How to fasten the beam together in the corners. Beam joints in corners and straight walls

If you decide to build wooden house from a bar, then you will undoubtedly need the help of specialists, or at least get acquainted with such a concept as joining a bar along the length. How well do you know about construction wooden house its further maintenance also depends, or in extreme cases this knowledge will be useful when dismantling the building. Often you have to deal with not only the processing of wood, but also with the connection of structural parts.

Usually standard length rough, profiled or glued timber is 6 meters, so when building a log house of a wooden house, which is longer than the standard, you have to use technologies for joining along the length.

The timber is joined along the length in cases where one side of the house is longer in length. The bars are joined on one side with the dressing, and the next row on the other side. This order eliminates the incorrect finding of two joints located one under one. Profiled beams are usually connected in several ways in accordance with GOST 30974-2002, the name of which is: “connections of corner wooden block and log low-rise structures. Classification, designs, dimensions. Usually this standard applies to T-shaped joints, as well as to the corner joints of low-rise buildings that are built from logs or timber. These standards are not mandatory, but there is one thing, but these requirements must be taken into account when certifying products, such as profiled timber or whole production.

The type of splicing used depends on the load on the beam - loads can be in compression, tension and bending.

For the method of connecting a beam along the length (splicing), it is also necessary to use various types of connections, for example, such as:

Half tree connection
Key connection
Connection with root pin
Connection on an oblique lock
Rim lock connection

The connection of the beam under the force of compression must use the cuts shown in the figure above. The length of the fastening is equal to the width of the beam + 10 cm. Also, when building a house from a beam, the connection must be strengthened with dowels.

In the drawing, locks for connection under the influence of a tensile force that resist longitudinal displacement. They also need to be reinforced with dowels.

Depending on the type of connection, the ends of the beam to be connected are cut in a certain way. At the moment of connection, insulating interventional jute is placed in the castle.

You can read more about the connections of beams and logs here.

Video standard half-tree connection:

All photos from the article

This article is about how to splice timber along the length. It is clear that for products operated without load, with a load in tension, bending and compression, different ways splicing. We will try to get to know them and formulate rules that will make the connection not only strong, but also beautiful.

Without load

The simplest scenario is splicing a part that does not experience operational loads. The most characteristic example is the crown of a wall made of timber.

The only requirement for the connection is that it should not be purged.

To clarify: the splicing points must necessarily shift from crown to crown. Otherwise mechanical strength walls can still be damaged.

The simplest solution is a half-tree join. Each of the parts is cut to half the thickness; splicing length should not be less than cross dimension timber. Sealing of the connection is provided by laying insulation (usually jute tape). Often the connection is made vertical; thus the probability of blowing is reduced to zero;

Connecting with a main tenon is not much more difficult. On one of the parts to be joined, a spike is cut with a size of 1/3 - 1/4 of the thickness of the beam, on the second - the corresponding groove;

Another option for splicing a crown is a key connection.. The grooves are selected on both bars; after laying the crown, a wooden dowel is driven into them.

A simple lap joint implies that the timber to be spliced has a negligible thickness (which is quite typical for rafters). The length of the overlap should be at least three times the width of the beam or board. For fixing, bolts or studs are used;

Butt splicing is also practiced, but with the obligatory strengthening of the connection with side plates. They can be made of board or thick plywood; perforated galvanized steel plates can also be used.

Furniture, railings

Instructions for splicing bars with self-manufacturing furniture or fences inside the house is markedly different from the recommendations relevant for rafters or beams. In this case, aesthetics come first.

How to make a connection with your own hands, which will be not only strong, but also beautiful?

Recall: pressing is mandatory and should take at least 5-6 seconds. Then the part is fixed in a fixed position while the glue dries.

Mill for selection of thorns. The price of the product is from 200 to 800 rubles, depending on the size.

However, the result is highly dependent on a number of subtleties.

The bar is selected by color and texture;
The wood species must be the same. Humidity can vary within three percent;
Defects on the spliced elements should be placed on one side - the back;
No more than a day should pass between cutting the spikes and gluing. Otherwise, uneven drying of wood will affect the accuracy of the fit of the spikes and the quality of the glue line;
Excess glue squeezed out during pressing is removed immediately. After it dries, it will be much more difficult to clean the part.

Conclusion

One of the main stages in the construction of a cobbled building is the assembly of a log house. Before you start construction, you need to know how to properly mount the timber.

