Presentation "Environmental problems of the Black Sea near the city of Sudak and the village of Peschanoe"

As a result of the economic activities of mankind, the water areas of Russia are not only polluted with household waste, chemical and oil-containing products, but also suffer from climatic anomalies and poaching. Environmental problems of the seas cause concern. Ignoring them will lead to irreversible consequences in the life of marine flora and fauna and will affect the global water balance.

Seas of Russia

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are 13 marine areas, diverse in terms of natural resources, climatic features and degree of exploration.

The Baltic, Black and Azov Seas belong to the Atlantic Ocean. Reservoirs of the Arctic Ocean - Barents, Beloe, Kara. Next are the Laptev Sea, East Siberian and Chukchi. Far Eastern water areas - Bering, Japan and Okhotsk seas. The Caspian Sea is called inland.

The Russian seas are famous for the diversity of fish of the salmon and sturgeon families, the presence of unique ecological systems.

Their role in human economic activity:

1. Affordable and cheap transport way for cargo transportation.
2. 250 commercial species of fish, an abundance of mollusks and crustaceans provide a supply of seafood.
3. An inexhaustible resource of mineral-salt compounds.
4. Getting electricity from the energy of the sea tide.
5. The famous resort coasts, designed for a good rest and recreation of citizens.

The uncontrolled use of water resources leads to a sharp deterioration in the environmental situation.

Causes of environmental problems

One of the main negative factors is the pollution of the seas as a result of man-made accidents, the discharge of fertilizers from the fields, the deliberate release of radioactive substances for burial at the bottom.

An unfavorable impact is exerted by the excessive use of maritime transport.

There are three types of pollution:

1. Chemical - getting into the water resources of various impurities as a result of human negligence. Inorganic substances (zinc, lead, arsenic, fluorine and other elements) enter the reservoir with acid rain when industrial waste is dumped. Organic - wastewater with sewage elements, fertilizers. Settling to the bottom, they slow down the development of microorganisms involved in the process of water purification.
2. Physical - contamination with radioactive waste and the release of thermal energy from nuclear power plants.
3. Biological - the introduction of pathogens (food waste, sewage, by-products of meat processing plants and cheese factories, and others). This species is dangerous for mankind by the spread of epidemics of infectious diseases (cholera, typhoid, hepatitis).

The ecological map of the seas of Russia clearly shows the degree of pollution of a certain zone. The Barents, White and Kara Seas, due to the individual characteristics of the climatic conditions of the Arctic Ocean (temperature regime, salinity level, current speed, and others), are subject to active sedimentation of harmful impurities to the bottom. These reservoirs require the close attention of environmentalists.

The second reason that worsens the state of natural water areas is human consumption of seafood. Mass fishing, including by trawling, destroys valuable bottom biological resources. This ecological problem leads to the disappearance of representatives of flora and fauna.

It is typical for the waters of the Bering Sea, which is the second body of water in the Pacific Ocean in terms of the number of living organisms. Uncontrolled fishing, hunting for walruses and seals have sharply reduced the number of existing individuals, and in some cases led to the complete extinction of the species. The resources of the Bering Sea are not unlimited. Barrels of radioactive waste thrown along the shore are an additional minus leading to an environmental disaster.

Results of water pollution

Two decades ago, the map of pollution of the seas of Russia was a single island in the expanse of clear water. With the discovery of oil deposits on plumes, cases of man-made accidents have become more frequent, the consequence of which is the formation of continuous oily films with a layer thickness of up to 10 cm. Later, oil turns into an emulsion, lumps floating on the water surface. Small living organisms stick to oil fractions, in turn, fish and whales absorb poisonous delicacy.

The consequences of environmental pollution affect the living inhabitants of the seas. The processes of respiration, growth and reproduction are disturbed, organisms mutate. The presence of organic compounds and nitrogen-containing wastes in the reservoir leads to the rapid growth and bloom of algae, the lack of sunlight and oxygen in the water column.

