The meaning and purpose of the life of a modern person as factors that determine his attitude to his own health. The value of modern money in people's lives

The role of the Internet in life modern man hard to overestimate. Nowadays, more than 30% of the world's population uses the Internet, and this is a little bit about 1,500,000,000 people. Back in 1992, only 100 people used it. It was planned to use the Internet only for business purposes. And now? Each student, having launched a browser, can find the information he needs in a matter of minutes. About, how people spend their time online I already wrote, now not about it.

The role of the Internet in the life of modern people

The number of Internet users is growing rapidly. By 2018, the Internet will be in almost every family. Television will be a thing of the past. Through Internet will pay public utilities, ordering food at home, although, in principle, this is already possible now. And most importantly, in the future, many will do their work without leaving home, saving their time, which can be spent with loved ones. Those times are not far off.

Let me quote from the President Conde Nast Karina Dobrotvorskaya’s Russia: “Just a year ago, print journalists media talked about the Internet as a hidden threat, and all conferences about the invasion of new social media were somewhat mournful. Now the tone has changed radically. They are not talking about a threat, but about new opportunities. Discuss not death, but development. Previously, "paper soldiers" (meaning the print media, etc.) tried to get away from online projects as an additional burden. Now they are afraid that they will not be given this burden. After all, this will automatically mean that they will not be taken into the future.”

Already, many central channels have been established on the Internet. In the coming years, they will stop broadcasting on cable TV and limit themselves to broadcasting on the network.

There are many media resources on the Internet where you can watch your favorite movies and series in high quality(HD). Such resources have replaced VHS cassettes and DVD discs for us, and for free. The only thing you need to pay monthly subscription fee for the internet. The prices for the tariffs are quite reasonable, and I think everyone can afford to pay for the Internet.

The Internet plays a huge role in the life of modern people, without it it is already impossible to imagine life on Earth.

When did the Internet appear?

The official date of birth of the Internet is not indicated in any document. In each country, he appeared at different times. The Internet was born in the United States in 1969. The purpose of the Internet was to provide a reliable communication channel in the event of a nuclear war.

In Russia, in 1998, a tradition was born to celebrate the birthday of the Internet in September, when one of the IT companies organized a “census of the Runet population”, according to which no more than a million people had access to the Internet.

Today, according to the latest statistics, over 50 million people use the Internet in Russia. At the same time, the monthly growth of the audience is more than 20%. More than 72% of users access the Internet every day.

By 2015, Russia plans to significantly increase the level of Internet penetration, especially in remote regions. Now, Russia ranks 2-3rd in the world in terms of Internet penetration.

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Currently, a huge number of problems and questions fall on a person. Psychology explains how a person behaves when solving them. Each inhabitant of the planet is individual, and therefore it is simply unrealistic to foresee everything possible options. This suggests that today it is very difficult to be in modern society without initial psychological knowledge. After all, each of us is in direct contact with others, whose behavior and mood are extremely unstable.

The role of psychology is extremely important in times fresh technologies and progress. Modern psychology helps a person to solve vital problems. Today, for many people, psychology has become a vital need. It helps a person to fulfill himself, develop as a person, help other people. A good modern psychologist with the help psychological trainings, analyzes, various methods does not allow a person to stand still.

To people who still have doubts about what is in his life important role psychology plays, you should think about what would happen if there were no social Psychology, there was no business dialogue technique. If it were so, then a person would not understand the meaning of the words "society", "public", and many others. Therefore, modern psychology provides vital knowledge.

Thanks to such knowledge, any person can easily adapt to new conditions, which before that were an incomprehensible mystery for him. He will be able to adapt correctly to them and his psyche will not suffer. It is difficult today to overestimate the role of this knowledge in the life of a modern person. Therefore, the life of modern society is impossible without psychology today. It is important that everyone understands this in time and takes appropriate measures.

There is no other science in the world today that could study a person like psychology. The most important thing in the life of any person is success, joy, happiness, peace of mind. It all develops only psychologically. A person who does not know this will not begin to study himself. After all, modern psychology is not only the study of others, but also oneself. By studying yourself, you can easily study others.

The benefit of psychology today is that most people in modern times need help, and oddly enough, it is psychological help. After all, only it helps a person to create a happy, successful, material world, changing habits and way of thinking. Feel free to study psychology, seek help from professionals.

This clip of a GREAT MAN, Nick Vuychich, will allow you to look at the WORLD in a different way!

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AUTONOMOUS NON-PROFIT EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF THE CENTROSOYUZ OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION "RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF COOPERATION"

COURSE WORK

by discipline

"Servisology"

"The meaning of modern life"

I've done the work

Stud. Gr. ST 1 course

Danilchenko Daria

Scientific director

Sharonova V.P.

INTRODUCTION

The question of the meaning of life is one of the traditional problems of philosophy, theology and fiction, where it is considered mainly from the point of view of determining what is the most worthy meaning of life for a person.

Ideas about the meaning of life are formed in the process of people's activities and depend on their social position, the content of the problems being solved, the way of life, the worldview, the specific historical situation.

Many argue that "there is no meaning to life." It means that there is no single meaning of life for all, given from above. However, it is certain that almost every person has goals that go beyond his own "use" and even beyond his own life. For example, we want happiness and prosperity for our children, we make great efforts to develop them by limiting our own needs. Moreover, all these efforts will give the main result not to us at all and, in many respects, even after our death.

