The essence, composition and structure of the main production assets of the enterprise. Fixed assets of the enterprise and their structure
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3
1.1. The concept, essence and purpose of fixed assets of the enterprise ... .5
1.2. Classification of fixed assets…………………………………….6
1.3. Composition and structure of fixed assets………………………………..9
II Section. Valuation, depreciation and depreciation of fixed assets
2.1. Valuation of fixed assets……………………………………………..12
2.2. Depreciation of fixed assets………………………………………………… 14
2.3. Depreciation of fixed assets………………………………………18
Section III. Indicators and directions for improving the use of fixed assets.
3.1. Indicators of the use of fixed production assets…23
3.2. The main directions for improving the use of fixed production assets………………………………………………………...25
Conclusion………………………………………………………………..28
Bibliography……………………………………..30
Introduction
Fixed assets are one of the most important factors of any production. Their condition and effective use directly affect the final results of the economic activity of the enterprise.
The problem of increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets and production capacities of enterprises in modern conditions occupies a central place. The place of the enterprise in industrial production, its financial condition and competitiveness in the market depend on the solution of this problem, since fixed assets are the most significant part of the property of the enterprise and its non-current assets.
To date, the topic of the course work is very relevant, since in the context of rapid technological progress there is a constant improvement of technology, new, more high-performance types of mechanisms and apparatus are being created that replace the old technology. The term of use (service life) of fixed assets in the production process acquires all greater value, both from the point of view of technical progress, and from the point of view of a more correct and highly efficient use of those capital investments that are spent on the creation of new fixed assets.
Fixed assets participate in the production process for a long time, serve a large number of production cycles and, gradually wearing out in the production process, partly transfer their value to manufactured products, while maintaining their natural form. This feature of fixed assets makes it necessary to use them as efficiently as possible.
The purpose of writing the work– study of fixed assets of the enterprise.
Achievement of the goal set in the work is carried out by solving the following tasks:
study of the concept, composition and structure of fixed assets of an enterprise,
consideration of a detailed classification of fixed assets,
study of types of valuation of fixed assets,
consideration of the concept of depreciation and depreciation of fixed assets of an enterprise,
analysis of indicators of the use of fixed assets,
analyze ways to improve the use of fixed assets
enterprises.
I Section. The essence and purpose of fixed assets, their composition and structure.
1.1. The concept, essence and purpose of fixed assets of the enterprise.
Fixed assets- these are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form. They are intended for the needs of the main activity of the organization and must have a period of use of more than a year. As fixed assets wear out, the value of fixed assets decreases and is transferred to the cost of production using depreciation.
To recognize an object as a fixed asset for an organization, the following conditions must be met:
the object is intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization or for provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;
the object is intended to be used for a long time, i.e. a term lasting more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
the organization does not assume the subsequent resale of this object;
the object is capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.
There are three main features that reveal the economic essence of fixed production assets: repeated participation in new production cycles; transfer of value to finished product in parts and during the entire time of operation; maintaining the original shape.
The main defining feature of fixed assets is the method of transferring value to the product - gradually: over a number of production cycles; parts: as wear. Depreciation of fixed assets is accounted for in accordance with established depreciation rates, the amount of which is included in the cost of production. After the sale of products, the accrued depreciation is accumulated in a special depreciation fund, which is intended for new capital investments. Thus, the lump-sum advanced value in the authorized capital (fund) in the part of the fixed capital makes a constant circulation, passing from the monetary form into the natural, into the commodity and again into the monetary one. This is the economic essence of fixed assets.
The main production assets of an enterprise are the means of labor involved in many production cycles, retaining their natural form and transferring value to the manufactured product in parts, as they wear out. The law of reproduction of fixed capital is expressed in the fact that, under normal economic conditions, its value, introduced into production, is completely restored, providing an opportunity for constant technical renewal of the means of labor. With simple reproduction at the expense of the depreciation fund, enterprises form new system tools, equal in value to worn ones. To expand production, new investments are required, which are additionally attracted from profits, contributions from the founders, the issue of securities, loans, etc. With a large scale of fixed capital used, large and largest enterprises have the opportunity, at the expense of the depreciation fund, to finance not only simple, but also to a large extent expanded reproduction of the means of labor.
