Coverage funds and working capital.
2 grade of magistracy, business and law institute,
Scientific Director: Ph.D., Associate Professor Malzeva A.V.
St. Petersburg
Current funds (funds) are a value assessment of the set of material and real values \u200b\u200bused as labor objects and in common form, as a rule, during one production cycle. References are also estimated in the value of labor, which are not attributed to fixed assets.
Coverage of the enterprise, participating in the production and sale of products, make a continuous circuit, moving from the sphere of circulation to the sphere of production and back, taking sequentially the form of circulation and revolving funds. Thus, passing sequentially three phases - monetary, productive and commodity - working capital change their natural and real form.
In the first phase (Dt), which is preparatory, working capital having an initial form money, turn into production reserves, i.e. Transfer from the sphere of appeal to the sphere of production.
In the second phase (T-P-T 1), working capital participate directly in the production process and take the form of work in progress, semi-finished products and finished products. At this stage, the cost of the production being created is continued, but not completely, and in the amount of the cost of used production reserves, the costs of wages and its associated costs, as well as the transferred cost of production fixed assets, are additionally advanced. The productive stage ends with the release finished products, after which the stage of its implementation comes.
The third phase of the circulation of working capital (T 1 -D 1) is committed again in the field of circulation. At this stage, the labor product (finished products) is continued in the same amount as at the production stage. Only after transforming the commodity form of the value of products produced into monetary funds, restored due to the part of the proceeds from the sale of products. The rest of its sum is drawn up with cash accumulation, which are used in accordance with the plan of their distribution. Part of the savings (profits), intended for the expansion of working capital, joins them and makes the subsequent circulation cycles along with them.
The monetary form, which is taken by working capital in the third stage of their circle, is at the same time the initial stage of turnover of funds. The difference between monetary revenues and originally spent means (D 1D) determines the value of the company's money revenues. Making a full circuit (D-T ... P ... T 1 -D 1), working capital function at all stages at the same time, which ensures the continuity of the production process and circulation. Thus, the circulation of working capital is the organic unity of the three phases.
Unlike fixed assets that are repeatedly involved in the production process, working capital function only in one production cycle and fully transferred its value to the newly manufactured product.
Curvas - the highly mobile part of the company's assets, so their financing is aimed at maintaining a certain composition and structure.
In the most general The structure of working capital and their sources is shown in the balance sheet. Net working capital is a difference between current assets and short-term accounts payable (OK \u003d TA-KZ), so any changes in its components directly or indirectly affect the size and quality of pure working capital. As a rule, the reasonable growth of pure working capital is considered as a positive trend, but there may be exceptions. For example, its growth due to an increase in hopeless debtors is unlikely to satisfy the financial manager. It should be noted that the working funds of enterprises include: stocks of commodity values; receivables; funds in the calculations; cash.
According to sources of formation, the revolutions of the enterprise are divided into their own and borrowed (attracted).
Own funds of enterprises with development market economy, business activities and incorporation play a decisive role. They provide financial stability and operational independence of the economic entity. It should be emphasized that its own working capital of privatized enterprises are in full order: enterprises have the right to sell them, transfer to other business entities, citizens, to lease, etc.
The borrowed funds attracted mainly in the form of bank loans cover the additional need of an enterprise in the means. At the same time, the basic conditions of lending are the reliability of the financial condition of the enterprise and the assessment of its financial stability.
The placement of working capital in the reproduction process determines the division of them on the revolutions production funds and circulation funds.
Processing production funds are:
Labor objects (raw materials, basic materials and semi-finished products, auxiliary materials, fuel, containers, spare parts, etc.);
Unfinished production;
Future spending.
Funds of circulation are funds of the enterprise embedded in the stocks of finished products, goods shipped, but not paid, as well as funds in settlements and cash in the checkout and in accounts.
Working capital ensure the continuity of the production and sale of enterprise products. Processing production funds operate in the production process, and the conversion funds - in the process of circulation, i.e. Implementation of finished products and acquisition of commodity and material values. At the same time, the revolving production funds enter into production in their natural form and in the process of manufacturing products are fully consumed. They transfer their value to the product being created. Funds of appeal are not involved in the formation of value.
The optimal ratio of these funds is determined by the greatest share of working funds involved in the creation of value. The value of the reference funds should be sufficient to ensure a clear and rhythmic process of circulation. In general, the stable structure of working capital testifies to a stable, well-established production process and product sales. Significant structural changes indicate an unstable work of the enterprise.
It should be emphasized that in the financial activity of the enterprise and increasing its effectiveness, the placement of the company's funds. From what investments are invested in basic and working capital, how many of them are in the field of production and treatment (in monetary and material form), as optimally, their ratio, the results of production and financial activities are largely dependent.
If the created production capacity of the enterprise is not fully used due to the lack of material resources, this adversely affects the financial results of the enterprise and its financial position. The same happens if unnecessary production reserves are created that cannot be quickly recycled on the available production facilities. As a result, working capital is frozen, their turnover slows down and, as a result, the financial condition of the enterprise deteriorates.
Even with positive financial results, a high level of profitability, an enterprise may experience financial difficulties if it is irrationally used its financial resources by investing them into excessive production reserves or allowing greater receivables.
After the completion of the production cycle, the manufacture of finished products and its implementation, the cost of working capital is reimbursed in revenue from sales of products (works, services). This creates the possibility of a systematic resumption of the production process, which is carried out by continuously circulating the means of the enterprise.
In conclusion, it should be emphasized that working capital of enterprises and organizations are formed from a number of sources, the main of which are three groups: its own and equivalent funds; Borrowed funds (loans); Attracted funds (accounts payable, etc.).
Literature
1. Analysis of economic activities: studies. Manual / Ed. L. L. Ermolovich. - MN: INTERPRESERVIS; Ecoperos, 2007. - 576 p.
2. Kovalev V. Finance management: studies. benefit. - M.: FBK-Press, 2004. - 160 p.
3. Grebnev A. I. Economy trade enterprise: Tutorial. - M.: "Economics", 2007. - 282 p.
4. Kovalev V.V. Financial management: studies. benefit. - M.: FBK-Press, 2004. - 160 p.
5. Glazunov V.N. The financial analysis and the risk assessment of real investments. - M.: Finstatinform, 2007. - 135 p.
6. Kovaleva A. M., Lapusta M. G., Skamai L. G. Finance of the company: Tutorial. - M.: Infra-M, 2004. - 416 p.
Church of scientific articles
"Russia: the potential of innovative development. Collection of scientific articles of graduate students and students ",
St. Petersburg: Institute of Business and Law, 2011
Whether goods (machines, equipment, buildings, vehicles), together with labor items (raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, fuel) form products. Indicated in value of the means of production are manufacturing funds of enterprises. There are basic and revolving funds.
