Sea of ​​Japan, map. Japanese Sea

And the Japanese skeletons are the boundaries that delimit the waters Sea of ​​Japan from the pacific basin. The Sea of ​​Japan predominantly has natural boundaries, only some areas are separated conventional lines... The Sea of ​​Japan, although the smallest of Far Eastern seas, belongs to the largest. The area of ​​the water surface is 1062 thousand km2, with a volume of water about 1630 thousand km3. The depth of the Sea of ​​Japan is on average 1535 m, the maximum depth is 3699 m. This sea belongs to the marginal oceanic seas.

A small number of rivers carry their waters to the Sea of ​​Japan. The most big rivers are: Rudnaya, Samarga, Partizanskaya and Tumnin. Mostly all of this. During the year it is about 210 km 3. Throughout the year fresh water evenly enters the sea. In July, the rivers reach their maximum flow. Water exchange between the Pacific Ocean is carried out only in upper layers.

Geographical encyclopedia

JAPANESE SEA, semi-enclosed sea The Pacific, between the mainland of Eurasia and the Japanese islands. Washes the shores of Russia, the DPRK, the Republic of Korea and Japan. It connects the straits: Tatarsky, Nevelskoy and La Perouse with the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, Tsugaru (Sangar) ... Russian history

Modern encyclopedia

Quiet approx. between the mainland Eurasia and the Japanese about you. Washes the shores of Russia, the DPRK, the Republic of Korea and Japan. It is connected by the straits: Tatarsky, Nevelskoy and La Perouse with the Okhotsk m., Tsugaru (Sangar) with the Quiet approx., Korean with the East Chinese ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

Japanese Sea- JAPANESE SEA, Pacific Ocean, between Eurasia mainland and Japanese islands. It is connected by the Tatar, Nevelskoy and La Perouse straits with the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, Tsugaru (Sangar) with the Pacific Ocean, and the Korean with the East China Sea. Area 1062 thousand ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Belonging to the Pacific Ocean basin, in the West it washes the eastern coast of Korea and its continuation to the North Russian coast of the Asian continent; on B it is separated from the Pacific Ocean by a group of Japanese islands. The South border of the Ya. Sea is the Korea Strait, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Semi-enclosed sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean between the continent of Eurasia and its Korean Peninsula in the west, the Japanese islands, and about. Sakhalin in the east and south V. Washes the shores of the USSR, North Korea, South Korea, and Japan. The length of the coastline is 7600 km (of which 3240 km ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Japanese Sea- Japanese Sea. Rudnaya Bay. The Sea of ​​Japan, a semi-enclosed Pacific Ocean, between Eurasia and its Korean Peninsula, the Japanese Islands and Sakhalin Island. Washes the shores of Russia, the DPRK, the Republic of Korea and Japan. Connects with ... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

Pacific Ocean, between the mainland Eurasia and the Japanese islands. Washes the shores of Russia, the DPRK, the Republic of Korea and Japan. It connects straits: Tatarsky, Nevelskoy and La Perouse with the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, Tsugaru (Sangar) with the Pacific Ocean, Korean with ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Japanese Sea- Pacific Ocean, off the east. shores of Eurasia. The sea got its name from the Japanese islands, bordering it from the east. Since, in addition to Japan, the sea also washes the shores of Russia and Korea, the use of the name associated only with one of the countries of the basin, South. ... ... Toponymic dictionary

Books

• Japanese Sea. Encyclopedia, Zonn Igor Sergeevich, Kostyanoy Andrey Gennadievich. The publication is dedicated to the Far Eastern natural object - the Sea of ​​Japan, one of the seas of the Pacific Ocean, and the countries surrounding it. The encyclopedia contains over 1000 articles about ...
• Japanese Sea. Encyclopedia, I. S. Zonn, A. G. Kostyanoy. The publication is dedicated to the Far Eastern natural object - the Sea of ​​Japan, one of the seas of the Pacific Ocean, and the countries surrounding it. The encyclopedia contains over 1000 articles about ...

The Sea of ​​Japan is considered one of the deepest bodies of water in the entire world. Its waters spread between Eurasia, Sakhalin and the Japanese islands. From a geographical point of view, this area is considered to be the marginal oceanic sea. In Korea, it is customary to call this reservoir the East or East Korean Sea.

The shores of the Sea of ​​Japan

The scale of the Sea of ​​Japan is confirmed by its indicators. The total size of the reservoir exceeds 1000 km 2, and the greatest depth reaches almost 4000 meters. The border between the Sea of ​​Japan and the Pacific Ocean is the Japanese Islands, and the reservoir is fenced off from the Sea of ​​Okhotsk by the Sakhalin Island. The Korean Peninsula is located between the Yellow and Japan Seas.

The waters of this sea wash the borders of Japan, Korea, North Korea and Russia.

The northern half of the water area freezes over in the winter season, while in the south this does not happen due to the heat brought by the Kuroshio Current. The coastline is quite simple and flat, especially near Sakhalin. There are several small islands in the sea, for example, Okushiri, Rebun, Sado. Several mountain rivers also flow into the water area.

Cities of the Sea of ​​Japan

As already mentioned, on the territory of the sea itself there are no large islands on which there would be important settlements or ports. Most of the small land areas are located in eastern waters near the coast. The Russian borders of the Sea of ​​Japan cover the Primorsky Territory, the southeastern part of the Khabarovsk Territory and the southwestern regions of Sakhalin. The main ports of the Sea of ​​Japan are:

• Find;
• Vladivostok;
• Oriental;
• Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky;
• Niigata;
• Tsuruga;
• Wonsan;
• Hinnam;
• Chongjin;
• Busan.

Fisheries of the Sea of ​​Japan

The waters of this area are considered one of the richest in terms of the diversity of fish species. A huge amount of fish is caught here throughout the year. There are sardines, flounder, mussels, mackerel, tuna, saury, horse mackerel. As for minerals, there are not too many of them. In particular, a gas field was discovered, but no one is engaged in its development. On the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, there is a wide transport network, a fishing fleet and quite a few industrial enterprises, due to which the waters are constantly polluted.

V Lately mining of kelp, crabs is gaining momentum in the Sea of ​​Japan, sea ​​urchins and scallops. The tourism industry is also growing.