1.2. Classification of fixed assets
To account for fixed assets, determine their composition and structure, their classification is necessary. (Fig. 1)
Rice. 1. Classification of fixed assets (funds)
According to the principle of material-natural composition, they are divided into:
1) buildings - architectural and construction objects that create the necessary conditions for labor and storage of material assets (buildings and structures in which the processes of the main, auxiliary and ancillary production take place, as well as administrative buildings and utility buildings);
2) structures - engineering and technical facilities that perform technical functions for servicing the production process, but not related to changes in the object of labor (tunnels, flyovers, railways for internal transport, drains, etc.);
3) transmission devices - devices with the help of which electrical, thermal and mechanical energy, as well as liquid and gaseous substances are transmitted (electricity, heat networks, communication lines, gas networks, steam pipelines and other devices that are not part of buildings);
4) machinery and equipment, including:
a) power machines and equipment - designed to generate, convert and distribute energy (generators, electric motors, steam engines and turbines, internal combustion engines, etc.);
b) working machines and equipment - are directly involved in the technological process, affecting the objects of labor or moving them in the process of creating products (metal and woodworking machines, presses, hammers, thermal equipment, etc.);
c) measuring and control instruments and devices - serve to regulate production processes manually or automatically, measure and control the parameters of technological process modes, conduct laboratory tests and research;
d) computer technology - a set of tools for accelerating and automating the processes of solving problems of managing an enterprise, production and technological processes;
e) other machines and equipment that are not included in the listed groups, performing certain technical functions (equipment of automatic telephone exchanges, fire escapes, fire engines, etc.);
5) vehicles - means for moving people and goods on the territory of the enterprise;
6) tool - means involved in the implementation of the production process as a direct formative element, with a service life of more than 1 year;
7) production equipment and accessories - serve to ensure the performance of production operations, create conditions for safe work, storage of objects of labor, liquid and loose bodies (work tables, workbenches, fences, etc.);
8) household inventory - performs the functions of servicing production and providing working conditions (copiers, tables, cabinets, printers, etc.);
9) land, perennial plantings;
10) working, productive livestock and other fixed assets.
By functional purpose, fixed assets are divided into:
1) the main production assets are those means of labor that are directly involved in the production process (machines, equipment, etc.), they create the conditions for its normal implementation and serve to store and move the means of labor;
2) non-productive fixed assets - these are fixed assets administered by industrial enterprises, but not directly involved in the production process (residential buildings, kindergartens and nurseries, schools, hospitals, etc.).
By ownership, fixed assets are subdivided for own and rented.
Depending on the degree of impact on the object of labor, the main production assets are divided into:
1) active - these are fixed assets that are in the process of production
directly affect the object of labor, modifying it (machines
and equipment, technological lines, vehicles);
Fixed assets ( , fixed capital) is a part of . They are created in the process, reused in production (economy) and gradually (in parts, by way) transfer their value to the created products and services without changing their natural-material form.
The fixed assets are essential element national wealth.
The essence of fixed assets
Fixed assets are production assets, as they are created and used in the production process.
Fixed assets include items that serve at least a year and cost above a certain value, established depending on the dynamics of prices for products of capital-creating industries (Fixed assets include objects whose value is determined in the amount of fifty times the minimum monthly wage established by law as of the date of their acquisition).
The essence of fixed assets:- they are materially embodied in the means of labor;
- their cost is transferred in parts to the products;
- they retain their natural shape for a long time as they wear;
- are reimbursed on the basis of depreciation at the end of their service life.
- Operates for a long time, repeatedly participates in the production of products and services
- Transfers its value to the result of labor in parts, as it wears out
- Does not change its material form during operation
Classification of fixed assets
To study the composition of fixed assets, groupings are used according to the following criteria:
- by sectors of the economy - fixed assets of industries that produce goods and provide services;
- by forms of ownership - fixed assets owned by the state, private and other types of property;
- according to the system of participation in the production process - fixed assets directly used in the production process of products (works, services), and idle fixed assets, including those in reserve, for conservation, repair, reconstruction;
- by ownership - own and leased fixed assets;
- on a territorial basis - the fixed assets of districts, republics, territories, regions and cities.