Self-purification of reservoirs

The seas have the ability to self-cleanse at the expense of their living inhabitants, but this process is long. Oil bottom sediments poisoned the surrounding organisms and plants, turning water areas into dead zones. There are two types of mollusks involved in the purification of water expanses:

1. Oysters, scallops and mussels suck up contaminated liquid due to the oral apparatus, which consists of two tubes. Their body works like a filter, separating particles and releasing purified water back. One adult marine life passes through itself up to 65 liters.
2. Crawling species of mollusks move along the bottom and stones. Due to the swirling or oval shell, they clean off many years of dirt.

In total, there are 70 species of organisms capable of fighting hydrocarbons and oil impurities. Scientists from the Institute of Biology noted that marine bacteria actively work in warm water. When the temperature drops by 6-9 degrees, they fall into anabiosis, so oil slicks in the northern seas can exist without changes for several decades.

Solutions

Environmental problems are solved at the state level. The investment of financial resources and the development of a full range of measures are required:

1. Preparation of a modern concept of nature management.
2. Strict control over the catch of fish using trawls. The device of artificial irregularities on the bottom of the sea in the form of concrete reefs.
3. Construction of coastal sewage collectors in strict accordance with the approved project documentation that has passed the state examination. Tracking unauthorized wastewater releases.
4. Providing favorable conditions for the reproduction of mollusks, shrimps, algae, which are living treatment facilities.
5. Renovation and improvement of equipment employed in clearing the coastal strip.
6. Implementation of innovations in the system of collection and disposal of waste.
7. Planting forest belts along agricultural fields to prevent fertilizer leaching.

Every citizen is able to identify environmental problems and find ways to solve them. The simplest actions - after relaxing on the beach, take your garbage with you, use water rationally - will make their small contribution to a big deal.

Presentation on the topic: Pollution of the World Ocean
10th grade students
Vasilyeva Valeria
Shekhovtsova Anastasia

Pollution of the world's oceans
Waste release statistics into the world's oceans


Ways to solve the problem
Output
Sources of information

Statistics of waste releases into the oceans

Pollution by oil and oil products
The main ways of pollution of the hydrosphere
Bacterial and biological contamination
sewage pollution
Mechanical pollution
Heavy metal pollution
Acid rain pollution
Nuclear pollution
thermal pollution
Pollution from household waste

Oil and oil products are the main pollutants of the oceans. More than 10 million tons of oil enters the World Ocean every year, and up to 20% of the World Ocean is already covered with an oil film, which hinders the processes of photosynthesis in water and causes the death of plants and animals. Each ton of oil creates an oil slick on an area of ​​up to 12 square kilometers. Restoration of affected ecosystems takes 10-15 years.

Pollution with sewage, mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as municipal sewage leads to eutrophication of water bodies - their enrichment with nutrients, which causes excessive development of algae and the death of other ecosystems of water bodies with stagnant water (lakes and ponds), and sometimes to swamping of the area. The world economy discharges annually 1500 km3 of wastewater of various degrees of purification, which require 50-100-fold dilution to give them natural properties and further purification in the biosphere.

The dumping of garbage into the waters of the oceans caused the formation of garbage patches - whirlpools of anthropogenic garbage located in the oceans. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (the largest of all in existence) was formed in the North Pacific Ocean by currents, gradually concentrating garbage thrown into the ocean in one area. This huge pile of floating garbage - the planet's greatest dump - is kept in one place under the influence of undercurrents that have eddies. According to scientists, at present, the mass of the garbage island is more than 3.5 million tons, and the area is more than 1 million km2

