that without a sufficient amount of manure there would be no desired harvest.
Why is the earth called the breadwinner? The concepts of "earth-nurse", "mother earth" have been imprinted in the archetype of the consciousness of the Russian people from time immemorial. The age-old love of our ancestors for their Motherland, their respectful and respectful attitude to the earth, as well as to the gifts that it gives to people, were reflected in proverbs and sayings about the “moist earth”.
Origins of reverence
Why is the earth a breadwinner? The answer to this question lies on the very surface.
From ancient times, people ate the fruits that the soil gave them. At first, ancient people were engaged in gathering: they looked for edible herbs, roots, collected berries and fruits from wild trees and shrubs.
Some time later (finding sprouted grains that survived the meal), the man guessed that it was possible to grow useful plants in close proximity to your home. Mankind has learned to cultivate the land and harvest. This is how agriculture was born.
Simultaneously with the development of agriculture, people tamed wild animals and began to breed livestock, which also fed on the fruits of the generous land: hay, grain and vegetables. Every year the number of species of animals tamed by man increased. This is how animal husbandry was born.
The more a person mastered on his planet, the more assistants appeared to him: and among the insects he found useful and faithful friends. Having discovered that the honey of wild bees is not only tasty, but also extremely useful, a person learned to breed bees. He began to arrange apiaries. This is how beekeeping came about.
One of the most ancient occupations of man, which helped him to survive, was hunting: a man hunted a large animal, whose meat he ate, and the skins were used to make clothes. Hunting for game was a great help. Often, hunters picked up not a dead, but only a wounded bird. If the hunt was successful, the wounded animals were left to live and even fed. At some point, people realized that birds can also be bred at home. This was the beginning of the development of poultry farming.
Fishing was another way to replenish food supplies. People successfully learned how to fish: they speared it, drove it into traps, threw nets and nets. After some time, fish cages appeared in the man's subsidiary farm, in which people grew fish for their table.
What about fruits? These are amazing delicious fruits who absorbed the juices of the earth and the life-giving sunlight? Man learned to take care of fruit bushes and trees, began to break orchards, brought out many varieties of delicious horticultural crops.
And the berries? The fragrant most useful wild plants: strawberries, blueberries, honeysuckle, raspberries and currants, which a person first collected in the forest, and then learned to grow in his garden? There is nothing healthier and tastier than a bowl of fresh berries seasoned with milk or cream.
What about mushrooms? We are still happy to collect them in the forest, and for those who do not have the opportunity to get out into the bosom of nature, special farms have been created that successfully grow oyster mushrooms and mushrooms.
Vegetables and fruits, cereals and herbs, meat of domestic animals and birds, milk, fish, honey - all these wonderful and nutritious gifts are given to us by the earth. Why not call her a nurse? After all, it feeds not only humans, but also wild animals: herbivores feed on juicy grass growing on the ground with pleasure.
Insects that pollinate flowers growing in the meadows feed on their sweet nectar. Birds also enjoy eating the fruits of the earth: herbs, nuts, cones, berries, and pine needles. Waterfowl eat duckweed, which covers the surface of water bodies in abundance. Fish that live in water bodies feed on algae and insects.
Truly, there is no limit to the bounties of the earth, feeding and nourishing all who live on it. No less rich and useful for people are its bowels, which are compared with a magical pantry.
Magic pantry
In the depths of the Earth, over the millions and billions of years of its existence, a huge amount of minerals has accumulated that are for the benefit of man.
Coal is the very first fuel that people learned to extract from the bosom of the earth. At first, people heated their homes with it, and then with its help they made a real industrial revolution, using industrial boilers in furnaces.
Peat, originally used for heating individual housing, later became an energy resource that ensured the operation of thermal power plants, boiler houses, and peat briquette plants. The heat of these enterprises is used to heat small towns and villages. In agriculture, it is used as a mulching material, as a fertilizer for enriching depleted soils, for growing greenhouse vegetables and flowers.
Natural gas is another priceless type of fuel used by man for industrial and domestic purposes. Food is cooked on it, rooms are heated with it. In the chemical industry, plastics, organic acids, rubber and alcohol are obtained from it. Methane is indispensable in the production of ammonia and acetate silk.
Oil is one of the most valuable minerals, without which life is unthinkable. modern man. Oil has found its application in almost every sphere of human activity: in industry, medicine, pharmacology, cosmetology, and the production of consumer goods.