Otherwise, the quality of work is out of the question.

The need to connect wall elements appears in the following two cases.

When cutting the corners of a building.
If you need to build up timber when its length is not enough.

The methods of fastening the timber are varied. They are selected based on the specific situation.

Varieties of corner mounting

The methods of attaching the beam to each other during the construction of log cabins differ significantly from the joining of log analogues. In our technological age old tricks lumber joints are gradually modified.

On the this moment v wooden housing construction two types of fasteners are used.

Fixing corners with the remainder. Its most common varieties are: “in the oblo” and “in the bowl”.
Fasteners without residue. Its most popular subtypes are “to the tooth” and “to the paw”.

Connecting the corners of the log house "into the bowl"

“In a cup” the beam is connected, thanks to the locking grooves.

There are several varieties of them: one-, two- and four-sided.

With the first type of lock in each of the bars, a perpendicular groove is made using a notch. It is cut through from one side, usually from the top. This file must fit in its width to the perpendicular section of the timber.

Note!
For the most part, house-building companies use this particular fastening technology for profiled timber.
This happens due to the fact that for the manufacture of such grooves are necessary minimum costs time and effort.

Methodology for creating the next variety slot locks includes sawing timber from two sides, in other words - from below and from above. The level of the depth of perpendicular cuts is about a quarter of the height of the bars.
The connection is of very good quality. However, it requires high qualifications from carpenters, otherwise they may allow chips or cracks when cutting grooves and laying beams.
Four-sided locking for timber is sawn from all its sides. This method of fixing the corners makes it possible to construct log cabins with increased strength and reliability. Grooves on all sides facilitate the installation of walls, as their crowns fit like a designer. This method requires a very high level of professionalism from employees.

Butt fixation

This type of connection is the simplest and fastest. The bars are joined together. Then they are fixed with studded metal plates fixed with staples or nails.

At the same time, the strength and density of the resulting corners mainly depend on the skill level of the carpenters. It is necessary to carefully adjust the ends of the combined bars, since their absolutely flat surface is necessary. However, even highly experienced masters do not always cope with this task. The corners are not tight, in addition, they experience regular perpendicular loads.

Note!
Though this species corner connections and the fastest, its quality is minimal.
Heat loss through such corners is very large.
Therefore, it is best not to use butt jointing of beams in the construction of residential buildings, but to use other, more complex types of joints.

Corner joints with dowels

Such a fastening of the timber between themselves is done with dowels, that is, wedges made of hardwood, so that the corners are strong.
Installation of inserts in the grooves of the timber makes it possible to stop its shifts at the joints of the log house.
Please note that the strength of the corners depends on the type of wedges. They can be longitudinal, transverse or oblique. The latter variety is difficult to manufacture, however, when using it, the most durable corners with low thermal conductivity are obtained.

Castle "warm corner"

It is not for nothing that the fixation of the bars “in the root spike” is also called “ warm corner». This variety connections effectively saves heat in the house.

Therefore, it is very popular in the construction of cobbled buildings.

The basis of the technology is as follows: in one of the combined beams, a groove is sawn with one's own hands, on the other, a spike is cut out, having dimensions corresponding to the groove.
When constructing a log house, it is laid in the groove recesses. In its quality, you can use linen, jute or felt from the same raw material.
It is very important that the elements of the locking joint fit tightly with each other. Thus, heat loss will be minimal.
To increase the strength of the log structure, alternate spikes and grooves in the corner rows, and fasten them with additional round ones made of wood.
Using dowels, undercuts, fat tails and other groove / spike fasteners in the joints, be sure to leave vertical gaps between the elements of the lock. They are needed to compensate for the shrinkage of the walls.

Fastening "in half a tree"

Another simple type of cutting corners is “half a tree”. This name has been fixed among professionals, due to the fact that cuts are created at half the thickness of the timber. The assembly of a blockhouse with this method begins with drilling holes for dowels or dowels at points near the corner joints.

Before attaching the timber to each other, calculate the length of the dowels so that it is enough for several rows. There are also more modern variety this connection. With it, dowels are added to corner joints to increase their strength and heat capacity.

Dovetail

The most reliable, durable and with minimal heat loss method is the T-shaped cutting of corners. dovetail". It looks like a “radical spike”, only the protrusion is not rectangular, but trapezoidal in shape. The grooves are given the same shape. It should be noted that the price of such a cut is quite high.