The Sea of ​​Japan is a marginal sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean and is limited by the shores of Japan, Russia and Korea. The Sea of ​​Japan communicates through the Korea Strait in the south with the East China and Yellow Seas, through the Tsugaru (Sangar) Strait in the East with the Pacific Ocean, and through the La Perouse and Tatarsky Strait in the north with the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The area of ​​the Sea of ​​Japan is 980,000 km2, the average depth is 1361 m. The northern border of the Sea of ​​Japan runs along 51 ° 45 "N. (from Cape Tyk on Sakhalin to Cape South on the mainland). The southern border runs from Kyushu Island to the Goto Islands and from there to Korea [Cape Kolcholkap (Izgunova)]

The Sea of ​​Japan has an almost elliptical shape with a major axis in the direction from southwest to northeast. A number of islands or island groups are located along the coast - these are the Iki and Tsushima islands in the middle of the Korean Strait. (between Korea and Kyushu Island), Ulleungdo and Takashima off the east coast of Korea, Oki and Sado off the west coast, Honshu Island (Hondo) and Tobi Island off the northwest coast of Honshu (Hondo).

Bottom relief

The straits connecting the Sea of ​​Japan with the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean are notable for shallow depths; only the Korea Strait has a depth of more than 100 m. Bathymetrically, the Sea of ​​Japan can be divided by 40 ° N. sh. into two parts: north and south.

The northern part has a relatively flat bottom topography and is characterized by a general smooth slope. The maximum depth (4224 m) is observed in the region of 43 ° 00 "N, 137 ° 39" E. etc.
The bottom topography of the southern part of the Sea of ​​Japan is rather complex. In addition to the shallow waters around the islands of Iki, Tsushima, Oki, Takashima and Ulleungdo, there are two large isolated
banks separated by deep grooves. This is the Yamato Bank, opened in 1924, in the region of 39 ° N, 135 ° E. and the Xiongpu Bank (also called the North Yamato Bank), opened in 1930 and located at approximately 40 ° N. latitude, 134 ° E The shallowest depths of the first and second banks, respectively, are 285 and 435 m. Between the Yamato Bank and Honshu Island, a depression with a depth of more than 3000 m was found.

Hydrological regime

Water masses, temperature and salinity. The Sea of ​​Japan can be divided into two sectors: warm (from Japan) and cold (from Korea and Russia (Primorsky Krai). the same latitudes along which the polar front passes in the Pacific Ocean east of Japan.

Water masses

The Sea of ​​Japan can be divided into surface, intermediate and deep. The surface water mass occupies a layer up to about 25 m and in summer is separated from the underlying waters by a clearly pronounced thermocline layer. Surface water mass in the warm sector of the Sea of ​​Japan is formed by mixing surface waters high temperature and low salinity, coming from the East China Sea, and coastal waters of the region of the Japanese Islands, in the cold sector - the mixing of waters formed during ice melting in the period from early summer to autumn, and the waters of Siberian rivers.

For the surface water mass, the largest fluctuations in temperature and salinity are observed, depending on the season of the year and the region. So, in the Korea Strait, the salinity of surface waters in April and May exceeds 35.0 prom. which is higher than salinity in deeper layers, but in August and September the salinity of surface waters drops to 32.5 prom. At the same time, in the area of ​​Hokkaido Island, salinity varies only from 33.7 to 34.1 ppm. Summer surface water temperature 25 ° С, but in winter it changes from 15 ° С in the Korea Strait to 5 ° С at about. Hokkaido. In the coastal regions of Korea and Primorye, salinity changes are small (33.7-34 prom.). The intermediate water mass, which lies below the surface water in the warm sector of the Sea of ​​Japan, has a high temperature and salinity. It forms in the intermediate layers of the Kuroshio to the west of Kyushu Island and enters the Sea of ​​Japan from there during the period of early winter to early summer.

However, according to the distribution of dissolved oxygen, intermediate water can also be observed in the cold sector. In the warm sector, the core of the intermediate water mass is located approximately in a layer of 50 m; salinity about 34.5 prom. The intermediate water mass is characterized by a rather strong vertical temperature decrease - from 17 ° С at a depth of 25 m to 2 ° С at a depth of 200 m. The thickness of the intermediate water layer decreases from the warm sector to the cold one; the vertical temperature gradient for the latter becomes much more pronounced. Salinity of intermediate waters 34.5-34.8 prom. in the warm sector and about 34.1 prom. in the cold. The highest salinity values ​​are noted here at all depths - from the surface to the bottom.

The deep water mass, usually called the water of the Sea of ​​Japan proper, has extremely homogeneous values ​​of temperature (of the order of 0-0.5 ° C) and salinity (34.0-34.1 prom.). More detailed studies of K. Nishida, however, showed that the temperature deep waters below 1500 m, it rises slightly due to adiabatic heating. At the same horizon, a decrease in the oxygen content to a minimum is observed, and therefore it is more logical to consider waters above 1500 m as deep, and below 1500 m as near-bottom. Compared with the waters of other seas, the oxygen content in the Sea of ​​Japan at the same depths is exceptionally high (5.8-6.0 cm3 / l), which indicates an active renewal of waters in the deep layers of the Sea of ​​Japan. Deep waters of the Sea of ​​Japan are formed mainly in February and March as a result of subsidence of surface waters in the northern part of the Sea of ​​Japan due to horizontal diffusion, cooling in winter and subsequent convection, after which their salinity rises to approximately 34.0 ppm.

Sometimes the surface waters of low salinity in the cold sector (1-4 ° C, 33.9 prom.) Wedge into the polar front and deepen southward, leaving under the intermediate waters of the warm sector. This phenomenon is analogous to the penetration of subarctic intermediate water below the warm Kuroshio layer in the Pacific Ocean in the region north of Japan.