The main production facilities are the work of labor involved in the production process for a long time and retaining their natural shape. Their cost is transferred to the finished products of parts, as consumer value loss.
Current funds are those means of production that are fully consumed in each new production cycle, fully transferred their value to the finished product and in the production process do not retain their natural form.
Along with production exist unproductive basic funds - social property. These are residential buildings, children's and sports facilities, dining rooms, recreation centers and other objects of cultural and domestic service of workers who are on the balance sheet of enterprises and do not directly affect the production process.
Current funds - this is mandatory element production process, the main part of the cost of products. The smaller the consumption of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy per unit of production, the more economical work spent on their production and production, the cheaper the product. The presence of sufficient working capital has a necessary prerequisite for its normal functioning in a market economy.
Real elements covered funds In the process of labor, changes in their natural shape and physicochemical properties undergo. They lose their consumer cost as they are produced. The new consumer value arises in the form of products developed from them, these are also the means of labor, which is less than one year.
Processing production funds consist of three parts:
- production reserves;
- unfinished production and semi-finished products of their own manufacture;
- expenses of future periods.
Productive reserves -these are labor items prepared for the launch of the production process; They consist of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, fuel, purchased semi-finished products and components, containers and tare materials, spare parts for the repair of fixed assets.
Incomplete production, and semi-finished products of their owncaustious - It is labor objects that have entered the production process: materials, details, nodes and products that are in the process of processing or assembly, as well as semi-finished products own manufacturenot completed by production in some shops of the enterprise and subject to further processing in other workshops of the same enterprise.
Future spending- these are lovely elements of current funds, including the costs of preparing and mastering new products, which are manufactured in this period (quarter, year), but relate to the products of the future period (for example, the costs of designing and developing new types of products, to rearrange the equipment and dr.)
The relationship between individual groups, elements of circulating funds and common volumes, expressed in fractions or percentages, is called the structure of current funds. It is formed under the influence of a number of factors: the nature and forms of the organization of production, such as production, the duration of the technological cycle, the conditions of supply of fuel and commodity resources, etc.
Current production funds in their movement are also associated. with the appeal fundsserving sphere of circulation. Funds of circulation include finished products in warehouses, goods in the way, cash and funds in settlements with consumers of products, in particular receivables.
General in the structure of working capital of various enterprises and organizations is the predominance of funds stirred in the field of production. They account for more than 70% of all working capital.
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Topic 4 Coverage Funds
- Current capital and working capital enterprises
- Determining the need for working capital
- Evaluation of the efficiency of working capital
1. Structure of working capital enterprises
Coverages
-
This is a set of funds advanced to create and use revolving industrial funds and conversion funds to ensure the continuous process of production and product sales.
Processing production facilities
-
These are labor objects (raw materials, basic materials and semi-finished products, auxiliary materials, fuel, containers, spare parts dr.); water, items and tools with a service life of not more than 12 months; Incorrect production and expenses of future periods. Processing industrial funds enter into production in their natural form and in the process of manufacturing products are fully consumed, i.e. Move all its cost per product produced.
Foundations appeal
-
These are funds from the enterprise embedded in the reserves of finished products, goods shipped, but unpaid, as well as funds in the calculations and cash at the box office and in accounts. Funds of handling are related to the service of the process of circulation of goods. They do not participate in the formation of value, but are its carriers.
The movement of current production assets and treatment funds is the same in nature and amounts to unified process
. After the completion of the production cycle, the manufacture of finished products and its implementation, the cost of working capital is reimbursed in revenue from sales of products (works, services).
Current production facilities and conversion funds, while in constant motion, ensure uninterrupted cur circuit funds.
At the same time, there is a constant and regular change of forms of advanced cost: from monetary
It turns into commodity
, then B. manufacturing
, again B. commodity
and monetary
:
D-T-P-T-D
Monetary stage of circuit
is an Preparatory: It proceeds in the field of circulation and is to transform funds into the form of production reserves.
Production Stage
represents a direct production process. At this stage, the cost of used production reserves continues to be advanced, namely, the costs are additionally advanced wages And the costs associated with it, as well as the cost of fixed assets on manufactured products. The production stage of the circuit ends with the release of finished products, after which the stage of its implementation occurs.
On the commodity stage of the circuit
Labor product (finished products) is continued in the same amount as at the production stage. Only after the transformation of the commodity form of the product produced in monetary
Advanced funds are restored due to the part of the proceeds from the sale of products. The remaining amount is monetary accumulations that are used in accordance with the plan of their distribution. Part of savings (arrived)
intended for expansion of working capital
, joins them and makes the subsequent circulation cycles along with them.
Function of working capital
It consists in the payment and settlement service of the circuit of material values \u200b\u200bat the stages of acquisition, production and implementation. In this case, the movement of current production funds at each moment of time reflects the circulation of material factors of reproduction, and the movement of working capital is the turnover of money, payments.
Thus, working capital are in constant motion. For one production cycle, they commit circuit of three stages
.
In the first stage
The company spends money to pay for accounts for the supplied labor objects. At this stage, working capital from money form is transferred to commodity, and cash from the sphere of treatment - in the sphere of production.
In the second stage
The acquired circulating funds go directly into the production process and turn first into production reserves and semi-finished products, and after the completion of the manufacturing process - in finished products.
In the third stage
Finished products are implemented, as a result of which circulating funds from the production sphere come to the sphere of circulation and again take a monetary form.
At each stage, the time of finding working capital is not the same. It depends on the consumer and technological properties of products, the features of its production and implementation. Total duration of circulatory circuit
It is the function of the time of finding these funds at each stage of the circuit. Therefore, an increase in the duration of the circulation of working capital leads to the abolition of own funds and the need to attract additional resources To preserve the continuity of production.
In a market economy, an irrational increase in the duration of turnover of working capital leads to a decrease in the competitiveness of the enterprise as a whole, the deterioration of its economic situation. Therefore, for the market management system, the rational provision of the enterprise with working capital is extremely important and necessitates the need for the corresponding organization of management of these means.
2. Determining the need for working capital
Effective use of working capital
It largely depends on the correct definition of the need for working capital, which will allow the enterprise with minimal costs to make a profit planned under this volume of production. Understood
The values \u200b\u200bof working capital entails the instability of the financial situation, interruptions in the production process and the decline in production and profits. Owliness
The size of working capital reduces the capacity of the enterprise to produce capital expenditures to expand production.