Heavy metal pollution. Violates the vital activity of aquatic organisms and humans;
Acid rain pollution. Leads to acidification of water bodies and the death of ecosystems;
Bacterial and biological contamination. Associated with various pathogenic organisms, fungi and algae.
A serious environmental threat to life in the oceans is the disposal of radioactive waste (RW) on the seabed and the discharge of liquid radioactive waste (LRW) into the sea.
Thermal pollution. It is caused by the discharge of heated water from thermal power plants and nuclear power plants into water bodies. Leads to the mass development of blue-green algae, the so-called water bloom, a decrease in the amount of oxygen and negatively affects the flora and fauna of water bodies;
mechanical pollution. Increases the content of mechanical impurities;

The effects of ocean pollution

The effects of ocean pollution
As a result of pollution of the World Ocean, it leads to disruption of natural processes, harmful consequences for living organisms and danger to human health, prevents the development of all marine biota (plankton, marine plants, ichthyofauna, marine animals), worsens the quality of sea water and harms all aspects of human activity.
Plastic waste in the Pacific Ocean kills more than a million seabirds a year, as well as more than 100,000 marine mammals. Syringes, lighters and toothbrushes are found in the stomachs of dead seabirds - birds swallow all these items, mistaking them for food.

Problem Solving Methods
To solve such a large-scale problem, Serbian architects Milorad Vidojević, Jelena Pucarević and Milica Pihler proposed an original solution: to use part of the marine plastic to build huge underwater skyscrapers "Lady Landfill Skyscraper", which then themselves will undertake for waste disposal.

Presentation on the topic: "The Black Sea and its environmental problems." Biology teacher Vdovichenko O.N.

The Black Sea is an inland sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean basin. The Bosporus connects with the Sea of ​​Marmara, then, through the Dardanelles - with the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. The Kerch Strait connects with the Sea of ​​Azov. From the north, the Crimean peninsula cuts deep into the sea. The water boundary between Europe and Asia Minor runs along the surface of the Black Sea.

Area 422,000 km? (according to other sources - 436,400 km?). The outlines of the Black Sea resemble an oval with the largest axis about 1150 km. The greatest length of the sea from north to south is 580 km. The greatest depth is 2210 m, the average is 1240 m.

The uniqueness of the sea Starting from a depth of 100-150 meters, the water of the Black Sea is “contaminated” with a large amount of hydrogen sulfide, which is a highly aggressive environment and is deadly for human life and life in general. The hydrogen sulfide zone occupies 87% of its water mass.

The upper layer of the sea, which is approximately 13% of the total volume of water, is inhabited by flora and fauna. There are about 2000 species of animals in the Black Sea: from protozoa to mammals. The world of underwater plants has about 100 species.

Problems and Forecasts Comprehensive studies of the marine environment have shown that the viability of the Black Sea is deteriorating. Scientists' forecasts are rather gloomy: according to many signs - the impoverishment of marine flora and fauna, the chemical composition of water and pollution - the Black Sea is close to its dying state.

One of the most serious environmental problems of the Black Sea is that the rivers flowing into it carry not only pesticides or heavy metals, but also nitrogen and phosphorus, which are washed away from the fields in large quantities. Nitrogen and phosphorus are not only agricultural fertilizers, but also food for marine microorganisms and algae, which, due to an excess of nutrients, begin to flourish. Dying, they sink to the bottom and in the process of decay consume a significant amount of oxygen. And then the deaths of marine animals begin - mollusks, fish, worms, crustaceans - because they have nothing to breathe.

The flora of the Black Sea includes 270 species of multicellular green, brown, red bottom algae (cystoseira, phyllophora, zoster, cladophora, ulva, enteromorph, etc.). The phytoplankton of the Black Sea includes at least six hundred species. Among them are dinoflagellates - armored flagellates (prorocentrum micans, ceratium furca, small scripsiella Scrippsiella trochoidea, etc.), dinoflagellates (dinophysis, protoperidinium, alexandrium), various diatoms, etc.