In spring and summer, the salinity of warm waters from the East China Sea and cold waters east of Korea decreases due to precipitation and ice melting. These less saline waters mix with the surrounding waters and the overall salinity of the Japan Sea's surface waters decreases. In addition, these surface waters gradually warm up during the warmer months. As a result, the density of surface waters decreases, which leads to the formation of a clearly pronounced layer of the upper thermocline, which separates the surface waters from the underlying intermediate waters. The upper thermocline layer is located in summer season at a depth of 25 m. In autumn, heat is transferred from the sea surface to the atmosphere. As a result of mixing with the underlying water masses, the temperature of surface waters decreases, and their salinity increases. The resulting intense convection leads to the deepening of the upper thermocline layer to 25-50 m in September and 50-100 m in November. In autumn, the intermediate waters of the warm sector are characterized by a decrease in salinity due to the influx of waters of the Tsushima Current with a lower salinity. Simultaneously, during this period, convection in the layer of surface waters intensifies. As a result, the thickness of the intermediate water layer decreases. In November, the layer of the upper thermocline disappears completely due to the mixing of the overlying and underlying waters. Therefore, in autumn and spring, only the upper homogeneous layer of water and the underlying cold layer are observed, separated by a layer of the lower thermocline. The latter for most of the warm sector is located at a depth of 200-250, but to the north it rises and off the coast of Hokkaido Island is located at a depth of about 100 m. In the warm sector of the surface layer, temperatures reach a maximum in mid-August, although in the northern part of the Sea of ​​Japan they spread to the depths. The minimum temperature is observed in February-March. On the other hand, the maximum temperature of the surface layer off the coast of Korea is observed in August. However, due to strong development the layer of the upper thermocline warms up only a very thin surface layer. Thus, temperature changes in the 50–100 m layer are almost entirely due to advection. Because of low temperatures characteristic of most of the Sea of ​​Japan at sufficiently great depths, the waters of the Tsushima Current become strongly cooled as they move to the North.

The waters of the Sea of ​​Japan are characterized by an exceptionally high content of dissolved oxygen, partly due to the abundant phytoplankton. The oxygen content in almost all horizons here is about 6 cm3 / l and more. A particularly high oxygen content is noted in surface and intermediate waters, with maximum value on the horizon 200 m (8 cm3 / l). These values ​​are much higher than at the same and lower horizons in the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk (1–2 cm3 / l).

Surface and intermediate waters are most saturated with oxygen. The percentage of saturation in the warm sector is 100% or slightly lower, and the waters near the Primorsky Territory and Korea are oversaturated with oxygen due to low temperatures.On the northern coast of Korea, it is 110% or even higher. The deep waters have a very high oxygen content to the very bottom.

Color and transparency

The color of the Sea of ​​Japan water (on the chromaticity scale) in the warm sector is bluer than in the cold one, corresponding in the region of 36-38 ° N. lat., 133-136 ° E e. index III and even II. In the cold sector, this is mainly the color of indices IV-VI, and in the Vladivostok region - above III. The northern Sea of ​​Japan has a greenish color sea ​​water... Transparency (along the white disc) in the Tsushima Current area is more than 25 m.In the cold sector, it sometimes drops to 10 m.

The currents of the Sea of ​​Japan

The main current of the Sea of ​​Japan is the Tsushima Current, which originates in the East China Sea. It is strengthened mainly by the branch of the Kuroshio Current, going to the SOUTH-WEST from about. Kyushu, as well as partly coastal runoff from China. Tsushima current contains surface and intermediate water masses. The current enters the Sea of ​​Japan through the Strait of Korea and flows along the northwestern coast of Japan. In the same place, a branch of the warm current, called the East Korean Current, separates from it, which goes in the north, to the coast of Korea, to the Korean Gulf and Ulleungdo Island, then turns to the southeast and connects with the main stream.

The Tsushima current, about 200 km wide, washes the shores of Japan and goes further to the NE at a speed of 0.5 to 1.0 knots. Then it divides into two branches - the warm Sangar current and the warm La Perouse current, which go out, respectively, into the Pacific Ocean through the Tsugaru (Sangar) Strait and into the Sea of ​​Okhotsk through the La Perouse Strait. Both of these currents, after passing through the straits, turn to the east and go, respectively, near the eastern coast of the island of Honshu and the northern coast of the island of Hokkaido.

Three cold currents are observed in the Sea of ​​Japan: the Liman current, which flows at a low speed to the southwest in the region north of the Primorsky Territory, the North Korean current, which flows southward in the Vladivostok region to east Korea, and the Primorsky, or cold current of the middle part of the Sea of ​​Japan, which originates in the area Tatar Strait and goes to the central part of the Sea of ​​Japan, mainly to the entrance to the Tsugaru Strait (Sangarsky). These cold currents form a counterclockwise cycle and in the cold sector of the Sea of ​​Japan contains distinct layers of surface and intermediate water masses. A clear boundary of the “polar” front is observed between the warm and cold currents.

Since the Tsushima current contains surface and intermediate water masses, the thickness of which is about 200 m, and is separated from the underlying deep water, the thickness of this current is basically of the same order.

The current velocity to a depth of 25 m is almost constant, and then decreases with depth to 1/6 of the surface value at a depth of 75 m. The flow rate of the Tsushima Current is less than 1/20 of the flow rate of the Kuroshio Current.

The speed of cold currents is about 0.3 knots for the Liman Current and less than 0.3 knots for the Primorsky Current. The cold North Korean Current, which is the strongest, has a speed of 0.5 knots. The width of this current is 100 km, the thickness is 50 m. In general, the cold currents in the Sea of ​​Japan are much weaker than the warm ones. average speed The Tsushima current passing through the Korea Strait is less in winter and increases to 1.5 knots in summer (in August). For the Tsushima Current, interannual changes are also noted, with a clear period of 7 years. The inflow of water into the Sea of ​​Japan mainly occurs through the Korea Strait, since the inflow through the Tatar Strait is very insignificant. Water flow from the Sea of ​​Japan occurs through the Tsugaru (Sangar) and La Perouse Strait.

Tides and tidal currents

For the Sea of ​​Japan, the tides are low. While off the coast of the Pacific Ocean, the tide value is 1–2 m, in the Sea of ​​Japan it reaches only 0.2 m. Slightly higher values ​​are observed off the coast of Primorsky Krai - up to 0.4–0.5 m. In the Korean and Tatar In straits, the tide increases, reaching more than 2 m in some places.

Tidal waves travel at right angles to these cotidal lines. To the west of Sakhalin and in the area of ​​the Korea Strait. two points of amphidromia are observed. A similar cotidal map can be constructed for the lunisolar diurnal tide. In this case, the amphidromic point is in the Korea Strait. Since the total area cross section of the La Perouse and Tsugaru straits is only 1/8 of the cross-sectional area of ​​the Korea Strait, and the cross-section of the Tatar Strait is generally insignificant, then the tidal wave arrives here from the East China Sea mainly through the Eastern Passage (Tsushima Strait). The magnitude of the forced fluctuations in the water mass of the entire Sea of ​​Japan is practically negligible. The resulting component of tidal currents and the eastward Tsushima Current sometimes reaches 2.8 knots. In the Tsugaru Strait (Soigarsky), a diurnal tidal current prevails, but the value of the semidiurnal tide is greater here.