- regular statistical reporting on the presence and
- one-time statistical reporting on the revaluation of fixed assets
- business register data and sample survey data.
By affiliation fixed assets are divided into own and rented. Basic production assets depending on the degree of their impact on the subject of work divided into active and passive.
Tangible and intangible fixed assets
According to all-Russian classifier fixed assets are divided into tangible and intangible.
Tangible fixed assets include:
- Buildings (other than housing).
- Structures.
- Dwellings.
- Cars and equipment.
- Vehicles.
- Tools, production and household inventory.
- Working and productive livestock.
- Perennial plantations.
- Other fixed assets.
Building- buildings and structures in which the processes of the main, auxiliary and ancillary industries take place; administrative buildings; economic buildings. The cost of these objects, in addition to the construction part, includes the cost of heating systems, plumbing, electrical fittings, ventilation devices and others. The cost of buildings in the composition of the main industrial and production assets of Russia is 28%.
Structures. The group of structures, respectively, 21% includes engineering and construction facilities that are necessary for the implementation of the production process: roads, flyovers, tunnels, bridges, etc.
cars and equipment— power machines and equipment, including all types of power units and engines; working machines and equipment that directly affect the object of labor or its movement in the process of creating products; measuring or control instruments and devices and laboratory equipment intended for measurements, regulation of production processes, testing and research; Since 1972, computer technology has been singled out as a separate subgroup: electronic computers, analog control machines, as well as machines and devices used to control production and technological processes; other machines and equipment that are not included in the listed subgroups.
The share of the "machinery and equipment" group in 2002 was 43% in the total value of industrial fixed assets.
Vehicles(owned by enterprises rolling stock railways, water and road transport, as well as intra-factory vehicles: autocars, trolleys, carts, etc.). The share of vehicles increased to 18%.
Tools and fixtures. Fixed assets include instruments of all types with a service life of more than 1 year. Tools and inventory that have been used for less than 1 year are classified as working capital.
Transfer devices(6%) - plumbing and electrical network; heating network, gas networks, steam pipelines, i.e., objects that carry out the transmission various kinds energy from engine machines to working machines (oil pipelines, gas pipelines, etc.)
Production and household equipment and accessories, designed to store materials, tools and facilitate the performance of production operations - workbenches, racks, tables, containers, office and household items (furniture, fireproof cabinets, duplicators, fire-fighting items, etc.).
Working and productive livestock. Working cattle (horses, bulls, oxen, camels, etc.) have been separated into a separate group since 1996. The composition of fixed assets also includes productive livestock - adult animals that produce products and offspring (cows, ewes, sows, etc.). The cost of young animals, livestock and fattening animals is included in the working capital agricultural enterprises.
perennial plantations. The main funds include perennial plantations: fruit-bearing orchards, berry fields, windbreaks.
On-farm roads.
Land owned by the enterprise.
Other fixed assets.
Under the influence of scientific and technical progress, directions of economic and depreciation policy of the state, the classification of fixed assets is periodically reviewed.
The above classification of material fixed assets is specified for each sector of the economy. That is, the classification of industrial fixed assets is different from the classification of fixed assets Agriculture, and the classification of the OF in agriculture differs from the classification of the OF in construction.
In-kind classification of fixed assets allows you to analyze the change in their structure, to determine the share of the active and passive parts of fixed assets. The assignment of one or another type of fixed assets to the active or passive part depends on the specifics of the industry activity. Usually, buildings and structures are included in the passive part of fixed assets. But in a number of industries, for example, in the oil and gas industry, wells (included in the group of structures) are part of the active part of fixed assets.
Intangible fixed assets (intangible produced assets):
- Expenses for mineral exploration.
- Computer software and databases.
- Original works of entertainment genre, literature and art.
- Science-intensive industrial technologies.
- Other intangible fixed assets that are objects of intellectual property, the use of which is limited by the rights of ownership established on them.