It is used as a raw material for the production of petrochemical products: gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel. Plastics are made from the products of its distillation, synthetic rubber, rubber, polymer films and synthetic fabrics. Production of solvents, paints, varnishes, fertilizers, waxes, detergents would not have been possible without oil.
Sand, clay and stone- resources that a person uses in the construction of housing and in road construction (do you know why cells are the building blocks of the body?). Clay is used to make bricks, tiles, ceramic dishes. Sand is used to make glass. Polished stone (marble, granite) is used for facing facades, monuments, metro stations.
We have listed just a few of the most requested natural resources, which are concentrated in the bowels of our wonderful nurse, mother earth. In fact, just listing the names of resources mined by man will take more than a dozen pages.
If all the fossils mined by people during the year were immersed in a freight train, we would get a train that could wrap around the equator 17 times. Is this not an argument in favor of the fact that the earth is our breadwinner? But how long will this prosperity of man on earth last? Are the resources of mother earth truly inexhaustible?
Necessary care
Scientists all over the world have been sounding the alarm for a long time, saying that humanity, which is not economically related to the earth and its resources, has embarked on the path of self-destruction. First of all, this concerns the depletion of the most fertile layer of the earth - the soil.
Why has this become the object of increased attention and concern of scientists? The fact is that the process of soil formation is extremely complex and lengthy. In order to form just one centimeter of soil, nature needs 250-300 years, and the formation of a 20-cm layer should take at least 5-6 thousand years.
People, not realizing this, often destroy what has been created for centuries: they deplete the soil with inept agricultural technology and excessive use of pesticides, allow soil erosion without protecting it from the formation of ravines and gullies.
How to help mother earth?
In the mind of man there is a need to protect the native land, to take care of it: if not with weapons in hand (as in the years of war hard times), then at least in terms of protecting its fertility. So what steps are needed to do this?
Competent agricultural technology, taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of the region where it is carried out.
Snow accumulation, which contributes to the saturation of the soil with moisture and prevents the process of its weathering.
Reasonable use of fertilizers: regular application of organic matter and liming of the soil contributes to the accumulation of the main organic matter soil - humus, which significantly increases its fertility, chemical and physical indicators.
Smart investment
It is impossible to ignore the question that land (as a property) has always been in price. Land prices are rising every year and a person who has invested money in acquiring a piece of land can be sure that he made a good purchase, and here's why:
- Land, in case of urgent need, can be sold, and with great profit for themselves.
- A person who owns land can always feed himself and his loved ones if he treats his land-breadwinner wisely and carefully.
There were no such bloody battles for any treasures in the world as for the land. This feature is also embedded in the minds of every person: to defend their native mother earth to the last drop of blood.
Class: 4
Presentation for the lesson
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Textbook: A.A. Pleshakov "The World Around Us" Publisher: Moscow "Prosveshchenie", 2012.
Goals: introduce children to various types soils and their composition, human environmental activities; to promote the education of respect for the land; contribute to the development logical thinking, observation, the ability to express their thoughts.
Equipment: laptop, projector, screen, presentation.
Didactic material: soil samples, minerals (oil, peat, coal), explanatory dictionaries (author S.I. Ozhegov), cards with riddles and symbols, textbooks and workbooks, a map of natural areas.
I. Motivation for learning activities.
Hello guys! Are you ready for new discoveries?
We are a good friendly class
Everything will work out for us!
Then let's start working! Let's wish each other good luck!
II. Checking homework.
Today we have a regular meeting of the "Researchers" club. Let me introduce the participants of our meeting. Our class today is divided into groups (representation of captains). Let's remember the rules of working in groups. (Repeat rules).
Task number 1. Let's remember what minerals we talked about in the last lesson.
(Envelopes with three riddles are on the tables of each group. At the teacher's command, work begins. Time is given for discussion - 3 minutes).
Very strong and resilient
Builders reliable friend
Houses, steps, pedestals
Be beautiful and noticeable (granite)(Slide 2).He really needs the kids
He's on the paths in the yard
He is at a construction site and on the beach,
And he's even melted in glass (sand).Flowing through the pipe
Bakes pies (gas).Won't run without her
No bus, no taxi
The rocket won't go up
Guess what it is? (oil).No wonder she boiled
In a blast furnace
Got famous
Scissors, keys... (iron ore).If you meet on the road
Then the legs get bogged down
And make a bowl or vase,
Need it right away (clay).They cover the roads
Streets in villages (limestone).He carries in It's warm at home,
Help to melt steel
Making paints and enamels
It's black and shiny
real helper (injection).grew on swamp plants,
Became fuel and fertilizer (peat).