Daily inequality is clearly expressed in tidal currents. The tidal current in the La Perouse Strait is less pronounced due to the difference in level between the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan. Daily inequality is also observed here. In the La Perouse Strait, the current is directed mainly to the east; its speed sometimes exceeds 3.5 knots.

Ice Conditions

Freezing of the Sea of ​​Japan begins in mid-November in the Tatar Strait region and in early December in the upper reaches of the Peter the Great Bay. In mid-December, areas near the northern part of the Primorsky Territory and the Peter the Great Gulf freeze. In mid-December, ice appears in the coastal areas of the Primorsky Territory. In January, the ice cover area increases further from the coast towards the open sea. With the formation of ice, navigation in these areas naturally becomes difficult or stops. Freezing of the northern part of the Sea of ​​Japan is somewhat delayed: it begins in early to mid-February.

Ice begins to melt in areas farthest from the coast. In the second half of March, the Sea of ​​Japan, with the exception of areas close to the coast, is already free of ice. In the northern part of the Sea of ​​Japan, the ice near the coast usually melts in mid-April, at which time navigation resumes in Vladivostok. The last ice in the Tatar Strait is observed in early to mid-May. The period of ice cover along the coast of Primorsky Krai is 120 days, and at the De-Kastri harbor in the Tatar Strait - 201 days. Along the northern shores of the DPRK, a large amount of ice is not observed. On the western coast of Sakhalin, only the city of Kholmsk is ice-free, since a branch of the Tsushima Current enters this area. The rest of this coastline is frozen for almost 3 months, during which navigation stops.

Geology

The continental slopes of the Japanese Sea Basin are characterized by many underwater canyons. From the mainland, these canyons stretch to depths of more than 2000 m, and from the Japanese Islands only up to 800 m.The continental shoals of the Sea of ​​Japan are poorly developed, the edge runs at a depth of 140 m from the mainland and at a depth of more than 200 m. Yamato Bank and other banks The Sea of ​​Japan is composed of bedrocks consisting of Precambrian granites and other Paleozoic rocks and overlying Neogene igneous and sedimentary rocks. According to paleogeographic studies, the southern part of the present-day Sea of ​​Japan was probably dry land in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic and during most of the Paleogene. It follows from this that the Sea of ​​Japan was formed during the Neogene and Early Quaternary periods. The absence of a granite layer in the earth's crust in the northern part of the Sea of ​​Japan indicates the transformation of the granite layer into basalt due to basification, accompanied by the subsidence of the earth's crust. The presence of a "new" oceanic crust here can be explained by the stretching of the continents accompanying the general expansion of the Earth (Aegayed's theory).

Thus, we can conclude that the northern part of the Sea of ​​Japan was once dry land. The current presence of such a large amount of continental material on the bottom of the Sea of ​​Japan at depths of more than 3000 m should indicate the sinking of land to a depth of 2000-3000 m that occurred in the Pleistocene.

The Sea of ​​Japan is currently connected with the Pacific Ocean and the surrounding marginal seas through the straits of Korea, Tsugaru (Saigar), La Perouse and Tatarsky. However, the formation of these four straits took place in very recent geological periods. The oldest strait is the Tsugaru (Sangar) Strait; it already existed during the Wisconsin glaciation, although after that it may have been filled with ice on several occasions and used in the migration of land animals. The Strait of Korea was also land at the end of the Tertiary period, and the migration of southern elephants to the Japanese islands was carried out along it, this strait did not open until the beginning of the Wisconsin glaciation. The La Perouse Strait is the youngest. The fossilized remains of mammoths found on the island of Hokkaido indicate the existence of an isthmus. land on the site of this strait until the end of the Wisconsin Glaciation

For centuries, Japan has been isolated from the Asian continent. The first to try to cross the Sea of ​​Japan were the ubiquitous Mongols. At the end of the XIII century. the grandson of Genghis Khan Khubilai twice tried to seize the islands - in 1274 and 1281, both attempts were unsuccessful. It was not only the courage of the Japanese that stopped the Mongols. For the first time during the attack on the island of Kyushu, the invaders were prevented by a typhoon, and they retreated.

The second time, having thoroughly prepared, the Mongols gathered an army of one hundred thousand and brought down a fleet of 4,000 ships on the Japanese. But the Sea of ​​Japan hit them with an even more powerful typhoon than the first time. After seven weeks of fighting, the oncoming storm swept away and destroyed the entire Mongolian fleet.

Otherwise, it could not be interpreted as God's providence. The Japanese called this wind "kamikaze", which means "divine wind".

This is one of the few historical dangers that threatened Japan from the outside. Another arose during Russo-Japanese War... In the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan, near the island of Tsushima, a big battle took place in May 1905, as a result of which the Russian fleet was destroyed.

During the " cold war»Both branches of the Korea Strait in the south of the Sea of ​​Japan were under US control. The United States Navy, which wanted to maintain control of the Pacific Ocean, watched the actions of the Soviet fleet in Vladivostok.

Today, only passenger and fishing vessels sail in the peaceful waters of the Sea of ​​Japan.

The surface area of ​​this sea over a million square kilometers.

It washes the shores of the Russian Far East, both Korean powers and the island of Japan.

The Sea of ​​Japan is part of the Pacific Ocean, but is separated from it by Sakhalin Island and the Japanese Islands. Through the La Perouse Strait (the Japanese call it Soya) between Sakhalin and Hokkaido, the Sea of ​​Japan is connected with the Okhotsk Sea, through the Korea Strait - with the East China Sea, and the Sangar Strait between Hokkaido and Honshu connects it with the Pacific Ocean. Vladivostok is located on the Russian coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, the last point of the Trans-Siberian railroad and an important commercial and military port of Russia.

