Water drainage from the foundation of the house: do-it-yourself water drainage with photo instructions. Organization of surface water runoff from the territory Conditions for the collection and discharge of surface water

Surface water is formed from atmospheric precipitation (storm and melt water). Distinguish between surface waters "foreign", coming from elevated neighboring areas, and "our", formed directly on construction site.

The territory of the site must be protected from the ingress of "strangers" surface water, for which they are intercepted and taken outside the site. To intercept water, upland ditches or dikes are made along the boundaries of the construction site in its elevated part (Figure 1). To prevent rapid silting, the longitudinal slope of drainage ditches must be at least 0.003.

"Own" surface waters are diverted by giving an appropriate slope when vertical layout platforms and the device of a network of the open or closed drain.

Each pit and trench, which is an artificial water collector, to which water actively flows during rains and snowmelt, must be protected by drainage ditches by embanking them from the upland side.

Figure 1. - Protection of the site from surface water ingress

In cases of heavy flooding of the site with groundwater with high level horizon, the site is drained using open or closed drainage. Open drainage is usually arranged in the form of ditches up to 1.5 m deep, cut off with gentle slopes (1: 2) and the longitudinal slopes necessary for the flow of water. Closed drainage is usually trenches with slopes towards water discharge, filled with drainage material (crushed stone, gravel, coarse sand). When arranging more efficient drainage, pipes perforated in the side surfaces are laid at the bottom of such a trench - ceramic, concrete, asbestos-cement, wooden (Figure 2).

Figure 2 - Protection of closed drainage for drainage of the territory

Such drains collect and drain water better, since the speed of water movement in the pipes is higher than in the drainage material. closed drains must be laid below the level of soil freezing and have a longitudinal slope of at least 0.005

At the stage of preparing the site for construction, a geodetic staking basis should be created, which serves for planned and high-altitude justification when taking out the project of buildings and structures to be erected on the ground, as well as (subsequently) geodetic support at all stages of construction and after its completion.

The geodetic marking basis for determining the position of construction objects in the plan is created mainly in the form of:

construction mesh, longitudinal and transverse axes that determine the position on the ground of the main buildings and structures and their dimensions, for the construction of enterprises and groups of buildings and structures;

red lines (or other building regulation lines), longitudinal and transverse axes that determine the position on the ground and the size of the building, for the construction of individual buildings in cities and towns.

The building grid is made in the form of square and rectangular shapes, which are divided into basic and additional (Figure 3). The length of the sides of the main grid figures is 200 - 400 m, and the additional ones are 20 ... 40 m.

The building grid is usually designed on the building master plan, less often on topographically construction site. When designing the grid, the location of the grid points on the construction plan (topographic plan) is determined, the method of preliminary grid breakdown and fixing the grid points on the ground is chosen.

Figure 3 - Construction grid

When designing a building grid, there should be:

secured maximum comfort to perform marking work;

The main buildings and structures being erected are located inside the grid figures;

The grid lines are parallel to the main axes of the buildings under construction and are located as close as possible to them;

Direct linear measurements are provided on all sides of the grid;

Grid points are located in places convenient for angular measurements with visibility to adjacent points, as well as in places that ensure their safety and stability.

Altitude substantiation at the construction site is provided by high-altitude strongholds - construction benchmarks. Usually, strong points of the construction grid and the red line are used as construction benchmarks. The height mark of each construction benchmark must be obtained from at least two benchmarks of state or local significance of the geodetic network.

The creation of a geodetic stakeout is the responsibility of the customer. At least 10 days before the commencement of construction and installation works, he must transfer to the contractor the technical documentation for the geodetic staking base and for the points and signs of this base fixed at the construction site, including:

Building grid points, red lines;

Axes that determine the position and dimensions of buildings and structures in the plan, fixed by at least two leading signs for each separately located building or structure.

During the construction process, it is necessary to monitor the safety and stability of the signs of the geodetic center base, which is carried out by the construction organization.

Breakdown of earthworks

The breakdown of structures consists in establishing and fixing their position on the ground. The breakdown is carried out using geodetic instruments and various measuring devices.

The breakdown of pits begins with the removal and fixing on the ground (in accordance with the project) with leading signs of the main working axes, which are usually taken as the main axes buildings I-I and II-II (Figure 4, a). After that, around the future pit at a distance of 2-3 m from its edge, a cast-off is installed parallel to the main center axes (Figure 4, b).

A single-use cast-off (Figure 4, c) consists of metal racks or dug in wooden poles and boards attached to them. The board must be at least 40 mm thick, have a cut edge facing upwards, and rest on at least three posts. More perfect is the inventory metal cast-off (Figure 4, d). To allow vehicles to pass, there must be gaps in the cast-off. With a significant slope of the terrain, the cast-off is done with ledges.