Now let's check. (Teaching students read riddles and call a guess, each team).
Task number 2. And now let's talk about some minerals in more detail. Each group should prepare a story about a mineral. But what you will learn about by opening these magic boxes (the Teacher suggests the captains to choose one of the boxes that contain oil, peat, coal).
Teams must determine what kind of mineral it is, name its main property, where it is used, and select a symbol from envelope No. 2. (Slide 3).
And now let's start protecting our projects. (Teams present, others can agree or add something).
What do these minerals have in common?
What other mineral has the same property?
Fizminutka
As in spring, at an early hour (slopes)
Seeds sprouted with us (turns).
We went out, stretched to the sun (reach out),
Turn around and smile!
Hello sun! This is us! (we spread our arms to the sides)
They only came out of the ground (we walk).
III. Formulation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
A word was lost in the title of the topic of our lesson, find it by solving the riddle. (Slide 4).
“......................- nurse”
They beat me, beat me, toss me, cut me,
And I endure everything and cry good (earth).
Today we have to find out why the earth is called the “nurse” and whether it needs protection.
So what is the purpose of our lesson? (Students repeat the purpose of the lesson.)
IV. Discovery of "new knowledge".
Soil and its composition.
Does anyone know what the top layer of the earth is called? (the soil)
Try to look up the meaning of the word "soil" in the dictionary now. (Working with explanatory dictionaries, the meaning of the word is clarified).
Let's remember the composition of the soil? (Slide 5).
Introduction to soil samples.
The science of soils - soil science was created by the Russian scientist - soil scientist Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev. More than 100 years ago, he proved that the main types of soils are located on the earth according to the type of zonality. Each nature zone corresponds to its own type of soil. He compiled the first soil maps of Russia, created a scientific classification of soils. Now let's get to know different types soils.
In different places of our country, the soils are not the same. Soil scientists distinguish 6 main types of soils. Consider the sections of the main types of soils (Slides 6,7).
Tundra soils are widespread in the tundra, podzolic soils in the taiga and mixed forests, gray forest soils in deciduous forests, and chernozem soils in the steppes. Swamp soils are typical for marshes, meadow soils for meadows. (Working with a map of natural areas).
The most common soils in our country are podzolic, the most fertile chernozems. (Consideration of samples of podzolic and chernozem soils). These soils are rich in humus. The darker the soil, the more fertile it is. During the Second World War, the Nazis exported our black soil to Germany.
Bog soils contain a layer of peat. And in meadow soils, a thick layer of turf is clearly visible, formed by intertwining roots of herbaceous plants.
We got acquainted with various types soils, but did not answer the question “Why is our land called the nurse?”
Let's listen to the fairy tale about the magic pantry (student's story) (Slide 8).
“I'll tell you a fairy tale about a magical pantry. If you put a handful of grain in it, you will receive a hundred handfuls in return. If you hide a potato, you will pull out a lot. She is under our feet. And it is called the earth. Yes, only then she is kind and generous when people are kind to her, and when they skillfully cultivate the land: they plow, fertilize, water. And rightly so. How is it possible to take everything from the earth and give nothing in return? Yes, any pantry will be empty in an instant. So it is with the magic pantry. Since ancient times, mother earth feeds people. But not always people guessed what wealth it conceals in itself. At a time when people did not yet know how to plow and sow, they took only what the earth itself had in store for them: berries, mushrooms, juicy stalks. Then people realized that they could specially bring grain from the fields and plant it near their homes. The first spikelets of bread grew. First barley, then wheat, rye. This is how the land became kind and generous, giving rich harvests to people.”
Continue the saying: What you sow, you will reap. (Slide 9) How do you understand its meaning?
So why is the earth called the nurse? (The earth feeds people, plants grow on it that a person eats).
But not only the earth feeds man, but also insects, birds, animals.
Soil protection (Slide 10).
But she - our breadwinner - needs protection. After all, one centimeter of soil is formed in nature in 250-300 years! Therefore, our soil needs to be protected and respected. But what you need to do for this you will learn by reading in the textbook on pages 32-34. (Checking the read by conventional signs).
Consider conventional signs v workbook and tell them what to do to protect the soil.