At the moment, such subspecies of T-shaped beam joints are known:

lock grooves on plug-in spikes;
symmetrical spikes in the form of a trapezoid, called the "frying pan";
rectangular spikes, called "semi-words";
asymmetrical trapezoidal spikes - "deaf frying pan";
a straight groove on the root tenon, in addition to the log house, with its help, the imitation of the beam is also fastened.

There is another subtype of this mount: “in the paw”. With it, horizontally located recesses and grooves in the form of trapezoids are cut in the bars. They should fit perfectly with each other. Since such sawing is quite difficult to carry out, this kind of cutting is rarely used.

Longitudinal connection methods

When erecting large buildings, the length of which exceeds standard sizes a beam of 6 meters, it becomes necessary to fasten two beams along.

In this case, the instruction allows the use of one of the following types of connections.

Oblique castle.
"The spike on the dowels / dowels is longitudinal."
"In half a tree."
"The root spike is longitudinal."

This raises the question of whether it is possible to fasten the beam with reinforcement or other metal clamps. It is possible, although this is practiced less frequently than the use of wood fasteners.

The fastening of the bars with the help of spikes on the dowels is quite strong. For such a connection, cuts are made for the same grooves at the ends of the two beams. Then they are laid tightly against each other, then a wedge-shaped insert made of hardwood is driven into the groove.

Dowels can also be made of steel. Their shape is different - there are trapezoidal, prismatic, rectangular, serrated and even inserts.

Longitudinal build-up of lumber "in half a tree" is similar to a similar fastening of corners. The ends of the elements to be joined are cut to a width that is half their thickness. The strength of the fasteners is increased by using dowels.

They can be replaced with staples, large nails or mounting plates. This type of connection is fast and simple. However, its strength is not enough for the load-bearing (external) walls of a large cobbled building.

When connected into longitudinal root spikes, a groove is cut on one of the ends of the beams, and a ledge on the other side. To increase the strength of the fastening, it can be made trapezoidal. So you exclude horizontal movements of the beams in the log house.

The connection of timber and logs into one whole structure is a key stage in the construction of buildings and structures. To carry out this procedure, various methods and methods that are selected individually for each type of structure. Proper styling timber affects the overall service life and reliability of the structure, therefore, when assembling the crowns of wooden buildings, specialists use certain methods and rules.

Why do we need the correct joining of timber and logs?

Proper joining of timber and log materials during the construction of a wooden building is necessary to ensure the overall reliability of the structure. Application special rules connections allows you to improve the bearing capacity of the house in the corners, as well as increase the overall rigidity of the structure. For each type of lumber, the method of connecting elements is selected individually. Also, proper docking may be necessary in cases where the standard sizes of materials are not enough for the construction of a specific structure. To build up logs or beams along the length, it is necessary to carry out their correct laying, which will provide good rigidity and reliability of the connection.

Ways of joining logs

A log is a round lumber from which further construction of a log house is possible. Logs have a long service life, so they are used for construction various types buildings. The technology of construction from these materials is the oldest and most practical. The connection of elements can occur according to two main methods: with a departure and without a departure. When using the 1st method, part of the laid log will protrude to the extreme plane of the wall, which gives the building an overall unique aesthetic appearance and certain style. In the case of the second technology, the lumber is stacked in such a way that perfectly even corners are obtained at the end. The advantage of laying with a departure is that such a design is more stable and protected from external factors.

The main ways of stacking solid logs:

In a bowl or oblo.
In ohryap.
In a Siberian bowl or in an okhlop.
In the paw.

These methods are the most reliable and popular, therefore they are actively used for laying logs with a protrusion outward. However, this installation option requires much more lumber.

Method of joining logs No. 1: “Into a bowl or oblo”

This method of connecting lumber is the oldest, time-tested and reliable option for the construction of residential and technical buildings.

The technology has three main subtypes:

1. In half a tree - the easiest way to connect a corner. In addition to the main cut out bowl, it is required to cut an additional longitudinal type groove for the installation of subsequent logs. To seal the fastening between the logs, any material for caulking the finished log house is laid.

Joining logs: a simple bowl - half a tree

2. Curved comb - the option is similar to laying "in half a tree", however, it differs in the place of the cutout for the main longitudinal groove. With this method of installation, mounting cutouts are made from below, which ensures maximum tightness of the seam.