The greatest depth of the Sea of ​​Japan is 3742 m. In the middle of the basin, the bottom rises and forms the ridges of the Yamato Upland. The minimum depth in this place is 285 m. On the islands of Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu there are 36 still active volcanoes, most of them about 3000 m high. This is one of the regions of the highest seismic activity in the world. Earthquakes often occur here, including underwater ones.

Because of the strong geological activity, this area is called the Pacific "hot ring".

On the southwestern coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, there are two Korean states - communist North Korea, isolated from the outside world, and South Korea, which is currently experiencing economic prosperity.

The Korea Strait, which separates South Korea from Kyushu Island, is 180 km wide at its narrowest part, and here two currents collide. Powerful typhoons from the south often besiege Kyushu.

The whole world is in your hands 14-2010

Characteristics of the Sea of ​​Japan

The Sea of ​​Japan lies between the mainland Asia, the Korea Peninsula, about. Sakhalin and the Japanese islands separating it from the ocean and two neighboring seas. In the north, the border between the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk runs along the line of Cape Sushcheva - Cape Tyk on Sakhalin. In the La Perouse Strait, the boundary is the line of Cape Soya-m. Crillon. In the Sangar Strait, the border runs along the line m Syria - m. Estan, and in the Korea Strait - along the line m. Nomo (about Kyushu) - m. Fukae (about Goto) - about. Jeju - Korean Peninsula.

The Sea of ​​Japan is one of the largest and deepest seas in the world. Its area is 1062 km², volume - 1631 thousand km³, average depth - 1536 m, maximum depth - 3699 m. This is a marginal oceanic sea.

There are no large islands in the Sea of ​​Japan. Of the small, the most significant islands are Moneron, Risirn, Okushiri, Ojima, Sado, Okinoshima, Ulyndo, Askold, Russian, Putyatina. The island of Tsushima is located in the Korea Strait. All islands (except Ulleungdo) are located near the coast. Most of them are located in the eastern part of the sea.

The coastline of the Sea of ​​Japan is comparatively weakly indented. The simplest in outline is the coast of Sakhalin, the coast of Primorye and the Japanese islands is more winding. The large bays of the mainland coast include De-Kastri, Sovetskaya Gavan, Vladimir, Olya, Peter the Great Posiet, Koreansky, on about. Hokkaido - Ishikari, on about. Honshu - Toyama and Wakasa.

The coastal boundaries are cut by straits that connect the Sea of ​​Japan with the Pacific Ocean, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the East China Sea. The straits are different in length, width and, most importantly, in depth, which determines the nature of the water exchange in the Sea of ​​Japan. Through the Sangar Strait, the Sea of ​​Japan communicates directly with the Pacific Ocean. The depth of the strait in the western part is about 130 m, in the eastern part, where its chamax depths are located, about 400 m. The straits of Nevelskoy and La Perouse connect the Sea of ​​Japan and Okhotsk. The Korea Strait, divided by the islands of Jeju, Tsushima and Ikizuki into the western (Broughton Pass with a maximum depth of about 12.5 m) and eastern (Kruzenshtern Pass with a maximum depth of about 110 m) parts, connects the Japan and East China Seas. The Shimonoseki Strait with a depth of 2-3 m connects the Sea of ​​Japan with the Inland Sea of ​​Japan. Due to the shallow depths of the straits at great depths of the sea itself, conditions are created for the isolation of its deep waters from the Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas, which is the most important natural feature of the Sea of ​​Japan.

The coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, diverse in structure and external forms, in different areas belongs to different morphometric types of coast. Mostly these are abrasive, mostly slightly altered, shores. To a lesser extent, the Sea of ​​Japan is characterized by accumulative shores. This sea is surrounded mainly by mountainous shores. In some places, solitary rocks rise from the water - kekura - characteristic formations of the Japan Sea coast. Low-lying shores are found only on some parts of the coast.

Climate of the Sea of ​​Japan

The Sea of ​​Japan lies entirely in the monsoon climate of temperate latitudes. In the cold season (from October to March), it is influenced by the Siberian anticyclone and the Aleutian minimum, which is associated with significant horizontal gradients atmospheric pressure... In this regard, strong northwestern winds with speeds of 12-15 m / s and more prevail over the sea. Local conditions change wind conditions. In some areas, under the influence of the coastal relief, a high frequency of northerly winds is noted, in others calm calm is often observed. On the southeast coast, the monsoon is not correct, with westerly and northwesterly winds prevailing here.

During the cold season, continental cyclones enter the Sea of ​​Japan. They cause severe storms, and sometimes violent hurricanes, which last for 2-3 days. In early autumn (September), tropical cyclones-typhoons sweep over the sea, accompanied by hurricane winds

The winter monsoon brings dry and cold air to the Sea of ​​Japan, the temperature of which rises from south to north and from west to east. In the coldest months - January and February - the average monthly air temperature in the north is about -20 °, and in the south is about 5 °, although significant deviations from these values ​​are often observed. In cold seasons, the weather is dry and clear in the northwestern part of the sea, humid and cloudy in the southeast.

V warm seasons the Sea of ​​Japan is affected by the impact of the Hawaiian maximum and, to a lesser extent, the depression that forms in summer over Eastern Siberia. In this regard, southerly and southwesterly winds prevail over the sea. However, the pressure gradients between the regions of high and low pressure relatively small, so the average wind speed is 2-7 m / s. A significant increase in wind is associated with the release of oceanic, less often continental cyclones to the sea. In summer and early autumn (July-October), the number of typhoons (with a maximum in September) increases over the sea, which cause hurricane winds. In addition to the summer monsoon, strong and hurricane winds associated with the passage of cyclones and typhoons, local winds are observed in different areas of the sea. They are mainly due to the peculiarities of the coastal orography and are most noticeable in the coastal zone.

The summer monsoon brings with it a warm and wet air... The average monthly temperature of the warmest month - August - in the northern part of the sea is about 15 °, and in the southern regions it is about 25 °. In the northwestern part of the sea, significant cooling is observed with the influx of cold air brought in by continental cyclones. In spring and summer, cloudy weather with frequent fogs prevails.