When planning the optimal need for working capital, funds are determined, which will be advanced to create production reserves, incomplete production and accumulation of finished products in stock.
For this, three methods are used: analytical, coefficient and direct account method.
The company can apply any of them, focusing on his work experience and existing activities, the nature of economic relations, registration, the qualifications of economists.
Analytical and coefficient methods
Applicable in those enterprises that operate for more than a year have formed a production program and organized a production process, have statistics over previous periods of changing the magnitude of the planned part of working capital and do not have enough qualified economists for more detailed work in the field of working capital planning.
Analytical method
It assumes the determination of the need for working capital in the amount of their average actual residues, taking into account the growth in production. To eliminate the shortcomings of past periods in the organization of the movement of working capital, it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis in two directions:
analyze the actual remnants of production reserves (in order to identify unnecessary, unnecessary, illiquid reserves);
Explore all stages of unfinished production (to identify reserves for reducing the duration of the production cycle, study the reasons for the accumulation of finished products in stock).
When planning the need for working capital, it is also necessary to take into account the specific working conditions of the enterprise in the coming year. This method It is used in enterprises where funds embedded in material values \u200b\u200band costs occupy a large proportion of the total amount of working capital.
For ratio of stock method
and costs are divided into depending on changes in production
(raw materials, materials, work in progress, finished products in stock) and do not depend
(Spare parts, low-value spending items, expenses of future periods). In the first case, the need for working capital is determined on the basis of their size in the base year and the growth rates of production in the coming year. If the enterprise analyzes the turnover of working capital and the possibilities of its acceleration are sought, then the actual acceleration of turnover in the planned year must be taken into account when determining the need for working capital.
According to the second group of working capital, which does not have a proportional dependence on production growth, the need is planned at the level of their average actual residues in a series of years.
If necessary, you can use analytical and coefficient methods. in combination
. First, the analytical method is determined by the need for revolving agents depending on the production volume, and then with the help of the coefficient method, changes in production volume are taken into account.
Direct account method
It provides for the reasonable calculation of reserves for each element of working capital, taking into account all changes in the level of organizational and technical development of the enterprise, transportation of commodity values, the practice of settlement between enterprises. This method is very laborious and requires high qualifications of economists, bringing to the standardization of employees of many enterprise services. At the same time, the use of this method allows you to most accurately calculate the needs of the enterprise in working capital.
The direct account method is used in creating a new enterprise and a periodic refinement of the need for working capital of existing enterprises. The main condition for the use of the direct account method is to carefully study the supply issues and the enterprise production plan. The stability of economic relations is also of great importance, since the frequency and supply warranty underlie the calculation of the reserve standards. The direct account method involves the rationing of working capital invested in stocks and costs, ready-made products in stock. In general, its content includes:
development of reserves on the individual most important types of commodity and material values \u200b\u200bof all elements of normalized working capital;
Determination of standards in monetary terms for each element of working capital and the cumulative needs of the enterprise in working capital.
3. Evaluation of the efficiency of working capital
To assess the efficiency of working capital uses, two groups of indicators are used:
- indicators of the overall assessment of the efficiency of working capital;
- indicators of the efficiency of working capital in groups of working capital.
The first group includes indicators:
the degree of security of the enterprise with its own working capital;
the duration of one revolution of working capital;
working capital turnover coefficient;
the coefficient of loading means in circulation.
The degree of security of the enterprise with its own working capital (SAP) is determined by the formula:
Coa \u003d OS-nose,
(Preferably a positive value of about 0:\u003e 0)
where: OS is the average annual value of the normalized working capital (the average residue of working capital);
Nose is a norm of working capital.
The duration of one turnover of working capital (software) for a period of duration of N-days is determined by the formula:
PO \u003d OS / N,
(preferably minimum\u003e min)
The turnover coefficient of working capital (KO) is determined by the formula:
Ko \u003d RP / OS * 100,
(desirable maximum value\u003e Mach)
Where: RP is the volume of product sales (realized products).
The caffefficient of loading means in circulation (KZ) is determined by the formula:
KZ \u003d OS / RP * 100
(preferably minimum\u003e min)
The second group includes indicators:
share of debt on remuneration to employees in the accounts payable;
debt share to suppliers of unpaid supply to the accounts of the Company's accounts;
the ratio of receivables and payables of the enterprise;
the ratio of receivables and the volume of production of commercial products;
the ratio of payables and the volume of production of commercial products.
The share of debt on remuneration to workers in the accounts of the enterprise (DOT / KZ) is determined by the formula:
DOT / KZ \u003d KZOT / KZ * 100, (\u003e min)
Where: Labor Labor Debt to employees;
KZ is the creditor of the enterprise's debt.
The share of debt to suppliers to unpaid supply in the accounts of the company's accounts (additional / kz) \u200b\u200bis determined by the formula:
Additional / kz \u003d kzp / kz * 100 (\u003e min)
Where: KZP - debt suppliers for unpaid supply.
The ratio of receivables and short-term accounts of the enterprise (SDZ / KZ) is determined by the formula:
SDZ / KZ \u003d DZ / KZK * 100, (\u003e min)
Where: DZ - receivables of the enterprise;
KZK - Short-term accounts payable company.
The ratio of receivables and the volume of production of commercial products (SDZ / TP) is determined by the formula:
SDZ / TP \u003d DZ / TP * 100 (\u003e min)
The ratio of short-term payables and the volume of production of commercial products (SCS / TP) is determined by the formula:
SCZ / TP \u003d KZ / TP * 100 (\u003e min)
Second group of indicators in more than It characterizes the rationality of the structure of working capital of the enterprise and in general its financial condition.
An indispensable condition for the exercise of economic activities is the availability of working capital. Curvas - these are cash flowing into current production facilities and conversion funds to ensure the continuous production process and product sales process.
The essence of working capital is determined by their economic role, the need to ensure a reproduction process, including both the process of production and the process of circulation. Unlike the main funds that have been repeatedly involved in the production process, working capital are functioning only in one production cycle and regardless of the method of production consumption completely transfer its cost to the finished product.
William Collins determines the essence of working capital as "... Short-term current assets of the firms that quickly turn around during the production period."
A similar definition of working capital gives the doctor of economic sciences, Professor Blank I.A.: These are assets characterizing "... a set of property values \u200b\u200bof the enterprise serving the current production and commercial (operating) activities and fully consumed within one production and commercial cycle."