Log connection: simple bowl - oval comb

3. In fat tail - is a modernization of the "oval crest". This connection option provides for cutting out additional protrusions inside the cutout, which will provide the best joining of logs at the corners.

Joining logs: a simple bowl - in a fat tail

The installation method is quite simple and does not require the use of additional materials. A special round groove is cut in the upper part of the logs, which resembles a bowl in shape (earlier the cut was called “oblo”). Each subsequent log is fixed in the finished groove. Thus, several walls can be built at once.

Finished buildings built using this method log stacking:

The main advantage of laying "in a bowl" is that logs of any quality and grade can be used to build a building. This method is used both for the rapid construction of residential buildings, and for the construction of technical premises. Each option is versatile and popular to use.

Method of joining logs No. 2: "In okryap"

The method of joining logs - "okryap"

The method of joining logs "in okhryap" is quite reliable, provided that the general technology of laying the log house is observed. The main advantage of this option is the high stability of the corner joints. Due to the grooves that are cut on the logs, the building has good stability and tightness of the seams. During cutting, the lower grooves are equipped with small notches and teeth.

The joining of logs in the okhrjak way is considered an intermediate option between the main joining of lumber with a ledge outward and without a ledge. When constructing buildings using this type of laying, additional processing of intermediate seams is practically not required.

Method of connecting logs No. 3: “In an okhlop or a Siberian bowl”

The “in clasp” or “Siberian bowl” connection is a universal technology that is very similar to the “half-tree” device. This option does not require special knowledge and skills and is quite simple to arrange. Before laying, each log is processed, in particular, special bowls are cut out in the lower part. In the made bowls, specialists plan out an additional deep longitudinal groove.

Joining logs "into an okhlop" or "Siberian bowl"

With the help of this groove, the upper log will be fastened. Main Feature and the difference between laying lumber "in a fold" is that the place for cutting the bowl can change in the crown, depending on the needs of the structure. Most often, the bowl is cut at the bottom of the log.

The finished structure is characterized by high tightness of the seams, as well as strength and bearing capacity corners.

Method of joining logs No. 4: "In the paw"

This connection option does not provide for excessive protrusions of logs behind common plane walls. An angle constructed in this way will have a strict outline and geometric shape. The installation technology as a whole is similar to the method of installing logs “in okryap”, however, it has some design differences.

There are two subspecies of connecting round logs without protrusions:

Paw with prisec.
Dovetail.

The angular type of installation of round logs is the most complex and is a rather complicated system of grooves and channels, which provide the most reliable fixation of all crowns of the base to each other.

Before the installation procedure, each log is cut in certain planes, in particular, the surface is cut at the joints and at the ends. Via special tool grooves for fastening are formed at the ends of the log. Due to these grooves, reliable connection large logs among themselves.

In turn, the dovetail mounting option is quite simple in terms of manufacturing technology, but requires certain installation skills. Each log is mounted taking into account the slopes of the spikes, which should ensure the wedging of the joints. This installation option increases the overall stability of the building.

Ways of joining a beam

A beam is a square or rectangular lumber made of natural wood with a diagonal section of at least 100 millimeters. Less than 100mm. - it's a bar<.

Due to the processed ends and sides, it is considered the most versatile and widely used material in construction. Virtually any building can be built from timber, while the installation technology is quite simple and reliable. The main advantage of this lumber in the construction industry is its ease of installation and machining.

In total, there are 4 main connection methods:

connection with the rest.
Connection without residue.
T-shaped.
Longitudinal.

As with logs, the beam can be fixed with or without ledges. At the same time, depending on the specific design of the building, only one technology for connecting materials is selected.

Method of joining timber No. 1: "With the remainder"

The technology of joining a wooden beam “with a residue” can only be used for installation options “in a cloud”.

"In the oblo" - the bars are installed with the rest of the material outside the common plane of the wall.

In total, there are three main systems for mounting the timber "in the oblo":

One-way connection type.
Double sided.
Quadrilateral.

One-sided is considered the simplest and easiest to install. To do this, a transverse groove is cut on top of the beam with a special tool, the total width of which is equal to the width of the lumber. Installation and fastening of each subsequent row is carried out thanks to these grooves.