The Black Sea is noticeably poorer than the Mediterranean Sea. The Black Sea is inhabited by 2.5 thousand species of animals (of which 500 species are unicellular, 160 species of vertebrates are fish and mammals, 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of mollusks, the rest are invertebrates of various species), for comparison, in the Mediterranean - about 9 thousand species. Among the main reasons for the relative poverty of the fauna of the Black Sea: a wide range of water salinities, moderately cold water, the presence of hydrogen sulfide at high depths. In this regard, the Black Sea is suitable for the habitation of fairly unpretentious species, at all stages of development of which great depths are not required. At the bottom of the Black Sea live mussels, oysters, pecten, as well as the predatory mollusk rapana brought with ships from the Far East. Numerous crabs live in the crevices of the coastal rocks and among the stones, there are shrimps, various types of jellyfish are found (cornerot and aurelia are the most common), sea anemones, and sponges.

Fish of the Black Sea. Among the fish found in the Black Sea: various types of gobies (goby-goby, goby-whip, goby-round goby, goby-martovik, goby-rotan), Azov anchovy, Black Sea anchovy (anchovy), katran shark, flounder-glossa, mullet of five species, bluefish, hake (hake), sea ruff, red mullet (common Black Sea sultanka), haddock, mackerel, horse mackerel, Black Sea-Azov herring, Black Sea-Azov sprat, etc. There are sturgeons (beluga, Black Sea- Azov sturgeon). Among the dangerous fish of the Black Sea are the sea dragon (the most dangerous is the poisonous spines of the dorsal fin and gill covers), the Black Sea and conspicuous scorpion fish, the stingray (sea cat) with poisonous spikes on the tail.

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Environmental problems of the Black Sea Matveeva Inna Stanislavovna, teacher of biology, MBOU, Kerch, Republic of Kazakhstan “School-gymnasium No. 2 named after. V.G. Korolenko” 2017 2017 is the year of ecology in Russia

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87% of the volume is occupied by waters saturated with hydrogen sulfide. This zone begins at a depth of about 100 meters, and the boundary gradually rises over the years. About 2,000 species of animals, 100 species of plants and 270 species of benthic multicellular algae live in the Black Sea. The Black Sea is unique!

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MAIN PROBLEMS 1 Pollution of the Black Sea with sewage, toxic substances and oil products 2. Eutrophication of water 3. Accumulation of municipal solid waste 4. Biological pollution of the Black Sea ecosystem by alien species 5. Reduction of biological diversity. The decline of flora and fauna

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1. Pollution of the Black Sea with sewage, toxic substances and oil products Wastes in the sea come with the waters of the Dnieper, Danube and Prut. Wastewater flows from the utilities of large cities and resorts, industrial enterprises. An increased concentration of oil products leads to the extinction of many species of fauna, and catches are reduced.

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2. Eutrophication (flowering), i.e., the formation of zones of oxygen deficiency. With the waters of the rivers, nitrogen and phosphorus from the fields enter the sea. Phytoplankton, receiving an excess of nutrients from fertilizers, rapidly multiplies, the water "blooms". Then the bottom microorganisms die off. In the process of decay, they use an increased amount of oxygen, which leads to hypoxia of bottom animals: crabs, mussels, oysters, sturgeon fry. Kill zones reach 40 thousand square meters. km. All coastal waters of the northwestern area have been re-fertilized.

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3. Accumulation of municipal solid waste The bottom of the coastal zones and the coast are polluted with a huge amount of household waste. It comes from ships, garbage dumps organized along rivers and washed away by floods, from the shores of resorts. In salt water, such garbage decomposes for decades, and plastic takes centuries. The decay of municipal solid waste (MSW) leads to the release of toxic substances into the water.

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4. Biological pollution of the Black Sea ecosystem by alien species of RAPANA. In 2005, the mussel, the main biofilter, was almost completely destroyed by the rapana, a predatory mollusk that got into the Black Sea with the ballast water of ships. Due to the absence of natural enemies, the rapana significantly reduced the number of oysters, scallops, mussels, sea shank. Another invader, the comb jelly Mnemiopsis, which feeds on juvenile mussels and plankton, has disturbed the food base of fish!