Figure 4 - Scheme of laying out pits and trenches: a - scheme of laying out the pit; d - inventory metal cast-off: e - layout of the trench; I-I and II-II - the main axes of the building; III-III - axes of the walls of the building; 1 - the boundaries of the pit; 2 - cast-off; 3 - wire (mooring); 4 - plumb lines; 5 - board; 6 - nail; 7 - rack

The main center axes are transferred to the cast-off and, starting from them, all other axes of the building are marked. All axes are fixed on the cast-off with nails or cuts and numbered. On a metal cast-off, the axes are fixed with paint. The dimensions of the pit on top and bottom, as well as its other characteristic points, are marked with clearly visible pegs or milestones. After the construction of the underground part of the building, the main center lines are transferred to its basement.

surface water- which enter the site as a result of rains or streams permanently located on the site.

Ground- which are constantly underground at some level from the surface of the earth.

Level ground water varies depending on the time of year. Groundwater is closest to the earth's surface in autumn and spring.

To drain surface water from the construction site, a system of drainage ditches (cuvettes) is arranged. The ditches are given slopes that ensure the drainage of water in a given direction.

Groundwater from the construction site can be diverted temporarily or permanently.

1. Temporary challenge consists in lowering the level of groundwater, as a rule, below the foundations (only for the duration of the work).

Dewatering is carried out using special installations - a system of wellpoints (pipe cuts of small diameter, pointed at the bottom and having holes in the walls), which are installed every 1.5 - 2m around the entire perimeter of the building. The wellpoints are connected by a common pipeline to which the pumps are connected.

2. Permanent retraction arrange with drainage.

Drainage- is a system of trenches located on the side of water inflow or along the perimeter of the structure.

The depth of the trenches is taken such that the bottom of the trench is slightly below the required groundwater level.

Groundwater, filtering through the soil, enters the gravel layer. A large number of voids in such a layer contributes to the further movement of water. Instead of gravel, can be laid on the bottom of the pipe.

Soil strengthening.

Soils are strengthened in various ways.

1. Cementing - used in sandy soils. A cement mortar is pumped into the soil through wellpoints, which sets with sand to form a waterproof base.

2. Silicization - used in loamy and clay soils. Solutions of calcium chloride and sodium silicate are alternately pumped into the soil, which, interacting with the soil, form solid foundations.

3. Bitumization - used in wet sandy soils. Molten bitumen is pumped into the ground. It squeezes moisture out of the soil, and solidifying makes the soil more durable.

4. Roasting - used in various soils. At the ends of the wellpoints there is a bowl in which fuel is burned. With the help of a compressor, compressed air is supplied, which pumps hot gas into the ground. Under the influence high temperature the soil is sintered and hardened.

Questions for the test on the "Fundamentals of construction production"

1. The history of the development of building production.

2. Features of construction production in the Republic of Belarus. The role of construction production in the formation of a civil engineer.

3. Types of construction.

4. Construction work and organization of labor. General provisions.

5. Construction workers and their training.

6. Technical regulation and legislation in the construction industry.

7. Composition and content of normative and technical documentation.

8. Labor protection and environment in the construction industry.

9. Buildings and structures. Types and classification.

10. The main structural elements of buildings.

11. Basic building materials.

12. Quality management of construction works.

13. Organizational and technical preparation for construction.

14. Types of technical documentation.

15. Technological maps and maps of labor processes.

16. General information about soils and land structures.

17. Organization of the construction site. General information about the methods of production of works.

18. Transport processes.

19. Requirements for design solutions.

20. Protection of structures from ground and atmospheric moisture.

21. Safety precautions in the production of waterproofing works.

The foundation of any building can be exposed to groundwater. They, in turn, include special components that can destroy the foundation. Even if the building is waterproofed inside and out and there are supporting walls, they are not able to protect in such a situation. Ground and surface water can significantly damage a building, so you need to take care of drainage in your area.

Only a specialist can correctly assess the situation in a particular area. To do this, you need to study the composition of the soil, make a planned and high-altitude topographic survey, plan the location of structures. A hydrologist, architect, botanist and surveyor can help in these works. Only when integrated approach diversion of surface and groundwater will solve problems and give a positive result.

Types of systems

The construction of drainage systems can be carried out in two ways: surface and deep. The first method involves planning the territory and carrying out work, including the creation of special slopes from a specific structure, as well as the installation of a drainage network to intercept water. The second method involves the removal of water using special pipes and consumables.