Drawing up a memo on soil protection (work in groups). Compare with the standard. (Slide 11).
V. Reflection.
The meeting of the Explorers Club is coming to an end. Let's summarize our research work. The answers of the students are built according to the following principle:
Today's lesson was interesting...
It was a revelation for me...
I can use my experience...
Even in the old days, our ancestors called our land a breadwinner. She was taken with them to distant lands as a talisman. They wrote poems and songs about her. So let's also love, appreciate and protect our nurse!
The great Russian scientist V.V. Dokuchaev said that land is more valuable than pearls and gold. People can live without gold, but without land...? (Slide 12).
Self-assessment of activities with the help of the Knowledge Ladder, assessment of work by the teacher.
VI. Homework. (Slide 13).
Lesson of the world around in grade 4 on the topic:
"Earth-nurse"
Naumenko Natalya Vladimirovna
teacher primary school MBOU secondary school No. 13
Pavlovsky district Krasnodar Territory
Lesson Objectives:
Introduce students to different types of soils and their composition;
Contribute to education junior schoolchildren respect for the soil; developing the ability to work in a group;
To promote the development of logical thinking, observation, the ability to express one's opinion.
List of educational and additional literature
Textbook: A. A. Pleshakov "The World Around Us", Grade 4. Part 1., M.: Education, 2010.
Workbook: A. A. Pleshakov "The World Around Us", Grade 4. Part 1., M.: Education, 2010.
N.V. Lobodin. World around us. Grade 4: lesson plans. Volgograd: Teacher, 2006.
O.I. Dmitrieva, O.A. Mokrushin. Lesson developments at the rate " The world" , 4th grade. M. : VAKO, 2004
I . Organizing time. Student motivation.
Hello guys!
Are you ready for the lesson?
I hope for you, friends!
We are a good friendly class
Everything will work out for us!
Today we have a regular meeting of the "Researchers" club. Let me introduce the participants of today's meeting.
II . Checking homework
Let's do the crossword puzzle.
(Slide 1)
Group work
1.It is very durable and resilient,
Builders reliable friend:
Houses, steps, pedestals
They will become beautiful and noticeable. (Granite)
5. It was cooked for a long time
In the blast furnace
Got famous
Scissors, keys. (Iron)
6. They cover the roads with them,
Streets in the village
It's also in cement.
He himself is a fertilizer. (Limestone)
8. If you meet on the road,
Then the legs get stuck a lot.
And to make a bowl or vase -
She'll be needed right away. (Clay)
9. He is black, shiny,
He brings warmth to the house,
It is light all around.
Helps to melt steel
Make paints and enamels. (Coal)
2. It is the most on earth.
You know him well.
Won't do without it
No car, no candy
No machines, no rockets. (Aluminum)
7. Will not run without it
No taxi, no motorbike
The rocket will not rise.
Guess what it is? (Oil)
3. He really needs the kids,
He's on the paths in the yard
He is at a construction site and on the beach,
It even melted into glass.
A real helper for people. (Sand)
4. Plants grew in the swamp,
They became fuel and fertilizer. (Peat
Upon completion of the check for slide 1.
Let's check how well you learned the previous topic. Let's do a test. (Slide 2 - select the correct answer by clicking the mouse)
Test "Our underground riches"
(front work)
1. Mineral deposits are being searched for ...
a) archaeologists;
b) geologists;
c) builders.
2. Minerals include ...
a) brick, concrete, gasoline;
b) machines, vases, scissors;
c) oil, gas, clay.
3. Metals are obtained from ...
a) coal, amber, chalk;
b) pearls, limestone, peat;
c) iron ore, copper ore.
4. With the help of drilling rigs, they extract ..
a) oil natural gas;
b) potassium salt, diamonds;
c) marble, granite.
5. Minerals with the property of combustibility ...
a) diamond, limestone, graphite;
b) stone corner b, peat, oil;
c) iron ore, table salt, chalk.
6. Construction uses…
a) peat, iron ore, gems;
b) stone coal, malachite, anthracite;
c) sand, clay, granite.
7. Mines are mined ...
a) coal, anthracite, iron ore;
b) table salt, pearls, granite;
c) limestone, shell rock, granite.
III . Formulation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
There is a wonderful pantry on earth. If you put a handful of grain in it, you will receive a hundred handfuls in return (slide 4 - on click).
If you hide a potato, you will pull out a lot (slide 5).
A tiny seed turns into a huge watermelon (slide 6).