Double-sided is a more practical connection. When arranging a beam using this technology, grooves are cut from both sides. The depth and nominal width of the groove is selected depending on the height and width of the material itself, however, the minimum value should not be less than 1:4 of the height of the beam. Two grooves provide greater reliability of the entire structure.

Four-sided is the most difficult, but effective way to connect the timber. In this case, special grooves are cut from all 4 sides of the timber. Sawing takes quite a long time, however, thanks to such processing, it is possible to ensure the maximum tightness of the lumber to each other. Due to the high density of the construction of the corners, the building is the most durable and structurally resistant to various influences.

Beam installation method No. 2: "Without residue"

The connection of a wooden beam by the “without residue” method is used in general construction quite rarely, since the reliability of this method is somewhat lower than the “in-the-blade” docking. The technology is successfully used in the construction of low-rise residential and technical buildings.

There are three main subspecies of mounting the bar "without residue":

Butt.
On dowels.
On root spikes.

Each of the methods is used individually, but the most reliable of the three types is the butt joint method.

Installation of a beam "butt"

Installation of beams "end-to-end" is reliable and is successfully used in the construction of residential civil, low-rise buildings and other technical structures.

Reliability is due to the fact that the lumber is stacked end-to-end and securely knocked down with special metal staples, knitting needles or large nails. The overall bearing capacity of such a design will depend on the evenness of the ends, therefore, when using this method, it is necessary to cut the ends strictly at an angle. As a rule, regardless of the evenness of the beam, such an installation option will necessarily require additional processing of the connecting seams to increase the tightness of the walls.

Installation of the beam "on the dowels"

Connecting timber to special dowels is the preferred option in the construction of small technical and residential buildings. When using this method, special slots and holes are cut out on the bars, into which a key of a certain size is subsequently inserted. The bars are stacked end to end and connected with dowels. The size of the slot should be taking into account the deepening of the lumber by 8-15 centimeters, depending on the size of the timber. The dowel is made from hardwood, most commonly oak or maple.

It is worth noting that the connection using wooden dowels can be performed not only horizontally, but also vertically and at a certain angle. When arranging walls, it is recommended to combine all possible options.

Mounting the beam "on root spikes"

Installing a wooden beam "on root spikes" is a popular way of connecting corners and walls, which is used in the field of industrial and civil construction. This option is widely used due to the high stability of the connections. For installation, a beam of a certain section is selected with no deformations along the planes. Special spikes are cut out at the ends of the timber, which are designed to connect two lumber.

When cutting spikes, it should be borne in mind that the surface to be treated should be as flat as possible relative to the other end of the beam with which the connection is planned. Docking is carried out ends to each other, and sealing material is laid between the spikes. The sealing material can be burlap, jute or any other suitable material.

Way of connecting timber No. 3: "T-shaped"

"T-shaped" - the connection is often used in cases where the construction of internal or external partitions is required. Making a T-shaped end takes less time than cutting special grooves in logs.

In total there are 4 types of T-shaped connections:

Each of the methods is selected individually, taking into account all the features of the design and type of building. Plug-in spikes should be made from a wood species that is an order of magnitude harder than the wood from which the beam is made.

Beam mounting method No. 4: "Longitudinal connection"

In contrast to the corner connection, the longitudinal one is most often used in the construction of overall walls, when the standard length of the material is not enough and it is necessary to “grow” to the design size. The most reliable and effective way to increase the length of a beam is its serial connection using grooves.

In total there are 4 types of longitudinal connection:

In half a tree - used to connect timber in the construction of non-residential buildings for technical purposes. The beams are fastened with cutting grooves, which are further fastened with steel nails at an angle of 45 degrees.
With a root spike - it is considered the most reliable way to fix two materials horizontally. To do this, one end of the beam is subjected to cutting a special groove, and a special spike is formed on the second. Two finished parts are connected to form a solid beam.
With a longitudinal spike on the key - provides a reliable connection of the timber along its entire length. The technology is completely similar to the corner installation of lumber. Two ends are subjected to cutting a groove for a special spike.
With an oblique lock - the most reliable and complex connection, which requires the processing of two parts of the timber. On one part of the beam, special spikes and hooks are cut, and on the second, grooves for their fastening. Thus connected parts form a strong lock.

In the manufacture of dowels that are used for connections, it is necessary to use hardwoods (most often oak, maple or ash). In addition, sealing materials are used for the reliability of fastenings. Compliance with all technologies is a guarantee of long trouble-free operation of the building.