When arranging modern adjoining areas, it is used closed view drainage. It allows you to save appearance territory, but at the same time it is possible to use the soil above the system for further landing vegetable garden or arrangement of flower beds.

A simple version of groundwater drainage involves the preparation of trenches, where sand is subsequently covered with the first layer, then crushed stone, and only after that drains can be installed. From above it will be necessary to fill up a layer of rubble, then sand. Outside it is necessary to overlay with turf.

It is necessary to carefully observe the entire sequence of layers, since next to the water there should be a layer of sand, not gravel. This gravel and sand cover at the very bottom will be used as a shock absorber, and will also allow you to create a slope where unnecessary water will drain. The filter is needed to pass water and prevent soil particles from entering. If you do not follow the correct sequence, then drainage holes will fall into disrepair.

Protection of the site from surface water ingress: 1 - water runoff basin; 2 - upland ditch; 3 - construction site.

It can be used to drain ground or surface water from the site stone drainage. In this case, the cavity is filled with stone, not rubble.

Modern drainage systems involve the use of asbestos-cement or plastic pipes. This design is considered more reliable.

Often there are situations when different companies are invited to work on the installation of a pool on the site and for drainage. In such cases, penetration into the underground environment occurs, which again negatively affects the hydrogeological situation at the site. This can damage the drainage system.

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Installation standards

Technically competently will carry out deep outlet water from the site. Such work is able to protect not only the foundation, but also basements and other underground structures from flooding by surface or groundwater. According to the norms, it must be at least half a meter lower than the basement. Drainage pipes differ in their location. They can be single-line, two-line, area or contour.

The drainage system has its own basis - a pipe with special holes where water will flow. A pillow of gravel and sand is poured around the perimeter of such a pipe. Pipes are divided into concrete, plastic, asbestos-cement and ceramic. The holes in such pipes must be of such a size that bulk materials cannot get there along with water. They are located on the sides of the pipes.

Appearance modern pipes radically changed the whole situation in the installation of drainage systems. Such pipes in comparison with the previous generation have a number of advantages: flexibility, strength, reliability, durability, rigidity. Moreover, all these properties are successfully combined at the same time.

High-quality drainage pipes suggest a perforated structure. This is necessary so that groundwater completely enters the pipe. Also, the pipes must be corrugated. This makes them even stronger and allows them to withstand the heavy loads that are inevitable when draining water.

When carrying out drainage work to drain water, only clean gravel and crushed granite should be used. Do not use sand and gravel or crushed limestone, as they can clog voids in the ground. That's why drainage system won't have any effect.

Water is one of the most common causes damage earthworks. In addition, if a large amount of water enters the pit or excavation, then their development is very difficult. Therefore, water drainage should, as a rule, be carried out before production starts. earthworks.

Surface water diversion

Surface water can be drained in the following ways:

1. a device on the upland side near the cuts and embankments of upland ditches that collect water flowing along the slope (Fig. 5b);
2. arranging cuvettes in recesses to divert water falling onto the canvas and slopes of the recess (Fig. 5b);
3. the arrangement of correctly arranged reserves near the embankments (Fig. 5a) and correctly arranged cavaliers near the excavation (Fig. 5b);
4. the correct device for planning a strip of land between an embankment and a reserve or between a cut and a cavalier with a slope of the surface of this strip (berm) away from the structure;
5. a device on the upland side of the roller from the ground when digging a trench;
6. strengthening the slopes of embankments, excavations, dams and other structures.

If earthworks need to be carried out in a swampy area, then before starting work, it is necessary to carry out a series of works to drain the site, sometimes with a whole system (network) of drainage ditches that collect water from the swamp and divert it to the nearest river, stream, lake, etc. etc.

Groundwater drainage

Groundwater can occur at various depths.

With shallow groundwater and a small thickness of its layer, they can be diverted from the structure by open ditches that collect water.

Sometimes ground waters lie deep, and their layer has a large thickness. Then resort to the drainage device.

Drainage is a narrow closed ditch filled with water-permeable materials. At the bottom of these ditches, pipes are laid that collect groundwater or large gravel material that conducts water well.

The purpose of drainage is different:

1. Water drainage together with an open ditch(subcuvette drainages); in this case, the minimum section is given to the ditch, and the drainage is arranged under the bottom of the ditch. Drainage pipes can be wood, plastic, steel, stone, concrete or pottery (Fig. 35). In order for the drainage not to become clogged through the wells, the latter are closed from above with bars.
2. Lowering of the groundwater level. This depression is strongest near the drain; as you move away from the drainage, the level rises again (Fig. 36). In order to drain a large area, it is necessary to have drainages in several lines at a certain distance from each other in the plan.