Fixed assets include not only operating fixed assets, but also the cost of unfinished objects that pass in such a state from the manufacturer to the user's property or, when they are paid in stages, are actually financed by the customer. Consequently, assets are accounted for as part of fixed assets from the moment they become the property of the owner. As a result, fixed assets increase by the value of the value of unfinished produced tangible assets, i.e., by the value of the value of equipment in progress (with a long production cycle) in the part paid by the customer, uninstalled equipment paid by the customer. This group also includes livestock, young animals, plantations of perennial plantations that have not reached fruiting age, grown for repeated production of the corresponding products, as well as bee colonies, poultry and fish, grown for the production of livestock products and breeding purposes.
See alsoINTRODUCTION 3
CHAPTER 1. ESSENCE OF THE MAIN PRODUCTION ASSETS, THEIR COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE .. 5
1.1. Composition, structure and classification of fixed assets of the enterprise. 5
1.2. Efficiency indicators of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise 8
CHAPTER 2. ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION AND USE OF FIXED ASSETS ON THE BASIS OF THE ENTERPRISE JSC "OLCON". 25
2.1. Characteristic joint-stock company Olkon. 25
2.2. Analysis of the financial and economic condition of Olkon JSC. 27
2.3. Analysis of the state of fixed assets of Olcon JSC. 32
2.4. Ways to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets in Olcon JSC 38
CONCLUSION. 41
SOURCES AND LITERATURE.. 43
INTRODUCTION
The fixed assets of an enterprise are such means of labor that serve many production cycles for a long time and at the same time retain their natural form. Accounting and evaluation of fixed assets contributes to the determination of the technical equipment of the enterprise, the establishment of depreciation and use of equipment, as well as the timing of its renewal.
To carry out economic activities and ensure normal functioning in a market environment, any company needs various resources, with the help of which the production of various goods and services is carried out. First of all, such resources include fixed assets of the enterprise, which are the most expensive part of the means of production and participate in the production process many times, which leads to their further wear. In this regard, fixed assets transfer their value to manufactured products, works and services in parts, while maintaining their natural form.
The state and efficient use of fixed assets of the enterprise contributes to an increase in the volume of trade, profits and an increase in the technical equipment of the enterprise, which leads to an improvement in the performance of the company itself as a whole.
The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the problem of assessing the fixed assets of an enterprise is gaining more and more attention. The influence of scientific and technological progress changes the conditions of management, and, consequently, the functioning of the enterprise as a whole. In the first place there are questions of the technical level, quality and reliability of products, works, services, which depends, first of all, on the state of fixed production assets. In this regard, the study and evaluation of fixed assets that ensure the normal functioning of individual enterprises is necessary condition development of any modern firm.
The object of the study is the main production assets of the enterprise.
Thing term paper– analysis and evaluation of fixed assets of the joint-stock company Olkon.
The purpose of the research course work is to analyze and evaluate the fixed assets of an economic entity.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. reveal the essence and classification of fixed assets of the enterprise;
2. consider indicators characterizing the use of fixed assets;
3. to analyze the depreciation of fixed assets of the enterprise;
4. analyze the main production assets of the enterprise JSC "Olcon" and evaluate them.
When writing a term paper, the following methods were used:
1. analysis;
2. synthesis.
theoretical and methodological basis laws came and regulations, as well as the works of scientists - economists: Baskakova O.V., Mukhina I.A., Seiko L.F. and others.
Structurally, the work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.
CHAPTER 1. ESSENCE OF THE MAIN PRODUCTION ASSETS, THEIR COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE
Composition, structure and classification of fixed assets of the enterprise
Fixed assets (OPF) - a part of the property, acting as means of labor, which are necessary for the production of products and the provision of services or the management of the company for a period exceeding 12 months and costing more than 100 times the minimum monthly wage. They represent the most significant part of the property of the enterprise and its non-current assets.
In modern economic theory, the concepts of "fixed assets" and "fixed assets" are mainly used as equals, but there are some differences between them. Fixed assets are a set of material assets used as means of labor. As material assets, fixed assets have a monetary value, and in monetary terms they are usually called fixed assets.
Fixed assets include both buildings, structures, equipment, computers, and capital investments made by the enterprise in perennial plantings and leased fixed assets.