G. Schmalen more accurately describes the process that provides working capital, in his opinion, "... Working capital is used to create funds, which are not calculated for a certain period, and they directly provide the process of processing and processing, product sales, as well as the formation of money resources And their spending. "
The composition and classification of working capital are given respectively in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1. The composition of working capital industrial enterprise
Production reserves are objects of labor that have not yet entered the production process and are in the enterprise in the form of warehouse stocks. These include: raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, spare parts for the repair of fixed assets, fuel, low-value and listening objects, inventory, tools, and also special tools and devices regardless of their value, intended for the release of a limited batch of products or a separate order. The need for production reserves is due to the fact that the production process is performed continuously, and the flow of raw materials, materials, components periodically.
Incorrect production (NZP) (unfinished products) are objects of labor that have already entered the production process, but their processing is not completed. In practice, semi-finished products of their own manufacture, designed for further processing in other workshops of the same enterprise, is considered. Improved production items are on different stages Processing, jobs, but not yet ready to implement.
The expenses of future periods (RBP) are the costs associated with the development of new types of products (payment of designers for the design of a new product, tools and devices, technologists - for the development of technological processes of manufacturing a new product, tools, devices). They are produced in the planned period, accumulate, and are repayable in the future, when new products will be implemented, except for the costs that are funded from the profits, budget funds, or special funds.
Finished products (GP) in the warehouses of the enterprise are products manufactured at the enterprise and to ship by consumers.
Products shipped (software), on the way, but not paid by the buyer, that is, the bank's current account has not yet received money from the buyer.
Free cash at the current account of the enterprise, in the checkout required for the purchase of materials, components, travelers and so on.
Cash invested in stocks, securities are a promotion, securities of other enterprises acquired by the enterprise, short-term banks (up to 1 year).
Table 2. Classification of working capital on enterprise balance
| Group of working capital | Articles Asset Balance | Accounting account |
| 1. Stocks | Productive reserves | 10,15 |
| Animals for growing and fattening | ||
| Unfinished production | 20,221,23,29,44 | |
| Future spending | ||
| Finished products | ||
| Products | ||
| Continuation of table 2. | ||
| Goods shipped | ||
| 2. Value Added Tax on Acquired Values | ||
| 3. Accounts receivable | ||
| Calculations with debtors for goods and services | 62,76 | |
| Calculations with debtors for promissory received | ||
| Debt of founders on deposits in authorized capital | ||
| Advances issued to suppliers and contractors | ||
| Calculations S. subsidiaries | ||
| 4. Short-term financial investments | ||
| 5. Cash | ||
| At the register | ||
| At the current account | ||
| On currency account | ||
| Other cash | 55,57 |
It is necessary to distinguish between the concept of working capital and the structure of working capital. The composition of working capital is the elements of current production funds and conversion funds. The structure is the ratio between individual groups, elements of working capital and common volumes, expressed in fractions or percentages.
The volume and structure of working capital of enterprises, a significant influence in modern conditions has many factors, for example:
· Features of manufacturing products - time consuming, material consumption;
· Production type;
· Duration of the production cycle;
· Period of development of new products;
· The location of providers of material resources and consumers of products, conditions of supply and sales;
· Product quality;
· The solvency of the enterprise and buyers.
In enterprises due to a decrease in the share of production reserves and free funds, there is a change in the structure of circulating funds. In the structure of working capital - in stocks of inventory-material values, the largest proportion is accounted for by production reserves and work in progress, and in them for raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products.
The structure of working capital of enterprises of various industries will be different. The analysis shows that the greatest share, for example, receivables is characteristic of electric power industry enterprises, mechanical engineering, and the smallest - light and food Industrythat is, enterprises operating directly to the consumer.
Curvas are always in motion and have several steps of the circuit, changing their shape.
For funds (D) available on the current account (or accounts), as well as at the checkout, the company acquires the material resources they need. After the acquisition, the materials are not spent immediately, some of them first settles in the form of production reserves (PZ) in stock, and the part that is launched into production - in the form of incomplete production, ready, but not yet realized products (GP). The company returned to sell the finished products, the company returns money (D "), some of which was previously spent on the acquisition of material resources (D) necessary for production, while obtaining a certain amount of profit (ΔD). At the expense of part of the revenue received from The sale of finished products is reimbursed when purchasing new batches of material resources, consumed means of production and objects of labor in the form of raw materials, materials, fuels, energy, depreciation, as well as wages and other costs. This is completed by a circuit circuit in the enterprise.
D "\u003d d + Δd
Movement at the enterprise of current funds and funds of treatment:
PZ - NP - GP - T,
where the PZ is the production reserves of material resources;
NP - incomplete production (materials in the workshops in the processing state (blanks, semi-finished parts, subjected to turning, milling and other technological operations on the appropriate machines and lying in containers near these machines waiting for the next technological operation with them);
GP - sales reserves of finished products;
T - Goods - Products issued by the enterprise (it is the property of an enterprise until their sale).
In order for the production process was not interrupted, the enterprise needs to plan working capital in groups and control over maintaining their required level at each stage of the circuit. The planning of working capital should include indicators of the original and end levels of needs, as well as the indicators of each significant change (growth, reduction) of this need within the planned period. For example, to spend working capital to the enterprise will not have to pay for the average, the same supplies, but to pay for various supplies - small and large, frequent and rare delivered air transport, automotive, etc. Knowing with a certain probability of the dynamics of future deliveries, the company can more reasonably manage production and finance.
The basis of the planning of working capital enterprises is rationing.
1.2 Basic Methods for Ramination Raming
Ramination of working capital solves two main tasks. The first is to constantly maintain the correspondence between the size of working capital of the enterprise and the need for means to ensure the minimum necessary reserves of material values. This task links the dependence of the volume of working capital on the level of stocks. It is understood that for each enterprise it is necessary to establish such a standard so that in normal economic activity it has not experienced financial difficulties to ensure the process of production and implementation. Another task is more complex: using rationing it is necessary to control the size of stocks. Rationing is intended to stimulate improvement of economic activities, finding additional reserves, form a reasonable combination of supply forms, etc.
According to the principles of the organization, working capital is divided into ignorable and non-normalized.
Non-normalized working capital includes products shipped, on the way, but not paid; Cash at the current account, at the checkout. The level of these groups of working capital is more affected external factorsthan the production and economic activity of the enterprise. The legislative frameworkAs the basis of the contractual supply system, should help reduce the size of unpaid supplies.
The normalized working capital includes all groups of working capital products - these are industrial reserves, improved production, expenditures of future periods; From the sphere of circulation - finished products in stock.