Speaking about the fact that everyone has their own meaning of life, nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that there are certain objective limitations on the choice of the meaning of life. These restrictions are connected with the natural selection of both the "carriers of the meaning of life" (concrete people) and societies where this or that meaning of life prevails. For example, if the meaning of a person's life is suicide, then very quickly there will be no carriers of such a meaning of life. Similarly, if the meanings of life for the majority of members of a society are "suicidal" for society, then such a society will cease to exist. In particular, if the meaning of people's lives is aimed exclusively at solving short-term problems, for example, at maximizing pleasure, then such a society cannot exist for a long time.

Target term paper- to study the features of understanding the meaning of life of a modern person.

CHAPTER 1. MAN AND HIS NEEDS

Needs - the need experienced by a person for what is necessary for his normal functioning, to maintain the vital activity of the organism and the development of the personality.

Man needs certain conditions of existence. All activities of people are aimed at satisfying their various needs.

The needs of a person may be different at different stages of his life, but some of them remain unchanged: these are basic physiological needs, without which the biological existence of a person is impossible. The structure of social and cultural needs is formed and changes throughout the life of the individual, turning him into human personality, the subject of spiritual life. These needs contribute to the development of truly human qualities: reason, morality, striving for truth, for creative activity for the benefit of society.

A person is able to limit his needs, relying on the conclusions of the mind and focusing on social norms. Not always his needs can be fully satisfied. In addition, their satisfaction may be contrary to the moral standards of society and infringe on the interests of other people.

Human needs are the basis for his interests. Interest is a form of conscious need, a purposeful attitude of a person to an object, the desire to act in a certain way in order to achieve what is desired.

Human needs are also manifested in the motives of his activity. Unsatisfied needs have a motivating force, they cause the activity of a person, form and direct his aspirations to a specific goal.

Figure 1. Maslow's pyramid of needs.

In all the diversity of human needs, two main groups can be distinguished: primary and secondary needs.

The primary (innate) needs of a person belong to the field of physiology and are necessary for the survival and reproduction of the body: these are the needs for food, water, sleep, shelter, rest, safety, etc.

Secondary (acquired) needs belong to the field of psychology: communication needs, social connections, attention from other people, self-respect, creative self-realization, etc.

Secondary needs are also called acquired, because the process of a person's spiritual development, the formation of his personality is associated with the development of his interest and abilities for social interaction and cultural activities. Thus, the spiritual maturation of a person is accompanied by an increase in the role of secondary needs, the satisfaction of which turns him into a social being and distinguishes him from the world of living nature.

In science, there is a more detailed classification of human needs.

Primary needs are divided into: 1) biological or material organic needs (food, breath, shelter, etc.), 2) existential (associated with a sense of security, confidence in the future, guarantees of a prosperous existence and provision of biological needs).

Among secondary needs, there are: 1) social needs (associated with a sense of belonging to society), 2) prestige needs (associated with the assessment of a person’s activities, respect and self-esteem, public recognition of his success in his career and creativity, the achievement of authority), 3) spiritual, or ideal, cognitive needs (knowledge of the world, self-expression, self-realization, creative activity personality, aimed at creating beauty).

You can also divide human needs into three main groups: natural (biological), social and spiritual (cultural) needs.

The existence of several options for classifying needs is due to the fact that all human needs are closely related and mutually influence each other. Biological needs in a person acquire a social coloring, social needs stimulate spiritual activity, etc.

CHAPTER 2. THE NEED FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE

The inner (spiritual) world of a person is the creation, assimilation, preservation and dissemination of cultural values.

The structure of the human spiritual world:

Cognition - the need for knowledge about oneself, about the world around, about the meaning and purpose of one's life - forms the human intellect, that is, the totality of mental abilities, primarily the ability to receive new information on the basis of the one that a person already has.

Emotions are subjective experiences about situations and phenomena of reality (surprise, joy, suffering, anger, fear, shame, contempt, etc.).

Feelings - emotional states, which are longer than emotions and have a clearly expressed objective character (moral: friendship, love, patriotism, etc.; aesthetic: disgust, delight, longing, etc.; intellectual: curiosity, doubt, curiosity, etc.).

Worldview - a system of views, concepts and ideas about the world around. It determines the orientation of the individual - a set of stable motives that guide the activity of the individual and are relatively independent of the current situation.

The ideal (or spiritual, cultural) needs of a person are the internal motivations of a person to realize their creative potential, to create and master cultural values, ethical and aesthetic ideas and ideals, to acquire diverse knowledge about the world.

The basis of ideal human needs is the desire to know the world around and the meaning of one's existence. This category of needs stimulates the development of science, art, philosophy, and religious teachings.

In the hierarchy of needs compiled by A. Maslow, the highest level is occupied by the self-realization of a person - the realization of his creativity, realization of talents through creative spiritual activity. The results of self-realization are needed not only by the individual who carries it out, but also by society. Professional development is one of the results of self-realization. For society, the self-realization of individuals means the development of the economy, political relations, art, science, sports, etc.

The need for the meaning of life is, apparently, the most complex spiritual need. It is expressed in the formation of a worldview - a system of a person's views on the world as a whole and his place in it. The meaning of one's existence is determined by each individual individually, but this does not mean that it depends on the subjective vision of the world. There are, firstly, several basic concepts of the meaning of human existence, which many people come to at one stage or another of their lives (while modifying them in one way or another, adapting them to the characteristics of their personality). Secondly, the concept of the meaning of life directly depends on how human abilities developed and how the needs for knowledge, education and upbringing were satisfied. Various social structures, movements and organizations since ancient times have sought to influence the inner world of a person in order to form in him such a worldview and understanding of the meaning of life that corresponds to the ideology of these movements and organizations. For such an impact on the formation of spiritual needs, a wide range of techniques is used - dosed information and disinformation, the emotional impact of art, a sense of camaraderie and solidarity, propaganda through the media, and finally, a simple material interest in obtaining certain benefits. Spiritual needs, which the need for the meaning of life, as it were, generalizes and sums up, largely determine human behavior. Therefore, both society as a whole and individual structures, movements, organizations and groups that exist in it are always trying to influence their formation in their own interests.