A distinctive feature of the Sea of ​​Japan is the relatively small number of rivers flowing into it. The largest of them is Suchan. Almost all rivers are mountainous. The continental runoff into the Sea of ​​Japan is approximately 210 km³ / year and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. Only in July does the river runoff increase slightly

The geographical position, the outlines of the sea basin, separated from the Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas by high rapids in the straits, pronounced monsoons, water exchange through the straits only in the upper layers are the main factors in the formation of the hydrological conditions of the Sea of ​​Japan

The Sea of ​​Japan receives a lot of heat from the sun. However, the total heat consumption for effective radiation and evaporation exceeds the input of solar heat, therefore, as a result of the processes occurring at the water-air interface, the sea loses heat annually. It is replenished by the heat brought by the Pacific waters entering the sea through the straits; therefore, on average, the sea is in a state of thermal equilibrium. This indicates important role water heat exchange, mainly the influx of heat from the outside.

Significant natural factors are the exchange of waters through the straits, the flow of atmospheric precipitation onto the sea surface and evaporation. The main inflow of water into the Sea of ​​Japan occurs through the Korea Strait - about 97% of the total annual amount of incoming water. The largest flow of water goes through the Sangar Strait - 64% of the total discharge, 34% flows out through the La Perouse and Korean Strait. The share of fresh components of the water balance (continental runoff, precipitation) remains only about 1%. Thus, the main role in the water balance of the sea is played by water exchange through the straits.

Features of the bottom topography, water exchange through straits, climatic conditions form the main features of the hydrological structure of the Sea of ​​Japan. It is similar to the subarctic type of structure of the adjacent areas of the Pacific Ocean, but has its own characteristics, which have developed under the influence of local conditions.

Temperature and salinity of the Sea of ​​Japan

The entire thickness of its waters is divided into two zones, surface - to a depth of 200 m on average and deep - from 200 m to the bottom. The waters of the deep zone are relatively uniform in physical properties during a year. The characteristics of surface water under the influence of climatic and hydrological factors change in time and space much more intensively.

In the Sea of ​​Japan, three water masses are distinguished: two in the surface zone are the surface Pacific, characteristic of the southeastern part of the sea, and the surface Japan Sea - for the northwestern part of the sea, and one in the deep part is the deep sea water mass of Japan.

The surface Pacific water mass is formed by the water of the Tsushima Current; it has the largest volume in the south and southeast of the sea. As we move to the north, its thickness and distribution area gradually decrease, and about about 48 ° N, due to a sharp decrease in depth, it wedges out in shallow water. In winter, when the Tsushima current weakens, the northern border of the Pacific waters is located at about 46-47 ° N lat.

Surface Pacific water is characterized by high values ​​of temperature (about 15-20 °) and salinity (34-34.5 ° / ͚) In this water mass, several layers are distinguished, the hydrological characteristics of which and thickness change throughout the year: the surface layer, where the temperature in during the year it varies from 10 to 25 °, and salinity - from 33.5 to 34.5 ° / ͚. The thickness of the surface layer varies from 10 to 100 m, the upper intermediate layer has a thickness varying from 50 to 150 m.There are significant gradients in temperature, salinity and density, the lower layer has a thickness of 100 to 150 m. occurrence and distribution boundaries, temperature varies from 4 to 12 °, salinity - from 34 to 34.2 ° / ͚. The lower intermediate layer has very small vertical gradients of temperature, salinity and density. It separates the surface Pacific water mass from the deep Sea of ​​Japan.

As we move to the north, the characteristics of the Pacific water gradually change under the influence of climatic factors as a result of mixing it with the underlying deep sea water of Japan. With the cooling and freshening of the Pacific water at latitudes 46-48 ° N, the surface water mass of the Sea of ​​Japan is formed. It is characterized by a relatively low temperature (on average about 5-8 °) and salinity (32.5-33.5 ° / ͚). The entire thickness of this water mass is divided into three layers, surface, intermediate and deep. As in the Pacific Ocean, in the Japanese-sea surface water, the greatest changes in hydrological characteristics occur in the surface layer with a thickness of 10 to 150 m and more. The temperature here during the year varies from 0 to 21 °, salinity - from 32 to 34 ° / ͚. In the intermediate and deep layers, seasonal changes in hydrological characteristics are insignificant.

Deep Japan Sea water is formed as a result of the transformation of surface waters that descend to the depths due to the process of winter convection. Vertical changes in the characteristics of the deep waters of the Sea of ​​Japan are extremely small. The bulk of these waters has a temperature of 0.1-0.2 ° in winter, 0.3-0.5 ° in summer, and a salinity of 34.1-34.15 ° / ͚ during the year.

The features of the structure of the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan are well illustrated by the distribution of oceanological characteristics in it. Surface water temperatures generally rise from northwest to southeast

In winter, the surface water temperature rises from negative values ​​close to 0 ° in the north and northwest to 10-14 ° in the south and southeast. This season is characterized by a well-pronounced contrast in water temperature between the western and eastern parts of the sea, and in the south it is less pronounced than in the north and in the central part of the sea. So, at the latitude of the Peter the Great Bay, the water temperature in the west is close to 0 °, and in the east it reaches 5-6 °. This is due, in particular, to the influence of warm waters moving from south to north in the eastern part of the sea.

As a result of spring warming, the surface water temperature throughout the sea rises rather quickly. At this time, the temperature differences between the western and eastern parts of the sea begin to smooth out.

In summer, the surface water temperature rises from 18-20 ° in the north to 25-27 ° in the south of the sea. Temperature differences across latitude are relatively small

On the western shores, the surface water temperature is 1-2 ° lower than on the eastern ones, where warm waters spread from south to north.

In winter, in the northern and north-western regions of the sea, the vertical water temperature changes insignificantly, and its values ​​are close to 0.2-0.4 °. In the central, southern and southeastern parts of the sea, the change in water temperature with depth is more pronounced. In general, the surface temperature, equal to 8-10 °, remains up to the horizons of 100-150 m, from which it gradually decreases with a depth of about 2-4 ° at the horizons of 200-250 m, then it decreases very slowly - to 1-1, 5 ° at the horizons of 400-500 m, deeper the temperature decreases slightly (to values ​​less than 1 °) and remains approximately the same to the bottom.

In summer, in the north and north-west of the sea, a high surface temperature (18-20 °) is observed in the 0-15 m layer, from here it drops sharply with a depth of up to 4 ° at a horizon of 50 m, then it decreases very slowly to a horizon of 250 m where it is approximately 1 °, deeper and to the bottom the temperature does not exceed 1 °.