Regulation on accounting"Accounting for fixed assets" PBU 6/01 regulates the assets of an enterprise as fixed assets, if the following conditions are met simultaneously:
1. the object is intended for the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, for the management needs of the company or for renting them out;
2. the object is used for a period exceeding 12 months or the normal operating cycle if it is over 12 months;
3. the company does not intend to further resell this object;
4. the object is capable of bringing economic benefits to the company in the future.
Fixed assets differ in many ways, and therefore there are many classifications. One of them is the division of fixed assets of the enterprise depending on the nature of their participation in the sphere of material production. In this case, they are divided into:
1. Production fixed assets, which are characterized by constant participation in production and transfer their value to finished products, works, services entirely at the expense of capital investments.
2. Non-productive fixed assets, which are characterized by a lack of participation in production, because are designed to serve it and pay off not by transferring their value to finished products, works or services, but by national income.
Depending on the industry, fixed assets are divided into industrial, commercial, agricultural and others. In this regard, at enterprises with a diversified economy, funds are allocated for each type of activity.
According to the natural-material basis, fixed assets can be divided into the following types:
1. buildings, structures;
2. workers, power machines and equipment;
3. measuring and regulating instruments and devices;
4. computer technology;
5. vehicles;
6. tools;
7. production and household inventory;
8. perennial plantations;
9. working, productive, breeding stock;
10. on-farm roads and other relevant facilities.
According to the nature of use, fixed assets that are in operation, in reserve, for conservation, reconstruction or completion are distinguished.
According to the nature of participation in the production process, fixed assets are divided into active and passive.
Under the active fixed assets understand the funds that are directly involved in the production process and provide direct impact on the volume and quality of finished products. All other funds of the enterprise are usually classified as passive, because. they do not have a direct impact on the object of labor, but create conditions for ensuring the production process.
The share of the active part of fixed assets is the most important indicator of their structure, since the volume of output, production capacity and other economic indicators primarily depend on the active part of the funds. Depending on the branch of production, assets of fixed assets include funds that differ in the nature of the impact on the objects of labor and their participation in the production of products. So, for example, in the energy sector, assets include power equipment and transmission devices, in an enterprise whose main activity is mechanical engineering - machinery and equipment, etc. Thus, the active part of fixed assets characterizes the technical level of production in any industry.
To characterize OPF, indicators of their structure are used, which show the ratio of various types of fixed assets in their total value. This ratio shows the technological structure, which is influenced by the technical and economic features of the industrial sectors of the enterprise.
The production structure of fixed assets is influenced by various factors, such as the:
1. technical equipment of the enterprise;
2. the level of concentration, specialization, cooperation, combination and diversification of production;
3. geographical position enterprises;
4. forms of reproduction of fixed assets;
5. technological structure of capital investments;
6. industry specifics and other factors.
There is also an age structure of fixed assets, which shows their distribution on age groups, for example, up to 5 years; from 5 to 10 years, etc. When conducting an analysis at an enterprise, different age groups can be used depending on the industry, the specifics of the enterprise or the type of its activity.
Average age fixed production assets can be calculated as a weighted average both for the enterprise as a whole and for individual groups of machinery and equipment.
Thus, each company needs to monitor the depreciation of the active part of fixed production assets, since the results of the financial and economic activities of the entire enterprise as a whole depend on it.
Similar information.
Fixed assets are divided into production fixed assets and non-productive fixed assets.
The main production assets are the material and technical base of social production.
The production assets operating in industry constitute industrial production assets - these funds, in view of their diversity, are studied comprehensively.
In order to study the volume and composition of industrial production assets, they are grouped according to various criteria - by form of ownership, by industry and by their natural form.
The essence of the classification is to create the possibility of distributing the fixed assets of enterprises according to their purpose in the production process and reflecting their technical level.
The main production assets of industrial enterprises are divided into groups:
- buildings, structures;
- transmission devices;
- cars and equipment;
- production and household equipment.
The ratio of individual groups of fixed assets in their total volume represents the specific structure of fixed assets.
The initial cost of fixed assets is the sum of the costs of acquiring or manufacturing funds, their installation and delivery.