Most of the primary biological needs are formed in the embryonic state, in early childhood the foundations of the instinct of self-preservation, the foundations of material and spiritual (toys, cartoons) and communication needs are formed. As for self-realization, self-realization and the ecology of mankind, the time of formation of these levels of needs varies greatly depending on a number of factors, which in combination we can call education.

The most interesting psychological concept of the development of the meaning of life begins to form in a person in childhood and can go through the following phases:

Figure 2. Phases of the formation of the meaning of life

Preliminary phase

In the preliminary phase, the child begins to formulate questions about the world around him and about himself. In these questions that he asks adults, attempts gradually appear to understand the causes, meaning and purpose of certain phenomena (“What is this?”, “Why do we need a mother?”, “Why the moon?”, “What would happen if you didn’t give birth to me?”, “Why is there a war if God is merciful?”). Here the prerequisites for raising the question of the meaning of life are laid.

Identification phase

The identification phase begins in elementary school students. "The young person begins to feel the desire to justify the meaning of himself" and "he finds it most easily in the form of identification with someone who, in his opinion, is "meaningful"". Indeed, the easiest way is not to invent some meaning yourself, but to find its correct understanding in others. The desire to unite in groups and organizations that have general tasks and engaged in meaningful activity is typical of adolescence. These can be rockers, football club fans, fans of a rock singer or group, all kinds of extremist organizations with different ideologies, yard companies, students of a prestigious educational institution, members of a sports team or a KVN team, etc. Identification with members of one's own group requires active activity, protection of common values and rejection of the value system of other groups. Hence the enmity and open conflicts between such communities (punks against skinheads, fans of one club against fans of another, etc.). These types of identification are the first sign of the emergence of a need for the meaning of life, expressed in the desire to comprehend emotional contact. An important feature identification is that under certain conditions it quite fully imitates the meaning of life and can remain with the individual for life as a way of self-determination. In this case, it blocks further phases of the development of the meaning of life, and hence the path to personal development. So, an adult person can see the main meaning of his life in the fact that he “cheers” for a sports team or, together with old friends, goes fishing and goes to the bathhouse. All the needs of such a person will gravitate towards the standards and standards adopted in his group. For sports fans and members of other communities similar to them, the services associated with belonging to this community are especially important (specific appearance, pastime, use of "cult" items). Fanatic supporters of religious organizations are also at the same level of consciousness of the meaning of life.

The phase of cosmic need for the meaning of life

At the so-called cosmic stage, a person tries to formulate the meaning of life in the form of some abstract ideas common to all. A person cannot yet catch and understand his own, individual meaning, limiting himself to universal worldview statements about the nature of the world and man, such as "the world is ...", "the most important thing for people ...", "people are controlled by ...". A person at this stage can "go in cycles" on the implementation of some idea that seems to him the only one worthy of attention. Nevertheless, even such a static understanding of the meaning allows one to orient oneself in the surrounding world and develop a more independent strategy of behavior than at the stage of identification with others.

Phase of the mature concept of the meaning of life

Finally, the mature concept of the meaning of life is that a person finds his own, individual meaning and learns to develop it. The meaning of life is not a frozen complex of ideas and ideas, the same for a child, and for an adult, and for an old man. Personality changes must occur, because the existence of personality is a process and its stable state is impossible. Even the meaning of life given from the outside plays the role of a stabilizer and a factor of resistance for a certain time, only in this case the importance of life depends mainly on the circumstances. When the meaning of life is one's own, since it follows from an independent concept of life, then these advantages are supplemented by the chance of carrying out one's own adaptation, and hence the development of the personality. No one can give this chance to anyone. The fullness of life depends on the personality itself.

To determine the meaning of life, there are various approaches that underlie this or that concept.

Figure 3. Concepts of the meaning of life

The meaning of life is an independent conscious choice of each individual of those values that orient him not to have, but to be.

In other words, the meaning of human life is in the self-realization of the individual, in the human need to create, give, share with others, sacrifice oneself.

CHAPTER 3. THE NEED FOR SELF-REALIZATION ACCORDING TO A. MASLOW

spiritual meaning life need

The need for the meaningfulness of one's existence and activity is the most complex and complex human need. People asked themselves the problem of the meaning of life even before the advent of the era of civilizations - they created a mythological and religious worldview that gave man this meaning and guidelines for activity. A. Maslow noted that the satisfaction of basic needs in itself does not yet give such meaning and life guidelines. A. Camus called the question of the meaning of life the most urgent of all the questions facing man. K. Obukhovsky discusses the tragedy of a man whose life loses its meaning after satisfaction of vital needs and aimlessly “fluctuates from situation to situation”: “Some argue that this is enough for them. They have been simplified enough not to make special demands on life. They perceive her as she becomes, and as they become day by day. In fact, these people only pretend that they have had enough of it. They often deceive themselves and fake a lack of interest in things that go beyond the scope of everyday events. These pretenders are betrayed by repeated bouts of blues, addiction to mind-clouding chemicals or dependency on who they need and want to believe in order to ease their sense of loss. Often they have irrational aggression towards other people and towards themselves. One hussar officer substantiated the decision to commit suicide in this way: "I'm already tired - get dressed in the morning, undress in the evening, then get dressed again ...". Apparently, there was no point in his life, except for regular dressing and undressing. This meaninglessness of existence is the cause of many human tragedies and suicides.