The magnitude of the normalized working capital should always meet the real need for production. The company defines the minimum, but sufficient need for each of these groups of working capital and controls their level at each stage of movement, since large reserves of material values \u200b\u200brequire rates of funds from other purposes, warehouses, security, accounting are needed. Upon underestimation, the company will not be able to ensure the production of necessary reserves, to pay a timely with suppliers, workers, employees, etc. Under the overestimation of the standard, significant excess reserves arise, freezing of funds, which leads to losses. The overestimated standard contributes to the reduction in the level of profitability, an increase in the amount of payment for an increase in the value of the property of the enterprise.
Ramination of working capital is the process of establishing norms and standards on the normalized group of working capital.
In the process of rationing of working capital, the norm and norms of working capital are determined.
The rate of working capital is the relative value corresponding to the minimum, economically reasonable stock of inventive material values \u200b\u200bestablished in days.
Regulatory of working capital is the minimum required amount of funds providing economic activities of the enterprise.
In the practice of rationing of working capital, several methods are used:
· Direct account;
· Analytical;
· Experimental laboratory;
· Reporting and statistical;
· Coefficient.
Analytical method for estimating a norm of working capital is established at the actual amount of working capital for a certain period, taking into account the amendments to surplus and unnecessary reserves, as well as a change in production and supply conditions. This method provides for dividing working capital into two groups:
· Depending on the change in production;
· Independent production.
The experimental laboratory method is based on measurements of their consumption and production volumes (works) in laboratory and experimental production conditions. Consumption standards are set by selecting the most reliable results and calculating the average value using methods mathematical statistics. The most appropriate scope of application of these norms: auxiliary production, chemical, technological processesmining industries and construction.
Reporting and statistical - based on the analysis of data from statistical (accounting or operational) reporting on the actual consumption of materials per unit of production (works) for the last (basic) period. It is recommended for the development of both individual and group norms of consumerial and fuel and energy resources.
In the coefficient method, the standard of working capital for the planned period is established using the preceding period standards and taking into account the adjustment to the change in the volume of production and to accelerate the turnover of working capital. The use of differentiated coefficients for individual elements of working capital is permissible if the standard is periodically specified by direct account.
The main method of rationing of working capital is the direct account method. When using the direct calculation method, the standard is calculated based on production Program, cost estimates for the production, standards for organizing the production process, the material and technical support plan, a portfolio of contracts and orders, an increase in production efficiency plan.
The direct calculation method allows you to most accurately calculate the needs for working capital and applies in the current financial planning when determining the standard for the main elements of working capital.
Other rationing methods are used in industry as auxiliary. The general standards of their own working capital are determined in the amount of their minimal need for the formation of the production and sales of stocks necessary for the implementation of plans, as well as for the implementation of all types of calculations on time.
1.3 Process for the rationing of working capital
The ruling process of working capital includes:
1) establishing an economical order size for each type of material resource consumed;
2) the calculation of one-day consumption (daily need) of each type of material resource;
3) the calculation of the reserve rate;
4) Calculation of the norm of working capital in elements and working capital as a whole.
The economical order size provides a minimum of annual expenses for placement and execution of the order, as well as stock storage. The cost of placement and execution of the order includes the cost of searching for a supplier, conclusion of the contract, control over the order, the cost of its processing and delivery (if paid over the purchase price). Stock storage costs include all costs for warehouse operations (labor, warehouse equipment, warehouse repair, electricity, etc.) and a warehouse rental fee (if it is rented).
In the theory of stock management, the mathematical calculation of the economic size of the order (maximum stock) of the material resource is given. The corresponding formula has the following form:
where G is an economical order size; C - average cost placement of one batch of delivery; S - annual volume of production requirement in this raw material or material; I - the cost of storing a unit of goods in the analyzed period.
The rate of stock (NZ) is the minimum required value of the stock of the material resource in a warehouse that ensures the becigability of production. For the material values \u200b\u200bthat are in the composition of production reserves, work in progress, the expenditures of future periods it is established in days. If the reserve rate at the enterprise is determined in seven days, this means that the enterprise should have a 7-day supply of materials.
The algorithm for calculating the rate of materials is presented by the formula:
The rate of stock is consumed from the current (, insurance (, transport (and preparatory reserves (.
The current stock provides uninterrupted operation of the enterprise between the next resource supplies, it changes from the maximum on the day of the delivery to the minimum before the next delivery. Current stock is set based on the calculation:
where is the average supply cycle (interval between supplies).
With uniform supplies of materials on graphics and uniform consumption during the year, the average supply cycle is:
where 360 \u200b\u200bis the number of days a year; N - the number of deliveries per year;
where q is the annual need of an enterprise in the material resource; G - economical order size.
Calculated average intervals between supplies are accepted to calculate the norms of working capital on the formation of the current stock. The norm of the current stock varies from the maximum level to zero. Schematically, stock movement is represented in Fig. 1.2.
Fig. 1.2 Stock Motion Scheme
Maximum level The current stock corresponds to the maximum size of the delivery batch, and the minimum can be conventionally taken equal to zero. At the moment when the reserve reaches zero, the next batch of materials should be done into production.
Insurance stock is created in cases of violation of planned delivery time. It is calculated on average deviations of the actual delivery time from planned or accepted at 50% of the norm of the current stock at small intervals. Insurance stock is created in case of unforeseen abnormalities in the supply:
The transport reserve is created at the time of finding material values \u200b\u200bon the way from paying bills before their arrival. Its value is determined by the difference between the number of days of the mileage of goods from the supplier to the consumer and the number of days of document management, taking into account the bill payment.
The preparatory reserve is determined on the basis of the timing associated with the definition of time for unloading, storage and preparation for production. It provides time for acceptance, unloading, sorting, warehousing of material values, design of warehouse documents and preparation for production.
Current standards are minimal for normal work Enterprises need for working capital, which ensures the creation of the necessary reserves of material resources in monetary terms. The amount of working capital standards for all types of material resources gives the overall standard of working capital. It consists of the amount of private standards:
where is the standard of working capital in production reserves; - standard of working capital in unfinished production; - standard of working capital in expenditures of future periods; - Regulatory of working capital in finished products.
1) rationing of working capital in production reserves begins with the determination of the average dairy consumption of raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products in the planned year. The average daily consumption is calculated by groups, and in each group, their most important types are allocated, which make up about 80% of the total value of the material values \u200b\u200bof this group. Unaccounted types of raw materials, basic materials and purchased products and semi-finished products relate to expenses on other needs.