Each drainage must have a longitudinal slope (0.0025-0.015). It is necessary to ensure that the water from the drainage has an outlet to a low point in the terrain, an open ditch or other deeper drainage. Drainages are arranged below the freezing line of the soil.

Drainage ditches are dug with special narrow shovels. In the absence of such shovels, digging is carried out with ordinary shovels, and then the width of the ditch has to be given a large one, which increases the amount of work.

If groundwater appears in the pit during work, it is necessary to resort to pumping out groundwater (drainage). In this case, the pit of water into the pit (by tongue and groove fastening).

These two types of work are usually done simultaneously with the excavation itself and are not preparatory, but auxiliary work and are described below.

Preparation of tools and inventory for work, their storage and organization of their repair

Before starting work, all essential tool and inventory (wheelbarrows, grabbars, etc.) according to the number of workers, with a margin in case of breakdown. The tool must be suitable for the soil and the type of work.

Tools, such as shovels, must be prepared with handles of various weights, and crowbars of various weights, so that the worker can select the appropriate tool. Tools and inventory must be attached to a specific team, link or individual worker responsible for their safety and condition.

To store the tool, it is necessary to have pantries at the place of work, and sheds are needed to store wheelbarrows, grabars and trolleys.

Timely repair of tools and all inventory must be ensured.

In addition to the above preparatory work before the start of the main work it is necessary:

• provide workers with housing and food at the place of work;
• provide water supply;
• on the spot future work examine soils and accurately determine their category, the presence of groundwater, etc .;
• determine the exact scope of work;
• assign methods of production of work and their organization;
• allocate workers to brigades, links.

LECTURE 3

WITHDRAWAL OF SURFACE (ATMOSPHERIC) WATER

The organization of the runoff of surface rain and melt water in the territories of residential areas, microdistricts and quarters is carried out using an open or closed drainage system.

On city streets in residential areas, drainage is carried out, as a rule, using a closed system, i.e. urban drainage network (storm sewer). The installation of drainage networks is a citywide event.

On the territories of microdistricts and quarters, drainage is carried out by an open system and consists in organizing the flow of surface water from building sites, sites for various purposes and territories of green plantings in the trays of driveways, through which water is directed to the trays of the carriageways of adjacent city streets. Such an organization of drainage is carried out with the help of a vertical layout of the entire territory, which provides flow by creating longitudinal and transverse slopes in all driveways, sites and territories of a microdistrict or quarter.

If the network of passages does not represent a system of interconnected passages or if the capacity of the trays on the passages is insufficient during heavy rains, a more or less developed network of open trays, ditches and ditches is provided for on the territory of microdistricts.

An open drainage system is the simplest system that does not require complex and expensive facilities. In operation, this system requires constant supervision and cleaning.

An open system is used in micro-districts and quarters of a relatively small area with a relief favorable for water flow, which does not have underestimated drainless places. In large neighborhoods open system does not always ensure the runoff of surface water without overflowing the trays and flooding the driveways, therefore, then a closed system is used.

A closed drainage system provides for the development on the territory of the microdistrict of an underground network of drainpipes - collectors, with the intake of surface water by water intake wells and the direction collected waters to the city sewer network.

As possible option apply combined system when on the territory of the microdistrict they create open network trays, ditches and ditches, supplemented by an underground network of drain collectors. Underground drainage - very important element engineering improvement of the territories of residential quarters and microdistricts, it meets the high requirements of comfort and general improvement of residential areas.

Surface drainage on the territory of the microdistrict must be ensured to such an extent that from any point in the territory the flow of water can freely reach the trays of the carriageway of adjacent streets.

From buildings, as a rule, water is diverted towards driveways, and when green spaces are adjacent, to trays or ditches that run along buildings.

On dead-end driveways, when the longitudinal slope is directed towards the dead end, drainless places are formed from which water has no way out; sometimes such points are formed on driveways. The release of water from such places is carried out with the help of bypass trays, in the direction of the passages located at lower elevations (Fig. 3.1).

Trays are also used to divert surface water from buildings, from sites for various purposes, in green areas.

Bypass trays can have a triangular, rectangular or trapezoidal shape. The slopes of the trays are taken, depending on the soil and the method of strengthening them, within the range of 1:1 to 1:1.5. The depth of the tray is not less, and most often not more than 15-20 cm. The longitudinal slope of the tray is taken at least 0.5%.

Earthen trays are unstable, they are easily washed away by rain, while they lose their shape and longitudinal slope. Therefore, it is most advisable to use trays with reinforced walls or prefabricated ones made of some kind of stable material.