Replacement cost - the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in market conditions.
The residual value is the difference between the original or replacement cost of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.
Depreciation is a monetary expression of the cost of depreciation of fixed assets transferred to products. Depreciation is included in the cost of production.
The annual amount of depreciation deductions is determined by the formula: A \u003d (B - L) / T,
where B is the total initial cost of fixed assets;
L - the liquidation value of fixed assets minus the costs of their dismantling;
T is the standard service life of fixed assets;
M is the estimated cost of modernization during the entire operational period.
Annual depreciation rates are also determined by the following formula:
Annual balances of fixed assets are made to characterize the change in the volume and movement of fixed assets, their reproduction.
The annual depreciation of fixed assets is equal to the amount of accrued depreciation for the year.
Fixed assets (PF) are a set of material assets used as means of labor and acting in kind for a long time, both in the sphere of material production and in the non-production sphere and transferring their value to finished products in parts.
OPF are the main production assets that participate in the production process for a long time, while retaining their natural form, their value is transferred to finished products gradually, in parts as they are used.
Non-production fixed assets are fixed assets that are not directly involved in the production process, do not transfer their value to the product, but are on the balance sheet of the enterprise. These are objects designed to meet the personal and cultural needs of the employees of the organization.
OPF by their role in the production process are divided into:
1 active part - directly affects the production, quantity and quality of products;
2 passive elements that create the necessary conditions for the production process.
In addition, in accounting, items that have been employed for less than a year, regardless of their cost, and low-value items, regardless of their service life, do not belong to the fixed assets.
Fixed assets of organizations and their intangible assets determine the content of fixed capital, and in accounting they form the concept of non-current assets.
According to the material-natural composition, OF are subdivided into:
1 building. Buildings include buildings that house various workshops, administrative and utility buildings necessary for a normal technological process;
2 buildings. Structures include various engineering and construction objects with the help of which technical functions are performed that are not related to changes in the objects of labor (gas wells, water towers);
3 transfer devices. Transmission devices - power lines, cable lines, telephone and telegraph networks, radio communications, pipelines, oil pipelines, etc.;
4 machines and equipment. Power machines and equipment include generator machines that produce energy; machine-motors (electric motors, mercury rectifiers, transformers, steam boilers, compressor units). Working machines and equipment - equipment used for the production of products (machines, presses, cranes). The main production equipment is divided into cash, installed, working. Cash is equipment that is on the balance sheet and included in the inventory lists of the enterprise, regardless of the state and location. Installed equipment is considered to be equipment located in production premises, operating, inactive, in reserve and on conservation. It is not included in the composition of such equipment received by the enterprise, but not assembled and not put into operation. Working - this is equipment that produces products;
5 vehicles. Vehicles - mobile vehicles on the balance sheet of the enterprise, intended for the movement of goods and employees (wagons, trolleys, cars, tractors);
6 tool. The tool group includes mechanized and hand tools of all kinds - measuring, cutting, pressing, jackhammers, as well as all kinds of devices - vise, cartridges;
7 production equipment and accessories. Production equipment and accessories combine means that facilitate work - workbenches, work tables or contribute to its protection - fencing of machines, machine tools, as well as inventory containers, containers, etc. The household inventory group includes office and household items: furnishings, tables, fire-fighting items appointments, etc.;
8 working and productive livestock;
9 perennial plantings;
10 on-farm roads;
11 other OF.
The characteristic features of the OPF are that they have a high cost, a long service life, function for a long period, retain their natural form, transfer the value contained in them to the manufactured products gradually in parts, as they wear out.
The ratio of individual groups and elements of the BPF represents the production structure of the OF in which the active and passive parts are distinguished.
The structure of the OPF is influenced by the following factors:
Logistics and production features of the industry;
Forms of organization of production;
Technical level of production;
Forms of reproduction of OF;
The level of industrialization of construction;
Geography of industry location;
The nature of the products;
The volume of output.
By ownership, OPFs are divided into own and leased.
Own ones are wholly owned by the enterprise, while rented ones are the property of other business entities and are used at this enterprise in accordance with the lease agreement.