The norm of working capital in production reserves is calculated by the formula:
,
where is the average daily flow rate for each type of material.
The average daily consumption of material resources is private from dividing the sum of all planned annual expenses of raw materials, by the number of working days a year:
where p is the amount of material consumed in the reporting period; T is the duration of the reporting time period.
2) There are products at various stages of processing - from the launch of raw materials, materials and components in production to the adoption of the technical control department of finished products. Incorrect production is determined by the magnitude of the advanced funds embedded in the costs of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, electricity, depreciation and other expenses. All of these costs for each product are growing as they move along the chain of the technological process.
The standard of working capital in unfinished production is calculated by the formula:
where is the average daily volume of manufactured production costs; - the duration of the production cycle for the manufacture of products; - cost increase ratio reflecting product readiness stupus.
The average daily volume of manufactured production costs is calculated by the formula:
where q is the production of products for the reporting period; - cost of products; T - the reporting period of time.
The duration of the production cycle of the production unit is calculated by the formula:
The cost increase ratio is assumed to be:
,
where A are the costs produced by the same time at the beginning of the production process; B - subsequent costs before the end of the production of finished products (costs not taken into account).
3) future spending include the costs implemented in this year, and rejected, that is, the products included in the cost price in subsequent years. They are uneven.
The standard of working capital in expenditures of future periods is calculated by the formula:
,
where P is the overgoing amount of expenses of future periods at the beginning of the planned year; P - spending of future periods in the planned year; C - expenditures of future periods to be debited on the cost of production of the planned year.
4) The following element The working capital standards is the standard of working capital on the finished products to which products include the production cycle ended, they are adopted by the technical control department and are commissioned to the warehouse of finished products. The rate of working capital on finished products is determined by time from the time of acceptance of products to the warehouse before its payment by the customer and depends on a number of factors:
· Order of shipment and time required for acceptance of finished products from workshops;
· The time required for the recruitment and selection of products to the magnitude of the shipped party and in the assortment, respectively, orders, outfits, contracts;
· The time required for packaging, product marking;
· The time required to deliver packaged products from the warehouse of the enterprise to the train station, pier, etc.;
· Loading time products in vehicles;
· Storage time products in stock.
The standard of working capital on financing the finished products in the warehouse is determined by the formula:
,
where the NZ is the norm of the reserve of working capital in the finished product; Q is the daily volume of shipped finished products in physical terms; - Cost of unit shipped products.
Calculations of working capital standards - labor-intensive work. With the unchanged nomenclature of products and price stability of raw materials, materials, component enterprises adjust the standard of the previous year to change the volume of production.
The economically reasonable standard of working capital allows you to organize working capital in such a way that in the process of their use each ruble embedded in the turn, ensured the maximum return. This standard makes it possible to analyze the state and level of working capital, ensure the system of control over them and the normal economic activity of the industrial enterprise, provided that there are continuous sources of working capital coverage.
2. Analysis of the rationing of working capital of OJSC "Reinforced concrete products"
2.1 a brief description of Enterprises
Limited Liability Company "Plant of Reinforced Concrete Products" was created on January 11, 1993.
Legal address: RF, Udmurt Republic. Izhevsk, ul. Novosmirnovskaya, 22.
Today is a multidisciplinary enterprise, with its current infrastructure that has its own fleet, loading equipment, driveway railways and carrying out the whole complex of manufacturing and delivery of products to its customers.
LLC ZHBI LLC produces products with a nomenclature of products over 200 items. Directions:
· Products for civil and industrial construction;
· Products for the arrangement of petroleum and gas fields.
Production of concrete weights for oil and gas pipes is one of the main activities of the plant.
The plant produces up to 50 items of concrete weights for trunk pipelines - this is: Weightlithors of the rings of the RCK brands, covering the type, TSBM brands, as well as weightlifiers of UBKM brands, UBB and UBB, used in balancing pipes when transitioning through rivers and water barriers, as well as on swamp plots. All weightlifiers comply with quality standards.
This is the only reinforced concrete manufacturer in Russia for the construction of main oil and gas pipelines with a diameter of 325 to 1420 mm.
Thanks to this, the plant participated in deliveries to all major construction of oil and gas pipelines in Russia from St. Petersburg to Sakhalin, including the areas of the Far North and the South of the country.
The main customers of this plant's products are the largest oil and gas producing companies in Russia, such as Gazprom, LUKOIL, TATNEFT, Transneft, Surgutneftegaz and Underbudstroy.
The success of the enterprise achieved over the past 12 years is due to a strict approach to the quality of manufactured products, as well as the competent leadership of the plant, which clearly knows that the quality and knowledge of the market opportuncture is needed. The plant successfully operates its own product quality control laboratory, the range is constantly expanding and the market for manufactured products. The production of reinforced concrete products is growing, like the geography of their deliveries.
The plant continuously increasing production capacity, while introducing new technologies, mastering new products for civil, industrial construction, as well as energy complex, indicating the stability of the plant on construction market housing.
Plant Zhby LLC consists of two autonomous industries, each of which has its own solutions-concrete assembly, a warehouse of finished products, a workshop for the production of precast concrete, wall panels, and so on, for the manufacture of reinforcement frames, masonry mesh, metalloform repair sites. The plant has its own railway access roads, which make it possible to ship up to 650 tons of products and take cement up to 350 tons per day.
The company has its own vehicle to ensure the production of inert materials and transporting products. Shipment of products can be done at the same time from five points.
The experimental group acting at the factory is engaged in the introduction of new machines and equipment, allowing to increase the amount and improve the quality of products.
The factory acts:
· Production and technical department, which is engaged in planning the production of products, ensuring the production of working drawings for the manufacture and shipment of products, controlling the regulatory consumption of materials during production;
· Department of the main technologist, introducing new technologies in the process of manufacturing products.
Analysis of the financial results of the economic activity of the Reinforcement Plant LLC for 2007-2009. Presented in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1. Analysis of the financial results of ZHBI Factory LLC
| Indicator | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | Deviation in absolute values \u200b\u200bof 2007. by 2006 | Deviation in absolute values \u200b\u200bof 2008. by 2007 |
| Revenues and expenses on ordinary activities revenue (net) from the sale of goods, products, works, services (minus VAT, excise taxes and similar obligatory payments) | +5797 | +17591 | |||
| Product costs | +4309 | +16246 | |||
| Gross profit | +1480 | +1284 | |||
| Commercial expenses | +8 | +60 | |||
| Management expenses | - | - | - | - | - |
| Profit (loss) from sales | +1472 | +1234 | |||
| Other income and expenses interest | - | - | - | - | - |
| Percentage to be paid | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other income | +645 | -120 | |||
| other expenses | +1111 | +595 | |||
| Profit (loss) before taxation | +1014 | +569 | |||
| Deferred tax assets | - | - | - | - | - |
| Deferred tax liabilities | - | - | - | - | - |
| Current income tax | +243 | +138 | |||
| Net profit (loss) of the reporting period | +771 | +431 | |||
| Permanent tax liabilities | - | - | - | - | - |
Profit from sales increased in 2009 compared with 2007 by 2764 thousand rubles, the increase was due to an increase in production cost of 4309 thousand rubles. and an increase of 5797 thousand rubles. Revenue from sales.