In the central and southern parts of the sea, the temperature decreases rather smoothly with depth and at a horizon of 200 m is approximately 6 °, from here it decreases somewhat faster and at horizons of 250-260 m is equal to 1.5-2 °, then it decreases very slowly and at the horizons 750-1500 m (in some areas at 1000-1500 m horizons) reaches a minimum equal to 0.04-0.14 °, hence the temperature rises to the bottom to 0.3 °. The formation of an intermediate layer of minimum temperature values ​​is presumably associated with the immersion of the waters of the northern part of the sea cooled during severe winters. This layer is quite stable and is observed all year round.

The average salinity of the Sea of ​​Japan, equal to about 34.1 ° / ͚, is slightly lower than the average salinity of the waters of the World Ocean.

In winter, the highest salinity of the surface layer (about 34.5 ° / ͚) is observed in the south. The lowest salinity on the surface (about 33.8 ° / ͚) is observed along the southeastern and southwestern coasts, where some desalination is caused by heavy precipitation. In most of the sea, salinity is 34.1 ° / ͚. In spring, in the north and northwest, surface water desalination occurs due to ice melting, while in other regions it is associated with increased precipitation. Comparatively high (34.6-34.7 ° / ͚) salinity remains in the south, where at this time the inflow of saltier waters, entering through the Korea Strait, increases. In summer, the average salinity at the surface varies from 32.5 ° / ͚ in the north of the Tatar Strait to 34.5 ° / ͚ off the coast of the island. Honshu.

In the central and southern regions of the sea, precipitation significantly exceeds evaporation, which leads to desalination of surface waters. By autumn, the amount of precipitation decreases, the sea begins to cool, and therefore the salinity on the surface increases. The vertical course of salinity is characterized in general small changes its values ​​in depth. In winter, a homogeneous salinity from surface to bottom is observed over most of the sea, equal to about 34.1 ° / ͚. Only in coastal waters is there a weakly expressed minimum of salinity in the surface horizons, below which the salinity slightly increases and remains practically the same to the bottom. At this time of year, vertical salinity changes in most of the sea do not exceed 0.6-0.7 ° / ͚, and in its central part do not reach 0.1 ° / ͚.

Spring-summer desalination of surface waters forms the main features of the summer vertical salinity distribution.

In summer, the minimum salinity is observed on the surface as a result of noticeable desalination of surface waters. In the subsurface layers, salinity increases with depth, with noticeable vertical salinity gradients being created. The maximum salinity at this time is noted at 50-100 m horizons in the northern regions and at 500-1500 m horizons in the southern regions. Below these layers, salinity slightly decreases and almost does not change to the bottom, remaining in the range of 33.9-34.1 ° / ͚. In summer, the salinity of deep waters is 0.1 ° / ͚ less than in winter.

The density of the Sea of ​​Japan water depends mainly on temperature. The highest density is observed in winter and the lowest in summer. In the northwestern part of the sea, the density is higher than in the southern and southeastern

In winter, surface density is fairly uniform throughout the sea, especially in its northwestern part.

In spring, the uniformity of surface density values ​​is violated due to different heating of the upper layer of water.

In summer, the largest horizontal differences in the values ​​of the surface density. They are especially significant in the field of mixing water with different characteristics... In winter, the density is approximately the same from surface to bottom in the northwestern part of the sea. In the southeastern regions, the density slightly increases at levels of 50-100 m, deeper and to the bottom, it increases very slightly. The maximum density is observed in March

In summer, in the northwest, the waters are noticeably stratified in density. It is small on the surface, it rises sharply at horizons of 50-100 m and deeper to the bottom it increases more smoothly. In the southwestern part of the sea, the density noticeably increases in the subsurface (up to 50 m) layers, at 100-150 m horizons it is rather uniform, below the density slightly increases to the bottom. This transition occurs at the horizons of 150-200 m in the northwest and at the horizons of 300-400 m in the southeast of the sea.

In autumn, the density begins to level out, which means a transition to the winter type of density distribution with depth. The spring-summer density stratification determines a fairly stable state of the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan, although in different regions it is expressed to varying degrees. In accordance with this, more or less favorable prerequisites for the emergence and development of mixing are created in the sea.

Due to the prevalence of relatively small winds and their significant increase during the passage of cyclones in conditions of water stratification in the north and north-west of the sea, wind mixing penetrates here to horizons of about 20 m.In the less stratified waters of the southern and south-western regions, the wind mixes the upper layers to the horizons 25-30 m. In autumn, the stratification decreases, and the winds increase, but at this time of the year the thickness of the upper homogeneous layer increases due to density mixing.

Autumn-winter cooling, and ice formation in the north, cause intense convection in the Sea of ​​Japan. In its northern and northwestern parts, as a result of the rapid autumn cooling of the surface, convective mixing develops, which covers deep layers for a short time. With the onset of ice formation, this process intensifies, and in December convection penetrates to the bottom. At great depths, it spreads to horizons of 2000-3000 m.In the southern and southeastern regions of the sea, cooled to a lesser extent in autumn and winter, convection extends mainly to horizons of 200 m. as a result of which the density mixing penetrates to the horizons of 300-400 m. Below, the mixing is limited by the density structure of the waters, and the ventilation of the bottom layers occurs due to turbulence, vertical movements and other dynamic processes.

The nature of the circulation of sea waters is determined not only by the influence of winds acting directly over the sea, but also by the circulation of the atmosphere over the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, since the strengthening or weakening of the inflow of Pacific waters depends on it. In summer, the southeastern monsoon enhances water circulation due to the influx of large quantities of water. In winter, the persistent northwest monsoon prevents water from entering the sea through the Korea Strait, causing a weakening of water circulation.

Through the Korea Strait, the waters of the western branch of the Kuroshio, which passed through the Yellow Sea, enter the Sea of ​​Japan and spread in a wide stream to the northeast along the Japanese islands. This stream is called the Tsushima Current. In the central part of the sea, the Yamato Upland, the flow of Pacific waters is divided into two branches, a divergence zone is formed, which is especially pronounced in summer. In this zone, the rise of deep waters takes place. Having rounded the hill, both branches join in an area located in the northwest of the Noto Peninsula.