With a significant runoff of water, the trays turn out to be insufficient in terms of the entire throughput and they are replaced by cuvettes. Typically, the cuvettes are trapezoidal in shape with a bottom width of at least 0.4 m and a depth of 0.5 m; side slopes have a steepness of 1:1.5. Strengthen the slopes with concrete, paving or turf. With significant dimensions, at a depth of 0.7-0.8 m or more, ditches turn into ditches.

It should be borne in mind that ditches and ditches at intersections with driveways and sidewalks should be enclosed in pipes or bridges should be arranged above them. It is difficult and difficult to release water from ditches and ditches into driveway trays, due to different depths and differences in elevations.

Therefore, the use of open ditches and ditches is permissible only in exceptional cases, especially since ditches and ditches generally violate the improvement of modern microdistricts. Trays, on the other hand, with their usually shallow depth, are acceptable if they do not create great inconveniences for movement.

With relatively small areas of green spaces, drainage can be successfully carried out open way along the trays of paths and alleys.

With the location of paths and driveways among green spaces over a relatively short distance, the runoff of surface water can be carried out without the installation of trays or ditches, directly to the plantations. In such cases, fencing with sides for paths and driveways is not suitable. At the same time, the formation of stagnant waters and swamps should be excluded. Such a runoff is especially appropriate if artificial irrigation of green areas is necessary.

When designing an underground drainage network Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the diversion of surface water from the main roads and pedestrian alleys, as well as from places of mass congestion of visitors (the main squares of the park; squares in front of theaters, restaurants, etc.).

In places where surface water is released from the territory of microdistricts to city streets, a water intake well is installed behind the red line, while its waste branch is connected to the collector of the city drainage network.

At closed system surface water is directed to the water intake wells of the drainage network and enters them through the water intake grids.

Water intake wells on the territory of microdistricts are located at all low points that do not have free flow, on straight sections of passages, depending on the longitudinal slope with an interval of 50-100 m, at the intersections of passages from the side of the inflow of water.

The slope of the drain branches is taken at least 0.5%, but the optimal slope is 1-2%. The diameter of the drain branches is taken at least 200 mm.

The routes of drainage collectors on the territory of the microdistrict are laid mainly outside the driveways in the strips of green spaces at a distance of 1-1.5 m from the curb stone or the roadway.

The depth of laying the collectors of the drainage network in the microdistrict is taken taking into account the depth of soil freezing.

Water intake wells have water intake gratings, mostly rectangular in shape. These wells are constructed from prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete elements and only in the absence of them - from brick (Fig. 3.2).

Manholes are built standard projects from prefabricated elements.

When choosing a drainage system in a microdistrict, it should be borne in mind that in modern well-maintained microdistricts, the development of a network of drainage collectors is predetermined not only by the collection and discharge of surface water, but also by the use of a drainage network for other purposes, such as for receiving and diverting water from snow melters and when snow is discharged into the collectors of the network, as well as when water is discharged into the network when washing the carriageways of driveways and platforms.

It is advisable to arrange an underground drainage network in the microdistrict when equipping buildings with internal drains, as well as with a system for removing water from the roofs of buildings through external pipes with water discharge into the underground drainage network.

In both cases, the runoff of water from drainpipes along sidewalks and areas adjacent to buildings is excluded, and the appearance of buildings is also improved. Based on these considerations, it is considered expedient to develop an underground drainage network on the territory of microdistricts.

An underground drainage network in microdistricts is also justified if there are drainless places on the territory that do not have a free outlet for rain and melt water that collects in them. Such cases are relatively rare, but they are possible in complex rugged terrain and cannot be eliminated by vertical planning due to large volumes of earthworks.

It is almost always necessary to build an underground drainage network with a large depth of the microdistrict and the removal of the watershed from the nearest adjacent street by 150-200 m, as well as in all cases when throughput trays on driveways are insufficient and driveways can be flooded during relatively heavy rains; the use of ditches and ditches in microdistricts is highly undesirable.

In vertical planning and the creation of surface water runoff, the location of individual buildings relative to the natural terrain is very important. So, for example, it is unacceptable to place buildings across the natural thalweg, thereby creating drainless places.

It is possible to avoid unnecessary and unjustified earthworks for backfilling in drainless places only when water is drained from such places using an underground collector of the drainage network, with the installation of a water intake well at a low point. However, the direction of the longitudinal slope of such a reservoir will be reversed with respect to the relief. This may lead to the need for excessive deepening of some sections of the drainage network of the microdistrict.

As unsuccessful examples, one can cite the location of buildings of various configurations in plan without taking into account the natural topography and water runoff from buildings (Fig. 3.3).