Abraham Maslow believes that after the satisfaction of physiological needs, the needs for security, love and respect, the need for self-realization inevitably intensifies. “Even if all these needs are satisfied,” he writes of the first four, “often (if not always) we can expect that restlessness and dissatisfaction will soon arise again if a person is not doing what he was created for. Musicians must create music, artists must paint pictures, poets must compose poetry in order to remain in harmony with themselves. Man does not have to be what he can be. People must remain true to their nature. We can call this need self-realization.” This term refers to the desire of people to realize themselves, namely, the tendency to manifest in themselves that which is inherent in them potentially. This propensity can be defined as the desire to manifest to a greater extent the inherent distinctiveness of a person in order to achieve all that he is capable of. At this level, the degree of individual differences is very high. However common property needs in self-realization is that their emergence is usually based on some preliminary satisfaction of the physiological needs for security, love and respect. For many years, studying people with a pronounced need for self-realization, Maslow compiled a list of characteristics characteristic of them. distinguishing features personality. He referred to these as:

adequate perception of reality;

acceptance of the world as it is;

spontaneity and naturalness of behavior;

centering on solving certain problems, and not on one’s “I”;

a tendency to seclusion;

autonomy, i.e. relative independence from the physical and social environment;

freshness of perception of everyday phenomena of reality;

special emotional experiences (“peak experiences”);

feeling of unity and kinship of all people;

modesty and respect for others;

selectivity in communication and a special style of interpersonal relationships;

strict adherence to the moral standards chosen for oneself;

the transformation of means to achieve a particular goal into an interesting creative activity;

sense of humor;

creativity, i.e. independent and creative style activities;

resistance to familiarization with cultural norms alien to oneself;

the presence of numerous minor flaws and imperfections;

formation of own independent system values;

integrity of the personality and the absence of destructive contradictions in it, harmony inner peace and behaviour.

The term "self-realization" was first used by K. Goldstein. Maslow considered self-realization not only as an end state, but also as a process of identifying and realizing one's capabilities. He believed that "a man always wants to be first class or as good as he can be." Maslow focuses self-realization on the highest achievements, the maximum in the area to which a person is potentially predisposed. The fact is that he conducted biographical studies of elderly people with high success in their chosen field: Einstein, Thoreau, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt, W. James, Whitman, etc. He studied the personality traits of "beautiful, healthy, strong, creative, virtuous shrewd people." These are people with high level self-realization. They are characterized by such features as a greater focus on the present, an internal locus of control, a high importance of growth and spiritual values, spontaneity, tolerance, autonomy and independence from the environment, a sense of community with humanity as a whole, a strong business orientation, optimism, stable internal moral standards, democracy in relationships, the presence of an intimate environment that includes a few close people, creativity, criticality in relation to their culture (often find themselves isolated in a cultural environment they do not accept), high self-acceptance and acceptance of others.

This discovery means that for many people, the only definition of a life of meaning that they can imagine is "not having something important and striving to acquire it." But we know that self-fulfilling people, even if all their basic needs have already been met, find life filled with even deeper meaning, because they can live, so to speak, in the realm of Being.

Life is a process of constant choice. At every moment a person has a choice: either retreat or advance towards the goal. Either a movement towards even greater fear, fears, protection, or the choice of a goal and the growth of spiritual forces. To choose development instead of fear ten times a day means to advance ten times towards self-realization.

Self-realization is not only the end station of our journey, but the journey itself and its driving force. This is a minute-by-minute actualization of all our sensed and even only pre-perceived possibilities.

Like A. Maslow, S. Buhler, K. Rogers, K. Horney, R. Assagioli and others, they considered self-realization of their life purpose as the central aspect of personality development. However, if Maslow focuses self-realization in his concept primarily on maximum achievements, then they considered such an orientation to be potentially disharmonious for the personality and focused on achieving a harmonious life of a person, his development. The race for great achievements quite often makes the process of self-realization one-sided, impoverishes the way of life, and can lead to chronic stress, nervous breakdowns, and heart attacks.

CHAPTER 4. M. WEBER'S THEORY OF SOCIAL ACTION

The meaning of life and self-realization are not always the same thing. A. Maslow himself believed that there were relatively few "self-realizers". How, then, to determine the meaning of life for all other people, and is it possible to give at least an approximate classification of the main approaches to determining the meaning of life?

One of the possible classifications of such approaches can be based on the social action theory of the prominent German sociologist Max Weber (1864 - 1920).

According to Weber, all the actions of people can be assessed in terms of their mechanisms and motivation. His sociological model includes four types of social action:

Traditional type of social action

The traditional action is most widespread among the tribes of the natives and among peoples standing at the pre-industrial stage of development. It is fully focused on the implementation of the norms, rules and traditions that a person has mastered in the process of education. People still do not analyze the meaning of certain methods of behavior. Ethnographers who have studied the Tuareg tribes that inhabit the Sahara desert have encountered precisely this style of activity. According to Tuareg traditions, a man should always cover his face with a special bandage (only his eyes remain open). In other nations, such behavior is required, as you know, only from women. When the Tuaregs were asked why they keep such a strange custom, the latter did not understand the meaning of the question at all and answered: they wear a bandage because a man's face should be covered with a bandage. The question "why?", which prompts to find reasons and rational explanations, is not yet clear to a person with such a worldview. The meaning of life is understood as strict observance of the order that exists, without any understanding of its meaning. It’s just “it’s necessary”, “it’s supposed to be”, “it’s accepted”, “this is how we should act”. A similar style of behavior exists in a modern developed society: many people see the purpose and meaning of life in doing “what is supposed to be done”, behaving “in the right way”. Here, the meaning of life is completely given by the historically established tradition, which a person does not try to understand, but simply fulfills. The attitude to needs and services here is also completely predictable and is entirely determined by the prevailing this moment traditions. Learning something new in any field of activity is extremely difficult. This style of behavior and the corresponding idea of the meaning of life played a role in ordering the behavior of people in ancient societies. However, in the era of the formation of the post-industrial type of civilization, such a life orientation becomes insufficient, too primitive (although it continues to play a positive role). At the same time, people with such a worldview are easier than others to become victims of all kinds of ideological manipulations, zombies, and so on.