At a latitude of 38-39 °, a small stream separates from the northern branch of the Tsushima Current, to the west, to the Korea Strait region, and turns into a countercurrent along the coast of the Korean Peninsula. The bulk of the Pacific waters is carried out from the Sea of ​​Japan through the Sangarsky and La Perouse straits, while part of the waters, having reached the Tatar Strait, gives rise to the cold Primorsky current moving southward. South of Peter the Great Bay, the Primorsky Current turns eastward and merges with the northern branch of the Tsushima Current. An insignificant part of the waters continues to move southward to the Korean Gulf, where it flows into the countercurrent formed by the waters of the Tsushima Current.

Thus, moving along the Japanese islands from south to north, and along the coast of Primorye - from north to south, the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan form a cyclonic circulation centered in the northwestern part of the sea. In the center of the gyre, the rise of waters is also possible.

In the Sea of ​​Japan, two frontal zones are distinguished - the main polar front, formed by the warm and salty waters of the Tsushima Current and the cold, less saline waters of the Primorsky Current, and the secondary front, formed by the waters of the Primorsky Current and coastal waters, which in summer have a higher temperature and lower salinity. than the waters of the Primorsky Current. V winter time the polar front passes slightly to the south of the parallel of 40 ° N. w, and at the Japanese Islands it goes approximately parallel to them almost to the northern tip of about. Hokkaido. In summer, the location of the front is about the same, it only slightly shifts to the south, and off the coast of Japan - to the west. The secondary front runs near the coast. Primorye, approximately parallel to them.

The tides in the Sea of ​​Japan are quite distinct. They are mainly created by the Pacific tidal wave entering the sea through the Korea and Sangar straits.

Semi-diurnal, diurnal and mixed tides are observed in the sea. In the Korea Strait and in the north of the Tatar Strait there are semi-daily tides, on the eastern coast of Korea, on the coast of Primorye, near the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido - daily tides, in the Peter the Great and Koreansky bays - mixed.

Tidal currents correspond to the nature of the tide. In the open areas of the sea, semi-daily tidal currents with velocities of 10-25 cm / s are mainly manifested. More complex tidal currents in the straits, where they have very significant velocities. Thus, in the Sangar Strait, tidal current velocities reach 100-200 cm / s, in the La Perouse Strait - 50-100, in the Korea Strait - 40-60 cm / s.

The greatest level fluctuations are observed in the extreme southern and northern regions of the sea. At the southern entrance to the Korea Strait, the tide reaches 3 m.As you move north, it quickly decreases and already at Busan does not exceed 1.5 m.

In the middle part of the sea, the tides are low. Along the eastern shores of the Korean Peninsula and the Soviet Primorye, before the entrance to the Tatar Strait, they are no more than 0.5 m. The tides are of the same magnitude near the western shores of Honshu, Hokkaido and Southwestern Sakhalin. In the Tatar Strait, the magnitude of the tides is 2.3-2.8 m. In the northern part of the Tatar Strait, the heights of the tides increase, which is due to its funnel-shaped shape.

In addition to tidal fluctuations in the Sea of ​​Japan, seasonal fluctuations in the level are well pronounced. In summer (August - September), the maximum rise in level is observed on all shores of the sea, in winter and early spring (January - April), the minimum position of the level is observed.

In the Sea of ​​Japan, surge level fluctuations are observed. During the winter monsoon, off the western coast of Japan, the level may rise by 20-25 cm, and on the mainland coast, it may decrease by the same amount. In summer, on the other hand, off the coast North Korea and Primorye, the level rises by 20-25 cm, and in Japanese shores decreases by the same amount.

Strong winds caused by the passage of cyclones and especially typhoons over the sea develop very significant waves, while monsoons cause less intense waves. In the northwestern part of the sea, northwestern waves prevail in autumn and winter, and in spring and summer, eastern ones. Most often, there is excitement with a strength of 1-3 points, the frequency of which varies from 60 to 80% per year. In winter, strong excitement prevails - 6 points or more, the frequency of occurrence of which is about 10%.

In the southeastern part of the sea, due to the stable northwestern monsoon, waves from the northwest and north develop in winter. In summer, weak, most often southwestern, excitement prevails. The largest waves have a height of 8-10 m, and during typhoons the maximum waves reach a height of 12 m. Tsunami waves are observed in the Sea of ​​Japan.

The northern and northwestern parts of the sea, adjacent to the mainland coast, are annually covered with ice for 4-5 months, the area of ​​which occupies about 1/4 of the entire sea.

The appearance of ice in the Sea of ​​Japan is possible already in October, while the last ice lingers in the north sometimes until mid June. Thus, the sea is completely ice-free only during the summer months - July, August and September.

The first ice in the sea forms in closed bays and bays of the mainland coast, for example, in Sovetskaya Gavan Bay, De-Kastri and Olga bays. In October - November, the ice cover mainly develops within bays and bays, and from late November - early December, ice begins to form in the open sea.

At the end of December, ice formation in the coastal and open areas of the sea extends to the Peter the Great Bay.

Fast ice in the Sea of ​​Japan widespread does not have. First of all, it forms in the bays of De-Kastri, Sovetskaya Gavan and Olga, in the bays of Peter the Great and Posiet gulfs, it appears after about a month.

Only the northern bays of the mainland coast are completely frozen every year. To the south of Sovetskaya Gavan, landfast ice in the bays is unstable and can break repeatedly during the winter. In the western part of the sea, floating and stationary ice appears earlier than in the eastern, it is more stable. This is due to the fact that the western part of the sea in winter is under the predominant influence of cold and dry air masses spreading from the mainland. In the east of the sea, the influence of these masses is significantly weakened, and at the same time the role of warm and humid sea air masses increases. The greatest development of the ice cover reaches about mid-February. From February to May, conditions are created for the entire sea to melt ice (in situ). In the eastern part of the sea, ice begins to melt earlier and is more intense than at the same latitudes in the west.

The ice cover of the Sea of ​​Japan varies considerably from year to year. There are cases when the ice cover of one winter is 2 times or more higher than the ice cover of the other.

The fish population of the Sea of ​​Japan numbers 615 species. The main commercial species in the southern part of the sea are sardine, anchovy, mackerel, horse mackerel. In the northern regions, mainly mussel, flounder, herring, greenling and salmon are caught. In summer, tuna, hammerfish, saury penetrate into the northern part of the sea. The leading place in the species composition of fish catches is occupied by pollock, sardine and anchovy

B.S. Zalogin, A.N. Kosarev "Sea" 1999