In the same period, commercial expenses increased by 8 thousand rubles.
Compared with 2008 Sales profit increased by 1284 thousand rubles. In 2008 in relation to 2007 There was an increase in profit in the amount of 1480 thousand rubles.
2.2 Analysis of working capital of LLC "Reinforced concrete products"
Structure of working capital of LLC ZHBI ZHBI LLC for 2007-2009 Presented in Appendix 1.
From the presented structure, we can conclude that there is a tendency to increase the volume of working capital. In 2008 Curvas for reinforced concrete products OJSC compared with 2007. increased by 2774 thousand rubles. And in 2009 Radiation volume increased by 4391 thousand rubles. compared with 2008
In the overall structure of working capital, stocks take the greatest share. In the period from 2007-2009g. There is a decrease in the proportion of stocks in the structure of working capital.
Rising receivables negatively affects the financial condition of the enterprise. Increases the risk of percent growth of non-return, LLC "Reinforced concrete products" LLC it is necessary to take measures to reduce receivables.
One of the main conditions for the financial well-being of the enterprise is the influx of funds, providing coverage of its obligations. The absence of its minimum required funds of funds indicates its serious financial difficulties. The excessive amount of funds suggests that the enterprise actually suffers losses associated, firstly, with inflation and ensuring money and, secondly, with the impression of the possibility of placing and receiving additional income.
Also, working capital differ in the degree of liquidity.
The liquidity of assets is the value of the reverse time required to turn them into money, that is, the less time it is necessary to transform assets into money, the more liquid. Allocate:
· The most liquid assets (cash, short-term financial investments);
· Quickly realized assets (receivables, goods shipped, other current assets);
· Slowly implemented assets (stocks).
In tab. 3.3. An analysis of the composition and structure of working rounds LLC "Plant of reinforced concrete products" in the degree of liquidity for 2007-2009 isg.
| Group of working capital | Composition of the Included Balance Asset Articles | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | Absolute deviation | |
| 2008 by 2007 | 2009 By 2008 | |||||
| 1. Liquid assets (thousand rubles) | 1.1. Easy tools 1.2 Short-term financial investments | - | - | - | +625 - | +2418 - |
| 2.Fast implemented assets (thousand rubles) | 2.1. Dabitor debt 2.2.Things shipped 2.3.Proch the current assets | - | - | - | +276 - -19 | -57 - +289 |
| 3. Mentally implemented assets (thousand rubles) | 3.1. Packs | +808 | +899 | |||
| TOTAL: |
To fulfill production plans and plans for turnover, all enterprises and organizations must have at their disposal basic and revolving industrial funds and the appeal funds.
Current means of enterprises are a combination of current production funds and funds in cash. Curvas act as an advance value that cargo in the process of production and sales of products.
Current production facilities express the cost of labor items necessary to enterprises to ensure the continuity of the production process. They, in turn, are divided into potential funds, i.e., waiting for entry into the production process, and funds that directly participate in this process. The first includes fuel, raw materials, basic and auxiliary manufacturing materials stored in stocks in stocks of enterprises, and the second - unfinished production and semi-finished products.
Relief funds are used in the field of circulation; They consist of finished products and cash. Each manufacturing enterprise systematically implements the products produced by them. But in order to fully fulfill the obligations on the supply of goods to other enterprises and organizations, it is necessary to have stocks of finished products in warehouses.
The composition of negotiable production facilities includes:
production reserves - labor objects received by the enterprise for subsequent processing and provision of the production process (stocks of raw materials, materials, components, fuels, low-value and listening items, containers, etc.);
unfinished production - labor objects that have entered the production process and are in the workplace and between them (blanks, semi-finished products, parts, aggregates, products that have not passed all stages of processing);
the costs of future periods are the cost assessment of the costs of preparing and mastering new types of products produced in this period, but to be paid in the future (the costs of the advanced rental, etc.).
The composition of the circulation funds include:
finished products, resale products and goods shipped - labor objects that have passed all stages of processing and ready for implementation, i.e. Labor products;
receivables - debts enterprise from legal, individuals and state. As part of receivables allocate the debt of buyers and customers, bills to receive, debt subsidiaries and affiliates, the debt of founders on contributions to the authorized capital, issued advances;
cash.
Main manufacturing funds include: buildings, structures, equipment, cars. These include tools and devices that cannot be written off within one year.
The main production funds are a leading factor in determining the species structure of fixed assets, they determine the decisive extent affect the production, financial and economic results of the enterprise.
Natural and cost indicators are used to evaluate fixed assets.
Natural indicators are used in determining the technical level of labor, industrial power of enterprises and its development (in channels, capacity, etc.), as well as when planning the commissioning of funds and facilities of communication, assessing the effectiveness of their use.
The valuation of fixed assets is one of their most important characteristics. It is necessary to determine the total scope of fundamental funds, their structure and dynamics, planning their reproduction, depreciation. The cost of fixed assets underlies the calculation of a number of economic indicators, such as the cost of production, fund-student and stock repair, profitability.
In practice, the following types of valuation of the main production facilities are used:
at the initial cost;
at restoration cost;
at the initial cost, minus wear (residual value in the initial assessment);
in replacement cost, minus wear (residual value in the rehabilitation estimate);
at average annual value.
In practice, the main production funds are objects of accounting. To obtain an idea of \u200b\u200bthe presence and movement of the main production facilities, their balance sheet costs is the cost of which they are accepted on the enterprise balance. For economic sense, the book value is equal to residual value. It also allows us to judge the magnitude of the uncompanied advance capital.
The balance of fixed assets at full value is drawn up as follows:
FKG \u003d FSC + FVV - FRSUB, (1.2)
where FSC, FKG is the full cost of fixed assets as of the beginning and end of the year, respectively; FVV - the value of the fundamental funds entrusted; FDSUB - the full cost of out of the departure of fixed assets.