Affective type of social action

In the conditions of the predominance of the affective type of action, a person makes decisions based on his desires, moods and whims. The meaning of life is understood by him as an opportunity to break away from traditions, to do what “I want”, to freely express their personal tastes and interests, and not to follow some standards imposed by other people. This is similar to the epicurean style of behavior. Human needs, ways to satisfy them and demand for services become less predictable, as a person seeks to prove himself, act on the basis of his desires (behind which, of course, there is still the need to satisfy urgent needs). Adolescents, who are developing as an independent person, usually gravitate towards this very understanding of the meaning of life and the corresponding style of behavior.

Value-oriented type of social action

With a value-rational type of social action, a person considers it most important for himself to follow an idea. This idea has an independent value, sometimes even greater than the life of a person or a large number of people. Meaning of life individual is understood as the need to serve this idea, to bring it to life. This style of behavior and the corresponding understanding of the meaning of life unites people with very different worldviews - religious fanatics, revolutionaries, scientists, artists, poets, musicians who see the meaning of their existence in selfless service to science or art. An officer can serve his people, a mother - her children, an engineer - the embodiment of his technical ideas and inventions. A person with such an understanding of the meaning of life will evaluate his own and other people's needs, as well as the services offered by service organizations, in terms of their compliance with his idea or goal. What is good and valuable is what corresponds to it, what is bad is what hinders its implementation. If you try to evaluate the effectiveness and reasonableness of such behavior from the outside, you will first need to analyze the idea or principle on which this understanding of the meaning of life is based. It is clear that ideas can be very different in content - from lofty and humanistic to misanthropic (racist, fascist, etc.).

Purposeful rational type of social action

With the dominance of the purposeful-rational type of actions, a person determines the meaning of his life more flexibly and individually. This meaning depends on the specific life situation in which he is and which he seeks to rationally comprehend, understand. The life situation is changing, so it requires constant analysis and reflection. Based on this understanding, a person can build a strategy for his activity, outline goals and methods for achieving them, which correspond to our worldview and a specific life situation. For a person acting in this way, it is impossible to lose the meaning of life - this meaning can always be reformulated and rethought taking into account the changed conditions. Approximately such an understanding of the meaning of their existence is shared by those people whom A. Maslow calls “self-realizers”. People who have developed such a worldview have a complex, constantly changing system of needs and present a demand for a diverse set of services that meet the specific needs of personal development at this life stage and in this particular situation.

CHAPTER 5. HUMAN VALUES IN MODERN SOCIETY

Value is the property of an object or phenomenon to have value for people in cultural, social or personal relations.

Each era, each nation or individual has its own values. So, for some peoples, gold was not a value. People's ideas about beauty, happiness, etc. also changed. From this, it would seem, the conclusion suggests itself that value is something transient, temporary, relative. However, this is not quite true.

Firstly, indeed, values are relative, they change depending on the changing needs and interests of people, on the form of relations prevailing in society, the level of civilization and other factors. But at the same time, values are stable, because they exist for a certain (sometimes very long) time. Moreover, there are values that retain their value throughout the existence of mankind (for example, life, good), which, therefore, have an absolute value.

Secondly, value is the unity of the objective and the subjective. Value is objective in the sense that the properties of an object or process that matter to a person, but do not depend on him, are objective. These properties depend on the object or process itself. The subjectivity of value lies in the fact that it exists only as a process or result of evaluation, i.e. subjective human action. For, value is not the object itself, but the value of the object for a person. Outside of a person, value is meaningless, and in this respect it is subjective.

Thus, value combines variability and stability, objectivity and subjectivity, absoluteness and relativity. It does not exist outside of evaluation, evaluative relationship.

Evaluation is usually understood as a judgment about the significance of an object or phenomenon for people entering into evaluative relationships with them. An evaluative attitude does not arise to any object or phenomenon, but only to one that has an individual or social significance. In the process (and as a result) of the relationship, an assessment is formed as a judgment about the significance of this phenomenon for a person and humanity.

Table 1. Differences between needs and values.

Due to the multitude of objects and processes that are important for a person, as well as the variety of human needs and orientations, a large number of different values arise, which, for certain reasons, can be brought into the system. The most widespread classification of values on the following grounds:

2) By the breadth of their content: individual, group (class, ethnic, confessional, etc.) and universal values.

3) By spheres of public life: material and economic ( Natural resources, tools), socio-political (social institutions necessary for a person - family, ethnic group, Fatherland) and spiritual values (knowledge, norms, ideals, faith, etc.).

4) In terms of importance for man and mankind: higher and lower. As a rule, they coincide with absolute and relative values, which are determined by the duration of their existence.

Higher (absolute) values have a non-utilitarian character, they are values not because they serve for something else, but on the contrary, everything else acquires significance only in the context of higher values. These values are enduring, eternal, significant at all times, absolute. The highest values include universal ones - peace, humanity; social - justice, freedom, human rights; communication values - friendship, love, trust; cultural - ideological, ethnic; activity - creativity, truth; self-preservation values - life, health, children; personal qualities - honesty, patriotism, loyalty, kindness, etc.