A thin sprout turns into a beautiful flower (slide 7).
A handful of seeds becomes a large pile of cucumbers, carrots, tomatoes, sweet fragrant fruits and berries.
Is it a fairy tale or not? This is not a fairy tale. There is actually a wonderful pantry.
What is it called? (Land).
People have long called the earth a breadwinner. And that is what we are going to focus on today. (Slide 8)
IV . Discovery of "new knowledge"
Now open Dictionary, find the words; earth; and read what is written there.
The word earth has several meanings, one of them is soil.
Let's remember what is the soil? (top fertile layer of the earth).
What substances does soil consist of? (Slide 9)
That is main property soil? (Fertility)
The fertility of different soils is different.
Today we will learn what soils are.
And we still have to find out why the earth is called the "nurse".
We have already studied the natural areas of our country. So, each natural zone is characterized by its own type of soil.
The science of soils - soil science - was created by the Russian soil scientist Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev. More than 100 years ago, Dokuchaev proved that the main types of soils are located on the earth according to the type of zonality. Each natural zone has its own type of soil. He compiled the first soil maps of Russia, created a scientific classification of soils.
Now we will consider sections of the main types of soil in our country. (Slides 11-16)
Tundra soils are common in the tundra.
Tundra soil is light, there is little humus in it. Why? (slide 10).
In the taiga, there is grayish podzolic soil (slide 11).
In deciduous forests - gray forest soils, it has a lot of sand (slide 12).
Chernozem soils predominate in the steppes. Chernozem - the soil is very dark in color, it has a granular structure, it is the most fertile (slide 13).
Swamp soil - contains a thick layer of peat (slide 14).
Meadow soil - there is enough humus in it. There is a thick layer of turf, which is formed by intertwining roots (slide 15).
Let's make a production break - rest.
Fizminutka. (Slide 16)
Wow, you seed-grain (arms to the sides)
Lie down in the furrow at the bottom! (squat)
You, do not be afraid, golden (hands to face)
Nothing that is dark there, (squat)
To the light, to the sun, from the earth (hands up in a squat)
You, sprout, let's go, (get up)
Like in the spring, at an early hour (turns)
Seeds sprouted from us (turns)
Came out to the sun from the darkness (stretch)
Hello sun, it's us (wave hands)
Small is still a sprout-child (tilts of the head)
Just out of diapers, (sit down)
Guys, what do you think, what soils prevail in our region? (We live in the steppe zone, which means that chernozem soils predominate in our country)
Chernozem soils predominate in our region. They have dark color. Chernozem has a powerful upper fertile layer rich in humus. Chernozem soils are the most fertile in the world. Chernozem is the main wealth of our region. During the Great Patriotic War the Nazis drove the civilian population to the fields and forced them to remove about half a meter of black soil. Then they loaded this land onto platforms and took it to Germany.
Do you think soil fertility is infinite or will it ever end?
Yes, fertility must be preserved, but how - we will now learn from the textbook.
To do this, sit down in groups and get a task to speak at the academic council. You are faced with the problem “How to protect the soil?”
1 group- what rules must be followed when building roads, factories, mining? (it is necessary to remove a layer of soil, and then put it in its original place or use it when landscaping the territory)
2 group– how to protect the soil from the effects of wind and water flows? (Plant shelterbelts, carry out snow retention, properly plow the soil.)
3 group What is the soil afraid of? (Pesticides, too much fertilizer, too much watering)
V . Consolidation of new knowledge.
And now we will make a memo for agricultural workers on soil protection. Look at the slide and remove the wrong actions. (Slide 17)
Match soils and natural area(slides 18-24, you need to click on the correct answer)
Even in the old days, our ancestors called the earth a breadwinner, mother. They took her with them on distant wanderings, because they believed that she gives strength and helps in everything in foreign lands. People have always taken good care of the land. Poems and songs were written about her. Let us love, appreciate the earth, take care of it. Then she will delight us with a rich harvest, dense forests, flowering fields. That is why the remarkable Russian scientist Dokuchaev said that soil is more precious than gold. People could live without gold, but not without soil.
VI . Reflection
Reflection (slide 25):
Today's lesson was interesting...
It was a revelation for me that...
I can use my new experience...
Homework (if needed in class)
1) S.171-174, complete task 2 /
2) Be prepared to talk about what you are doing to keep the plants in your area strong, healthy and produce a rich harvest.