Since during the year the cost of fixed assets changes as a result of entering new and disposal of worn out products, in economic calculations The average annual value of fixed assets is used.
Depreciation of fixed assets
In the process of operation or inaction, the main funds are subjected to wear. The economic essence of the depreciation of fixed assets is the gradual loss of their consumer value and the cost, which is transferred to the newly created product. At the same time, a portion of the value of the basic funds is transferred to the product, the size of which is determined by the value of wear.
Discern physical and moral wear. The physical wear is determined by the fact that, participating in the production process, the main funds gradually lose their consumer ability, their mechanical and other properties change. I would like to note that different kinds Main funds wear out at different times. The magnitude of the physical wear of the basic funds depends on the intensity and nature of their operation, storage conditions, etc. The higher the load on them, the faster they wear out.
An expert method and method for analyzing the service life are applied to assess the degree of physical wear of fixed assets. The expert method, in turn, is based on the examination of the actual technical status Object, and an analysis of the service life is based on the comparison of the actual and regulatory limits of operation of the respective objects.
The moral depreciation of fixed assets is expressed in their depreciation, the loss of consumer value and cost funds regardless of physical condition Due to scientific and technological progress. In the conditions of scientific and technological progress, the importance of moral depreciation of fixed assets increases.
There are two forms of moral wear of fixed assets.
The first form of moral wear takes place when, under the influence of productivity growth in the production of machinery and equipment, socially necessary labor costs for their production are reduced, as a result of which their cost is reduced. In other words, the labor facilities of the same design are cheaper due to improving the methods of their production.
The second form of moral wear is a consequence of creating new, more productive and economical equipment. The moral wear of the second form of existing fixed assets is characterized by loss of funds of their consumer value and cost. These funds are advisable to replace new, despite their physical fitness to further exploitation, if the effect of replacement exceeds the loss of incomplete transfer of the value of the product to the created product.
The main means of preventing moral wear loss is more intensive use of equipment. Replacing the morally obsolete equipment to a more advanced model is economically appropriate if this substitution allows you to increase productivity, reduce product costs compared to the same indicators when using old techniques.
The degree of wear of fixed assets is determined by the following indicators:
Physical wear (IF):
IF \u003d TF / TN * 100%, (1.3)
where TF is the actual service life of fixed assets, TN - the regulatory life of fixed assets,
or IF \u003d CA / OFP * 100%, (1.4)
where sa - the amount of accrued depreciation, thousand rubles; OFP - the initial value of fixed assets, thousand rubles.
Moral wear of the first shape (s):
They \u003d (OFP - FEV) / OFP * 100%, (1.5)
where FEV is the replacement value of fixed assets, thousand rubles,
Moral wear of the second form (they?):
They \u003d (Mon - Ps) / Mon * 100%, (1.6)
where mon - productivity of new equipment, PS - the performance of old equipment.
The gradual wear of labor leads to the need to accumulate funds for reimbursement of the depreciation of fixed assets and their reproduction. This is carried out by depreciation.
Depreciation - compensation in the monetary form of the value of the depreciation of fixed assets. It is a method of gradual transfer of the cost of funds on manufactured products. Executions designed to reimburse the value of the worn part of the basic funds are called amortization. It should be noted that the main funds after each production cycle do not require reimbursement of wear in natural form, so the amortization deductions accumulate, forming a depreciation fund.
There are three basic depreciation methods:
linear (uniform) - amortization is accrued monthly based on its monthly norm;
accelerated - reducing the depreciation period and increase its annual standards;
productive - accounting for production production at this facility of production assets.
Indicators of the use of fixed assets
The efficiency of using fixed assets is estimated by the system of indicators.
FDOOPYUDACH (FD) - the ratio of product volume in monetary terms (OP) to the average annual value of fixed assets (offsw).
FO \u003d (OP / OFSR) * 100% (1.7)
Product durability (PE) - the cost of fixed assets per unit annual volume of products produced.
Fe \u003d 1 / FD (1.8)
Profitability of fixed assets.
Ro.F \u003d (PR / OFSR) * 100%, (1.9)
where pr - profit, million rubles.
Profitability of production.
RP \u003d PR / (OFSR + NO) * 100%, (1.10)
where n.s is the value of normalized working capital.
Production capacity utilization factor.
KI.M \u003d (OP / PM) * 100%, (1.11)
where op is the actual volume of production in the conditionally natural, natural indicators;
PM is the production capacity of the enterprise in the same units.
An indicator of extensive use of machines and equipment (CE) - the ratio of the actual time of operation of machines and equipment (WF) to the calendar (VC).
Ke \u003d VF / VK (1.12)
An indicator of intensive use of machines and equipment (ki) is the ratio of the actual productivity of the machine per unit (PF) to the technical or planned (PPL).
Ki \u003d PF / PPL (1.13)
To clarify the movement of the main production assets and the level of their technical improvement, a number of indicators are calculated.
Renewal coefficient.
kBN \u003d OPN / OFK.G, (1.14)
where plants - the cost of newly introduced fixed assets; OFK.G - the value of fixed assets at the end of the year.
Input ratio.
kVB \u003d OFVB / OFK.G, (1.15)
where FEVB is the cost of fixed assets commissioned.
Retirement coefficient.
kvb \u003d offb / off, (1.16)
where off -eer is the cost of fixed assets retired for the year; OFN.G - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year.
Wear coefficient.
kI \u003d and / OFN.G. (1.17)
The coefficient of affinity.
kG \u003d (PNN - and) / OFN.G. (1.18)
Intensive loading ratio.
kin \u003d (PPF / PRT) * 100% (1.19)
The extensive boot ratio.
kEXT \u003d (TF / TPL) * 100% (1.20)
Coefficient of integral use.
kint \u003d Kin * Kext (1.21)
Coffinity coefficient of equipment.
kSM \u003d TF / TE, (1.22)
where the TE is an effective way of operation of the equipment in 1 shift.
Thus, in modern conditions, the implementation of reserves for improving current funds and conversion funds becomes one of the most important functions of marketing services of communications organizations.
Indicators of the efficiency of the use of current funds can be improved by:
improvement of the organization of production, labor and management, the elimination of unscheduled downtime;
reducing time and improve the quality of repairs;
advanced training of personnel;
improvement of equipment and technology;
expansion of leasing services;
improving the quality of the preparation of raw materials and materials to the production process;
increase download I. bandwidth equipment;
introduction of a new, economically effective technique links, technical improvement and modernization of equipment;
accelerated development of design capacity, etc.