Lower (relative) values act as means to achieve any higher goals, they are more susceptible to the influence of circumstances, changing conditions, situations, more mobile, their time of existence is limited.

5) Depending on the type of civilization - in this regard, some authors divide values into three groups, each of which includes values that are predominantly cultivated in the main types of modern civilizations - Eastern, Western and Eurasian. Eastern civilization focuses on collectivism, traditionalism, adaptation to the environment. The basic values are equalization, humanism, justice, the cult of the community, honoring parents and elders, authoritarianism.

Western civilization focuses on individualism, on the cult of personality, on adapting the environment to the interests of the individual. Therefore, the key values of Western civilization are freedom, leadership, individuality, equality, etc.

The Eurasian civilization combines the value orientations of East and West. The Russian people are characterized by patriotism, mutual assistance, openness, gullibility, tolerance, spirituality, and even femininity. Not acceptable - violence, suppression of freedom, foreign domination, social freedom is a special value.

However, the values of any civilization and era do not exist outside of man as a generic being. At the same time, existing values perform important functions in society as a whole and in relation to a particular person - cognitive, normative, regulatory, communicative, target, which are ultimately integrated into the functions of socialization. In other words, values socialize the individual.

CONCLUSION

Modern society, of course, does not impose the meaning of life on its members, and this is the individual choice of each person. At the same time, Modern society offers an attractive goal that can fill a person's life with meaning and give him strength.

The meaning of the life of a modern person is self-improvement, the upbringing of worthy children who must surpass their parents, the development of this world as a whole. The goal is to turn a person from a “cog”, an object of application of external forces, into a creator, builder of the world.

Any person embedded in modern society, is the creator of the future, a participant in the development of our world, in the long term - a participant in the creation of a new Universe (after all, in just a few hundred years we have transformed the planet Earth, which means that we will transform the Universe in millions of years). And it doesn't matter where and by whom we work - we move the economy forward in a private company or teach children at school - our work and contribution is needed for development.

The consciousness of this fills life with meaning and makes you do your job well and conscientiously - for the benefit of yourself, other people and society. This allows you to realize your own significance and the common goal that modern people set for themselves, to feel involved in the highest achievements humanity. And just to feel like a bearer of a progressive Future is already important.

Thanks to us - modern people - the world is developing. And without development, a catastrophe would await him. People who live in the past and not in the future feel that their life has no meaning; that the past they pray for is ending. Hence bursts of despair - religious fanaticism, terrorism, etc. Century traditional societies ended. However, it should be remembered that fanatics want to destroy our purpose of life, aimed at development and prosperity, and we must effectively resist this.

The meaning of the life of modern man gives him quite a practical return. Improving ourselves, improving our skills, energetically mastering new things and taking an active life position, we become valuable, highly paid specialists (or prosperous entrepreneurs). As a result, our life becomes comfortable and rich, we can consume more and satisfy our needs. In addition, based on our meaning of life, we strive to make our children smart, to educate them - and as a result, our children become worthy people, which also brings us satisfaction.

Meaning and purpose human life is to change the surrounding world to meet its needs, this is undeniable. But by changing external nature, man also changes his own nature, that is, he changes and develops himself. Exploring the processes of personality development, we consider a number of levels of analysis of the meaning of life (“destination”) of a person: development as the meaning of life, all-round development as the meaning of life of a new type of personality, self-realization of a person as an active fulfillment, the realization of his destination. The meaning of life is the most flexible characteristic of both material and spiritual needs. Ultimately, the very system of needs is determined by the meaning of life: if this is the multiplication of personal wealth, then, naturally, this leads to an exaggerated development of material needs. And vice versa, spiritual development, which has become the goal of life, dominates the structure of the personality in the form of corresponding spiritual needs. The meaning of life is determined primarily by specific historical conditions, interests and needs Ultimately, the meaning of life is determined objectively existing system public relations.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

Kuznetsov A.S. Man: needs and values. Sverdlovsk, 1992.

The meaning of life (http://smysl.hpsy.ru)

Maslow A. Motivation and personality. 3rd ed. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003.

Gershtein M.L. The meaning of life (Letter to children). (http://hpsy.ru/public/x3142.htm)

Frankl Victor. Man in search of meaning. M.: Progress, 2000.

Orlov S.V., Dmitrienko N.A. Man and his needs: Textbook. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.

Zdravomyslov A.G. Needs, interests, values. M., 1986.

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Each of us at least once in his life uttered the sacramental phrase: “From Monday I start a new life for a modern person!” But only a few stubbornly followed the installation, the majority returned to a disgusting, but simple and understandable way of life.

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Photo gallery: New life for modern man

And so I wanted to change something ... How important are life changes for us? How to respond to them? When to exercise and where to start a new life for a modern person? On the threshold of spring - the most renewing time of the year - we have brought together experts in life changes around our traditional round table.

Bulat Okudzhava said that everyone wants something to happen, and everyone is afraid that something will happen. What is our need for change, why do we need it? Change is the catalyst for a fulfilling human life. Therefore, a self-sufficient, self-confident person always strives for renewal. But not all change is desirable. It is no coincidence that the Chinese curse says: "Let you live in an era of change." Although strong-willed people, even in difficult situations, will be able to find something useful and positive for themselves.

The main thing is to remember that in self-development, as in diving: how much air you have, you dive to such a depth. This means: in order to embark on new voyages, it is important to understand whether you have enough resources to survive the changes in life with the least loss.

Change is necessary and objective. They are connected with the fact that a person is a part of outer space that affects him. We are born for changes, they are aimed at our self-improvement. But how to implement these changes in your life depends on the person himself. Does he hear that he needs to change his way of life and start a new life for a modern person, thinking, approach to events, or is he stubbornly moving along the beaten path. On this depends his fate and further development. Each period of our formation and change prepares the next stage of life. If we act correctly in this period of time, then in the future we will have the opportunity to realize ourselves most fully.

A person has two basic needs - stability and change. Our past and present, as well as a new life for modern man, stabilizes our personality and makes us who we are. If this changes, we will face the unknown, the comfortable familiar stability will be disturbed, we will have to get used to the new and somehow adapt. Therefore, a contradiction lives inside us all the time: we both want something new and we are afraid.

In the life of any person at least once there was a situation “the routine sucked”, when even well-being ceases to bring joy. Why is this happening?

Most often this happens because people lose sight of the purpose and meaning of their lives. In contrast to this, one can take as an example creative people. What is the secret of their longevity? The fact that they always set themselves new goals and objectives, went to a dream that never allowed them to relax and lose interest in life. Therefore, it is desirable for everyone, even in everyday work, to find something new and build a new life for modern man.

This idle period- a respite, which, like change, is also necessary. She prepares us for a new turn of fate. During these periods, we prefer to indulge in apathy, become heavy on the rise, we either don’t want anything, or we can’t understand what exactly we want. But at this time it is important not to sit on the couch, but to keep your nose in the wind and at least do something. For example, go somewhere, go, go on a business trip, to refresher courses. You can meet your loved one exactly where you are so reluctant to go now, or there will be a new promising job in the very place where you absolutely do not want to go.

What determines “openness” to change or, conversely, unwillingness to change anything?

Often certain fears are associated with diseases. For example, with kidney disease, people are anxious, with liver problems, they experience fear of life, fear of death. Changes in a new life for a modern person are often afraid of pulmonary patients. It turns out that by strengthening your health, you can automatically get rid of fear. When patients with such problems come to see me, I certainly take this into account - after treatment, fears go away. Attitude to change largely depends on temperament. Phlegmatic and melancholy people often perceive them painfully. To prevent this from happening, it is important to take into account the temperament with early years and properly educate the child. But choleric people are real fatalists who not only strive for change, but provoke them themselves. Sanguine people also like to change, they are distinguished by restlessness, versatile interests.

I don't like it too much the idea of dividing people into types. Modern psychology has in its arsenal so many various techniques according to personality typology, that you can get confused about what type you are. I like to study social environment, personality and environment. It can, of course, be assumed that sanguine and choleric people adapt better to change, but at the same time, the classic phlegmatic Bernard Shaw was an avid traveler and creative person. I think it's all about education. Y. Kozeletsky in his work "Man of many dimensions" wrote about a special gift, personal quality, which he called transgressive, which means the ability of a person to go beyond his own self.

You can contact to the classification of lifestyles developed by psychologists. There are people who set specific goals for themselves and achieve them, and there are those who simply live for today, not striving for global changes, achieving something great. In addition, one goes ahead to the same goal, sweeping away obstacles on the way, while the other carefully bypasses obstacles and sharp corners. It is also important how much a person is aware of and wants to control everything that happens. The most ironclad plans can be invaded by unforeseen circumstances. Then the one who always acts only in accordance with his plan is subjected to much more stress than he; who has a certain amount of adventurism, does not seek to control everything and everyone. Although everything in a person is mobile, therefore everyone can develop different sides of themselves and start a new life for a modern person.

I would divide people into those who are looking for passion in life, and those who avoid stressful situations and strives for stability. If it is present in life, then everything is more understandable and correct, but there are no peaks, no sharpness of sensations. The latter is just more often experienced by risky people. As a rule, this is associated with the experience of traumatization - you feel more alive when you overcome a difficult life situation. Someone goes in for extreme sports for this, someone falls in love selflessly, in a word, does something that disrupts the natural course of life. So they touch high vibrations, something that invigorates and, as it were, shakes up. Some of my clients say: I lived and thought that I would dry up from boredom. And suddenly something happens to this person that he did not even dream of, and it turns his life upside down. Maybe even hurt. But the fact is that he ceases to be bored. New life for modern man - new stage to the future.

How to react to unexpected changes in a new life for a modern person?

There are changes that we choose and there are those that choose us, there are different ways response to them. The first involves focusing on the problem that has arisen, when we change the cause of what happened. For example, if you lose your job, to solve this problem, you need to find a new one. It helps to drop introspection and negative emotions. The next way to respond is to distract from the problem. To reduce negative emotions, you need to switch to something. After that, either the problem will be solved by itself, or it will be easier to solve it. There is another very effective technique- building a new idea, reboot. This is when a person looks at his life with new eyes, builds positive interpretations, finds pluses in the minuses.

What stages of life human being most critical?

The physical body of a person develops according to the seven-year cycles of Saturn. They talk about human development and about one hundred specific stages (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 years and so on). Crisis moments in a new life for a modern person occur precisely in these years, and men experience them more sharply and brighter. The most difficult period is the age of Christ, 33 years, which is considered the most materialistic point in life. Until this age, a person still lives at the expense of the environment, relatives, loved ones, and the acquisition of skills. But from the age of 33, you need to learn to give back to the world what has been gained and live off it. There are two more crises - the so-called lunar nodes. These are 18.5, 37 years old and 54 years old. They are very accurate. At these critical moments, it is important not to make epoch-making decisions, not to make operations, not to conclude deals. Such rhythms of life are normal, logical.

In addition, we also have our own individual rhythms of life. For example, some state that important events occur every 3.5 or 10 years.

Crises are closely related to moments when you need to take responsibility for your life. For example, in the initial courses of the university, students doubt the correctness of their choice; after the birth of the first-born, you need to master the role of the mother; crossing the 40-year milestone, when there is a total rethinking of life. All these stages are normal, they happen to most people and are not signs of ill health. Separately, I would like to say about one of the most difficult moments for our people - retirement. How painlessly a person can survive a global change depends heavily on social culture. In our country, unfortunately, there is no institution that would provide pensioners not only with a decent existence, but also with the opportunity to feel needed and share their life experience and wisdom.

We have a low level life, pensioners turn out to be useless to anyone - as if they were used, then thrown out as unnecessary. Therefore, people of retirement age hold on to their places, not giving way to the young - if they give in, they will immediately lose income, and they will be forgotten. Our situation is as follows: if you want to change, go ahead, but keep in mind that with age it is more and more difficult to do this - at 40 you are already Good work won't take. In Europe, starting life after 40 is much easier than in our country, and they retire there with pleasure, perceiving it as a well-deserved rest. I have a lot of contact with Europeans and note that at the right time they are happy to pass the baton to the young, and they themselves devote time to themselves, home, and travel. At the same time, they have a lot of clients, students, they receive recognition - what a person of advanced years needs.

A new life for a modern person is designed to choose a more suitable path for their own improvement.

Every person wants to live an interesting and fulfilling life: to find his place in society, to realize himself in a profession, to participate in one way or another in social, family, domestic and leisure forms of life. But without good health, a clear mind and a positive attitude to the world, success in life is not easy to achieve. Therefore, the most important prerequisite for the development of various aspects of human life and the achievement of active longevity is healthy lifestyle life.

WHO experts in the 80s of the XX century determined the approximate ratio of various factors for ensuring the health of a modern person, highlighting four derivatives as the main ones. Subsequently, these conclusions were fundamentally confirmed in relation to our country as follows (WHO data in parentheses):

genetic factors - 15-20% (20%)
environmental conditions - 20 - 25% (20%)
medical support - 10-15% (7 - 8%,)
conditions and way of life of people - 50 - 55% (53 - 52%).

According to experts, people's health to a greater extent depends on the way of life and only in the last place - on health care. As the famous Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy: “Ridiculous are the demands of people who smoke, drink, overeat, do not work and turn night into day, that the doctor make them healthy (...).” A truly cultured person should have a culture of health, because conscious attitude to his physical and mental well-being - this is a sign of a person responsible for the peace of his loved ones, the future of his children, and the country.

You cannot save health in parts. Health is the result of the coordinated work of all systems of the body and personality. Therefore, the basic principles of maintaining a healthy lifestyle should become part of the worldview of every person.

1. Quality and diet are fundamental to health. The body gets almost everything it needs from food. nutrients which he uses for life. Nutrition should be varied, fractional and uniform (3-4 times a day, the last meal - no later than 3 hours before bedtime) correspond to a person's energy consumption and imply the use of only healthy and fresh foods. It is equally important to monitor the quality drinking water. An abundance of vegetables, fruits and nuts. Scientists say that these foods should make up at least two-thirds of the diet - another way to get naturally there are enough vitamins, and there are simply no micro and macro elements.

2. Physical activity is one of essential funds health promotion. Even a small daily 10-minute gymnastics brings great benefits. Gymnastics, athletics, outdoor games are very useful for of cardio-vascular system, lungs, strengthening the musculoskeletal system. During moments of physical activation, the circulation of leukocytes and antibodies that can recognize and destroy viruses and bacteria increase.

3. Optimal work and sufficient rest also affect our health. Vigorous activity, not only physical, but also mental, has a good effect on the nervous system, strengthens the heart, blood vessels and the body as a whole. Work is an integral and essential part of our life. It should not oppress a person, so you need to try to find a job that is suitable for you, which will please and realize the qualities and abilities inherent in a person.

Sufficient sleep is essential for normal activities nervous system. Regular lack of sleep leads to decreased performance and severe fatigue. It is better to sleep in a well-ventilated room, and it is also advisable to go to bed at the same time.

4. It is very important to constantly harden the body, that is, to train it for a more stable transfer of temperature exposure. These are not only water procedures, but also wiping, playing sports in the fresh air. A person who is engaged in hardening is less likely to get colds and other diseases, has a stronger immune system. Bath and massage procedures have a beneficial effect on the body.

5. Walk in the fresh air. Walking in nature, in the park has a positive effect on the human condition, both physically and psychologically. Fresh air in combination with physical activity - an excellent tool for increasing the tone of blood vessels.

6. The physiological state of a person is greatly influenced by his psycho-emotional state. Stress in our life is inevitable, a person experiences it almost every day. The stress hormone cortisol, which is activated during moments of strong nervous experiences, disrupts the functions of the endocrine system. This changes the production of interferon, which is important for quality work immunity.

What matters is how you respond to stress. You can come to a nervous breakdown, or you can mobilize and adapt to changing conditions. This will help simple methods: positive thinking, deep breathing, the ability to relax, not to take what is happening to heart, communication with close and understanding people.

7. The worldview of a healthy person excludes bad habits. Smoking and alcohol abuse bring great harm not only to people suffering from these habit-diseases, but also to those around them and to society as a whole.

It is important to understand that a healthy lifestyle is not a pill that instantly eliminates all ailments. This is the principle of life, a special worldview and everyday pleasant work on oneself, which in the end will certainly be crowned with success.

Press center of the BU "Megion City Hospital No. 1"